Slip  i.  1.  Hill  iCibrarH 

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This  book  was  presented  by 

Frederick  D.    Morrison 

1877 


S00236487  U 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  DATE 
INDICATED  BELOW  AND  IS  SUB- 
JECT TO  AN  OVERDUE  FINE  AS 
POSTED  AT  THE  CIRCULATION 
DESK. 


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GllAY'S 

LESSONS    IN    BOTANY 

ANI> 

VEGETABLE   PHYSIOLOGY, 


ILLDSTRATED  BY  OVKR  360  WOOD   ENGRAVINGS,  FROM   ORIGINAL 
DRAWINGS,  BY   ISAAC  SPRAGUE. 


TO    WHICH      18     ADDED     A     COPIOUS 


GLOSSARY 


DICTIONARY  OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


By     ASA     GRAY, 

nSnER  PROFESSOR   OP   KATUR-VL   HISTORY   LN    HARVARD   UNirERStTT. 


IVISON,  BLAKEMAN,  TAYLOR  &  CO, 

NEW    YOUK    AXD    CHICAGO, 

1877- 


Intered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  tha  year  1357,  by 

GEORGE    r.    PUTNAM    &    CO.- 

the  Clerk's  Otdlce  ol  the  District  Court  for  the  Southsrn  District  of  New  York 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  /ear  18G8,  bv 

ASA    GRAY, 

in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  for  the  District  of  Uassacb.uwtta. 


PREFACE 


r^ 
^ 


^ 


This  book  is  intended  for  the  use  of  beginners,  and  for  classes  in  the 
common  and  higher  schools,  —  in  which  the  elements  of  Botany,  one  of 
the  most  generally  interesting  of  the  Natural  Sciences,  surely  ought  to  be 
taught,  and  to  be  taught  correctly,  as  far  as  the  instruction  proceeds. 
"Wliile  these  Lessons  are  made  as  plain  and  simple  as  they  well  can  be, 
all  the  subjects  treated  of  have  been  can-icd  far  enough  to  make  the  book 
a  genuine  Grammar  of  Botany  and  Vegetable  Physiology,  and  a  sufficient 
introduction  to  those  works  in  which  the  plants  of  a  country  —  especially 
of  our  own  —  are  described. 

Accordingly,  as  respects  the  principles  of  Botany  (including  Vege- 
table Physiology),  this  work  is  complete  in  itself,  as  a  school-book 
for  younger  classes,  and  even  for  the  students  of  our  higher  seminaries. 
For  it  comprises  a  pretty  full  account  of  the  structure,  organs,  growth, 
and  reproduction  of  plants,  and  of  their  important  uses  in  the  scheme  of 
creation,  —  subjects  which  certainly  ought  to  be  as  generally  understood 
by  all  educated  people  as  the  elements  of  Natural  Philosophy  or  Astron- 
omy are ;  and  which  are  quite  as  easy  to  be  learned. 

The  book  is  also  intended  to  serve  as  an  introduction  to  the  author's 
Manual  of  the  Bolaivj  of  the  Northern  United  Slates  (or  to  any  similar 
work  describing  the  plants  of  other  districts),  and  to  be  to  it  what  a 
grammar  and  a  dictionary  arc  to  a  classical  author.  It  consequently  con- 
tains many  terms  and  details  which  there  is  no  necessity  for  young  stu- 
dents perfectly  to  understand  in  the  first  instance,  and  still  less  to  commit 
to  memory,  but  which  they  will  need  to  refer  to  as  occasions  arise,  when 
they  come  to  analyze  flowers,  and  ascertain  the  names  of  our  wild  plants. 

To  make  the  book  complete  in  this  respect,  a  full  O'tossari/,  or  Diction- 
ary of  Tenm  mcd  in  describing  Plants,  is  added  to  the  volume.  Tliis  con- 
tains very  many  words  which  are  not  used  in  the  Manual  of  Botany ; 
but  as  they  occur  in  connnon  botanical  works,  it  was  thoun^ht  best  to  in- 
troduce and  explain  them.  All  the  words  in  tlic  Glossary  which  seemed 
to  require  it  are  accented. 


IV  PREFACE. 

It  is  by  no  means  indispensable  for  students  to  go  through  the  volume 
before  commencing  with  tlie  analysis  of  plants.  When  the  proper  season 
for  botanizing  arrives,  and  when  the  first  twelve  Lessons  have  been  gone 
over,  they  may  take  up  Lesson  XXVIIL  and  the  following  ones,  and  pro- 
ceed to  study  the  various  wild  plants  they  find  in  blossom,  in  the  manner 
illustrated  in  Lesson  XXX.,  &c.,  —  referring  to  the  Glossary,  and  thence 
to  the  pages  of  the  Lessons,  as  directed,  for  explanations  of  the  various 
distinctions  and  terms  they  meet  with.  Their  first  essays  will  necessarily 
be  rather  tedious,  if  not  difiieult ;  but  each  successful  attempt  smooths 
the  way  for  the  next,  and  soon  these  technical  terms  and  distinctions 
will  become  nearly  as  flxmiliar  as  those  of  ordinary  lano-uage. 

Students  Avho,  having  mastered  this  elementary  work,  wish  to  extend 
their  acquaintance  with  Vegetable  Anatomy  and  Physiology,  and  to  con- 
sider higher  questions  about  the  structure  and  classification  of  plants,  will 
be  prepared  to  take  up  the  author's  Botanical  Text-Book,  an  Introduction 
to  Slructural  Botany,  or  other  more  detailed  treatises. 

No  care  and  expense  have  been  spared  upon  the  illustrations  of  this 
volume;  which,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  are  all  original.  They 
were  drawn  from  nature  by  M«.  Sprague,  the  most  accurate  of  living 
botanical  artists,  and  have  been  as  freely  introduced  as  the  size  to  which 
it  was  needful  to  restrict  the  volume  would  warrant. 

To  append  a  set  of  questions  to  the  foot  of  each  page,  although  not  un- 
usual in  school-books,  seems  like  a  reflection  upon  the  competency  or  the 
faithfulness  of  teachers,  who  surely  ought  to  have  mastered  the  lesson  be- 
fore they  undertake  to  teach  it;  nor  ought  facilities  to  be  afforded  for 
teaching,  any  more  than  learning,  lessons  by  rote.  A  full  analysis  of  the 
contents  of  the  Lessons,  however,  is  very  convenient  and  advantageous. 
Such  an  Analysis  is  here  given,  in  place  of  the  ordinary  table  of  con- 
tents. This  will  direct  the  teacher  and  the  learner  at  once  to  the  leading 
ideas  and  important  points  of  each  Lesson,  and  serve  as  a  basis  to  ground 
proper  questions  on,  if  such  should  be  needed. 

ASA  GRAY. 

Harvard  University,  Cambridge. 
January  1,  1857. 


***  Revised  August,  1868,  and  alterations  made  adapting  it  to  the  new  edition  d 
Mnnunl,  and  to  Fitld,  Forest,  and  Garden  Botany,  to  which  this  work  is  the  propei 
hitroduction  and  companion. 


ANALYSIS   OF   THE   LESSONS/ 


LESSON  I. — Botany  as  a  Branch  of  Natcual  History.     .     .    p.  1. 

1.  Natural  History,  its  subjects.  2.  The  Inorganic  or  Mineral  Kingdom, 
what  it  is  :  why  called  Inorganic.  3.  The  Organic  world,  or  the  world  of  Or- 
ganized beings,  why  so  called,  and  wliat  its  peculiarities.  4  What  kingdoms 
it  comi)rises.  5,  6.  Differences  between  plants  and  animals.  7.  The  use  of 
plants  :  liow  vegetables  arc  nourished  ;  and  iiow  animals. 

8.  Botany,  how  defined.  9.  Physioloiry,  and  Physiological  Botany,  what 
Aey  relate  to.  10.  Systematic  Botany,  wliat  it  relates  to  :  a  Flora,  what  it  is. 
11.  Geographical  Botany,  Fossil  Botany,  &e.,  what  they  relate  to. 

LESSON   II.  —  The  Gkowtii  of  the  Plant  from  the  Seed.      .     p.  4. 

12.  The  Cour;c  of  Vegetation:  general  questions  jiroposcd.  13.  Plants 
formed  on  one  general  ])lan.  14.  The  Germinating  Plantlet :  15.  exists  in 
miniature  in  the  seed:  IG.  Tlie  Embryo;  its  jjarts  :  17,  18.  how  it  develops. 
19.  Opposite  growth  of  Root  and  Stem  :  20.  its  object  or  results  :  21,22.  the 
different  way  each  grows. 

LESSON  III.     Growth  of  the  Plant  from  the  Seed;  continued,     p.  9. 

23.  Recapitulation :  Ascending  and  Descending  Axis.  24,  25.  Tiic  Germi- 
nating Plantlet,  iiow  nourished.  26.  Deposit  of  food  in  the  embryo,  illustrated 
in  the  Squash,  &c. :  27.  in  tlic  Almond,  Apple-seed,  Beech,  &c.  :  28.  in  tho 
Bean :  29.  in  the  Pea,  Oak,  and  Buckeye  :  peculiarity  of  these  last.  30,  31. 
Deposit  of  food  outside  of  the  embryo  :  Albumen  of  the  seed  :  various  shapes 
of  embryo.  32,  33.  Kinds  of  embryo  as  to  the  number  of  Cotyledons :  di- 
cotyledonous :  monocotylcdonous  :  polycotyledonous.  84,  35.  Plan  of  vegeta- 
tion.    36.   Simple-stemmed  vegetation  illustrated. 

LESSON  IV.    The  Growth  of  Plants  from  Bi;ds  and  Branches,  p.  20. 

37,  38.  Branching  :  difference  in  this  respect  between  roots  and  stems.  39. 
Buds,  what  they  arc,  and  where  situate<l  :  40.  how  they  grow,  and  what  they 
become.  41.  Plants  as  to  size  and  duration  :  herb,  annual,  Ijiennial,  ])crcnnial : 
shrub  :  tree.  42.  Terminal  Bud.  43.  Axillary  Buds.  44.  Scaly  Buds.  45. 
Naked  Buds.  46.  Vigor  of  vegetation  from  buds  illustrated.  47-49.  Plan 
and  arrangement  of  Branches  :  ojjposite  :  alternate.    50.  Symmetry  of  Branches, 

*  Tha  numbers  in  the  analysis  refbr  to  the  paragraphs. 

a* 


VI  ANALYSIS     OF    THE    LESSONS. 

what  it  depends  on:  51.  how  it  becomes  incomplete:  51-59.  how  varied, 
53  Detinitc  <:rowtli.  54.  Indefinite  gruwtii.  55.  Deiiqiieseent  or  dissolving 
stems,  how  formed.  56.  E.xearrcnt  stems  of  spire-shaped  trees,  iiow  produced. 
57.  Latent  Buds.  58.  Adventitious  Buds.  59.  Accessory  or  supernumeraiy 
Buds.     GO.  Sorts  of  Buds  reeaoitulated  and  delined. 

LESSON  V.     MoRpnoLOGY  of  Roots p.  28. 

61  -  64.  Morphology ;  what  the  term  means,  and  how  applied  in  Botany.  65. 
Primary  Root,  simple ;  and,  66.  multiple.  67.  Rootlets ;  how  roots  absorb  :  , 
time  for  transplantation,  &c.  68.  Great  amount  of  surface  Avhich  a  plant 
spreads  out,  in  the  air  and  in  the  soil ;  reduced  in  winter,  increased  in  spring. 
69.  Absorbing  surface  of  roots  increased  by  the  root-hairs.  70.  Fibrous  roots 
for  absorption.  71.  Thickened  or  fleshy  roots  as  storehouse  of  food.  72,  73. 
Their  principal  forms.  74.  Biennial  roots ;  their  cconom3\  75.  Perennial 
thickened  roots.  76.  Potatoes,  &c.  are  not  roots.  77.  Secondary  Roots,  their 
economy.  78.  Sometimes  striking  in  open  air,  when  they  are,  79.  Aerial  Roots  ; 
illustrated  in  Indian  Com,  Mangrove,  Screw  Pine,  Banyan,  &c.  80.  Aerial 
Rootlets  of  Ivy.  81.  Epiphytes  or  Air-Plants,  illustrated.  82.  Parasitic  Plants, 
illustrated  by  the  Mistletoe,  Dodder,  &c. 

LESSON   VI.    Morphology  of  Stems  and  Branches.      ...    p.  36. 

83  -  85.  Ponns  of  stems  and  branches  above  ground.  86.  Their  direction  or 
habit  of  growth.  87.  Culm,  Candex,  &c.  88.  Suckers  :  propagation  of  ]>lants 
by  division.  89.  Stolons :  propagation  by  layering  or  laying.  90.  Offsets. 
91.  Runners.  92.  Tendrils;  how  plants  climb  by  them  :  their  disk-like  tips  in 
the  Virginia  Creeper.  93.  Tendrils  are  sometimes  forms  of  leaves.  94.  Spines 
or  Thorns  ;  their  nature  :  Prickles.  95.  Strange  forms  of  stems.  96.  Subter- 
ranean stems  and  branches.  97.  The  Rootstock  or  Rhizoma,  Avliy  stem  and 
not  root.  98.  Why  running  rootstocks  are  so  troublesome,  and  so  hard  to  de- 
stroy. 99-101.  Tiiickcned  rootstocks,  as  depositories  of  food.  102.  Their 
life  and  growth.  103.  The  Tuber.  104.  Economy  of  the  Potato-plant.  105. 
Gradations  of  tubers  into,  106.  Corms  or  solid  bulbs  :  the  nature  and  economy 
of  these,  as  in  Crocus.  107.  Gradation  of  these  into,  108.  the  Bulb  :  nature  of 
bulbs.  109,110.  Their  economy.  111.  Their  two  principal  sorts.  1J2.  Bulb- 
lets.  113.  How  the  foregoing  sorts  of  stems  illustrate  what  is  meant  by  mor- 
phology. 114.  They  are  imitated  in  some  plants  above  ground.  115.  Consoli- 
dated forms  of  vegetation,  illustrated  by  Cactuses,  &c.  116.  Their  economy 
and  adaptation  to  dry  regions. 

LESSON   VII.     Morphology  of  Leaves P-  49. 

117.  Remarkable  .states  of  leaves  already  noticed.  118,  119.  Foliage  the 
natural  form  of  leaves :  others  arc  special  fonns,  or  transformations ;  why  so 
called.  120.  Leaves  as  depositories  of  food,  especially  the  seed-leaves  ;  and,  121. 
As  Bullvscalcs.  122.  Leaves  as  Bud-scales.  123.  As  Spines.  124.  As  Ten- 
drils. 125.  AsPitchens.  126.  As  Fly-traps.  127- 129.  The  same  leaf  ser\'ing 
various  purposes. 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    LESSONS.  VU 

LESSON    VIII.    MoRiMioi.ooY  of    Lkaves  as  Foliage.       ...     p.  54. 

1.30.  FoIin.iTC  tlic  natural  state  of  Icavi'tJ.  l.Tl.  Lr-avos  a  rnntrivanre  for  in- 
crea-sinj,'  .snifacc  :  tlio  vast  .'^urf.u-c  of  a  tree  in  leaf.  l."5i',  1.'53.  The  parts  of  a 
leaf.  134.  The  hiaile.  13").  Its  ])nlp  or  soft  ])art  and  its  franic\v<»rk.  136. 
Tlic  latter  is  wood,  and  forms  the  ril)s  or  veins  and  veinlcts.  137.  Division  and 
use  of  tiicsc.  138.  Venation,  or  mode  of  veining.  139.  Its  two  kinds.  140. 
Ncttcd-veined  or  reticulated.  141.  rarallel-veined  or  nerved.  142.  The  so- 
called  veins  and  nerves  essentially  the  same  thing;  the  latter  not  like  the 
nerves  of  animals.  143.  IIow  the  sort  of  veining  of  leaves  answers  to  the  nnm- 
her  of  cotyledons  and  the  kind  of  plant.  144.  Two  kinds  of  parallel-vcincd  leaves. 
145,  146.  Two  kinds  of  netted-veined  leaves.  147.  Relation  of  tlic  veining  to 
the  shape  of  the  leaf.  148  -  l.'il. "Forms  of  leaves  illustrated,  as  to  general  out- 
line.    I'y2.  As  to  the  base.     153.  As  to  the  apex. 

LESSON  IX.     Morphology  of  LE.\.rES  as  Foliage  ;  continued,     p.  61. 

154,  155.  Leaves  either  simple  or  compound.  156-162.  Simple  leaves  il- 
lustrated as  to  particular  outline,  or  kind  and  degree  of  division.  163.  Com- 
pound leaves.  164.  Leaflets.  165.  Kinds  of  compound  leaves.  166,  167. 
The  pinnate,  and,  168.  the  palmate  or  digitate.  169.  As  to  number  of  leaflets, 
&c.  170.  Leaflets,  as  to  lobing,  &c.  171,  172.  Doubly  or  trebly  compound 
leaves  of  both  sorts.  173.  Peculiar  forms  of  leaves  explained,  such  as:  174. 
Perfoliate:  175.  Equitant :  176.  Those  without  blade.  177.  Phyllodia,  or 
flattened  petioles.     178.  Stipules.     179.  Sheaths  of  Grasses  ;  Ligulc. 


LESSON  X.     The  Arrangement  of  Leaves. 


181.  Phyllotaxy,  or  arrangement  of  leaves  on  the  stem  :  general  sorts  of  ar- 
rangement. 182.  Leaves  arise  only  one  from  the  same  place.  183.  Clustered 
or  fascicled  leaves  explained.  184.  Spiral  arrangement  of  alternate  leaves.  185. 
The  two-ranked  arrangement.  186.  The  three-ranked  aiTangcmcnt.  187.  The 
five-ranked  arrangement.  188.  The  fractions  by  which  these  are  expressed. 
189.  The  eight-ranked  and  the  thirtccn-ranked  arrangements.  190.  The  series 
of  these  fractions,  and  their  relations.  191.  Opposite  and  whorled  leaves. 
192.  Symmetry  of  leaves,  &c.  fixed  by  mathematical  rule.  19.3.  Vernation,  or 
an-angcment  of  leaves  in  the  bud.     194.  The  principal  modes. 

LESSON   XI.     The    Arrangement  of  Flowers  on  the   Stem, 

OR  Inflorescence p.  76. 

195.  Passage  from  the  Organs  of  Vegetation  to  those  of  Fructification  or  Re- 
production. 196.  Inflorescence:  the  arrangement  of  flowers  depends  on  that 
of  the  leaves.  197.  They  arc  from  cither  terminal  or  axillary  buds.  198.  In- 
determinate InHoreseencc.  199.  Its  sorts  of  flower-clusters.  200.  Flower- 
stalks,  viz.  podiniclcs  and  pedicels,  bracts  and  b.actlcts,  &c.  201.  Raceme. 
202.  Its  gradation  into  (203)  a  Corymb,  ami  that  (204)  into  (205)  an  Umbel. 
206.    Centripetal   order  of  development     207.   The  Spike.    208.   The  Head. 


Viii  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    LESSONS. 

209.  Spadix.  210.  Catkin  or  Ament.  211,  212.  Compound  inflorescence  of 
the  precL'din<^  kinds.  213.  Panicle.  214.  Th\Tsus.  215.  Determinate  In- 
florescence explained.  216,  217.  Cyme:  centrifugal  order  of  development. 
218.  Fascicle.  219  Glomerule.  221.  Analysis  of  flower-clusters.  222.  Com- 
bination of  the  two  kinds  of  inflorescence  in  the  same  plant. 

LESSON  XII.    The  Flower  :  its  Parts  or  Organs p.  84. 

223.  The  Flower.  224.  Its  nature  and  use.  225.  Its  organs.  226.  Tlic 
Floral  Envelopes  or  leaves  of  the  flower.  Calyx  and  Corolla,  togetiicr  called 
(227)  Periantli.  228.  Petals,  Sepals.  229.  Neutral  and  "double"  flowers, 
those  destitute  of,  230.  The  Essential  Organs :  Stamen.';  and  Pistils.  231,232. 
The  parts  of  the  flower  in  their  six  cession.  233.  The  Stamen  :  its  parts.  234. 
The  Pistil :  its  parts. 

LESSON  XIIL    The  Plan  of  the  Flower p.  88. 

235.  Flowers  all  constructed  upon  the  same  plan.  236.  Plan  in  vegetation 
referred  to.  237  -  239.  Typical  or  pattern  flowers  illustrated,  those  at  once 
perfect,  complete,  regular,  and  symmetrical.  241.  Imperfect  or  separated  flowers. 
242.  Incomplete  flowers.  243.  Symmetr}^  and  regularity.  244.  Iiregular  flow- 
ers. 245.  Unsymmetrical  flowers*  246.  Numerical  plan  of  the  flower.  247. 
Alternation  of  the  successive  parts.  248.  Occasional  obliteration  of  certain  parts. 
24f*-  Abortive  organs.     250.  Multiplication  of  parts. 

LESSON  XIV.    Morphology  of  the  Flower p  96. 

251.  Recapitulation  of  the  varied  forms  under  which  stems  and  leaves  appear. 
252.  These  may  be  called  metamorphoses.  253.  Flowers  are  altered  branches  ; 
liow  shown.  254.  Their  position  the  same  as  that  occupied  by  buds.  255, 
256.  Leaves  of  the  blossom  are  really  leaves.  257.  Stamens  a  different  modifi- 
cation of  the  same.  258.  Pistils  another  modification ;  the  botanist's  idea  of 
a  pistil.  259.  The  airangement  of  the  parts  of  a  flower  answers  to  that  of  the 
leaves  on  a  branch. 

LESSON   XV.     Morphology  of  the  Calyx  and  Corolla.    .    .    p.  99. 

260.  The  leaves  of  the  blossom  viewed  as  to  the  various  shajws  they  assume ; 
as,  261.  by  growing  together.  262.  Union  or  cohesion  of  parts  of  the  same  sort, 
rendering  the  flower,  263.  Monopetalous  or  monoscpalous  ;  various  shapes  de- 
fined and  named.  265  The  tube,  and  the  border  or  limb.  266.  Tlie  claw 
and  the  blade,  or  lamina  of  a  separate  petal,  &-c.  267.  Wlicn  the  parts  arc 
distinct,  polysepalons,  and  polypetalons.  268.  Consolidation,  or  the  growing 
together  of  the  parts  of  different  sets.  269.  Insertion,  what  it  means,  and  what 
is  meant  by  the  terms  Free  and  Hypogynous.  ■  270.  Perigynous  insertion.  271, 
272.  Coherent  or  adherent  calyx,  &e.  273.  Epigynons.  274.  In-egnlarit}'  of 
parts.  275.  Papilionaceous  flower,  and  its  parts.  276.  Labiate  or  bilabiate 
flowers.     277.  278.  Ligulate  flowers  :  the  so-called  compound  flowers. 


ANALYSIS    OF    TIIK    LESSONS.  IX 

LESSON   XVI.     Estivation,    or    the    Akrant.ement    of    the 

CaLVX    AM)    COKOM.A    IN    THK    15ui).         .       .       .       p     108. 

279.  ^Estivation  or  Prafloration  (K'tinecl.  280.  It.s  prin<-i])al  modes  illustrated, 
viz.  the  valvato,  indiipiieate,  redniilicate,  eonvolutc  or  twisted,  and  imbricated. 
282,  283.  Also  the  ojjen,  and  tlio  plaited  or  plicate,  and  its  modification,  the 
supervolutc. 

LESSON  XVII.     MonniOLOGY  of  the  Stamens p.  111. 

284.  Stamens  considered  as  to,  285  Their  insertion.  286.  Their  union  with 
each  other.  287,  288.  Their  number.  289.  Tiieir  parts.  290.  The  Filamen!:. 
291.  The  Anther.  292,  293.  Its  attachment  to  the  filament.  294.  Its  structure. 
295.  Its  mode  of  opening,  &c.  296.  Its  mori)liolo.i;:y,  or  the  way  in  which  it  is 
supposed  to  be  constructed  out  of  a  leaf;  its  use,  viz.  to  produce,  29".  Pollen. 
298.  Structure  of  pollen-grains.     299.  Some  of  their  forms. 


LESSON  XVIII.     IMoRiMioi.oGY  of  Pistils p.  116. 

300.  Pistils  as  to  position.  301.  As  to  number.  302.  Their  paits ;  Ovary, 
style,  and  stigma.  303,  304.  Plan  of  a  pistil,  whether  simple  or  coinj)ound. 
305,  306.  The  simple  pistil,  or  Caqjel,  and  how  it  answers  to  a  leaf.  307.  Its 
sutures.  308.  The  Placenta.  309.  Tlic  Simple  Pistil,  one-celled,  310.  and  with 
one  style.  311,  312.  The  Compound  Pistil,  how  composed.  313.  With  two  or 
more  cells  :  314.  their  placcntai  in  the  axis  :  315.  their  dissepiments  or  parti- 
tions. 316,  317.  One-celled  compound  pistils.  318.  With  a  free  central  pla- 
centa. 319,  320.  With  parietal  placentne.  321.  Ovary  superior  or  inferior. 
322.  Open  or  Gymnos])ermous  pistil :  Naked-seeded  plants.  323.  Ovules.  324. 
Tiieir  structure.     3:25,  326.  Their  kinds  illustrated. 

LESSON  XIX.     MoRriiOLOGY  of  the  Receptacle p.  124. 

327.  The  Receptacle  or  Torus.  328-330.  Some  of  its  forms  illustrated. 
331.  The  Disk.     332.  Curious  form  of  the  receptacle  in  Nelumbium. 

LESSON   XX.     The  Eruit p.  126. 

333.  Wh.at  the  Fruit  consists  of.  334.  Fruits  which  arc  not  such  in  a  strict 
botanical  sense.  335.  Simiile  Fruits.  336,  337.  The  Pericarp,  and  the  changes 
it  may  undergo.  338.  Kinds  of  simple  fruits.  339.  Fleshy  fruits.  340  The 
Berry.  341.  The  Pejjo  or  ('.round-fruit.  342.  The  Pome  or  Api)lc-frait.  343- 
345.  The  Drupe  or  Stone-fruit.  346.  Dry  fruits.  347.  The  Achenium  :  nature 
of  tlie  Strawberry.  348.  ]taspl)erry  and  Blackberry.  349.  Fruit  in  the  Com- 
posite Family  :  Pappus.  3.50.  The  Utricle  .351.  The  Caryopsis  or  Orain.  352. 
The  Nut :  Cupule.  353.  The  Samara  or  Key-fruit.  354.  The  Capsule  or  Pod. 
3.55»The  Follicle.  356.  The  Legume  and  Loment.  357.  The  true  Capsule. 
358,  359.  Dehiscence,  its  kinds.  361 .  The  Sili(iue.  362.  The  Silicic.  363.  Th« 
Pyxis.     364.   MultiiHe  or  Collective  Fruits.     365.  The  Strobile  or  Cone. 


X  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    LESSONS. 

LESSON  XXI.     The  Seed p.  134. 

.^GG.  The  Seed;  its  origin.  3G7. -Its  parts.  .300,  .3G9.  Its  coats.  370.  The 
Aril  or  Ariilus.  371.  Names  applied  to  tlic  parts  of  the  seed.  372.  Tiie  Ker- 
nel or  Nucleus.  373.  The  Albumen.  374,  375.  Tiie  Embryo.  376.  The 
Kadicle.  377.  The  Cotyledons  or  Seed-leaves  :  the  monocotyledonous,  dicoty- 
ledonous, and  polycotyledonous  embryo.  378.  The  Plumule.  379.  The  circle 
of  vegetable  life  completed; 


LESSON  XXII.     IIow  Plants  grow p.  138. 

380,  381.  Growth,  what  it  is.  382.  For  the  first  formation  or  beginning  of 
a  plant  dates  farther  back  than  to,  383.  the  embryo  in  the  ripe  seed,  which  is 
already  a  plantlet.  384.  The  formation  and  the  growth  of  the  embryo  itself. 
385.  Action  of  the  pollen  on  the  stigma,  and  the  result.  386.  The  Embryonal 
Vesicle,  or  first  cell  of  the  embryo.  387.  Its  growth  and  development  into  the 
embryo.  388.  Growth  of  the  plantlet  from  the  seed.  389.  The  plant  built  up 
of  a  vast  number  of  cells.  390.  Growth  consists  of  the  increase  in  size  of  cells, 
and  their  multiplication  in  number. 

LESSON  XXIII.     Vegetable  Fabric  :  Cellular  Tissue.   .     .     p.  142. 

391,  392.  Organic  Structure  illustrated  :  Cells  the  units  or  elements  of  plants. 
393.  Cellular  Tissue.  394,395,397.  How  the  cells  are  put  together.  39G.  Inter- 
cellular spaces,  air-passages.  398  Size  of  cells.  399.  Rapidity  of  their  ]>roduc- 
tion.  400.  Their  walls  colorless  ;  the  colors  owing  to  their  contents.  401.  The 
walls  sometimes  thickened.  402.  Cells  are  closed  and  whole ;  yet  sap  flows  from 
one  cell  to  another.     403.  Their  varied  shapes. 

LESSON   XXIV.     Vegetable  Fabric  :  "Wood p.  145. 

404.  All  plants  at  the  beginning  formed  of  cellular  tissue  only ;  and  some 
never  have  anything  else  in  their  composition.  405.  Wood  soon  appears  in 
most  plants.  406.  Its  nature.  408.  Wood-cells  or  Woody  Fibre.  409.  Hard 
wood  and  soft  wood.  410.  Wood-cells  closed  and  whole  ;  yet  they  convey  sap. 
411.  They  communicate  through  thin  places  :  Pine-wood,  &c.  412.  Bast-cells 
or  fibres  of  the  bark.  413.  Ducts  or  Vessels.  414.  The  principal  kinds.  415. 
Milk-vessels,  Oil-receptacles,  &c. 

LESSON   XXV.     Anatomy  of  the  Root,  Stem,  and  Leaves,      p.  140. 

416.  The  materials  of  the  vegetable  fabric,  how  put  together.  417-419. 
Structure  and  action  of  the  rootlets.  420.  Root-hairs.  421.  Structure  of  the 
stem.  422.  The  two  .sorts  of  stem.  423.  The  Endogenous.  423.  The  Exo- 
genous :  425.  more  particularly  explained.  426.  Parts  of  the  wood  or  stem 
itself.  427.  Parts  of  the  bark.  428.  Growth  of  the  exogenous  stem  year  after 
vear.  429.  Growth  of  the  bark,  and  what  becomes  of  the  older  parts.  431. 
Changes  in  the  wood ;  Sap-wood.     432.  Heart-wood.    433.  ThU  no  longer  liv- 


ANALYSIS    OF   TIIK    LESSONS.  Xl 

ing.  434,  Wliat  the  liviiif;  parts  of  a  tree  arc;  their  annual  renewal.  435. 
Camliiiim-laycr  or  zone  of  growth  in  the  stom  ;  conncctL-d  with,  4.'3G.  new  root- 
lets hciow,  and  new  shoots,  huils,  and  leaves  ahove.  4:i7.  Structure  of  a  leaf; 
its  two  parts,  the  woody  and  the  eeUuhir,  or,  438.  tiie  jjulj) ;  tliis  contains  the  green 
mutter,  or  Chh»ro|ihyli.  439,  440.  Arrangement  of  the  cells  of  green  pulp  in  the 
leaf,  and  structure  of  its  epidermis  or  skin.  441.  Upper  side  only  endures  the 
sunsliine.  442.  Evajwration  or  exiialation  of  moisture  from  the  leaves.  443. 
Stomates  or  Breatliing-pores,  tlieir  structure  and  use.     444.  Their  numbers. 

LESSON   XXVI.      The  Tlaxt   in  Action,  doing   the   "Work 

OF  Vegetation p.  1.57. 

446.  The  office  of  plants  to  produce  food  for  animals.  447.  Plants  feed 
upon  earth  and  air.  449.  Their  chemical  composition.  4r)0.  Two  sorts  of 
material.  451,  452.  Tiic  earthy  or  inorganic  constituents.  453.  The  organic 
constituents.  454.  These  form  the  Cellulose,  or  substance  of  vegetal)le  tissue  ; 
composition  of  cellulose.     455.  The   plant's   food,  from  which  tliis   is   made. 

456.  Water,  furnishing  hydrogen  and  oxygen.     458.  Carbonic  acid,  furnishing, 

457.  Carl)on.  459.  The  air,  containing  oxygen  and  nitrogen  ;  and  also,  460. 
Carbonic  acid;  461.  which  is  absorbed  by  the  leaves,  462.  aiul  by  tiic  roots. 
463.  Water  and  carbonic  acid  the  general  food  of  plants.  464.  Assimilation 
tiie  proper  work  of  plants.  465.  'J'akes  place  in  green  parts  alone,  under  the 
light  of  the  sun.  466-468.  Lilierates  oxygen  gas  and  produces  Cellulose  or 
plant-fabric.  469.  Or  else  Starch  ;  its  nature  and  use.  470.  Or  Sugar;  its  na- 
ture, &c.  Tlie  transformations  starch,  sugar,  &c.  undergo.  471.  Oils,  acids,  &c. 
The  fomiation  of  all  these  products  restores  oxygen  gas  to  the  air.  472.  There- 
fore plants  purify  the  air  for  animals.  473.  While  at  the  same  time  they  jiro- 
duce  all  the  food  and  fal)ric  of  animals.  The  latter  take  all  their  food  ready  made 
from  plants.  474.  And  decomjiosc  starch,  sugar,  oil,  &c.,  giving  back  their  ma- 
terials to  the  air  again  as  the  food  of  tiie  plant ;  at  the  same  time  producing  ani- 
mal heat.  475.  But  the  fabric  or  flesh  of  animals  (fibrine,  gelatine,  &c.)  contains 
nitrogen.  476.  This  is  derived  from  plants  in  the  form  of  Trotcine.  Its  nature 
and  how  the  plant  forms  it.  477.  Earthy  matters  in  the  plant  form  the  earthy 
part  of  bones,  &c.  478.  Dependence  of  animals  upon  plants  ;  showing  the  great 
oljject  for  which  plants  were  created. 

LESSON  XXVII.    Pi.ant-Life p.  isG. 

479.  Life;  manifested  by  its  eflfects ;  viz  its  power  of  transforming  matter: 
480.  And  by  motion.  481,  482.  Plants  execute  movements  as  well  as  animals. 
483.  Circulation  in  cells.  484.  Free  movements  of  the  simplest  plants  in  tlieir 
forming  state.  485.  Absorption  and  conveyance  of  the  sap.  486.  Its  rise  into 
the  leaves.  487.  Explained  liy  a  mechanical  law;  Endosniose.  488.  Set  in  ac- 
tion by  evaporation  from  the  leaves.  489.  Tiiese  movements  controlled  by  the 
plant,  which  directs  growth  and  shapes  the  fal)ric  by  an  inheivnt  power.  490- 
492.  Special  movements  of  a  conspicuous  sort;  .sueii  as  seen  in  the  bending, 
twining,  revolving,  and  coiling  of  stems  and  tendrils  ;  in  the  so-called  sleeping 
and  waking  states  of  plauta  ;  iu  aovcmcuUs  from  irriiution,  and  suitiutr  spon- 
taaoous  motions. 


Xll  ANALYSIS    OF   THE    LESSONS. 

493.  Cryptogramous  or  Flowcrless  Plants.  494.  What  they  comprise  ;  why 
so  called.    495.  To  bo  studied  in  other  works. 

LESSON  XXVIII.     Species  and  Kinds p.  173. 

496.  Plants  viewed  as  to  their  relationships.  497.  Two  characteristics  of 
plants  and  animals  :  they  form  themselves,  and,  498.  They  exist  as  Individu- 
als. The  cliain  of  individuals  gives  rise  to  the  idea  of,  499,  .500.  Species  :  as- 
semblages of  individuals,  so  like  that  they  arc  inferred  to  have  a  common  an- 
cestry. 501.  Varieties  and  Races.  502.  Tendency  of  the  progeny  to  inherit 
all  the  peculiarities  of  the  parent ;  how  taken  advantage  of  in  developing  and 
fixing  races.  503.  Diversity  and  gradation  of  species  ;  these  so  connected  as  to 
show  all  to  be  formed  on  one  plan,  all  works  of  one  hand,  or  realizations  of  the 
conceptions  of  one  mind.  504.  Kinds,  what  they  depend  upon.  505.  Genera. 
506.  Orders  or  Families.  507.  Suborders  and  Tribes.  508  Classes.  509.  The 
two  great  Series  or  grades  of  plants.  510.  The  way  the  various  divisions  in 
classification  are  ranked 

LESSON  XXIX.    Botanical  Names  and  Characters.     .     .     .    p.  178. 

511,  512.  Classification  ;  the  two  purposes  it  subserves.  513.  Names  :  plan  of 
nomenclature.  514,  515.  Generic  names,  how  formed.  516.  S])ecific  names, 
how  formed.  517.  Names  of  Varieties.  518,  519.  Names  of  Orders,  Sub- 
orders, Tribes,  &c.     520,  521.  Characters. 

LESSONS   XXX. -XXXIL     How  to  study  Plants,     pp.  181,  187,  191. 

522  -  567.  Illustrated  by  several  examples,  showing  the  mode  of  analyzing  and 
ascertaining  the  name  of  an  unknown  plant,  and  its  place  in  the  system,  &c. 

LESSON  XXXIIT."   Botanical  Systems p   195. 

568-571.  Natural  System.  572,  573.  Artificial  Classification.  574.  Arti- 
ficial System  of  Linna?us.  575.  Its  twenty-four  Classes,  enumerated  and  de- 
fined.    576.  Derivation  of  their  names.     577,  578.  Its  Orders. 

LESSON   XXXIV.      How   to   collect    Specimens   and    make 

AN  Herbarium p.   199. 

579-582.  Directions  for  collecting  specimens.  583,584.  For  drying  and 
preserving  specimens.     585,  586    For  forming  an  Herbarium. 

GLOSSARY,  OR  Dictionary  of  Botanical  Terms p.  203 


FlllST   LESSONS 


BOTANY  AND  VEGETABLE  PHYSIOLOGY. 


LESSON   1. 

BOTAXY    AS    A    BRANCH    OF    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

1.  The  subjects  of  Natural  History  are,  the  earth  itself"  and  the 
beings  that  live  upon  it. 

2.  The  Inorganic  World,  or  Minprai  Kingdom.    The  earth  itself,  with 

the  air  that  surrounds  it,  and  all  things  naturally  belonging  to  them 
which  are  destitute  of  life,  make  up  the  mineral  kingdom,  or  in- 
organic Avorld.  These  are  called  inorganic,  or  unorganized,  because 
they  are  not  composed  of  organs,  that  is,  of  parts  which  answer  to 
one  another,  and  make  up  a  whole,  such  as  is  a  horse,  a  bird,  or  a 
plant.  They  were  formed,  but  they  did  not  grow,  nor  proceed  from 
previous  bodies  like  themselves,  nor  have  they  the  power  of  pro- 
ducing other  similar  bodies,  that  is,  of  reproducing  their  kind.  Ou 
the  other  hand,  tlie  various  living  things,  or  those  which  have  pos- 
sessed life,  compose 

3.  The  Organic  World,  —  the  world  of  organized  beings.  These 
consist  of  organs ;  of  parts  which  go  to  make  up  an  itidividiial,  a 
being.  And  eacii  individual  owes  its  existence  to  a  preceding  one 
like  itself,  that  is,  to  a  parent.  It  was  not  merely  formed,  but 
produced.  At  first  small  and  imperfect,  it  grows  and  develops  by 
powers  of  its  own  ;  it  attains  maturity,  becomes  old,  and  finally  dies. 
It  was  formed  of  inorganic  or  mineral  matter,  that  is,  of  earth  and 
air,  indeed  ;  but  only  of  this  matter  under  the  influence  of  life  : 
and  after  life  departs,  sooner  or  later,  it  is  decom[)used  into  earth 
and  air  again. 

1 


2  BOTANY,    WHAT    IT    RKLATF.S    TO.  TleSSON  1. 

4.  The  orp^anic  world  consists  of  two  kinds  of  beinjjs ;  namely, 
1.  Plants  or  Vegetnhlea,  wliich  make  up  what  is  called  tlu^  Vegetable 
Kiiif/rloiii ;  and,  '?..  Aiiinni/s,  wliicli  compose  the  Animal  Kingdom^ 

.").  The  Uilfcrciicfs  bptwccii  Plants  aiid  Animals  seem  at  first  sight  so 

obvious  and  so  great,  that  it  would  appear  mere  natural  to  inquire 
how  they  resemble  rather  than  how  they  difter  from  each  other. 
What  likeness  does  the  cow  bear  to  the  grass  it  feeds  upon  ?  The 
one  moves  freely  from  place  to  place,  in  obedience  to  its  own  will, 
as  its  wants  or  convenience  require  :  the  other  is  fixed  to  the  spot 
of  earth  where  it  grew,  manifests  no  Avill,  and  makes  no  movements 
that  are  apparent  to  ordinary  observation.  The  one  takes  its  food 
into  an  internal  cavity  (the  stomach),  from  which  it  is  absorbed 
into  the  system :  the  other  absorbs  its  food  directly  by  its  surface, 
by  its  roots,  leaves,  &c.  Both  possess  organs ;  but  the  limbs  or 
members  of  the  animal  do  not  at  all  resemble  the  roots,  leaves, 
blossoms,  &c.  of  the  plant.  All  these  distinctions,  however,  gradu- 
ally disappear,  as  we  come  to  the  lower  kinds  of  plants  and  the  lower 
animals.  Many  animals  (such  as  barnacles,  coral-animals,  and 
polyps)  are  fixed  to  some  support  as  completely  as  the  plant  is  to 
the  soil ;  while  many  plants  are  not  fixed,  and  some  move  from 
place  to  place  by  powers  of  their  own.  All  animals  move  some  of 
their  parts  freely  ;  yet  in  the  extent  and  rapidity  of  the  motion 
many  of  them  are  surpassed  by  the  common  Sensitive  Plant,  by 
the  Venus's  Fly-trap,  and  by  some  other  vegetables;  while  whole 
tribes. of  aquatic  plants  are  so  freely  and  briskly  locomotive,  that 
they  have  until  lately  been  taken  for  animals.  It  is  among  these 
microscopic  tribes  that  tlie  animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms  most 
nearly  approach  each  other,  —  so  nearly,  that  it  is  still  uncertain 
where  to  draw  the  line  between  them. 

6.  Since  the  difficulty  of  distinguishing  between  animals  and 
plants  occurs  only,  or  mainly,  in  those  forms  which  from  their 
minuteness  are  beyond  ordinary  observation,  we  need  not  fui'ther 
concern  ourselves  with  the  question  here.  One,  and  probably  the 
most  absolute,  difference,  however,  ought  to  be  mentioned  at  the 
outset,  bee  use  it  enables  us  to  see  what  plants  are  made  for.  It 
is  this :  — 

7.  Vegetables  are  nourished  by  the  mineral  kingdom,  that  is,  by 
the  ground  and  the  air,  which  sup])ly  all  they  need,  and  Avhich  they 
are  adapted  to  live  upon  ;  while  animals  are  entirely  nourished  by 
vegetables.     The  great  use  of  plants  therefore  is,  to  take  portions  of 


LESSON   1.]  BOTANY,    WnAT    IT    RF.LATKS    TO.  3 

earth  and  air,  upon  which  animals  cannot  snl)sist  at  all,  and  to  con- 
vert these  into  something  upon  which  animals  can  suhsist,  that  is, 
into  food.  All  food  is  produced  hij  plants.  I  low  this  is  done,  it  is 
the  province  of  Vcgetahle  Pliysiolojry  to  explain. 

8.  Botany  is  the  name  of  the  science  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  in 
general. 

'.'.  Physiology  is  the  study  of  the  way  a  living  being  lives,  and 
grows,  anil  pertbrms  its  various  operations.  The  study  of  plants  in 
this  view  is  the  province  of  Vegetable  Physiology.  The  study  of  the 
form  and  structure  of  the  organs  or  parts  of  the  vegetable,  by  which 
its  operations  are  peHbrnied,  is  the  province  of  Structural  Botany. 
The  two  together  constitute  Physiological  Botany.  Witii  this  de- 
partment the  study  of  Botany  should  begin ;  both  because  it  lies 
at  the  foundation  of  all  the  rest,  and  because  it  gives  that  kind  of 
knowledge  of  plants  which  it  is  desirable  every  one  should  possess  ; 
that  is,  some  knowledge  of  the  way  in  which  plants  live,  grow,  and 
fulfil  the  purposes,  of  their  existence.  To  this  subject,  accordingly, 
a  large  portion  of  the  ibllowing  Lessons  is  devoted. 

10.  The  study  of  plants  as  to  their  kinds  is  the  province  of  Sys- 
tematic Botany.  An  enumeration  of  the  kinds  of  vegetables,  as  far 
as  known,  classilied  according  to  their  various  degrees  of  resemblance 
or  difference,  constitutes  a  general  Si/stcm  of  plants.  A  similar  ac- 
count of  the  vegetables  of  any  particular  country  or  district  is  called 
a  Flora  of  that  country  or  district. 

11.  Other  departments  of  Botany  come  to  view  when  —  instead 
of  regarding  plants  as  to  wliat  llicy  are  in  thenisclvcs.  or  as  to  ilieir 
relationship  with  each  othiM*  —  \\r.  consider  them  in  their  relations 
to  other  things.  Tiieir  relation  to  the  eartlu  (or  instance,  as  respects 
their  distribution  over  its  surl'ace,  gives  i-ise  to  Geographical  Botany, 
or  Botanical  Geography.  The  study  of  the  vegetation  of  former 
times,  in  their  fossil  remains  entombed  in  tlie  crust  of  the  earth, 
gives  rise  to  Fossil  Botany.  The  study  of  jilants  in  respect  to  their 
uses  to  man  is  the  province  of  Agricultural  Botany,  Medical  Botany, 
and  the  like. 


4  GROWTH    OF    THK   PLANT    FHOM    THE    SEKD.       [lESSON  2. 

LESSON  11. 

THE  GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED. 

12.  The  Course  of  Vegetation.  We  see  plants  growing  from  the 
seed  in  spring-time,  and  giadiially  developing  their  parts  :  at  length 
they  blossom,  bear  fruit,  and  produce  seeds  like  those  from  which 
ttiey  grew.  Shall  we  commence  the  study  of  the  plant  with  the 
full-grown  herb  or  tree,  adorned  with  flowers  or  laden  with  fruit  ? 
Or  shall  we  commence  with  the  seedling  just  rising  from  the 
ground  ?  On  the  whole,  we  may  get  a  clearer  idea  of  the  whole 
life  and  structure  of  plants  if  we  begin  at  the  beginning,  that  is,  with 
the  plantlet  springing  from  the  seed,  and  follow  it  throughout  its 
course  of  growth.  This  also  agrees  best  with  the  season  in  which 
the  study  of  Botany  is  generally  commenced,  namely,  in  the  spring 
of  the  year,  when  the  growth  of  plants  from  the  seed  can  hai'dly 
fail  to  attract  attention.  Indeed,  it  is  this  springing  forth  of  vegeta- 
tion from  seeds  and  buds,  after  the  rigors  of  our  long  winter, — 
clothing  the  eai'th's  surface  almost  at  once  with  a  mantle  of  freshest 
verdure, —  which  gives  to  spring  its  greatest  charm.  Even  the 
dullest  beholder,  the  least  observant  of  Nature  at  other  seasons, 
can  then  hardly  fail  to  ask  :  What  are  plants  ?  How  do  they  live 
and  grow  ?  What  do  they  live  upon  ?  What  is  the  object  and  use 
of  vegetation  in  general,  and  of  its  particular  and  wonderfully  various 
forms  ?  These  questions  it  is  the  object  of  the  present  Lessons  fo 
answer,  as  far  as  possible,  in  a  simple  way. 

13.  A  reflecting  as  well  as  observing  person,  noticing  the  re- 
semblances between  one  plant  and  another,  might  go  on  to  inquire 
whether  plants,  with  all  their  manifold  diversities  of  form  and 
appearance,  are  not  all  constructed  on  one  and  the  same  general 
plan.  It  will  become  apparent,  as  we  proceed,  that  this  is  the 
case;  —  that  one  common  plan  may  be  discerned,  which  each  par- 
ticular plant,  whether  herb,  shrub,  or  tree,  has  followed  much  more 
closely  than  would  at  first  view  be  sup])0sed.  The  differences,  wide 
as  they  are,  are  merely  incidental.  What  is  true  in  a  general  way 
of  any  ordinary  vegetable,  will  be  found  to  be  true  of  all,  only  with 
great  variation  in  the  details.  In  the  same  language,  though  in 
varied  phrase,  the  hundred  thousand  kinds  of  plants  repeat  the  same 


LESSON   2.]       GROWTH    OF    TUIC    I'LANT    FROM    THE    SEED. 


story,  —  are  tlie  livinjj  witnosso?  and  illustrations  of  ono  and  the 
same  plan  of  Creative  Wisdom  in  the  vegftable  world.  So  that  the 
study  of  any  one  plant,  traced  from  the  seed  it  springs  from  round 
to  the  seeds  it  produces,  would  illustrate  the  wdiole  subject  of  Vege- 
table life  and  growth.  It  matters  little,  th.'retbrw,  what  particular 
plant  we  begin  with. 

14.  The  Cprmilialin!;  Plantlft.  Take  for  example  a  seedling  Maple. 
Sugar  ^Maples  may  be  tuuiid  in  abundance  in  many  places,  starting 
from  the  seed  (i.  e.  germinathuj)  in  early  spring,  and  Red  IMaples 
at  the  beginning  of  summer,  shortly  after  the  fruits  of  the  season 
have  ripened  and  fallen  to  the  ground.  A  pair  of  narrow  green 
leaves  raised  on  a  tiny  stem  make  up  the  whole  plant  at  its  first 
appearance  (Fig.  4).  Soon  a  root  appears  at  the;  lower  end  of  this 
stemlet  ;  then  a  little  bud  at  its  upper  end,  between  the  pair  of 
leaves,  which  soon  grows  into  a  second  joint  or 
stem  bearing  another  pair  of  leaves,  resembling 
the  ordinary  leaves  of  the  Red  IMaple,  which 
the  first  did  not.  Figures  5  and  (5  represent 
these  steps  in  the  growth. 

15.  Was  this  plantlet  formed  in  the  seed  at 
the  time  of  germination,  something  as  the  chick 
is  formed  in  the  egg  during  the  process  of  incu- 
bation ?  Or  did  it  exist  before  in  the  seed, 
ready  formed  ?  To  decide  this  question,  we 
have  only  to  inspect  a  sound  seed,  which  in  this 
instance  requires  no  microscope,  nor  any  other 
instrument  than  a  sharp  knife,  by  which  the 
coats  of  the  seed  (previously  soaked  in  water,  if 
dry)  may  be  laid  open.  We  find  within  the 
seed,  in  this  case,  the  little  plantlet  ready  formed, 
and  nothing  else  (Fig.  2);  —  namely,  a  pair 
of  leaves  like  those  of  the  earliest  seedling 
(Fig.  4),  only  smaller,  borne  on  a  st<^mlet  just 
like  that  of  the  seedling,  only  much  shorter, 
and  all  snugly  coiled  uj)  williiii  tlic  protecting 
sf'cd-coat.  The  j)lant  tlicii  cxi.-ts  bcfon-iiand  < 
in    the    seed,   in   miuiatun'.      It    was    not   Ibrmed,  but    only  devel- 

FIC,  1.  A  wiii:;im1  friiil  of  IJimI  .M,i|i1o.  wiili  tlio  sooil-hp.irini;  iMirtiiiii  ciil  ojicn,  to  show  tli* 
«cp(l.  a.  TliiR  m-oil  (III  <i|H'ii  to  show  ilio  piiiliryo  plaiillot  within,  enlarged.  3.  TJio  embryo 
tikeii  out  whole,  and  partly  unfolded.  -4.  The  Hamc  after  it  has  begun  to  grow  ;  of  tb« 
natural  siiee. 


r.ROWTII    OF    TIIF.    PLANT    FHOMTIIK    SEKD.       [L1:SS0N2. 


opoil,  in  gi-rmiiiation  ;  when  it  liiid  incnly  to  unfold  and  grow, — 
to  clonirate  its  riulinientary  stem,  wliich  takes 
at  tiie  .»anie  time  an  upright  position,  so  as  to 
bring  the  leaf-bearing  end  into  the  light  and  air, 
where  the  two  leaves  expand  ;  while  from  the 
(>ppo>ile  end,  now  pushed  farther  downwards 
into  liie  soil,  the  root  begins  to  grow.  All  this 
is  true  in  tiie  main  of  all  plants  that  spring  irom 
real  seeds,  although  with  great  diversity  in  the 
partic'ulai-s.  At  least,  there  is  hardly  an  excep- 
tion to  the  fact,  that  the  plantlet  exists  ready 
formed  in  the  seed,  in  some  shape  or  other. 

16,  The  rudimentary  plantlet  contained  in 
the  seed  is  called  an  Embryo.  Its  little  stem 
is  named  the  Radicle,  because  it  was  sujjposed 
to  be  the  root,  when  the  difference  between  the 
root  and  stem  was  not  so  well  known  as  now. 
It  were  better  to  name  it  the  Caulicle  (i.  e. 
little  stem)  ;  but  it  is  not  expedient  to  change 
old  luunes.  The  seed-leaves  it  beai's  on  its  sum- 
mit (here  two  in  number)  are  technically  called 
Cotyledons.  The  little  bud  of  undeveloped 
leaves  which  is  to  be  found  between  the  co- 
tyledons before  germination  in  many  cases  (as  in  the  Pea,  Bean, 
Fig.  17,  &c.),  has  been  named  the  Plumule. 

17.  In  the  Maple  (Fig.  4),  as  also  in  the  Morning-Glory  (Fig. 
28),  and  the  like,  this  bud,  or  plumule,  is  not  seen  for  some  days 
after  the  seed-leaves  are  expanded.  But  soon  it  appears,  in  the 
Maple  as  a  pair  of  minute  leaves  (Fig.  5),  erelong  raised  on  a  stalk 
which  carries  them  up  to  some  distance  above  the  cotyledons.  The 
plantlet  (Fig.  G)  now  consists,  above  ground,  of  two  pairs  of  leaves, 
viz.:  l.the  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves,  borne  on  the  sununit  of  the 
original  stemlet  (the  radicle)  ;  and  2.  a  pair  of  ordinary  leaves, 
raised  on  a  second  joint  of  stem  which  has  grown  from  the  top 
of  the  first.  Later,  a  third  pair  of  leaves  is  formed,  and  raised 
on  a  third  joint  of  stem,  proceeding  from  the  summit  of  the  second 
(Fig.  7),  just  as  that  did  from  the  first;  and  so  on,  until  the  germi- 
nating plantlet  becomes  a  tree. 


Flo.  !).    r.orniinnting  Red  Maple,  which  lias  produced  its  root  beneatli,  and  is  developing 
^<c^ond  pair  uf  leav«8  above.     6.  Same,  furtlier  advanced. 


Li:SSON  2.]       GROWTH    OK    THr,    PLANT    FROM    TIIK    SK.ED. 


18.  So  the  yourifrcst  sccdliiijr,  ami  even  the  cinbiyo  in  llif  sord, 
is  iiln-aily  an  epitome  of  the  licrb  or  tree.  It  lias  a  stem,  i'ntin  the 
lower  end  of"  wliieh  it  strikes  root  :  and  it 
has  leaves.  Tlie  tree  il-t-lf  in  its  wliole 
vegetation  has  nothing  more  in  kind. 
To  beeome  a  tree,  the  ])iantlet  has  only 
to  repeat  itself  npwardly  by  j)roducing 
more  similar  parts,  —  that  is,  new  por- 
tions of  stem,  with  new  and  larger  leaves, 
in  succession,  —  while  beneath,  it  pushes 
its  root  deeper  and  deeper  into  the  soil. 

I'J.  The  Opposite  Growth  of  Root  and 

SlCin  began  at  the  beginning  of  germi- 
nation, and  it  continues  through  the 
whole  life  of  the  plant.  AVhile  yet 
buried  in  the  soil,  and  perhaps  in  total 
darkness,  as  soon  as  it  begins  to  grow, 
the  stem  end  of  the  embryo  points 
towards  the  light,  —  curving  or  tuining 
quite  round  if  it  happens  to  lie  in 
some  other  direction,  —  and  stretches 
upwards  into  the  free  air  and  sunshine  ; 
while  the  root  end  as  uniformly  avoids 
the  light,  bends  in  the  oj)posite  direction 
to  do  so  if  necessary,  and  ever  seeks  to  bury  itself  more  and  more 
in  the  earth's  bosom.  How  the  plantlet  makes  these  movements  we 
cannot  explain.  But  the  object  of  this  instinct  is  obvious.  It 
places  the  plant  from  the  first  in  the  proper  position,  with  its  roots 
in  the  moist  soil,  from  which  they  are  to  absorb  nourishment,  and  its 
leaves  in  the  light  and  air,  where  alone  they  can  fulfil  their  ollice  of 
digesting  what  the  roofs  absorb. 

20.  So  the  seedling  plantlet  finds  itself  provided  with  all  the 
organs  of  ref/n(cu:cn  that  even  the  oldest  plant  possesses,  —  namely, 
root,  stem,  an  I  leaves;  and  lias  these  placed  in  the  situation  where 
each  is  to  act,  —  'he  root  in  the  soil,  the  foliage  in  the  light  and  air. 
Tims  eslalilished,  tiic  plantlet  has  only  to  set  about  its  proper  work. 

21.  The  diffcrcnl  Woilc  of  tirowtl  of  Root  mid  Strm  may  also  be  here 

mentioned.      Each  grows,  not  only  in  a  different  direction,  but  in  a 
different  way.     The  stem  grows  by  producing  a  set  of  joints,  each  from 


FIG.  7.     Gwiiiiiiatiiig  Kcd  Maplo^  fiirllipr  ilovcloiicd. 


8  GROWTH    OF    THE    PLANT    FROM    THE    SEED.       [lESSON   2. 

the  summit  of  its  predpcpssor ;  and  each  joint  elongates  throughout 
every  part,  until  it  readies  its  full  length.  The  root  is  not  composed 
of  joints,  and  it  lengthens  only  at  the  end.  The  stem  in  the  embryo 
(viz.  the  radicle)  has  a  certain  length  to  begin  with.  In  the  pump- 
kin-seed, for  instance  (Fig.  9),  it  is  less  than  an  eighth  of  an  inch 
long :  but  it  grows  in  a  few  days  to  the  length  of  one  or  two  inches 
(Fig.  10),  or  still  more,  if  the  seed  were  deeper  covered  by  the  soil. 
It  is  by  this  elongation  that  the  seed-leaves  are  raised  out  of  the 
soil,  so  as  to  expand  in  the  light  and  air.  The  length  they  acquire 
varies  with  the  depth  of  the  covering.  When  large  and  strong  seeds 
are  too  deeply  buried,  the  stemlet  sometimes  grows  to  the  length  of 
several  inches  in  the  endeavor  to  bring  the  seed-leaves  to  the  sur- 
face. The  lengthening  of  the  succeeding  joints  of  the  stem  serves  to 
separate  the  leaves,  or  pairs  of  leaves,  from  one  another,  and  to  ex- 
pose them  more  fully  to  the  light. 

22.  The  root,  on  the  other  hand,  begins  by  a  new  formation  at 
the  base  of  the  embryo  stem  ;  and  it  continues  to  increase  in  length 
solely  by  additions  to  the  extremity,  the  parts  once  formed  scarcely 
elongating  at  all  afterwards.  This  mode  of  growth  is  well  adapted 
to  the  circumstances  in  which  I'oots  are  placed,  leaving  every  part 
undisturbed  in  the  soil  where  it  was  formed,  while  the  ever-advan- 
cing points  readily  insinuate  themselves  into  the  crevices  or  looser 
portions  of  the  soil,  or  pass  around  the  surface  of  solid  obstacles. 


LESSON  3.]       GllOWTH    OF    TUE    PLANT    FUOM    TUE    SEED.  9 

LESSON   III.  ' 

GRC^WTH    OF    THR    PLANT    FROM    TIIK    SFBD. ContlTlVcd. 

23.  So  a  plant  consists  of  two  parts,  growing  in  a  diflferent  manner, 
as  well  as  in  opposite  directions.  One  part,  the  root,  grows  down- 
wards into  the  soil:  it  may,  therefore,  be  called  the  descending  axis. 
The  other  grows  upwards  into  the  light  and  air :  it  may  be  called 
the  ascending  axis.  The  root  grows  on  continuously  from  the  ex- 
tremity, and  so  does  not  consist  of  joints,  nor  does  it  bear  leaves, 
or  anything  of  the  kind.  The  stem  grows  by  a  succession  of 
joints,  each  bearing  one  or  more  leaves  on  its  summit.  Root  on 
the  one  hand,  and  stem  with  its  foliage  on  the  other,  make  up  the 
whole  i)lantlet  as  it  springs  from  the  seed ;  and  the  full-grown  iierb, 
shrub,  or  tree  has  nothing  more  in  kind, — only  moro  in  size  and 
number.  Before  we  trace  the  jjlantlet  into  the  herb  or  tree,  some 
other  cases  of  the  growth  of  the  plantlet  from  the  seed  should  be 
studied,  that  we  may  observe  how  the  same  plan  is  worked  out  under 
a  variety  of  forms,  with  certain  differences  in  the  details.  The  mate- 
rials for  this  study  are  always  at  hand.  "We  have  only  to  notice  what 
takes  place  all  around  us  in  spring,  or  to  plant  some  con.mon  seeds 
in  pots,  keep  them  warm  and  moist,  an<l  watch  their  germination. 

24.  The  Gcrininaliii2  Plaiillcl  fci'ils  on  Noiirislinifiit  proviilrrt  brfon'liand. 

Tlie  embryo  so  snugly  ensconced  in  the  seed  of  the  3Iaple  (Fig.  2, 
3,  4)  has  from  the  first  a  miniature  stem,  and  a  pair  of  leaves  already 
green,  or  which  become  green  as  soon  as  brought  to  the  light.  It 
has  only  to  form  a  root  by  which  to  fix  itself  to  the  ground,  when  it 
becomes  a  perfect  though  diminutive  vegetable,  capable  of  providing 
for  itself.  This  root  can  be  formed  only  out  of  proper  material : 
neither  water  nor  anything  else  which  the  ])lantlet  is  imbibing  from 
the  earth  will  answer  the  purpose.  The  i)roper  material  is  nourish- 
ing matter,  or  prepared  food,  more  or  less  of  which  is  always  pro- 
vided by  the  pan-nt  plant,  and  stored  up  in  the  seed,  either  in  the 
embryo  itself,  or  arouml  it.  In  the  ^laple,  this  nourishment  is  stored 
up  in  the  thickish  cotyledons,  or  seed-leaves.  And  there  is  barely 
enough  of  it. to  make  th«'  beginning  of  a  root,  and  to  ])rovide  for  the 
lengthening  of  the  stemlct  so  as  to  bring  up  the  unfolding  se«-d-leaves 
where  they  may  expand  to  the  light  of  day.  But  when  this  is  done, 
S&F— 2 


10 


GROWTH    OF    THE    PLANT    FROM    THK    SEED.       [lESSON  3. 


the  tiny  j)lant  is  alrrady  able  to  shift  for  itself;  —  that  is,  to  hve  and 
conlinut'  its  growtli  on  what  it  now  takes  from  the  soil  and  from  the 
air,  and  elaborates  into  iioun'sfiinent  in  its  two  green  leaves,  under 
the  influenee  of  the  light  of  the  sun. 

25.  In  most  ordinary  phmts,  a  larger  portion  of  nourish;jient  is 
provided  beforehand  in  the  seed ;  and  the  plantlet  consequently  is 
not  so  early  or  so  entirely  left  to  its  own  resources.  Let  us  examine 
a  number  of  cases,  selected  from  very  common  plants.  Sometimes, 
as  has  just  been  stated,  we  find  this 

26.  Deposit  of  Food  in  the  Embryo  itself.  And  we  may  observe  it 
in  every  gradation  as  to  quantity,  from  the  Maple  of  our  first  illus- 

_  tration,  where  there  is  very  little,  up  to 
the  Pea  and  the  Horsechestnut,  where 
there  is  as  much  as  there  possibly  can 
be.  If  we  strip  off  the  coats  from  the 
large  and  flat  seed  of  a  Squash  or 
Pumpkin,  we  find  nothing  but  the  em- 
bryo within  (Fig.  9)  ;  and  almost  the 
whole  bulk  of  this  consists  of  the  two 
seed-leaves.  That  these  contain  a  good 
supply  of  nourishing  matter,  is  evident 
from  their  sweet  taste  and  from  their 
thickness,  although  there  is  not  enough 
to  obscure  their  leaf-like  appearance. 
It  is  by  feeding  on  this  supply  of  nour- 
ishment that  the  germinating  Squash  or 
Pumpkin  (Fig.  10)  grows  so  rapidly 
and  so  vigorously  from  the  seed,  — 
lengthening  its  stemlet  to  more  than 
twenty  times  the  length  it  had  in  the 
seed,  and  thickening  it  in  proportion,  — 
sending  out  at  once  a  number  of  roots 
from  its  lower  end,  and  soon  developing 
the  plumule  (16)  from  its  upper  end  into  a  third  leaf:  meanwhile 
the  two  cotyledons,  relieved  from  the  nourishment  with  which  their 
tissue  was  gorged,  have  expanded  into  useful  green  leaves. 

27.  F'or  a  stronger  instance,  take  next  the  seed  of  a  Plum  or 
Peach,  or  an  Almond,  or  an  Apple-seed  (Fig.  11,  12),  which  shows 


FIO.  0.     Embryo  of  a   Pumpkin,   of  the   natural   sizo  ;   the  cotyledons  a  little  opened 
JO.  The  aaiiie,  when  it  lias  germinated- 


LESSON  3.]      GUOWTII    OF    THK    PLANT    ^OM    THE    SEED. 


11 


the  same  thing  on  a  small<'r  scale.  The  embryo,  whicli  liere  also 
tJiukes  u|)  the  whole  hulk  of  the  kernel  of  the 
seed,  diflers  from  that  of  the  Pumpkin  only 
in  having  the  seed-leaves  more  thickened,  hy 
the  much  larger  quantity  of  nourishment  stored 
up  in  their  tissue,  —  so  large  and  so  pure  in- 
deed, that  the  almond  becomes  an  article  of 
food.  Fed  by  this  abundant  supply,  the  second, 
and  even  the  third  joints  of  the  stem,  with 
their  leaves,  shoot  forth  as  soon  as  the  stemlet  comes  to  the  surface  ol 
the  soil.  The  Beech-nut  (Fig.  13),  with 
its  sweet  and  eatable  kernel,  consisting 
mainly  of  a  pair  of  seed-leaves  folded 
together,  and  gorged  with  nourishing 
matter,  offers  another  instance  of  the 
same  sort  :  this  ample  store  to  feed 
upon  enables  the  germinating  plantlet 
to  grow  with  remarkal^le  vigor,  and  to 
develop  a  second  joint  of  stem,  with  its 
pair  of  leaves  (Fig.  14),  before  the  first 
pair  has  expanded  or  the  root  has  ob- 
tained much  foothold  in  the  soil. 

28.  A  Bean  aflurds  a  similar  and 
more  familiar  illustration.  Here  the  co- 
tyledons in  the  seed  (Fig.  IG)  are  so 
thick,  that,  although  they  are  raised  out 
of  ground  in  the  ordinary  way  in  ger- 
mination (Fig.  17),  and  turn  greenish, 
yet  they  never  succeed  in  becoming  leaf- 
like, —  never  display  their  real  nature  of 
leaves,  as  they  do  so  plaiidy  in  the  Ma- 
ple (Fig.  o),tlie  Pumpkin  (Fig.  10),  the 
Morning-Glory  (Fig.  8,  26-28),  &c.^ 
Turned  to  great  account  as  magazines 
of  food  for  the  germinating  plantlet,  they 
fulfil   this  special    office   admirably,  but 

FK;.  II.  An  A|)|ilo-Boo(l  cm  ihm.ipli  Ipiiciiiwisp,  Kliowinc  «l"o  cniliryo  wiili  its  thickened 
eotylodi.iis.     IJ.  Tlic  piiibryo  «>t  the  Applf,  t.ikiii  out  whule,  \ts  cotylfiloiiH  |iarlly  seimrated 

Flu.  13.  A  Hecch-iiiit,  cut  arniss.  H.  lli-ciiiiiiiij!  mriiiiiintum  ol  the  Ik-iTh,  shiiwiiii;  iha 
pliiniiilu  gmwiiic  \tiUiTv  the  cnlyleiliiiis  liavo  «>|k'iu<I  or  iho  ruot  has  scarcely  furiiicd  15.  Tlw 
•ainc,  a  littio  later,  with  the  bccoiii]  juiiil  loiiulheiicd. 


12 


GROWTH    OF    THE    PLANT    FROM    THE    SEED.      ([LESSON  3. 


they  were  so  gorged  and,  as  it  wore,  misshapen,  that  they  became 
quite  unfitted  to  perform  the  ofTice  of 
foHage.  Tliis  office  is  accordingly  first 
performed  by  the  succeeding  pair  of 
leaves,  those  of  the  plumule  (Fig.  17, 
18),  which  is  put  into  rapid  growth  by 
the  abundant  nourishment  contained  in 
the  large  and  thick  seed-leaves.  The 
latter,  having  fulfilled  this  office,  soon 
wither  and  fall  away. 

29.  This  is  carried  a  step  farther  in 
the  Pea  (Fig.  19,  20),  a  near  relative 
of  the  Bean, 
and  in  the 
Oak  (Fig. 
21,  22),  a 
near  relative 
of  the  Beech. 
The  differ- 
ence in  these 
and  many 
other  similar 
cases  is  this. 

The  cotyledons,  which   make   up  nearly 

the   whole  bulk  of  the  seed  are  exces- 
sively tliickened,  so  as  to  become  nearly 

hemispherical  in  shape.     They  have  lost 

all   likeness  to  leaves,  and  all  power  of 

ever  fulfilling  the  office  of  leaves.     Ac- 
cordingly  in     germination    they    remain 

unchanged   within    the  husk  or  coats  of 

tlie  seed,  never  growing  themselves,  but 

supplying  abundant   nourishment  to  the 

plumule  (the  bud  for  the  forming  stem) 

between  them.     This  pushes  forth  from 

the  seed,  shoots  upward,  and  gives  rise 


FIG.  If).  A  Bean  :  the  embryo,  from  which  seed-coats  have  been  removed  :  the  small 
Fteiri  is  seen  above,  bent  down  upon  the  cilce  of  the  tliick  cotyledons.  ]7.  The  same  in  early 
germination  ;  tlic  phimiilc  growing  from  between  the  two  seed-leaves.  18.  The  germination 
more  advanced,  the  two  leaves  uf  the  |>lumule  unfolded,  and  raised  un  a  short  joint  of  stem. 

FIG.  19.     A  Pea:   the  embryo,  with  the  sccd-coats  taken  off.    20.  A  Pea  in  germination. 


LKSSON  3.]        GROWTH    OF    Tilt:    PLANT    FROM    THIC    SKED. 


i;< 


to  tlio  first  leaves  that  a|)p(':ir.  In  most  cases  of  the  sort,  the  railitle, 
or  short  original  stemlet  of  the  embryo  be- 
low the  cotyledons  (which  is  plainly  shown 
in  the  Pea,  Fig.  li)),  lengthens  very  little, 
or  not  at  all ;  and  so  the  cotyledons  remain 
under  ground,  if  the  seed  was  covered  by 
the  soil,  as  every  one  knows  to  be  the  case 
with  Peas.  In  these  (Fig.  20),  as  also  in 
the  Oak  (Fig.  22),  the  leaves  of  the  first 
one  or  two  joints  are  imperfect,  and  mere 
small  scales ;  but  genuine  leaves  immedi- 
ately follow.  The  Ilorsechestnut  and  Buck- 
eye (Fig.  23,  24)  furnish  another  instance 
of  the  same  sort.  These  trees  are  nearly 
iclated  to  the  ]\laple  ;  but  wlnle  the  seed- 
h'avcs  of  the  Maple  show  themselves  to 
be  leaves,  even  in  the  seed  (as  we  have 
already  seen),  and  when  they  germinate 
fulfil  the  olhce  of  ordinary  leaves,  those 
of  the  Buckeye  and  of  the  Ilorsechestnut 
(Fig.  23),  would  never  be  suspected  to  be 
the  same  organs.  Yet  they  are  so,  only 
in  another  shape,  —  exceedingly  thickened 
by  the  accumulation  of  a  great  quantity 
of  starch  and  other  nourishing  matter  in 
their  substance  ;  and  besides,  their  contigu- 
ous faces  stick  together  more  or  less  firmly, 
so  that  they  never  open.  But  the  stalks 
of  these  seed-leaves  grow,  and,  as  they 
lengthen,  push  the  radicle  and  the  plumule  22 

out  of  the  seed,  when  the  former  develops  downwardly  the  roct.  the 
l;it!<T  iii)\v;ir(]ly  tin-  Irnty  sti-m  and  all  it  bears  (Fig.  24). 

30.  l)('|)Osit  of  Food  OUlsidc  of  the  Embryo.  Very  often  ih"  nourish- 
ment provided  for  the  seedling  phintlet  is  laid  up,  not  in  the  embryo 
itself,  but  around  it.  A  good  instance  to  begin  with  is  furnished  by 
the  common  Morning-GU)ry,  or  Convolvulus.  The  embryo,  taken 
out  of  the  seed  and  straightened,  is  shown  in  Fig.  2r>.  It  consists 
of  a  short  stemlet  and  of  a  j)air  of  very  thin  and  delicate  green 
leaves,  having  jio  stock   of  nourishment  in  them  lor  sustaining  the 


FIG.  21.     An  acorn  divided  Icnglliwi 

2 


riic  germinating  Oak. 


GROWTH    OF    THE    I'LANT    FKOM    TIIK    SEED.         [lESSON  3. 


t'liiliest  frnnvtli.     On  cnlting  open  the  seed,  however,  we  find  this 

embryo  (considerably  crumpled  or  folded  together,  so  as  to  occupy 
less  space,  F'ig.  2o)  to  be  surround- 
ed by  a  mass  of  rich,  mucilaginous 
matter  (becoming  rather  hard  and 
solid  when  dry),  which  forms  the 
principal  bulk  of  the  seed.  Upon 
this  stock  the  embryo  feeds  in  ger- 
mination ;  the  seed-leaves  absorbing 
it  into  their  tissue  as  it  is  rendered 
soluble  (through  certain  chemical 
changes)  and  dissolved  by  the  wa- 
ter which  the  gern)inating  seed  im- 
bibes from  the  moist  soil.  Having 
by  this  aid  23  26 

lengthened 
its  radicle 
into  a  stem 
ofconsider- 
23  24  able  length, 

and  formed  the  beginning  of  a  root  at  its 

lower   end,  already    imbedded    in   the  soil 

(Fig.   27),  the   cotyledons   now  disengage 

themselves    from    the    seed-coats,   and  ex- 
pand in  the  light  as  tiie  first  pair  of  leaves 

(Fig.  28).     These    immediately    begin    to 

elaborate,   under  the  sun's  influence,  what 

the  root  imbibes  from  the  soil,  and  the  new 

nourishment  so  produced  is  used,  partly  to 

increase   the   size  of  the  little  stem,   root, 

and  leaves  already  existing,  and  partly  to 

produce  a   second  joint  of  stem   with   its 

leaf  (Fig.  29),  then  a  third   with   its   leaf 

(Fig.  8)  ;  and  so  on. 

31.  Tiiis  maternal  store  of  food,  deposited  in  the  seed  along  with 

the  embryo  (but  not  in   its  substance),  the  old  botanists   likened  to 


FIG.  23.     Burkcye  :  a  seed  divided.    24.  A  similar  seed  in  geiniiiation. 

FIG.  25.  Seed  and  embryo  of  Mommg-Glory,  cut  across.  Sfi.  Einhryo  of  the  same,  de. 
tached  and  straighlened.  27.  Germinating  Morning-Glory.  28.  Tlie  same  further  advanced/ 
Its  two  (hin  seed-leaves  cxpamlod. 


LK8S0N  3.]       OKOWTH    OK    TIIK    IM.ANT    FROM    THE    SEfcO. 


15 


th(;  alhntnrn,  or  wliilo  of  (lie  o^'ir,  wliich  cnclosfs  ihe  yolk,  and 
therefore  gave  it  the  same  name, —  the  albumen  of  the  seed,  —  a 
nnme  which  it  still  retains.  Food  of  this  sort  for  the  plant  is  also 
f(K)d  for  animals,  or  for  man  ;  and  il  is 
this  albnmen,  the  floury  part  of  liie  seed, 
whieh  forms  the  principal  bulk  of  such 
important  grains  as  those  of  Indian  Corn 
(V\^.  38-40),  Wheat,  Rice,  Buck- 
wheat, and  of  the  seed  of  Four-o'clock, 
(Fig.  3(3,  37),  and  the  like.  In  all 
these  last-named  cases,  it  may  be  ob- 
served that  the  embryo  is  not  enclosed 
in  the  albumen,  but  placed  on  one  side 
of  it,  yet  in  close  contact  with  it,  so 
that  the  embryo  may  absorb  readily 
from  it  the  nourishment  it  requires 
when  it  begins  to  grow.  Sometimes 
the  embryo  is  coiled  around  the  outside,  in  the  form  of  a  ring,  as 
in  the  Purslane  and  the  Four-o'clock  (Fig.  36,  37) ;  sometimes  it  is 
ooile-d  within  the  albumen,  as  in  the  Potato  (Fig.  34,  35)  ;  some- 
times it  is  straight  in  the  centre  of  the  albumen,  occupying  nearly  its 
30  w  J4  36  whole   length,   as   in 

the  Barberry  (Fig. 
32,  33),  or  much 
smaller  and  near  one 
end,  as  in  the  Iris 
(Fig.  43)  ;  or  some- 
times so  miinite,  in 
the  midst  of  the  al- 
bumen, that  it  needs 
a  magnifying-glass  to 
find  it,  as  in  the  But- 


Flf;.  00.  nprinin.itiniiiif  Dip  Moriiinc  Clorv  more  ndv.Tiirpil :  tlip  iipinrpnrt  only  ,  slion-ing 
the  Ipaly  cotyledons,  iho  secuiid  joiiil  of  .'-tPin  with  its  leaf,  and  the  third  with  its  leaf  jiiht 
developing. 

FIU.  30.  Sertion  of  a  s^pd  of  a  Pnnny,  Khowin*;  n  very  small  •nihryo  in  llie  alhtimen, 
near  one  end.    .tl.  T\\\»  etnhryo  dclarlipil,  nnil  nH>r<>  nin^nified. 

FKi.  22.  Section  of  a  sped  ot  Barliorry.  stviwiiii;  the  straight  enihry  o  in  the  iniddte  of 
the  alhiinipn.     33.  Its  embryo  delarhrd. 

FIU.  31  Sprtion  u>'  a  Putato-sccd,  bliowmi;  (lie  riiibr)(i  roiled  in  the  alhiiiiipii.  35.  Itj 
embryo  detarlied. 

Fir:.  3r).  i^erlmn  nf  the  s-ppd  of  Foiir-oVlork,  Khuwing  the  piiiliryo  roiled  ruiiiul  tlM 
outside  of  the  albumen.     :r7    Um  ctubtyu  delaclied 


16  GROWTH    OK    TllF,    I'LANT    FROM    THE    SEED.      [lESSON  3. 

tcrciip  or  the  Colunibino,  and  in  tho  Peony  (Fig.  30,  31),  wliere, 
however,  it  is  large  enough  to  he  distinguished  by  the  naked  ey<?. 
Nothing  is  more  curious  than  the  various  shapes  and  positions  of 
the  enihryo  in  the  seed,  nor  more  interesting  than  to  watch  its  de- 
velopment in  germination.  One  point  is  still  to  be  noticed,  since 
the  botanist  considers  it  ot'mucli  importance,  namely:  — 

32.  Tlic  Kinds  of  Embryo  as  to  the  Number  of  Cotyledons.    In  all  the 

figures,  it  is  easy  to  see  that  the  embryo,  however  various  in  shaj)e. 
is  constructed  on  one  and  the  same  plan  ;  —  it  consists  of  a  radicle  or 
stemlet,  with  a  pair  of  cotyledons  on  its  summit.  Botanists  there- 
fore call  it  dicotyledonous,  —  an  inconveniently  long  word  to  express 
the  fact  that  the  embryo  has  two  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves.  In 
many  cases  (as  in  the  Buttercup),  the  cotyledons  are  indeed  so 
minute,  that  they  are  discerned  only  by  the  nick  in  the  upper  end 
of  the  little  embryo ;  yet  in  germination  they  grow  into  a  pair  of 
seed-leaves,  just  as  in  other  cases  where  they  are  plain  to  be  "seen, 
as  leaves,  in  the  seed.  But  in  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  40),  in  Wheat, 
the  Onion,  the  Iris  (Fig.  43),  Sec,  it  is  well  known  that  only  one 
/--~^  leaf  appeai-s  at  first  from  the 

y^'^'^ ' '  '"'~''X  ',  /Tv       sprouting  seed:  in  these  the 

]      \  j   /llll,     t^'ifihryo  has  only  one  cotyle- 

^  '  I       \  I       v  \\    m   ^^"'  ^"^  ^^  ^^  therefore  termed 

V  A.JIjL/   '/  K^^^J^       ^^i-J'    ^y  ^'"^  botanists  monocotyJedo- 

38  39  40       nous ;  —  an    extremely    lung 

word,  like  the  other,  of  Greek  derivation,  which  means  one-cotyle- 
doned.  The  rudiments  of  one  or  more  other  leaves  are,  indeed, 
commonly  present  in  this  sort  of  embr30,  i\&  is  plain  to  see  in  Indian 
Corn  (Fig.  38-40),  but  they  form  a  bud  situated  above  or  within 
the  cotyledon,  and  enclosed  by  it  more  or  less  completely  ;  so  that 
they  evidently  belong  to  the  plumuh;  (IC)  ;  and  these  leaves  appear 
in  the  seedling  plantlet,  each  from  within  its  predecessor,  and  there- 
fore originating  higher  up  on  the  forming  stem  (Fig.  42,  44).  This 
•will  readily  be  understood  from  the  accompanying  figures,  with  tlicir 
explanation,  which  the  student  may  without  difficulty  verify  lor  him- 

FIG.  38.  A  grain  <il  Indian  Corn,  flatwise,  cut  away  a  little,  so  as  to  show  the  embryo, 
lyinp  on  the  allmnien,  which  makes  tlic  principal  bulk  of  tho  seed. 

FIG.  3'.>.  Ant-llier  prain  of  Corn,  cut  through  tho  middle  in  tlie  opposite  direction,  divid- 
ing tho  cmt)ryo  ihrcuch  its  tliick  cotyledon  and  its  plumule,  the  latter  consisting  of  two 
leaves,  one  enclosing  the  other. 

FIG.  40.  The  cml)ryo  of  Corn,  taken  out  wliole  :  the  tliick  mass  is  the  cotyledon  ;  the 
narrow  body  partly  enclosed  by  it  is  tho  pluiiiiilo  ;  the  Utile  projection  at  its  base  is  tlie  very 
short  radicle  CIltlJ■^•,•d  in  llie  shouthiiig  base  of  the  fi»ot  leaf  of  the  plumule. 


LKSSON  3.]       GROWTH    OF    THE    PLANT    FROM    THIi    SKKD. 


17 


P<If,  ;in(l  >lioiil(l  do  ^o,  liy  examining  pniiiis  of  Indian  Corn,  ."oakcd 
in  water,  before  and  alj^o  during  germination.  In  tiic  Onion,  Lily, 
and  till'.  Iris  (Fig.  4o),  the  nionocotyledonons  cndjryo  is  siinplcr, 
consisting  apparently  of  n  simple  oblong  or  oylindrieal 
body,  in  wliicli  no  distinction  of  parts  is  visible  :  the  lower 
end  is  radicle,  and  from  it  grows  the  root ;  the  rest  is  a 
cottjledon,  which  has  wrapjx'd  np  in  it  a  niinute  piiinntle, 
or  bud,  that  shows  its<'lf  when  the  seeds  sprout  in  germi- 
nation. The  first  leaf  which  ap|)ears  above  ground  in  all 
these  cases  is  not  the  cotyle<lon.  In  all  seeds  with  one  coty- 
ledon to  the  embryo,  this  remains  in  the  seed,  or  at  least 
its  upper  part,  wliile  its  lengthening  base  comes  out,  so  as 
to  extricate  the  ])lumule,  which  shoots  upward,  and  de-  L 
velops  the  first  leaves  of  the  plantlet.  These  appear  one 
above  or  within  the  other  in  succes- 
sion,—  as  is  shown  in  Fig.  42  and 
Fig.  44,  —  the  first  commonly  in  the 
form  of  a  little  scale  or  imperfect 
leaf;  the  second  or  third  and  the  *' 

following  ones  as  the  real,  ordinary  leaves  of 
the  plant.  Meanwhile,  from  the  root  end  of 
the  embryo,  a  root  (Fig.  41,  44),  or  soon  a 
whole  cluster  of  roots  (Fig.  42)^  makes  its 
appearanc<\ 

33.  In  Pines,  and  the  like,  the  embryo  con- 
sists of  a  radicle    or    stemlet,  bearing  on  itr. 
summit  three  or  four,  or  often  from   five  to 
ten  slender  cotyledons,  arranged  in  a 
circle    (Fig.   45),    and    expanding    at 
^1(0^    once  into  a   circle    of  as  many  green 
leaves  in  germination  (Fig.  4(1).     Such 
embryos  are  said  to  he  poh/rotijledonoiis, 
that    is,   as  the    word    denotes,   many- 
y     cotyledoned. 

34.  Plan  of  Vriflntion.    The  student 

who  has  underslandingly  followed  the 
growth  of  the  embryo  in  the  seed  into  the  seedling  plantlet.  —  com- 
jM)se(l  of  a  root,  and  a  st<in  of  two  or  three  joints,  each  bearing  a 


FIC.  41.     (irnin  of  Indian  (^irn  in  prrnilnati-jn. 
FK;.  -V-L     'I'Iio  aanio,  further  advanrod 

2* 


18 


GROWTH    OF    THE    PLANT    FROM    THE    SEED.       [lESSON  3. 


leaf,  or  a  pair  (rarely  a  circle)  of  leaves,  —  will  have  gained  a  cor- 
rect idea  of  the  plan  of  vegetation  in  general,  and  have  laid  a  good 
foundation  for  a  knowledge  of  the  whole  structure  and  phyr^iology 
^3  of  plants.     P^or  the  plant  goes  on  to  grow  in  the  same 

way  thi-oughout,  by  mere  repetitions  of  what  the  early 
germinating  plantlet  displays  to  view,  —  of  what  was 
contained,  in  miniature  or  in  rudiment,  in  the  seed  itself. 
So  far  as  vegetation  is  concerned  (leaving  out  of  view 
for  the  present  the  flower  and  fruit),  the  full-grown  leafy 
herb  or  tree,  of  whatever  size,  has  nothing,  and  does 
nothing,  which  the  seedling  plantlet  does  not  have  and 
do.  The  whole  mass  of  stem  or  trunk  and  foliage  of 
the  complete  plant,  even  of  the  largest  forest-tree,  is 
composed  of  a  succession  or  multiplication  of  similar 
-parts,  —  one  arising  from  the  summit  of  another,  — 
each,  so  to  say,  the  offspring  of  the  preceding  and 
the  parent  of  the  next. 

35.  In  the  same  way  that  the  earliest  portions  of 
the  seedling  stem,  with  the  leaves 
tliey  bear,  are  successively  produced, 
so,  joint  by  joint  in  direct  succes- 
sion, a  single,  simple,  leafy  stem  is 
developed  and  carried  up.  Of  such  a 
simple  leafy  stem  many  a  plant  consists 
(before  flowering,  at  least),  —  many 
herbs,  such  as  Sugar-Cane,  Indian 
Corn,  the  Lily,  the  tall  Banana,  the 
Yucca,  &c. ;  and  among  trees  the 
Palms  and  the  Cycas  (wrongly  called 
Sago  Palm)  exhibit  the  same  simplicity,  their 
stems,  of  whatever  age,  being  unbranched  columns 
(Fig.  47).  (Growth  in  diameter  is  of  course  to  be  considered, 
as  well  as  growth  in  length.  That,  and  the  question  Jioiv  growth 
of  any  kind  takes  place,  we  will  consi<ler  hereafter.)  But  more 
commonly,  as  soon  as  the  plant  has  produced  a  main  stem  of  a  cer- 
tain length,  and  displayed  a  certain  amount  of  foliage,  it  begins  to 

FIG.  43.  Pertion  of  a  seed  of  tlie  Iris,  or  Flower-dc-Lucc,  showing  its  small  eiiibrj-o  in 
tho  alhuiiicii,  near  the  bottom. 

FKJ.  44.     Germinating  plantlet  of  the  Iris. 

FIG.  45.  Section  of  a  seed  of  a  Pine,  with  its  embryo  of  several  cotyledons.  46.  Early 
seedling  Pine,  with  its  stemlet,  displaying  its  six  seed-leaves. 


LKSSON  3.]       r.UOWTH    OK    TIIK    PLANT    KKOM    THK    SEED. 


19 


produce   nddilioii.-il  stems,   tli:it   is,   hrandics.      Tlie    hraticliiiip  plant 
we  will  coiisiiler  in  I  he  next  Lesson. 

36.  The  suhjoined  (injures  (Fi^.  47)  jrive  a  view  of  sr»mo  forms 
of  simple-stemined  ve^;etation.  The  figun;  in  the  fore;i;roimd  (jm 
the  left  represents  a  Cycas  (wix)np;ly  called  in  thfi  conservatories 
Sajro  Palm).  Behind  it  is  a  Yucca  (called  Spanish  Bayonet  at  tin; 
South)  and  (wo  C'ocoanut  Palm-trees.  On  the  right  is  some  Indiau 
Corn,  and  behind  it  a  Bananx 


20  GROWTH    OF    PLANTS    FROM    BUDS.  [LESSON  4. 


LESSON   IV. 

THE  GROWTH  OF  PLANTS  FROM  BUDS  AND  BRANCHES. 

37.  We  have  seen  how  the  plant  grows  so  as  to  produce  a  root, 
and  a  simi)le  stem  with  its  foliage.  Both  the  root  and  stem,  how- 
ever, generally  bi'nnch. 

38.  The  branches  of  the  root  arise  without  any  particular  order. 
There  is  no  telling  beforehand  from  what  part  of  a  main  root  they 
will  spring.  But  the  branches  of  the  stem,  except  in  some  extra- 
ordinary cases,  tegularly  arise  from  a  particular  place.  ]iranches 
or  shoots  in  their  undeveloped  state  are 

39.  Buds.  These  regularly  appear  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  — 
that  is,  in  the  angle  formed  by  the  leaf  with  the  stem  on  the  upper 
side ;  and  as  leaves  are  symmetrically  arranged  on  the  stem,  the 
buds,  and  the  branches  into  which  the  buds  grow,  necessarily  par- 
take of  this  symmetry. 

40.  AVe  do  not  confine  the  name  of  bud  to  the  scaly  winter-buds 
which  are  so  conspicuous  on  most  of  our  shrubs  and  trees  in  winter 
and  spring.  It  belongs  as  well  to  the  forming  branch  of  any  herb,  at 
its  first  appearance  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf.  In  growing,  buds  lengthen 
into  branches,  just  as  the  original  stem  did  from  the  i»lumule  of  the 
embryo  (16)  when  the  seed  germinated.  Only,  while  the  original 
stem  is  implanted  in  the  ground  by  its  root,  the  branch  is  im})lantod 
on  the  stem.  Branches,  therefore,  are  repetitions  of  the  main  stem. 
They  consist  of  the  same  parts,  —  namely,  joints  of  stem  and  leaves, 
—  growing  in  the  same  way^  And  in  the  axils  of  their  leaves 
another  crop  of  buds  is  naturally  produced,  giving  rise  to  another 
generation  of  branches,  which  may  in  turn  produce  still  another 
generation  ;  and  so  on,  —  until  the  tiny  and  simple  seedling  develops 
into  a  tall  and  spreading  herb  or  shrub  ;  or  into  a  massive  tree, 
with  its  hundreds  of  annually  increasing  branches,  and  its  thousands, 
perhaps  millions,  of  leaves. 

41.  The  herb  and  the  tree  grow  in  the  same  way.  The  difference 
is  only  in  size  and  duration. 

An  Herb  dies  altogether,  or  dies  down  to  the  ground,  after  it  has 
ripened  its  fruit,  or  at  the  a[)proach  of  winter. 


LKSSON  4.]  r.ROWTII    OF    PLANTS    FROM    Rfr)«t. 


21 


An  nniiKiiI  lierh  lloucrs  in  tlx-  first  yc.'ir,  mid  (lif^,  root  and  all, 
after  ripL'tiiiig  its  st'<-d  :  Mii>taitl.  Pc|.|)«  r^riass,  liuckulifat,  cVc,  are 
examples. 

A  biennial  herb  —  siicli  as  the  Turnip,  Carrot,  Reet,  and  Cabbage 
—  grows  the  first  season  williout  blossoming,  survives  tlie  winter, 
flowers  after  that,  and  dies,  root  and  all,  when  it  has  ripened  its  seed. 

A  perennial  herb  lives  and  blossoms  year  after  year,  but  dies 
down  to  the  ground,  or  near  it.  auMiially,  —  not,  liowcvfi-,  quite  down 
to  the  root:  for  a  portion  of  the  stem,  with  its  buds,  still  survives; 
and  from  these  buds  the  shoots  of  the  following  year  arise. 

A  Shrub  is  a  perennial  plant,  with  woody  stems  which  continue 
alive  and  grow  year  after  yt  ar. 

A  Tree  differs  from  a  shrub  only  in  its  greater  size. 

42.  The  Tcrini'ial  Buil.  There  are  herbs,  shrubs,  and  trees  which 
do  not  branch,  as  we  have  already  seen  (35)  ;  but  whose  stems, 
even  when  they  livii  for  many  years,  rise,  as  a  simple  shaft 
(Fig.  47).  These  plants  grow  by  the  continued  evolution  of  a  bud 
which  crowns  the  summit  of  the  stem,  and  which  is  therefore  called 
the  terminal  bud.  This  bud  is  very  conspicuous  in 
many  branching  plants  also  ;  as  on  all  the  stems  or 
shoots  of  Maples  (Fig.  53),  Horsechestnuts  (Fig.  48), 
or  Hickories  (Fig.  49),  of  a  year  old.  "When  they 
grow,  they  merely  prolong  the  shoot  or  stem  on  which 
they  rest.  On  these  same  shoots,  however,  other  buds 
are  to  be  seen,  regulai'ly  arranged  down  their  sides. 
We  find  them  situated  just  over  broad,  flattened  places, 
which  are  the  scars  left  by  the  fall  of  the  leaf-stalk  the 
autumn  previous.  Before  the  fall  of  the  leaf,  they 
would  have  been  seen  to  occupy  their  axils  (39)  :  so 
they  are  nann-d 

43.  Axillary  Buds.  Thr-y  were  formed  in  these  trees 
early  in  the  summer.  Occiusionalh'  they  grow  at  the 
time  into  branches  :  at  least,  some  of  them  are  pretty 
sure  to  do  so,  in  case  the  growing  terminal  bud  at  the 
end  of  the  shoot  is  injured  or  destroyed.  Otherwise 
they  lie  dormant  until  the  spring.  In  many  trees 
or  shrubs  (such  for  example  as  the  Sinnach  and  Iloney-I.ocust) 
these   axillary   buds   do   not    show    themselves    until    spring;    but    if 


FIG     IS. 
bavo  Ivllun. 


aiittiiiiii  alti' 


22  GROWTH    OF    PLANTS    FROM    BIDS.  [lKSSON  4. 

searched  for,  fhoy  may  be  detected,  thoufrh  of  small  size,  hidden 
under  the  bark.  Sometimes,  although  early  formed,  they  are  con- 
cealed all  summer  long  under  the  base  of  the  leaf- 
stalk, hollowed  out  into  a  sort  of  inverted  cup,  like  a 
candle-extinguisher,  to  cover  them ;  as  in  the  Locust, 
the  Yellow-wood,  or  more  strikingly  in  the  Button- 
wood  or  Plane-tree  (Fig.  50). 

44,  Such  large  and  conspicuous  buds  as  those  of 
the  Ilorsechestnut,  Hickory,  and  the  like,  are  scaly  ; 
the  scales  being  a  kind  of  imperfect  leaves.  The 
vise  of  the  bud-scales  is  obvious  ;  namely,  to  protect 
the  tender  young  parts  beneath.  To  do  this  more 
effectually,  they  are  often  coated  on  the  outside  with 
a  varnish  which  is  impervious  to  wet,  while  within 
they,  or  the  parts  they  enclose,  are  thickly  clothed 
with  down  or  wool  ;  not  really  to  keep  out  the  cold 
of  winter,  which  will  of  course  penetrate  the  bud  in 
time,  but  to  shield  the  interior  against  sudden  changes 
«  from  warm  to  cold,  or  from  cold  to  warm,  which  are 

equally  injurious.  Scaly  buds  commonly  belong,  as  would  be  expect- 
ed, to  trees  and  shrubs  of  northern  climates  ;  while  naked  buds  are 
usual  in  tropical  regions,  as  well  as  in  herbs  everywhere  which 
branch  during  the  summer's  growth  and  do  not  endure  the  winter. 


45.  But  naked  buds,  or  nearly  naked,  also  occur  in  several  of  oui 
own  trees  and  shrubs ;  sometimes  pretty  large  ones,  as  those  of  H'ob 


FtG.  49.     Annual  shoot  of  the  Shajrhark  Hickory. 

FK;.  51).     Hud  ami  icafof  iho  HultuiivvooJ,  or  Auiorican  Plane-tree. 


LKS90N  4.]  OUOWTH    OK    PLANTS    FROM    BUPS.  28 

blebush  (while  tlioso  of  fli.-  n.-aily-n-lat.'d  Siiowl.all  or  Ili^'li  15u^li- 
Cranberry  are  sraly)  ;  but  more  i'oiniiu)iily,  when  naked  buus  occur 
in  trees  and  shrubs  of  our  climate,  they  are  small,  and  sunk  in  the 
bark,  as  in  the  Sumac ;  or  oven  partly  buried  in  tiie  wood  until  they 
begin  to  {jmw,  as  in  the  Honey-Locust 

46.  Vinor  of  VflClillioil  from  Buds.  Large  and  strong  buds,  like  those 
of  the  Ilorsecheslnut,  Iliikmy,  and  the  like,  on  inspection  will  be 
foinid  to  contain  several  leaves,  or  pairs  of  leaves,  ready  formed, 
foldeil  and  packed  away  in  small  compass,  just  as  the  seed-leaves 
are  packed  away  in  the  seed  :  tliey  even  coutiiin  all  the  blossoms  of 
the  ensuing  season,  plainly  visible  as  small  buds.  And  the  stems 
upon  which  these  buds  rest  are  filled  with  abundant  nourishment, 
which  was  deposited  the  summer  before  in  the  wood  or  in  the  bark. 
Under  the  surface  of  the  soil,  or  on  it,  covered  with  the  fallen  leaves 
of  autumn,  we  may  find  similar  strong  buds  of  our  perennial  herbs, 
in  great  variety ;  while  beneath  are  thick  roots,  rootstocks,  or  tubers, 
charged  with  a  great  store  of  nourishment  for  their  use.  As  we 
regard  these,  we  shall  readily  perceive  how  it  is  that  vegetation 
shoots  forth  so  vigorously  in  tiie  spring  of  the  year,  and  clothes  the 
bare  and  lately  frozen  surface  of  the  soil,  as  well  as  the  naked 
boughs  of  trees,  almost  at  once  with  a  covering  of  the  freshest 
green,  and  often  wth  brilliant  blossoms.  PIverything  was  prepared, 
and  even  formed,  beforehand :  the  short  joints  of  stem  in  the  bud 
have  only  to  lengthen,  and  to  separate  the  leaves  from  each  other 
so  that  they  may  unfold  and  grow.  Only  a  small  part  of  the  vege- 
tiition  of  the  season  comes  directly  from  the  seed,  and  none  of  the 
earliest  vernal  vegetation.  This  is  all  from  buds  which  have  lived 
through  the  winter. 

■47.  This  growth  from  buds,  in  manifold  variety,  is  as  interesting 
a  subject  of  study  as  the  growth  of  the  phmtlet  from  the  seed,  and 
is  still  easier  to  observe.  We  have  oidy  room  here  to  sketch  the 
general  plan  ;  earnestly  recommending  tliG  student  to  examine  at- 
tentively their  mode  of  growth  in  all  the  common  trees  and  slirubs, 
when  they  shoot  forth  in  spring.  The  growth  of  tlie  terminal  bud 
prolongs  the  stem  or  branch:  the  growth  ot  axillary  buds  pro- 
duces branches. 

48.  The  Arnill?Pmcnl  of  Brancbrs  is  accordingly  the  same  as  of 
axillary  buds  ;  and  the  arrangement  of  these  i)uds  is  ihi-  same  as 
that  of  tlu;  leaves.  Now  leaves  are  arranged  in  two  principal  ways: 
they  are   either  opjtusite   or   aUernate.      Leaves  are  opposite  when 


24  GROWTH  OF  PLANTS  FROM  BUDS.     [lESSON  4 

tliere  are  two  borne  on  the  «aino  joint. of  stem,  as  in  tho  Ilorse- 
cliestnut,  Maple  (Fig.  7),  Honeysuckle  (Fig.  132),  Lilac,  <5cc. ;  the 
two  leaves  in  such  eases  being  always  02)posite  each  other,  that  is, 
on  exactly  opposite  sides  of  the  stem.  Here  of  course  the  buds 
in  their  axils  are  opposite,  as  we  observe  in  Fig.  48,  where  the 
leaves  have  fallen,  but  their  place  is  shown  by  the  scars.  And  the 
branches  into  which  the  buds  grow  are  likewise  opposite  each  other 
in  pairs. 

49.  Leaves  are  alternate  when  there  is  only  one  from  each  joint  of 
stem,  as  in  the  Oak  (Fig.  22),  Lime-tree,  Poplar,  Buttonwood  (Fig. 
50),  Morning-Glory  (Fig.8), —  not  counting  the  seed-leaves,  which  of 
course  are  opposite,  there  being  a  pair  of  them ;  also  in  Indian  Corn 
(Fig.  42),  and  Iris  (Fig.  44).  Consequently  the  axillary  buds  are 
also  alternate,  as  in  Hickory  (Fig.  49)  ;  and  the  branches  they 
form  alternate,  —  making  a  different  kind  of  spray  from  the  other 
niode,  —  one  branch  shooting  on  the  one  side  of  the  stem  and  the 
next  on  some  other.  For  in  the  alternate  arrangement  no  leaf  is 
on  the  same  side  of  the  stem  as  the  one  next  above  or  next 
below  it. 

50.  Branches,  therefore,  are  arranged  with  symmetry  ;  and  the 
mode  of  branching  of  the  whole  tree  may  be  foretold  by  a  glance  at 
the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  on  the  seedling  or  stem  of  the  first 
year.  This  arrangement  of  the  branches  according  to  that  of  th(? 
leaves  is  always  plainly  to  be  recognized  ;  but  the  symmetry  of 
branches  is  rarely  complete.  This  is  owing  to  several  causes  ; 
mainly  to  one,  viz. :  — 

51.  It  never  happens  that  all  the  bud^  grow.  If  they  did,  there 
would  be  as  many  branches  in  any  year  as  there  were  leaves  the 
year  before.  And  of  those  which  do  begin  to  grow,  a  large  portion 
perish,  sooner  or  later,  for  want  of  nourishment  or  for  want  of  light. 
Those  which  first  begin  to  grow  have  an  advantage,  which  they  are 
apt  to  keep,  taking  to  themselves  the  nourishment  of  the  stem,  and 
starving  the  weaker  buds. 

52.  In  the  Horsechestnut  (Fig.  48),  Hickory  (Fig.  49),  INIag- 
nolia,  and  most  other  trees  with  large  scaly  buds,  the  terminal  bud 
is  the  strongest,  and  has  the  advantage  in  growth,  and  next  in 
strength  are  the  upper  axillary  buds :  while  the  former  continues 
the  shoot  of  the  last  year,  some  of  the  latter  give  Hse  to  branches, 
while  the  rest  fail  to  grow.  In  the  Lilac  also,  the  upper  axillary 
buds  are  stronger   than    the    lower ;    but  the  terminal  bud   rarely 


LESSON  4.]         nnowTH  of  plants  fro:m   urns.  25 

appears  at  all;  in  its  jilacf  tlio  uppermost  pair  of  axillary  buds  prow, 
and  so  each  stem  branches  every  year  into  two  ;  niakin^jj  a  re- 
peatedly two-forked  rainilieation, 

53.  In  these  and  many  similar  trees  and  shrubs,  most  of  the  shoots 
make  a  definite  animal  growth.  That  is,  each  shoot  of  the  sejuson 
develops  rapidly  from  a  strong;  bud  in  spriuir,  —  a  bud  which  gen- 
erally contains,  already  formed  in  miniature,  all  or  a  {^reat  part  of  the 
leaves  and  joints  of  stem  it  is  to  produce,  —  makes  its  whole  growth 
in  length  in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks,  or  sometimes  even  in  a  few 
days,  and  then  ii)rms  and  ripens  its  buds  for  the  next  year's  similar 
ra}>id  growth. 

Tt  1.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Locust,  IToney-Locust,  Sumac,  and, 
among  smaller  plants,  the  IJose  and  Raspberry,  make  an  indefinite 
annual  growth.  That  is,  their  stems  grow  on  all  summer  long, 
until  stopped  by  the  frosts  of  autumn  or  some  other  cause  ;  con- 
sequently they  form  and  ripen  no  terminal  bud  protected  l>y  scales, 
and  the  upper  axillary  buds  are  produced  so  late  in  the  season 
that  they  have  no  time  to  mature,  nor  has  the  wood  time  to  solidify 
and  ripen.  Such  stems  therefore  commonly  die  at  the  top  in  winter, 
or  at  least  all  their  upper  buds  are  small  and  feeble;  and  the  growth 
of  the  succeeding  year  takes  place  mainly  from  the  lower  axillary 
buds,  which  are  more  mature.  Most  of  our  perennial  herbs  grow 
in  this  way,  their  stems  dying  down  to  the  ground  every  year:  the 
part  beneath,  howevei-,  is  charged  with  vigorous  buds,  well  pro- 
tected by  the  kindly  covering  of  earth,  ready  for  the  next  year's 
vegetation. 

55.  In  these  last-mentioned  cases  there  is,  of  course,  no  single 
main  stem,  continued  year  after  year  in  a  direct  line,  but  the  trunk 
is  soon  lost  in  the  branches  ;  and  when  they  grow  into  trees,  these 
commonly  have  rounded  or  spreading  tops.  Of  such  trees  with 
drliquescent  stems,  —  that  is,  with  the  trunk  dissolved,  as  it  were, 
into  the  successively  divided  branches,  the  coniinon  American  Khn 
(Fig.  54)  furni>lies  a  good  illustration. 

5(5.  On  the  other  hand,  the  main  stem  of  Pines  and  Spruces,  aa 
it  begins  in  the  seedling,  unless  destroyed  by  some  injury,  is  carried 
on  in  a  direct  line  throughout  the  whole  growth  of  the  tree.  l»y  tho 
develojjment  year  after  year  of  a  terminal  bud:  this  forms  a  single, 
uninterrupted  shaft,  —  an  fxcMrr^'z/Mrunk,  which  can  never  be  con- 
foiMided  wiih  the  l)ranches  that  proceed  fioin  it.  Of  such  spiri/ or 
sju'rc-shiipcd  trees,  the  Fir.s  or  Spruces  are  the  nio,-t  perfect  and 
3 


26  GROWTH    OF    PLANTS    FROM    BUDS.  [lESSON  4. 

familiar  illustrations  (Fig.  54)  ;  but  ?ome  other  trees  with  strong 
terminal  buds  exhibit  the  same  chaj'ucler  (or  a  certain  time,  and 
in  a  less  marked  degree. 

57.  Latent  Buds.  Seme  of  the  axillary  buds  grow  the  following 
year  into  branches  ;  but  a  larger  number  do  not  (51).  These  do  not 
necessarily  die.  Often  they  survive  in  a  latent  state  for  some  years, 
visible  on  the  surface  of  the  branch,  or  are  smaller  and  concealed 
under  the  bark,  resting  on  the  surface  of  the  wood :  and  when  at 
any  time  the  other  buds  or  branches  happen  to  be  killed,  these  older 
latent  buds  grow  to  supply  their  place ;  —  as  is  often  seen  when  the 
foliage  and  young  shoots  of  a  tree  are  destroyed  by  insects.  The 
new  shoots  seen  springing  directly  out  of  large  stems  may  sometimes 
originate  from  such  latent  buds,  which  have  preserved  their  life  for 
years.     But  commonly  these  arise  from 

58.  Adventitious  Buds.  These  are  buds  which  certain  shrubs  and 
trees  produce  anywhere  on  the  surface  of  the  wood,  especially  where 
it  has  been  injured.  They  give  rise  to  the  slender  twigs  which  often 
feather  so  beautifully  the  sides  of  great  branches  or  trunks  of  our 
American  Elms.  They  sometimes  form  on  the  root,  which  naturally 
is  destitute  of  buds  ;  and  they  are  sure  to  appear  on  the  trunks  and 
roots  of  Willows,  Poplars,  and  Chestnuts,  when  these  are  wounded 
or  mutilated.  Indeed  Osier-Willows  are  pollarded^  or  cut  oft",  from 
time  to  time,  by  the  cultivator,  for  the  purpose  of  producing  a  crop  of 
slender  adventitious  twigs,  suitable  for  basket-work.  Such  branches, 
being  altogether  irregular,  of  course  interfere  with  the  natural  sym- 
metry of  the  tree  (50).  Another  cause  of  irregularity,  in  certain 
trees  and  shrubs,  is  the  formation  of  what  are  called 

59.  Aecessory  or  Supernumerary  Buds.    There  are  cases  where  two, 

three,  or  more  buds  spring  from  the 

axil  of  a  leaf,  instead  of  the  single 

one  which  is  ordinarily  found  there. 

Sometimes  they  are  placed  one  over 

the  other,  as  in  the  Aristolochia  or 

Pipe- Vine,    and    in    the    Tartarian 

Honeysuckle  (Fig.  51);  also  in  the 

51  Honey-Locust,  and  in  the  Walnut  and 

Butternut  (Fig.  52),  where  the  upper  superr.umerary  bud  is  a  good 

way  out  of  the  axil  and  above  the  others.     And  this  is  here  stronger 

FIG.  51.    Tartarian  Honeysuckle,  with  three  accessory  buds  in  one  axil. 


LKSSON   4.]  GROWTH    OF    PLANTS    FUOM    lUDS. 


27 


^. 


tli.in  the  others,  and  ^rows  into  :i  hr.incli  wliicli  is  consitliTiihly  out  ot 
the  axih  while  tin-  hnver  juul  smaller  ones  coinnionly  do  not  grow  at 
all.  In  other  eases  the  tln-ee  buds  stand  side  by  sid«^ 
in  the  axil,  as  in  the  Ilawtliorn,  and  tiie  Red  Alapln 
(Fig.  i)3).  It"  these  were  all  to  grow  into  hranches. 
they  would  .stifle  or  jostle  each  other.  lint  some 
of  them  are  commonly  flower-hiids  :  in 
the  Red  Maple,  only  the  middle  one  is 
a  leaf-i)ud,  and  it  does  not  grow  until 
afier  those  on  each  side  of  it  have  ex- 
panded the  blossoms  they  contain. 

GO.  Sorts  of  Buds.  It  may  be  useful 
to  enumerate  the  kinds  of  buds  which 
have  now  been  mentioned,  referring 
l).iclc  to  the  paragraphs  in  which  the  pe- 
culiarities of  each  are  explained.  Buds, 
then,  are  either  termhial  or  lateral. 
Tiiey  are 

Terminal  when  they  rest  on  the  apex 
of  a  stem  (42).  The  earliest  terminal 
bml  is  \\\o.  plumule  of  the  embryo  (10). 

Lateral,    when    they    appear    on    the 
side    of  a    stem  :  —  of  which    the   only 
regular  kind  is  the 
Axillary  (4o),  namely,   those  which  are   situated   in 
the  axils  of  leaves. 

Accessory  or  Supernumerary  (.OO),  when  two  or  more 
occur  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  axillary  bud.  53 

Adventitious  {'>^).  wIkmi  they  occur  out  of  the  axils  and  without 
order,  on  stems  or  roots,  or  even  on  leaves.  Any  of  these  kind* 
may  be,  either 

Naked,  when  without  coverings;  or  scaly,  when  protected  by 
scales  (44,  4."»). 

Latent,  when  they  survive  long  without  growing,  and  eonnnonly 
without  being  visible  externally  (-"i"). 

I^af-huds,  \\\\v\\  they  cmilain  leaves,  ami  develop  into  a  leaty 
shoot. 

Fluwer-buds,  when   they  contain   l)lossoms.  and   no   leaves,  as  the 


FIG. 
Flu. 


niilii'riiiii 
Ut'J-.M.ipl 


liraiirli, 
D  Uraurli 


ivitll  3rcv<si>T\  (mils, 
Willi  atxuMHiry  bii(l.s 


i|i|<i'riniist  ,-iIm 

l.-ll   Xillu    l>)'   Hill 


28 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    ROOTS. 


[lesson  5. 


sitle-biul.s  of  the  Red-I\I:ii)lo,  or  \vh»r>  *!>ey  are  undeveloped  blossoms. 
These  we  shall  have  to  consider  hereafter. 

Fij^ure  i)i  represents  a  spreadinjr-topped  tree  (American  Elm), 
the  stem  dividing  otf  into  branches  ;  and  some  s[)iry  trees  (Spruces 
on  the  rijrht  hand,  and  two  of  the  Arbor- Vitae  on  the  left)  with  ex- 
uurrent  stems. 


LESSON   V. 


MORPHOLOGY  (I.e.  VARIOUS  SORTS  AND  FORMs)  OF  ROOTS. 


61.  IllorpllOlOgV.  as  the  name  (derived  from  two  Greek  word>) 
denotes,  is  the  doctrine  of  forms.  In  treating  of  forms  in  plants,  the 
botanist  is  not  confined  to  an  enumeration  or  description  of  the 
shapes  or  sorts  that  occur, —  which  would  be  a  dull  and  tedious 
business.  —  but  he  endeavors  to  bring  to  view  the  relations  between 
one  form  and  another  ;  and  this  is  an  interesting  study. 

(S2.  Botanists  give  particular  names  to  all  the  parts  of  plants,  and 
also  particular  terms  to  express  their  principal  varieties  in  form. 
They  use  these  terms  with  great  precision  and  advantage  in  describ- 
ing the  species  or  kinds  of  plants.  Tiiey  must  therefore  be  defined 
and  explained  in  our  books.     But  it  would  be  a  great  waste  of  time 


LK8SON  5.]  MOKl'llOLOCY    OK    ROOTS.  "29 

for  tlic  yoniic;  J^tinlcnt  to  learn  them  by  rote.  Tlio  student  slicmld 
rather  consider  the  eonneetioii  between  one  Ibnii  and  anotlier ;  and 
notice  liow  the  one  simple  plan  of  the  plant,  as  it  has  alrea<ly  been 
illustrated,  is  worked  out  in  the  greatest  variety  of  ways,  through  the 
manifold  diversity  of  forms  which  each  of  its  three  organs  of  vege- 
tation —  root,  stem,  and  leaf —  is  made  to  assume. 

G3.  This  wc  are  now  ready  to  do.  That  is,  having  obtained  a 
g  neral  idea  of  vegetation,  by  tracing  the  plant  from  the  seed  and 
the  bud  into  the  herb,  shrub,  or  tree,  we  proceed  to  contemplate  the 
princi|)al  forms  under  which  these  three  oigans  occur  in  diHi-rent 
plants,  or  in  different  parts  of  the  same  plant ;  or,  in  other  words,  to 
stuily  the  moiylioloyij  of  the  root,  stem,  and  leaves. 

64.  Of  these  three  organs,  the  root  is  the  simplest  and  the  lea^t 
varied  in  its  modifications.  Still  it  exhibits  some  widely  di(l"erent 
kinds.     Going  back  to  the  beginning,  we  commence  with 

G5.  The  sim|)Ic  PrilUtiry  Root,  which  most  plants  send  down  from 
the  root-end  of  the  embryo  as  it  grows  from  the  seed;  as  we  hav 
seen  in  the  Maple  (Fig  5-7),  Morn ing-G lory  (Fig.  8  and  28), 
Beech  (Fig.  14,  15),  Oak  and  IJuckeye  (Fig.  22-24),  &c.  This, 
if  it  goes  on  to  grow,  makes  a  main  or  tap  root,  from  which  fide- 
branches  here  and  there  proceed.  Some  plants  keep  this  mair  'root 
throughout  their  whole  life,  and  send  off  only  small  side  bra'  rhes ; 
as  in  the  Carrot  (Fig.  58)  and  Radish  (Fig.  59)  :  and  in  some  trees, 
like  the  Oak,  it  takes  the  lead  of  the  side-branches  for  many  years, 
unless  accidentally  injured,  Jis  a  strong  tap-root.  But  commonly 
the  main  root  divides  off  very  soon,  and  is  lost  in  the  branches. 
We  have  already  seen,  also,  that  there  may  be  at  the  beginning 

OG.  Mi;lti|)Ic  Primary  Roots.  We  have  noticed  them  in  tiie  Pump- 
kin (Fig.  lU),  in  the  Pea  (Fig.  20),  and  in  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  42). 
That  is,  st;veral  roots  have  started  all  at  once,  or  nearly  so,  from  the 
seedling  st(,'m,  and  formed  a  bundle  or  cluster  (a  fascicled  root,  as 
it  is  called),  in  place  of  one  main  root.  The  Bean,  as  we  observe 
in  Fig.  18,  begins  with  a  main  root  ,  l)ut  some  of  its  branches  soon 
ov<'rtake  it,  and  a  clM<ter  of  roots  is  (()rrne(l. 

G7.  Absorplioii  of  Moisture  by  Roots.    Tin-  br.Miciies  of  roots  as  they 

grow  coimnoidy  branch  again  and  again,  into  smaller  roots  or  rootlets  ; 
in  this  way  very  much  increjw^ing  the  surface  liy  which  the  plant 
connects  its(df  with  the  earth,  and  absorbs  moisture  from  it.  'I'he 
wholf!  surface  of  tin;  root  al)sorbs,  so  long  as  it  is  fresh  and  new  ; 
and  the  newer  the  roots  and  rootlets  are,  the  more  freely  do  they 
3* 


30 


MORPnOLOGY    OF    ROOTS. 


[lesson  5. 


imbibe.  Accordingly,  as  long  as  the  plant  grows  above  ground,  and 
expands  fresh  foliage,  li'om  which  moisture  much  of  the  time  largely 
escapes  into  the  air,  so  long  it  continues  to  extend  and  multiply  its 
roots  in  the  soil  beneath,  renewing  and  increasing  the  fresh  surface 
(or  absorbing  moisture,  in  proportion  to  the  demand  fi-om  above. 
And  when  growth  ceases  above  ground,  and  the  leaves  die  and  fall, 
or  no  longer  act,  then  the  roots  generally  stop  growing,  and  their 
soft  and  tender  tips  harden.  From  this  period,  therefore,  until 
growth  begins  anew  the  next  spring,  is  the  best  time  for  transplant- 
ing ;  especially  for  trees  and  shrubs,  and  herbs  so  large  that  they 
cannot  well  be  removed  without  injuring  the  roots  very  mnch. 

68.  We  see,  on  considering  a  moment,  that  an  herb  or  a  tree 
consists  of  two  great  surfaces,  with  a  narrow  part  or  trunk  between 
them,  —  one  sui-face  spread  out  in  the  air,  and  the  other  in  the  soil. 
These  two  surfaces  bear  a  certain  proportion  to  each  other ;  and  the 
upper  draws  largely  on  the  lower  for 

y^'~~::^\,/^ ^»>        moisture.     Now,  when   the  leaves  fall 

Z^;;;!^^^^^/"  (  from  the  tree  in  autumn,  the  vast  sur- 

face exposed  to  the  air  is  reduced  to  a 
very  small  part  of  what  it  was  before ; 
and  the  remainder,  being  covered  with 
a  firm  bark,  cannot  lose  much  by  evap- 
oration. In  common  hei'bs  the  whole 
surface  above  ground  perishes  in  au- 
tumn ;  and  many  of  the  rootlets  die  at 
the  same  time,  or  soon  afterwards. 
So  that  the  living  vegetable  is  reduced 
for  the  time  to  the  smallest  compass, 
—  to  the  thousandth  or  hundred-thou- 
sandth part  of  what  it  was  shortly 
before,  —  and  what  remains  alive  rests 
in  a  dormant  state,  and  may  now  be 
transplanted  without  much  danger  of 
liai-m.  If  any  should  doubt  whether 
there  is  so  great  a  difference  between 
y  ix /^    a'  *''^    summer   and    the    winter    size    of 

^•IMj  »l,'l;,5s  plants,    let    them    compare    a   lily-bulb 

with  the  full-grown  Lily,  or  calculate  the  surface  of  foliage  which 

FIG.  55.     ScedlinR  Maple,  of  the  natural  size,  showing  the  root-hairs.    5G.  A  hit  of  tha 
end  nf  the  root  iiiagnifiod. 


LKSSON  5.] 


MOKI'IIOLOGV    OF    KOOTS. 


31 


a  tree    exposes   to  the    air,  as 
twigs. 

Gi).  Tlie   absorl)iiig  surface  of 
it  appears   to    be,  on  account  ol 


compared   with    the   surface   of  its 


much 


thuu 


I'oots   IS   very 

the  rool-hain, 
or  slender  fibrils,  which  abound  on  the  Iresh  and 
new  jiarts  of  roots.  These  may  be  seen  with 
an  ordinary  magnify ing-ghiss,  or  even  by  ihe 
naked  eye  in  many  eases  ;  as  in  the  root  of  a 
seedling  Maple  (Fig.  oH),  where  the  surface  is 
thickly  clothed  with  them.  They  are  not  root- 
lets of  a  smaller  sort ;  but,  when  more  magnified, 
are  seen  to  be  mere  elongations  of  the  surface 
of  the  root  into  slender  tubes,  which  through 
their  very  delicate  walls  imbibe  moisture  from 
the  soil  with  great  avidity.  They  are  com- 
monly much  longer  than  those  shown  in  Fig. 
5G,  which  represents  only  the  very  tip  of  a  root 
moderately  magnified.  Small  as  they  are  indi- 
vidually, yet  the  whole  amount  of  absorbing 
surface  added  to  the  rootlets  by  the  countless 
numbers  of  these  tiny  tubes  is  very  great. 

70.  Roots  intend- 
ed mainh'  for  ab- 
sorl)ing  branch  free- 
ly, and  are  slender 
or  thread-like.  When  the  root  is  prin- 
cipally of  this  character  it  is  said  to  be 
Jibrous ;  as  in  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  42), 
and  other  grain,  and  to  some  extent  in 
all  annual  ])lanfs  (11). 

71.  Till-  Kool  as  n  Slorrlioiisr  of  Fonil. 
In  biennial  and  many  peremiial  herbs 
(41),  (he  root  answers  an  additional 
purpose.  In  the  course  of  the  sea-^on  it 
becomes  a  storehouse  of  nourishment, 
and  enlarges  or  thickens  as  it  receives 
the  accumulation.      Such  roots  are  said 

to  be  jieslnj  :  and  difi'erent  names  are  applied  to  them  according  to 


FIG.  57  58,  M.      FnriiiK  of  ne»liy  ..r  lliirkeni-d  rcN.U. 


32 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    ROOTS. 


[lksson  5. 


their  shape?.  We  may  divide  them  all  into  two  kinds  ;  1st,  those 
consisting  of  one  main  root,  and  2d,  those  without  any  main  root. 

72.  The  first  are  merely  different  shapes  of  the  tap-root ;  which  is 

Conical,  when  it  thickens  most  at  the  crown,  or  whore  it  joins 
Uie  stem,  and  tajjers  regularly  downwards  to  a  point,  as  in  the 
Common  Beet,  the  Parsnip,  and  Carrot  (Fig.  58)  : 

Turnip-shaped  or  ■fiapiform,  when  greatly  thickened  above  ;  but 
abruptly  becoming  slender  below;  as  the  Turnip  (Fig.  57)  :  and, 

Spindle-shaped,  or  fusiform,  when  thickest  in  the  midtlle  and 
tapering  to  both  ends;  as  the  common  Radish  (Fig.  59). 

73.  In  the  second  kind,  where  there 
is  no  main  root,  the  store  of  nourishing 
matter  may  be  distributed  throughout 
the  branches  or  cluster  of  roots  gener- 
ally, or  it  may  be  accumulated  in  some 
of  them,  as  we  see  in  the  tuberous  roots 
of  the  Sweet  Potato,  the  common  Peony, 
and  the  Dahlia  (Fig.  GO). 

74.  All  but  the  last  of  these  illustra- 
t  rations  are  taken  from  biennial  plants. 
These  grow  with  a  large  tuft  of  leaves 
next  the  ground,  and  accumulate  nour- 
ishment all  the  first  summer,  and  store 
up  all  they  produce  beyond  what  is 
wanted  at  the  time  in  their  great  root, 

GO  which  lives  over  the  winter.     We  know 

very  well  what  use  man  and  other  animals  make  of  this  store  of  food, 
in  the  form  of  starch,  sugar,  jelly,  and  the  like.  From  the  second 
year's  growth  we  may  learn  what  use  the  plant  itself  makes  of  it. 
The  new  shoots  then  feed  upon  it,  and  use  it  to  form  with  great 
rapidity  branches,  flower-stalks,  blossoms,  fruit,  and  seed  ;  and,  having 
used  it  up,  the  whole  plant  dies  when  the  seeds  have  ripened. 

75.  In  the  same  way  the  nourishment  contained  in  the  separate 
tuberous  roots  of  the  Sweet  Potato  and  the  Dahlia  (Fig  GO)  is  fed 
upon  in  the  spring  by  the  buds  of  the  stem  they  belong  to  ;  and 
as  they  are  emptied  of  their  contents,  they  likewise  die  and  decay. 
But  meanwhile  similar  stores  of  nourishment,  produced  by  the  second 
year's  vegetation,  are  deposited  in  new  roots,  which  live  through  the 


FIG.  fiO.     Clustered   tuberoi 
^jeluiig  to. 


tools  of  the  Dalilia.  witli   tlio   bottom   of  tlio   slein    tliey 


LKSSON  T).]  MOIUMIOIXXJY    OF    I500T9.  83 

next  winter,  ami  sustain  tlic  tliiid  .-|)rinji's  frmwtli,  and  ?n  on;  — 
these  plants  hc'iw^  pi'ffniii<i/  (11),  or  lasting  year  after  year,  though 
eaeh  particular  root  lives  little  more  than  one  year. 

7G.  Many  things  which  commonly  pjiss  for  roots  are  not  really 
roots  at  all.  Common  potatoes  are  tuberous  parts  of  stems,  while 
sweet  potatoes  are  roots,  like  those  of  the  Dahlia  (Fig.  CO).  The  dif- 
ference between  them  will  more  plainly  appear  in  the  next  Lesson. 

77.  St'COllliliry  Roots.  So  far  we  have  considered  only  the  original 
or  primary  loot,  —  tliat  which  proceeded  from  the  lower  end  of  the 
lirst  joint  of  stem  in  the  phmtlet  springing  from  the  seed,  —  and  its 
subdivisions.  We  may  now  remark,  that  any  other  part  of  the  stem 
will  produce  roots  just  as  well,  whenever  favorably  situated  for  it ; 
that  is,  when  covered  by  the  soil,  which  provides  the  darkness  and 
the  moisture  which  is  congenial  to  them.  For  these  secondary  roots, 
as  they  may  be  called,  partake  of  the  ordinary  disposition  of  the 
organ:  they  avoid  tJie  light,  and  seek  to  bury  themselves  in  the 
ground.  In  Indian  Corn  we  see  roots  early  striking  from  the  second 
and  the  succeeding  joints  of  stem  under  ground,  more  abundantly 
than  from  the  first  joint  (Fig.  42).  And  all  stems  that  keep  up  a 
connection  with  the  soil  —  such  as  those  which  creep  along  on  or 
beneath  its  surface  —  are  sure  to  strike  root  from  almost  every  joint. 
So  will  most  branches  when  bent  to  the  ground,  and  covered  with 
the  soil :  and  even  cuttings  from  the  branches  of  most  plants  car.  be 
made  to  do  so,  if  properly  managed.  I'ropagation  by  buds  depends 
upon  this.  That  is,  a  piece  of  a  plant  which  has  stem  and  leaves, 
either  develope(l  or  in  the  bud,  may  be  made  to  produce  roots,  and 
so  become  an  independt-nt  plant. 

78.  In  many  plants  the  disposition  to  strike  root  is  so  strong,  tliat 
they  oven  will  sj)ring  from  the  stem  above  ground.  In  Indian  Corn, 
for  example,  it  is  well  known  that  roots  grow,  not  only  from  all  those 
joints  round  which  the  earth  is  heaped  in  lioeing,  but  also  from  those 
several  inches  above  the  soil  :  and  other  plants  produce  them  from 
stems  or  branches  high  in  the  air.      Such  roots  are  called 

79.  Aerial  RoolS.  All  the  most  striking  examples  of  these  are  met 
with,  as  we  might  expect,  in  warmer  and  damper  climates  than  ours, 
and  especially  in  deep  Ibresfs  which  shut  out  much  of  the  light  ;  this 
being  unfavorable  to  roots.  The  ^langrove  of  Iro|)ical  shores,  whith 
occurs  on  our  own  sonihern  borders;  the  Sujiar  C.-nie,  from  which 
roots  strike  just  as  in  Indian  Corn,  only  from  higher  up  the  stem; 
the   Pandaiius,  called    Screw  I'inc    (not   iiom    its   resemblauce   to  a 

S&F— 3 


84  MORPHOLOGY    OF    ROOTS  [lESSON  5. 

Pine-tree,  but  because  it  is  like  a  Pine-apple  plant)  ;  and  the  famous 
Banyan  of  India,  and  some  other  Fig-trees,  furni.>;li  the  mos^t  remark- 
able examples  of  roots,  which  strike  from  the  stem  or  the  branches 
in  the  open  air,  and  at  length  reach  the  ground,  and  bury  them- 
selves, when  they  act  in  the  same  manner  as  ordinary  roots. 

80.  Some  of  our  own  common  plants,  however,  produce  small 
aerial  rootlets  ;  not  for  absorbing  nourishment,  but  for  climbing.  By 
jhese  rootlets,  that  shoot  out  abundantly  from  the  side  of  the  stems 
and  branches,  the  Trumpet  Creeper,  the  Ivy  of  Europe,  and  our 
Poison  Rhus,  —  here  called  Poison  Ivy,  —  fasten  themselves  firmly 
to  walls,  or  the  trunks  of  trees,  often  ascending  to  a  great  height. 
Here  roots  serve  the  same  purpose  that  tendrils  do  in  tlie  Grape- 
Vine  and  Virginia  Creeper.  Another  form,  and  the  most  aerial  of 
all  roots,  since  they  never  reach  the  ground,  are  those  of 

81.  Epiphytes,  or  Air-Plants.  These  are  called  by  the  first  name 
(which  means  growing  on  plants),  because  thejt  are  generally  found 
upon  the  trunks  and  branches  of  trees;  —  not  that  they  draw  any 
nourishment  from  them,  for  their  roots  merely  adhere  to  the  bark, 
and  they  flourish  just  as  well  upon  dead  wood  or  any  other  con- 
venient support.  They  are  called  air-plants  because  they  really 
live  altogether  upon  what  they  get  from  the  air,  as  they  have  no 
connection  with  the  soil.  Hundreds  of  air-plants  grow  all  around 
us  without  attracting  any  attention,  because  they  are  small  or  hum- 
ble. Such  ai-e  the  Lichens  and  IMosses  that  abound  on  the  trunks 
or  boughs  of  trees,  especially  on  the  shaded  side,  and  on  old  walls, 
fences,  or  rocks,  from  which  they  obtain  no  nourishment.  But  this 
name  is  commonly  applied  only  to  the  larger,  flower-bearing  plants 
which  live  in  this  way.  These  belong  to  warm  and  damp  parts  of 
the  world,  where  there  is  always  plenty  of  moisture  in  the  air.  The 
greater  part  belong  to  the  Orchis  family  and  to  the  Pine-Apple 
family ;  and  among  them  are  some  of  the  handsomest  flowers  known. 
We  have  two  or  three  flowering  air-plants  in  the  Southern  States, 
though  they  are  not  showy  ones.  One  of  them  is  an  Epidendrum 
growing  on  the  boughs  of  the  Great-flowered  INIagnolia:  another  is 
the  Long-Moss,  or  Black  Moss,  so  called,  —  although  it  is  no  Moss 
at  all,  —  which  hangs  from  the  branches  of  Oaks  and  Pines  in  all 
the  warm  parts  of  the  Southern  States.  (Fig  61  represents  both 
of  these.  The  upper  is  the  Ej)idendrum  conopseum  ;  the  lower,  the 
Black  Moss,  Tillandsia  usneoides.) 

82.  Parasitic  Plants  exhibit   roots   under  yet   another  remarkable 


LKSSON  5.J 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    KOOT3. 


85 


aspect.  For  tlifsf!  aro  not  merely  fixed  uiton  other  plants,  as  air- 
plants  are,  but  strike  their  roots,  or  what  answer  to  nM)ts,  into  them, 
and  feed  on  their  jniees.  Not  only  Moulds  and  Blights  (which  aru 
plants  of  very  low  organization)  live  in  this  predacious  way,  but 
many  flowering  herbs,  and  even  shrubs.  One  of  the  latter  is  the 
Mistletoe,  the  seed  of  which  germhiates  on  the  l)ough  of  the  tree 
where  it  falls  or  is  left  by  birds;  and  the  forming  root  penetrates  the 
bark  and  engrafts  itself  into  the  wood,  to  which  it  becomes  united  as 
firndy  as  a  natural  branch  to  its  parent  stem  ;  and  indeed  the  parasite 
lives  just  as  if  it  were  a  branch  of  the  free  it  grows  and  feeds  on. 
A  most  common  parasitic  herb  is  the  Dodder;  which  abounds  in 
low  grounds  everywhere  in  summer,  and  coils  its  long  and  slender 
leafless,  yellowish  stems  —  resembling  tangled  threads  of  yarn  — 
round  and  round  the  stalks  of  other  plants ;  wherever  they  touch 
piercing  the  bark  with  minute  and  very  short  rootlets  in  the  fonn  of 
suckers,  which  draw  out  the  nourishing  juices  of  the  plants  laid  hold 
of.  Other  panisitic  plants,  like  the  Beech-drops  and  Pine-sap,  fasten 
their  roots  under  ground  upon  the  roots  of  neighboring  plants,  and 
rob  them  of  their  rich  juices. 


30  MOKPIIOLOGY    OF    STEMS    AND    BliANCHES.       [lESSON  G. 


LESSON  VI. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    STRMS    A.\D    BRANCHES. 

83.  The  growth  of  tlie  stem  in  length,  and  the  formation  of 
branches,  have  been  considered  ah-eady.  Their  growth  in  thick- 
ness we  may  study  to  more  advantage  in  a  hiter  Lesson.  The  very 
various  forms  which  they  assume  will  now  occupy  our  attention, — 
beginning  with 

84.  The  Forms  of  Stems  anil  Branches  above  ground.    The  principal 

differences  as  regards  size  and  duration  have  been  mentioned  before 
(41);  namely,  the  obvious  distinction  of  plants  into  herbs,  shrube, 
and  trees,  which  depends  upon  the  duration  and  size  of  the  stem. 
The  stem  is  accordingly 

Herbaceous,  when  it  dies  down  to  the  ground  every  year,  or  after 
blossoming. 

Siiffrutescent,  when  the  bottom  of  the  stem  above  the  soil  is  a 
little  woody,  and  inclined  to  live  from  year  to  year. 

Siiff'niticose,  when  low  stems  are  decidedly  woody  below,  but 
herbaceous  above. 

Frnticose,  or  shruhhij,  when  woody,  living  from  year  to  year,  and 
of  considerable  size, —  not,  however,  more  than  three  or  four  times 
the  height  of  a  man. 

Arborescent,  when  tree-like  in  appearance,  or  approaching  a  tree 
in  size. 

Arboreous,  when  forming  a  proper  tree  trunk. 

85.  When  the  stem  or  branches  rise  above  ground  and  are  ap- 
parent to  view,  the  plant  is  said  to  be  caulescent  (that  is,  to  have  a 
caulis  or  true  stem).  Wlien  there  is  no  evident  stem  above  ground, 
but  only  leaves  or  leaf-stalks  and  flower-stalks,  the  plant  is  said  to 
be  acaiikscent,  i.  e.  stemless,  as  in  the  Crocus,  Bloodroot,  common 
Violets,  &c.,  and  in  the  Beet,  Carrot,  and  Kadish  (Fig.  59),  for  the 
first  season.  Tliere  is  a  stem,  however,  in  all  such  cases,  only  it 
remains  on  or  beneath  the  ground,  and  is  sometimes  very  short. 
Of  course  leaves  an  J  flowers  do  not  ai-ise  from  the  root.  These 
concealed  sorts  of  stem  we  will  presently  study. 

8G.  The  direction  taken  by  stems,  &;c.,  or  their  mode  of  growth, 


LESSON  G.]  SUCKEP.S,    STGLON^    AND    OFFSETS,  37 

gives  rise  to  several  terms,  which  may  be  brielly  mentioned :  — 
fiuch  as 

Diffuse^  when  loosely  spreading  in  all  directions. 

Declined,  wiicn  turned  or  bending  over  to  one  side. 

JDecumbent,  reclining  on  the  ground,  as  if  too  weak  to  stand, 

Assurgent  or  ascendiiKj,  when  rising  obli(iuely  upwards. 

Procumbent  or  prostrate,  lying  Ihit  on  tlie  ground  from  the  first. 

Creeping,  or  repent,  when  i»rostrate  stems  on  or  just  beneath  the 
ground  strike  root  iis  they  grow  ;  as  does  the  White  Clover,  the 
little  Partridge-berry,  &^c. 

Climbing,  or  scandeut,  when  stems  rise  by  clinging  to  other  ol> 
jects  lor  support,  —  wliether  by  tendrils,  as  do  the  Pea,  Grape- 
vine, and  Virginia  Creeper  (Kig.  02) ;  by  their  twisting  leaf-stalks, 
as  the  Virgin's  Bower ;  or  by  rootlets,  like  the  Ivy,  Poison  Ivy,  and 
Trumpet  Creeper  (80). 

Ticininq,  or  voluble,  when  stems  rise  by  coiling  themselves  spirally 
around  otlier  stems  or  supports;  like  the  Morning-Glory  and  the  Bean. 

87.  Certiiin  forms  of  stems  have  received  distinct  names.  The 
jointed  stem  of  Grasses  and  Sedges  is  called  by  botanists  a  culmj 
and  the  peculiar  scaly  trunk  of  Palms  and  the  like  (Fig  47)  is 
sometimes  called  a  caudex.  A  few  forms  of  branches  the  gardener 
distinguishes  by  particular  names ;  and  they  are  interesting  from 
their  serving  for  the  natural  propagation  of  plants  from  buds,  and 
for  sugg(!sting  ways  by  which  we  artificially  multiply  plants  that 
would  not  propagate  themselves  without  the  gardener's  aid.  These 
are  suckers,  offsets,  stolons,  and  runners. 

88.  Suckers  are  ascending  branches  rising  from  stems  under  ground, 
such  as  are  produced  so  abundantly  by  the  Rose,  Raspberry,  and 
other  plants  said  to  multiply  '•  i)y  the  root."  If  we  uncover  them, 
we  see  at  once  the  gn^at  difierence  between  these  subterranean 
iManchi's  and  real  roots.  They  are  only  creeping  branches  under 
gmund.  Remarking  how  the  upright  shoots  from  these  branches 
become  separate  plants,  simply  by  the  dying  off  of  the  connecting 
under-ground  stems,  the  gardener  expedites  the  result  by  cutting 
them  through  with  his  spade.  That  is,  he  propagates  the  plant  "  by 
division." 

89.  Stulons  are  trailing  or  reclininij  branches  above  ground,  which 
strike  root  where  they  touch  the  soil,  and  then  send  up  a  vigorous 
shoot,  which  has  roots  of  its  own,  and  becomes  an  independent  plant 
when  the  comiecting  part  dies,  as  it  does  after  a  while.     The  Cmnml 

4 


38 


MORPHOLOGY    OP    STEMS    AND    BRANCHES.       [leSSON  C, 


and  the  Gooseberry  naturally  multiply  in  tins  way,  as  well  as  by 
Buekers  (which  we  see  are  just  the  same  thing,  only  the  connecting 
part  is  concealed  under  ground).  They  must  have  suggested  the 
operation  of  layering,  or  bending  down  and  covering  with  earth 
branches  which  do  not  naturally  make  stolons  ;  and  after  they  have 
taken  root,  as  tliey  almost  always  will,  the  gardener  cuts  through 
the  connecting  stem,  and  so  converts  a  rooting  branch  into  a  sepa- 
rate plant. 

90.  Offsets,  like  those  of  the  Houseleek,  are  only  short  stolons, 
with  a  crown  of  leaves  at  the  end. 

91.  Runners,  of  which  the  Strawberry  presents  the  most  familiar 
example,  are  a  long  and  slender,  tendril-like,  leafless  form  of  creep- 
ing branches.  Each  runner,  after  having  grown  to  its  full  lengthy 
strikes  root  from  the  tip,  and  fixes  it  to  the  ground,  then  forms  a  bud 
there,  which  develops  into  a  tuft  of  leaves,  and  so  gives  rise  to  a  new 
plant,  which  sends  out  new  runners  to  act  in  the  same  way.  In  this 
manner  a  single  Strawberry  plant  will  spread  over  a  large  space,  or 
produce  a  great  number  of  plants,  in  the  course  of  the  summer;  —  all 
connected  at  first  by  the  slender  runners  ,  but  these  die  in  the 
following  winter,  if  not  before,  and  leave  the  plants  as  so  many 
separate  individuals. 

92.  Tendrils  are  branches  of  a  very  slender  sort,  like  runners,  not 
destined  like  them  for  propagation,  and  therefore  always  destitute 


of  buds  or  leaves,  but  intended  for  climbing.     Those  of  the  Grape- 
vine, of  the  Virginia  Creeper  (Fig.  62),  and  of  the  Cucumber  and 

FIG.  C2.     Piece  of  the  stem  of  Virginia  Creeper,  bearing  a  leaf  and  a  tendril.     C3.  Tips 
at  a  tendril,  about  tlie  natural  size,  sbowing  the  disks  by  which  they  liuld  fast  tu  walls,  &.c. 


LESSON  6.3  nUNNEUS,    TENDRILS,    SPINES.  89 

SijiKi^li  tribe  aro  familiar  illiisfratioiis.  Tli<'  tendril  ooinmonly  grows 
straight  and  outstretched  until  it  reaches  some  neighhoriiig  support, 
such  lus  a  stem,  when  its  apex  hooks  around  it  to  secure  a  hold  j 
then  the  whole  tendril  shortens  itself  by  coiling  up  spirally,  and  sa 
draws  the  shoot  of  the  growing  {)lant  nearer  to  the  supi)orting  object. 
When  tlie  Virginia  Creeper  climbs  the  side  of  a  building  or  tiie 
smooth  bark  of  a  tree,  which  the  tendrils  cannot  lay  hold  of  in  the 
usual  way,  their  tips  expand  into  a  flat  disk  or  sucker  (Fig.  G2,  G;3), 
which  adheres  very  firmly  to  the  wall  or  bark,  enabling  the  plant  to 
climb  over  and  cover  such  a  surface,  as  readily  as  the  Ivy  does  by 
means  of  its  sucker-like  little  rootlets.  The  same  result  is  effected 
by  ditTerent  organs,  in  the  one  case  by  branches  in  the  form  of  ten- 
drils ;  in  the  other,  by  roots. 

93.  Tendrils,  however,  are  not  always  branches ;  some  are  leaves, 
or  parts  of  leaves,  as  those  of  the  Pea  (Fig.  20).  Their  nature  in 
each  case  is  to  be  learned  from  their  position,  whether  it  be  that  of 
a  leaf  or  of  a  branch.     In  the  same  way 

94.  Spines  or  Thorns  sometimes  represent  leaves,  as  in  the  Bar- 
berry, where  their  nature  is  shown  by  their  situation  outside  of -dn 
axillary  bud  or  branch.  In  other  words,  here  they  have  a  bud  in 
tlieir  axil,  and  are  therefore  leaves ;  so  we  shall  have  to  mention 
ihem  in  another  place.  Most  commonly  spines  are  stunted  and 
hardened  branches,  arising  from  the  axils  of  leaves,  as  in  the  Haw- 
thorn and  Pear.  A  neglected  Pear-tree  or  Plum-tree  shows  every 
gradation  between  ordinary  branches  and  thorns.  Thorns  sometimes 
branch,  their  branches  jiartaking  of  the  same  spiny  character :  in 
this  way  those  on  the  trunks  of  Honey-Locust  trees  (produced  from 
adventitious  buds,  58)  become  exceedingly  complicated  and  horrid. 
The  thorns  on  young  shoots  of  the  IIoney-Locust  may  appear  some- 
what puzzling  at  first  view;  for  they  are  situated  some  distance 
above  the  axil  of  the  leaf.  Here  the  thorn  comes  from  the  upper- 
most of  several  supernumerary  buds  (59).  Prickles,  such  as  those 
of  the  Rose  and  Blackberry,  must  not  be  confounded  with  thorns : 
these  have  not  the  nature  of  branches,  and  have  no  connection  with 
the  wood  ;  but  are  only  growths  of  the  bark.  When  we  strip  off 
the  bark,  the  prickles  go  with  it. 

95.  Still  stranger  forms  of  stems  and  branches  than  any  of  these 
are  met  with  in  some  tril)es  of  plants,  such  :is  Cactuses  (Fig.  70). 
These  will  be  more  readily  undei'stood  after  we  have  consideiX'd 
some  of  the  commoner  forms  of 


40 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    STEMS    AND    BRANXHES.       [lESSON   6. 


OG.  Subterranean  Stems  and  Branches.    These  are  very  numerous 

and  various  ;  but  they  are  conmionly  overlooked,  or  else  confounded 
■with  roots.  From  their  situation  they  are  out  of  the  si^ht  of  the 
superficial  observer :  but  if  sought  for  and  examined,  they  will  well 
repay  the  student's  attention.  For  the  vegetation  that  is  carried  on 
under  ground  is  hardly  less  varied,  and  no  less  interesting  and  im- 
portant, than  that  which  meets  our  view  above  ground.  All  their 
forms  may  be  referred  to  four  principal  kinds  ;  namely,  the  Eliizo- 
ma  or  Rootstock,  the  Tuber,  the  Conn,  and  the  Bulb. 

07.  The  RootstOCk,  Or^Rhizoma,  in  its  simplest  form,  is  merely  a 
creeping  stem  or  branch'  (8G)  growing  beneath  the  surface  of  the 
soil,  or  partly  covered  by  it.  Of  this  kind  are  the  so-called  creeping, 
runnimj,  or  scaly  roots,  such  as  those  by  which  the  Mint  (Fig.  64), 
the  Scotch  Hose,  the  Couch-grass  or  Quick-grass,  and  many  otlier 
plants,  spread  so  rapidly  and  widely,  "  by  the  root,"  as  it  is  said. 


That  these  are  really  stems,  and  not  roots,  is  evident  from  the  way 
in  which  they  grow;  from  their  consisting  of  a  succession  of  joints ; 
and  from  the  leaves  which  they  bear  on  each  joint  (or  node,  as 
the  botanist  calls  the  place  from  which  leaves  arise),  in  the  form  of 
small  scales,  just  like  the  lowest  ones  on  the  upright  stem  next  the 
ground.  Like  other  stems,  they  also  produce  buds  in  the  axils  of 
these  scales,  showing  the  scales  to  be  leaves  ;  whereas  real  roots 
bear  neither  leaves  nor  axillary  buds.  Placed,  as  they  are,  in  the 
damp  and  dark  soil,  such  stems  naturally  produce  roots,  just  as  the 
creeping  stem  does  where  it  lies  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  ;  but 
the  whole  appearance  of  these  roots,  their  downward  growth,  and 
their  mode  of  branching,  are  very  different  from  that  of  the  subter- 
ranean stem  they  spring  from. 

98.  It  is  easy  to  see  why  plants  with  these  running  rootstoeks  take 
such  rapid  and  wide  possession  of  the  soil,  —  often  becoming  great 
pests  to  farmers,  —  and  why  they  are  so  hard  to  get  rid  of.    They  are 

FIG.  C4.     Rootstoeks,  or  crec|)ing  subterranean  branches,  of  tlie  Peppermint. 


LESSON   n.]         SLHTKUKANKAN    FOllMS  :    KOOTSTOCKS.  41 

always  ju'rcnnials  (11)  ;  tlio  siihtcnaiican  siioots  live  ovrr  llif  first 
winttT,  if  not  lonj^er,  and  are  proviilccl  with  vi^rorous  buds  at  every 
joint.  Soinc!  of  tliese  buds  grow  in  spring  into  upriglit  sterns,  bearing 
foliage,  to  elaborate  tiie  plant's  crude  food  into  nourishment,  and  at 
length  produee  blossoms  for  repnxhietion  by  seed;  while  many  oth- 
ers, fed  by  nourishment  supplied  from  above,  form  a  now  generation 
of  subterranean  shoots ;  and  tliis  is  repeated  over  and  over  in  the 
course  of  thi;  season  or  in  succeeding  years.  Meanwhile  as  the  sub- 
terranean shoots  increase  in  number,  the  older  ones,  connecting  the 
series  of  generations  into  one  body,  die  off  year  by  year,  liberating 
the  already  rooted  side-branches  as  so  many  separate  plants ;  and 
so  on  indefinitely.  Cutting  these  running  rootstocks  into  |»ieces, 
tiierefore,  by  the  hoc  or  the  plough,  far  from  destroying  the  plant, 
oidy  accelerates  the  propagation ;  it  converts  one  many-branched 
])lant  into  a  great  number  of  separate  individuals.  Even  if  you 
divide  the  shoots  into  as  many  pieces  as  there  are  joints  of  stem, 
eacii  piece  (Fig.  05)  is  already  a  plantlet,  with  its  roots  and  with  a 
bud  in  the  axil  of  its  scale-like  leaf  (eitiier  latent  or  apparent),  and 
having  prepared  nourishment  enough  in  the  bit  of 
stem  to  develop  this  bud  into  a  leafy  stem  ;  and  so 
a  single  plant  is  all  the  more  speedily  converted 
into  a  multitude.  Such  plants  as  the  Quick- 
grass  accordingly  realize  the  fable  of  the  Hy- 
dra ;  as  fast  iis  one  of  its  many  branches  is  cut  gs 
oft',  twice  as  many,  or  more,  spring  up  in  its  stead.  Whereas,  when 
the  subterranean  parts  are  only  roots,  cutting  away  tiie  stem  com- 
pletely destroys  the  plant,  except  in  the  rather  rare  cases  where  the 
root  produces  adventitious  buds  (08). 

99.  The  more  nourishment  rootstocks  contain,  the  more  readily  do 
separate  portions,  furnished  with  buds,  become  independent  j)lants. 
It  is  to  such  underground  stems,  thickened  with  a  large  amount  of 
starch,  or  some  similar  nourishing  matter  stored  up  in  their  tissue, 
that  the  name  of  r/iizojua  or  rootstock  is  commonly  applied  ;  —  such, 
for  example,  ivs  those  of  the  Sweet  Flag  or  Calamus,  of  Ginger,  of  Iris 
or  Flower-de-luce  (Fig.  l.'?3),  and  of  the  Solomon's  Seal  (Fig.  Of)). 

lUO.  The  rootstocks  of  the  common  sorts  of  Iris  of  the  gardens 
usually  lie  on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  partly  uncovered  ;  and 
they  l)ear  real  leaves  (Fig.  133),  which  closely  overlap  eacii  other; 

IMC  r..'>.  A  picrp  of  the  running  rootstock  of  tlo  Pcpporniint,  with  its  node  or  joint,  and 
an  .-vxillary  ImkI  ready  to  grow. 


42 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    STEMS    AND    BRANCHES.       [lESSON  6. 


the  joints  (i.  e.  the  intenwdes,  or  spaces  between  each  leaf)  being 
very  short.  As  the  leaves  die,  year  by  year,  and  decay,  a  scar 
left  in  the  form  of  a  ring  marks  the  place  where  each  leaf  was 
attached.  Instead  of  leaves,  rootstocks  buried  under  ground  com- 
monly bear  scales,  like  those  of  the  Mint  (Fig.  G4),  which  are  im- 
perfect leaves. 


101.  Some  rootstocks  are  marked  with  large  round  scars  of  a 
different  sort,  like  those  of  the  Solomon's  Seal  (Fig.  6G),  which  gave 
this  name  to  the  plant,  from  their  looking  something  like  the  impres- 
sion of  a  seal  upon  wax.  Here  the  rootstock  sends  up  every  spring 
an  herbaceous  stalk  or  stem,  which  bears  the  foliage  and  flowers, 
and  dies  in  autimin  ;  and  the  seal  is  the  circular  scar  left  by  the 
death  and  separation  of  the  dead  stalk  from  the  living  rootstock. 
As  but  one  of  these  is  formed  each  year,  they  mark  the  limits  of  a 
year's  growth.  The  bud  at  the  end  of  the  rootstock  in  the  figure, 
which  was  taken  in  summer,  will  grow  the  next  spring  into  the  stalk 
of  the  season,  which,  dying  in  autumn,  will  leave  a  similar  scar,  while 
another  bud  will  be  formed  farther  on,  crowning  the  ever-advancing 
summit  or  growing  end  of  the  stem. 

102.  As  each  year's  growth  of  stem,  in  all 
these  cases,  makes  its  own  roots,  it  soon  becomes 
independent  of  the  older  parts.  And  after  a 
certain  age,  a  portion  dies  off  behind,  every 
year,  about  as  fast  as  it  increases  at  the  grow- 
ing end;  —  death  following  life  with  equal  and 
certain  step,  with  only  a  narrow  interval  be- 
tween. In  vigorous  plants  of  Solomon's  Seal 
or  Iris,  the  living  rootstock  is  several  inches  or 
a  foot  in  length ;  while  in  the  short  rootstock  of 


FIO.  (58.     Rootstock  of  Solomon's  Seal,  witli  the  bottom  of  the  stalk  of  the  season,  and  the 
bud  for  tlio  next  year's  growth. 
FIO.  07.    The  very  short  rootstock  and  bud  irf  a  Trillium  or  Birthroot. 


LESSON  0.]      SLUTKURANKAN  FORMS:  TUBKRS. 


43 


Trillium  or  Biithroot  (Fig.  <)7)  life  is  rcdiiccil  to  a  very  narrow 
spun,  only  an  inch  or  less  intervening  between  death  beneath  unJ 
young  life  in  the  strong  l)U(l  aniuially  renewed  at  the  summit. 

lO.J.  A  Tuber  is  a  thiekiMied  portion  of  a  rootstock.  When  slender 
subterranean  branches,  like  those  of  the  Quick-grass  or  Mint  (Fig. 
G4),  become  enlarged  at  the  growing  end  by  the  accumulation  there 
of  an  abundance  of  solid  nourishing  matter,  tubers  are  produced,  like 
those  of  the  Nut-gnt-*s  of  the  Southern  States  (which  Jiccordingly  be- 
comes a  greater  pest  even  than  the  Quick-grass),  and  of  the  Jerusalem 
Artichoke,  and  the  Potato.  The  whole  formation  may  be  seen  at  a 
glance  in  Figure  G8,  which  represents  the  subterranean  growth  of  a 
Potato-plant,  and  shows  -the  tubers  in  all  their  stages,  fmm  shoots 
just  beginning  to  enlarge  .it  the  tip,  up  to  fully-formed  |K»tatoes. 
And  Fig.  GO,  —  one  of  the  forming  tubers  moderately  magnilied, — 
plainly  shows  the  leaves  of  this  thickening  shoot,  in  the  form  of  little 
scales.  It  is  under  these  scales  that  the  eyes  appear  (Fig.  70) : 
and  these  are  evidently  axillary  buds  (43). 


lot.    Let  us  glance  for  a  moment  at  the  economy  or  nio<le  of  life 
of  the    Potato-plant,  and  similar  vegetables,  Jis  shown   in  the  mor- 


FIC    r».     Fiirniinc  tiiliors  of  tlir  I'lilnlo.     Ctl.  Our  iif  llip  vor>  yoiinp  (xJarn 
magnified.     70.  Slice  <>f  a  iMiriion  (lirmigli  an  t-yo,  iiiiiro  iiinifiiilivd. 


44         MORPHOLOGY  OF  STEMS  AND  BRANCHES.   [lESSON  (x 

phology  of  the  branches,  —  that  is,  in  the  different  forms  they  appear 
under,  and  the  purposes  they  serve.  The  Potato-plant  has  three 
principal  forms  of  branches:  —  1.  Those  that  bear  ordinary  leaves, 
expanded  in  the  air,  to  digest  what  they  gather  from  it  and  what 
the  roots  gather  from  the  soil,  and  convert  it  into  nourishment. 
2,  After  a  while  a  second  set  of  branches  at  the  summit  of  the 
plant  bear  flowers,  which  form  fruit  and  seed  out  of  a  portion  of  the 
nourishment  which  the  leaves  have  pre{)ared.  3  But  a  larger  part 
of  this  nourishment,  while  in  a  liquid  state,  is  carried  down  the  stem, 
into  a  third  sort  of  branches  under  ground,  and  accumulated  in  the 
form  of  starch  at  their  extremities,  which  become  tubers,  or  deposi- 
tories of  prepared  solid  food; — just  as  in  the  Turnip,  Carrot, 
Dahlia,  &c.  (Fig.  57-60),  it  is  deposited  in  the  root.  The  use 
of  the  store  of  food  is  obvious  enough.  In  the  autumn  the  whole 
plant  dies,  except  the  seeds  (if  it  formed  them)  and  tlie  tubers;  and 
the  latter  are  left  disconnected  in  the  ground.  Just  as  that  small 
portion  of  nourishing  matter  which  is  deposited  in  the  seed  (3,  and 
Fig.  34)  feeds  the  embryo  when  it  germinates,  so  the  much  larger 
portion  deposited  in  the  tuber  nourishes  its  buds,  or  ^.yf^'f;  when  they 
likewise  grow,  the  next  spring,  info  new  plants.  And  the  great 
supply  enables  them  to  shoot  with  a  greater  vigor  at  the  beginning, 
and  to  produce  a  greater  amount  of  vegetation  than  the  seedling 
plant  could  do  in  the  same  space  of  time  ;  which  vegetation  in  turn 
may  prepare  and  store  up,  in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks  or  months, 
the  largest  quantity  of  solid  nourishing  material,  in  a  form  most 
available  for  food.  Taking  advantage  of  this,  man  has  transported 
the  Potato  from  the  cool  Andes  of  South  America  to  other  cool  cli- 
mates, and  makes  it  yield  him  a  copious  supply  of  food,  especially  in 
countries  where  the  season  is  too  short,  or  the  summer's  heat  too 
little,  for  profitabl}^  cultivating  the  principal  grain-plants. 

105.  All  the  sorts  of  subterranean  stems  or  branches  distinguished 
by  botanists  pass  into  one  another  by  gradations.  We  have  seen 
how  nearly  related  the  tuber  is  to  the  rootstock,  and  there  are  many 
cases  in  which  it  is  difficult  to  say  which  is  the  proper  name  to  use. 
So  likewise, 

lOG.  Th?  Cnrm,  or  Solill  Bulb,  like  that  of  the  Indian  Turnip  and 
the  Crocus  (Fig.  71),  is  just  a  very  short  and  thick  rootstock;  as 
will  be  seen  by  comparing  Fig.  71  with  Fig.  G7.  Indeed,  it  grows 
80  very  little  in  length,  that  it  is  often  much  broader  than  long,  as 
in  the  Indian  Turnip,  and  the  Cyclamen  of  our  greenhouses.    Corms 


LESSON   0.] 


srnTF.RRANKAN    FOKMS  :    BULBS. 


45 


are   usually   upright,   produciuj^   liuds   on    tlicir  upper    purfare    and 

roots  from  the  lower,     liut  (as  we  see  in  the  Croeus  liere  (ifrured) 

buds   may   shoot  from  just  above  any   of  the  faint  cross  lines  or 

rings,  which   are   the   scars  left  by  the  death 

and  decay  of  the  sheathing   bases  of  former 

leaves.     Tiiat  is,  these  are  axillary  buds.     In 

these  extraordinary  (just  as  in  ordinary)  stems, 

the  buds  are  either  axillary  or  terminal.     The 

whole  mode  of  growth  is  just  the  same,  only 

the   corm   does   not   increase  in  length  faster 

than  it  does  in  thickness.     After  a  few  years 

some  of  the  buds  grow  into  new  corms  at  the 

expense  of  the  old  one  ;  the  young  ones  taking 

the   nourishment  from  the   parent,  and  storing 

up  a    large    part    of   it    in    their   own    tissue. 

Wiien   exhausted    in    this  way,  as  well  as  by 

flowering,  the  old  corm  dies,  and  its  shrivelled 

and  decaying  remains  may  be  found  at  the  side  of  or  beneath  the 

present  generation,  as  Ave  see  in  the  Crocus  (Fig.  71). 

107.  The  corm  of  a  Crocus  is  commonly  covered  with  a  thin  and 
dry,  scaly  or  fibrou:^  husk,  consisting  of  the  dead  remains  of  the  bases 
of  former  leaves.  "When  this  husk  consists  of  many  scales,  there  is 
scarcely  any  distinction  left  between  the  corm  and 

108.  The  Bnlb.  This  is  an  extremely  short  subterranean  stem, 
usually  much  broader  than  high,  producing  roots  from  underneath, 
and  covered  with  leaves  or  the  bases  of  leaves,  in  the  form  of  thick- 
ened scales.  It  is,  therefore,  the  same -as  a  corm,  or  solid  bulh,  only 
it  bears  an  abundance  of  leaves  or  scales,  which  make  up  tiic  greater 
part  of  its  bulk.  Or  we  may  regard  it  as  a  bud,  witli  thick  and 
flt!shy  scales.  Compare  a  Lily-bulb  (Fig.  73)  with  the  strong  scaly 
buds  of  the  Hickory  and  Ilorsechestnut  (Fig.  4.S  and  40),  and  tho 
resemblance  will  be  apparent  enough. 

10'.).  Bulbs  serve  the  same  purpose  as  tubers,  rootstocks,  or  corms. 
The  main  difference  is,  that  in  these  the  store  of  food  for  future 
growth  is  deposited  in  the  stem  ;  while  in  the  bulb,  the  greater  part 
is  deposited  in  the  bases  of  the  h-aves,  changing  them  into  thick 
scales,  which  closely  overlap  or  em-lose  one  another,  because  the 
6tem   docs  not  elongate  enough  to  separate  them.      That   the  scales 


Fit;.  71.     Curiii  ot  M<Uii  tMilb  of  a  Cnx-ii 


7'i.  'I'lio  k.-iiiio,  cut  lliroiicli  U>ii;;(liwis«. 


46 


MORPHOLOGY  OF  STEMS  AND  BRANCHES.   [lESSON  6. 


of  the  bulb  are  the  bases  of  leaves  may  be  seen  at  once  by  follow- 
ing any  of  the  ground-leaves    (root-leaves   as  they   are  incorrectly 

called)  down  to  their 
origin  in  the  bulb. 
Fig.  75  represents 
one  of  them  from 
the  White  Lily ;  the 
thickened  base,  which 
makes  a  scale,  being 
cut  off  below,  to  show 
its  thickness.  After 
having  lasted  its  time 
and  served  its  purpose  as  foliage,  the  green  leaf  dies,  down  to  the 
thickened  base,  which  remains  as  a  scale  of  the  bulb.  And  year 
after  year,  as  the  bulb  grows  from  the  centre,  to  produce  the  vege- 
tation and  the  flowers  of  the  season,  the  outer  scales  yield  up  their 
store  of  nourishment  for  the  purpose,  and  perish. 

110.  Each  scale,  being  a  leaf,  may  have  a  bud  in  its  axil.     Some 
of  these  buds  grow  into  leafy  and  flowering  stems 
above  ground:  others  grow   into  new  bulbs,  feeding     I  ''lifll, 
on  the  parent,  and  at  length  destroying  it,  in  the  same 
way  that  corms  do,  as  just  described  (lOG). 

111.  When  the  scales  are  broad  and  enwrap  all 
that  is  within  so  as  to  form  a  succession  of  coats,  one 
over  another,  the  bulb  is  said  to  be  tunicated  or  coated. 
The  Tulip,  Hyacinth,  Leek,  and  Onion  afford  such 
familiar  examples  of  coated  bulbs  that  no  figure  is 
needed.  When  the  scales  are  narrow  and  separate, 
as  in  the  Lily  (Fig.  73),  the  bulb  is  said  to  be  scaly. 

112.  BulbletS  are  small  bulbs  formed  above  ground 
on  some  plants ;  as  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the 
common  bulbiferous  Lily  of  the  gardens,  and  often  in 
the  flower-clusters  of  the  Leek  and  Onion.  They  are 
plainly  nothing  but  bulbs  with  thickened  scales.  They 
never  grow  into  branches,  but  detach  themselves  when  75 

full  grown,  and   fall  to  the  ground,   to  take   root  there  and   form 
new  plants. 

113.  From  the  few  illustrations  already  given,  attentive  students 


FIG.  73.     Bulb  of  the  Meadow  or  Canada  Lily. 
FlC.  75.     A  lower  leaf  of  White  Lily,  with  its 


74.  The  same,  rut  throiieh  lencthwise. 
is«  under  ground  thickened  into  a  oulb- 


k 


I-KSSON   0.]        CONSOLIDATKI)    1 OUMS    OK    V  KC  KTATION,  47 

can  hardly  fail  to  obtain  a  prood  idrji  of  what  is  niiaiit  hy  i)ii>rpli(>Ii>f/^ 
in  Botany  ;  and  they  will  he  al)lt!  to  apply  its  simple  pi-inci|)le.s  I'or 
themselves  to  all  forms  of  vegetation.  Tiiey  will  find  it  very  inter- 
esting to  identify  all  these  varions  subterranean  forms  with  tiie  com- 
mon plan  of  vegetation  above  ground.  There  is  the  same  strueture, 
and  the  same  mode  of  growth  in  reality,  however  diflerent  in  ap- 
pearance, and  however  changed  the  form,  to  suit  particular  conditions, 
or  to  accomplish  particular  ends.  It  is  plain  to  sec,  already,  that 
the  plant  is  constructed  accordhtg  to  a  jylan,  — a  very  simple  one, — 
which  is  exhibited  by  all  vegetal)les,  by  the  extraordinary  no  less 
than  by  the  ordinary  kinds;  and  that  the  same  organ  may  appear 
under  a  great  many  different  shapes,  and  fulfil  very  different  offices. 

111.  These  extraordinary  shapes  are  not  confined  to  subterra- 
nean vegetation.  Tlusy  arc  all  repeated  in  various  sort^  of  Jles/itf 
plants;  in  the  Ilouseleek,  Aloe,  Agave  (Fig.  82),  and  in  the  man,, 
and  strange  shapes  which  the  Cactus  family  exhibit  (Fig.  7G|. 
shapes  whicli  imitate  rootstocks,  tubers,  conns,  &^q,  above  ground. 
All  these  we  may  regard  as 

115.  Consolidatfll  Forms  of  VrilClatinn.  While  ordinary  jdants  K 
constructeil  on  the  plan  of  great  sjjread  of  surface  (131),  these 
are  formed  on  the  j)lan  of  the  least  possible  amount  of  surface  iw, 
proportion  to  their  bulk.  The  Cereus  genus  of  Cactuses,  for  ex- 
ample, consisting  of  solid  columnar  trunks  (Fig.  70,  b),  may  be 
likened  to  rootstocks.  A  green  rind  serves  the  purpose  of  foliag.,, 
but  the  surface  is  at  nothing  compared  with  an  ordinary  leafy  plant 
of  the  same  bulk.  Compare,  for  instance,  the  largest  Cactus  known, 
the  Giant  Cereus  of  the  Gila  River  (Fig.  7G,  in  the  background), 
which  rises  to  the  height  of  fifty  or  sixty  feet,  with  a  common  leafy 
tree  of  the  same  height,  such  as  that  in  Fig.  54,  and  estimate  how 
vastly  greater,  even  without  the  foliage,  the  surface  of  the  larter 
is  than  that  of  the  former.  Compare,  in  the  same  view,  an  Op^./itiw' 
or  Prickly-Pear  Cactus,  its  stem  and  branches  formed  of  a  si>v-es- 
sion  of  thick  and  flattened  joints  (Fig.  70,  a),  which  may  be  likened 
to  tubers,  or  an  Epiphylhnn  (d),  with  shorter  and  flatter  joints,  -ftith 
an  ordinary  leafy  shrub  or  herb  of  e(iual  si/e.  And  finally,  in 
Melon-Cactuses  or  Kchinocactus  (r), with  their  globular  or  bull)-like 
shapes,  we  have  jdants  in  tin;  compactest  sli:ipe ;  (heir  spherical  fig- 
ure Ix'ing  such  as  to  expose  the  lca>t  possible  amount  of  its  bulk 
to   the   air. 

1 10.    These  coHSolldiilcd  jiJiiiils  arc  evidently  adapted  and  d.->ignei^ 


48 


MORPIIOLOGr    OF    STEMS    AND    BRANCHES.       [lESSOV  6. 


for  very  dry  regions  ;  and  in  such  only  arc  they  found.  Similarly, 
bulbous  and  corm-bearing  plants,  and  the  like,  are  examples  of  a 
form  of  vegetation  which  in  the  growing  season  may  expand  a  large 
surface  to  the  air  and  light,  while  during  the  period  of  rest  the 
living  vegetable  is  reduced  to  a  globe,  or  solid  form  of  the  least 
possible  surface  ;  and  this  is  protected  by  its  outer  coats  of  dead 
and  dry  scales,  as  well  as  by  its  situation  under  ground.  Such 
plants  exhibit  another  and  -very  similar  adaptation  to  a  season  of 
drought.  And  they  mainly  belong  to  countries  (such  as  Southern 
Africa,  and  parts  of  the  interior  of  Oregon  and  California)  which 
have  a  long  hot  season  during  which  little  or  no  rain  falls,  when, 
their  stalks  and  foliage  above  and  their  roots  beneath  being  early  cut 
off  by  drought,  the  plants  rest  securely  in  their  compact  bulbs,  filled 
with  nourishment,  and  retaining  their  moisture  with  great  tenacity, 
until  the  rainy  season  comes  round.  Then  they  shoot  forth  leaves 
and  flowers  with  wonderful  rapidity,  and  what  was  perhaps  a  desert 
of  arid  sand  becomes  green  with  foliage  and  gay  w-ith  blossoms, 
almost  in  a  day.  This  will  be  more  perfectly  understood  when  the 
nature  and  use  of  foliage  have  been  more  fully  considered.  (Fig.  76 
represents  several  forms  of  Cactus  vegetation.) 


LESSON  7.J  MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES.  49 


LESSON   VII. 

MORPIIOLOGV    OF     LEAVES. 

117.  I.v  (lcscril)ing  the  SMhtcrranc-an  forms  of  tlie  stem,  wp  have 
boon  led  to  notice  already  some  of  the  remarkable  forms  under 
wliieh  leaves  occur;  namely,  as  scales,  sometimes  small  and  thin,  as 
those  of  tlie  rootstoeks  of  the  Quick-grass,  or  the  Mint  (Fig.  G4), 
sometimes  large  and  thick,  as  those  of  bulbs  (Fig.  73-7.>),  where 
they  are  commonly  larger  than  the  stem  they  belong  to.  "We  have 
seen,  too,  in  the  second  Lesson,  the  seed-leaves  (or  cotyledons)  in 
forms  as  unlike  foliage  as  possible  ;  and  in  the  third  Lesson  we  have 
spoken  of  bud-scales  as  a  sort  of  leaves.  So  that  the  botanist  recog- 
nizes the  leaf  under  other  forms  than  that  of  foliage. 

118.  "We  may  call  foliage  the  natural  form  of  leaves,  and  look 
upon  the  other  sorts  as  special  forms,  —  as  transformed  leaves :  by 
this  term  meaning  only  that  what  would  have  been  ordinary  leaves 
under  other  circumstances  (as,  for  instance,  those  on  shoots  of  Mint, 
Fig.  G4,  had  these  grown  upright  in  the  air,  instead  of  creeping  under 
ground)  are  developed  in  special  forms  to  serve  some  particular 
purpose.  For  the  Great  Author  of  Natnre,  having  designed  plants 
upon  one  simple  plan,  just  adapts  this  plan  to  all  cases.  So,  when- 
ever any  special  purpose  is  to  be  accomplished,  no  new  instniments 
or  organs  are  created  for  it,  but  one  of  the  three  general  organs  of 
the  vegetalile,  roof,  stem,  or  leaf,  is  made  to  serve  the  purpose,  and 
is  adapted  to  it  by  taking  some  pectdiar  form. 

119.  It  is  the  study  of  the  varied  forms  under  this  view  that  con- 
stitutes Morphology  (HI),  and  gives  to  this  part  of  Botany  such  great 
interest.  "We  have  already  seen  stems  and  roots  under  a  gi-eat 
variety  of  forms.  But  leaves  appear  under  more  various  and  widely 
different  forms,  and  answer  a  greater  variety  of  purposes,  than  do 
both  the  other  organs  of  the  plant  put  together.  "We  have  to  con- 
sider, {\\c\\,leai'es  as  foliaffei,nm\  leaves  as  something  else  than  foliage. 
As  we  have  just  been  noticing  cases  of  leaves  that  are  not  foliage, 
we  may  consider  these  first,  and  enumerate  the  principal  kinds. 

120.  I/nVfS  as  DrpositorifS  of  Food.  Of  these  we  have  had  i»lenty 
of  instances  in  the  seed-leaves,  such  as  those  of  the  Almond,  Apple- 

h 


50 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES. 


LESSON    /. 


seed  (Fig.  11),  Beech  (Fig.  13-15),  the  Bean  and  Pea  (Fig.  IC- 
20),  the  Oak  (Fig.  21,  22),  and  Ilorsechestnut  (Fig.  23,  24)  ;  where 
the  food  upon  which  the  pluntlet  feeds  when  it  springs  fiom  the 
seed  is  stored  up  in  its  cotyledons  or  first  leaves.  And  we  have 
noticed  how  very  unlike  foliage  such  leaves  are.  Yet  in  some  cases, 
as  in  the  Pumpkin  (Fig.  10),  lliey 
actually  grow  into  green  leaves  as 
they  get  rid  of  their  burden. 

121.  Bulb-Stalcs  (Fig.  73-75)  of- 
fer another  instance,  which  we  were 
considering  at  the  close  of  the  last 
Lesson.  Here  a  part  of  the  nourish- 
ment prepared  in  the  foliage  of  one 
year  is  stored  up  in  the  scales,  or 
subterranean  thickened  leaves,  for  the 
early  growth  and  flowering  of  the  next 
year  ;  and  this  enables  the  flowers  to 
appear  before  the  leaves,  or  as  soon 
as  they  do ;  as  in  Hyacinths,  Snow- 
drops, and  many  bulbous  plants. 

122.  Leaves  as  Bud-scales,  &c.  True 

to  its  nature,  the  stem  produces 
leaves  even  under  ground,  where 
they  cannot  serve  as  foliage,  and 
where  often,  as  on  rootstocks  and 
tubers  (97-103),  they  are  not  of 
any  use  that  we  know  of.  In  such 
cases  they  usually  appear  as  thin 
scales.  So  the  first  leaves  of  the 
stems  of  herbs,  as  they  sprout  from 
the  ground,  are  generally  mere  scales, 
such  as  those  of  an  Asparagus  shoot ; 
and  such  are  the  first  leaves  on  the 
stem  of  the  seedling  Oak  (Fig.  22) 
and  the  Pea  (Fig.  20).  Similar 
„  scales,  however,  often  serve  an  im- 

portant purpose ;  as  when  they  form  the  covering  of  buds,  where 
they  protect  the  tender  parts  within    (44).      That  bud-scales  are 


FIG.  77.     Leaves  of  a  developing  bud  of  the  Low  Sweet  Buckeye  (.E^culus  parviflora)^ 
•bowing  a  nearly  complete  set  of  t;radations  from  a  scale  to  a  coiii|>ound  leaf  of  five  leaflets. 


LES80X  7.]  SPINES,    TENDIULS,    AND    riTCJIF.IlS, 


51 


leaves  is  plainly  shown,  in  many  cases,  by  the  gradual  transition 
between  tliein  antl  the  Hrst  foliage  ot"  the  shoot.  The  Common  Liiuc 
and  the  8hell-bark  Hickory  are  good  instances 
of  the  sort.  But  the  best  illustration  is  fur- 
nished by  the  Low  Sweet  liuckeye  of  the 
Southern  States,  which  is  often  cultivated  as 
an  ornamental  shrub.  From  one  and  the  same 
growing  bud  we  may  often  find  all  the  grada- 
tions which  an^  shown  in  Fig.  77. 

l-i;3.  LfllVl'S  as  Spines  occur  in  several  plants. 
The  most  familiar  instance  is  that  of  the  Com- 
mon Barberry,  In  almost  any  summer  shoot, 
most  of  the  gradations  may  be  seen  between  the 
ordinary  leaves,  with  sharp  bristly  teeth,  and 
leaves  which  arc  reduced  to  a  branching  spine 
or  thorn,  jis  shown  in  Fig,  78.  The  fact  that 
the  spines  of  the  Barberry  produce  a  leaf-bud 
in  their  axil  also  proves  them  to  be  leaves. 

124.  Leiives  us  Tendrils  are  to  be  seen  in  the 
Pea  and  the  Vetch  (Fig.  20,  127),  where  the 
upper  part  of  each  leaf  becomes  a  tendril,  which 

the  plant    uses  to 

climb  by ;   and   in 

one  kind    of  Vetch 

such  a  tendril. 

125.  Leaves  as  Pitchers,  or  hollow  tubes, 

are  familiar  to  us  in  the  common  Pitcher- 
plant  or  Side-saddle  Flower  (Sarrae^nia. 
Fig,  70)  of  our  bogs.  These  pitcliers 
are  generally  half-fuli  of  water,  in  whi«'h 
flies  and  other  insects  are  drowned,  often 
in  such  numbers  jis  to  make  a  rich 
manure  for  the  plant,  no  doubt ;  though 
we  can  hardly  imagine  this  to  be  the 
design  of  the  pitcher.  Nor  do  we  per- 
ceive hen;  any  need  of  a  contrivance 
liold  water,  since  the  roots  of  these 
plants  are  alwavs  well  supplied  by  the  wet  lH)gs  wlure  lluy  grow. 


the   whole  leaf 


h'Ul.  78.     t>iiiiiiiicr  nIkniI  III  llarlxTry,  Klinwing  llir  Ir.iiisiliini  of  Ir.tvpK  iiit.>  i<|iinrH. 
Flli.  79.     L^afuf  Saxraraiiu  |iurjiurua,  entire,  and  aiiuUier  with  llio  U|)|icr  jtart  cut  off. 


52 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVF.S. 


[lesson  7 


V 


126.  Leaves  as  Fly-traps.     Insects  are  caught  in  another  way,  and 
more  expertly,  by  the  most  extraordinary  of  all  the  plants  of  this 

country,  the  Diona^a  or  Venus's  Fly- 
trap, which  grows  in  the  sandy  bogs 
t/  '    J^         (t  around    Wilmington,    North     Carolina.     ' 

_    y         ji^  Here   (Fig.  81)   each  leaf  bears  at  its '  l 

summit  an  appendage  which  opens  and 
shuts,  in  shape  something  like  a  steel- 
trap,  and  operating  much  like  one.  For 
when  open,  as  it  commonly  is  when  the 
sun  shines,  no  sooner  does  a  fly  alight 
on  its  surface,  and  brush  against  any 
one  of  the  several  long  bristles  that  grow 
there,  than  the  trap  suddenly  closes, 
often  capturing  the  intruder,  pressing  it 
all  the  harder  for  its  struggles,  and  com- 
monly depriving  it  of  life.  If  the  fly 
escapes,  the  trap  soon  slowly  opens,  and 
b  ready  for  another  capture.  When  retained,  the  insect  is  after  a 
time  moistened  by  a  secretion  from  minute  glands  of  the  inner  sur- 
face, and  is  apparently  digested !  How  such 
and  various  other  movements  are  made  by 
plants,  —  some  as  quick  as  in  tliis  case, 
others  very  slow,  but  equally  wonderful, — 
must  be  considered  in  a  future  Lesson. 

127.  leaves   serving  both   Ordinary  and 

Special  Purposes.  Let  us  now  remark,  that 
the  same  leaf  frequently  answers  its  gen- 
eral purpose,  as  foliage,  and  some  special 
purpose  besides.  For  example,  in  the  Dio- 
na;a,  the  lower  part  of  the  leaf,  and  prob- 
ably the  whole  of  it,  acts  as  foliage,  while  the 
appendage  serves  its  mysterious  purpose 
as  a  fly-catcher.  In  the  Pea  and  Vetch 
(Fig.  20,  127),  the  loAver  part  of  the  leaf 
is  foliage,  the  upper  a  tendril.  In  the  Pitcher-plants  of  the  Indian 
Archipelago  (Nepenthes,  Fig.  80)  which  are  not  rare  in  conserva- 
tories, the  lower  part  of  the  leaf  is  expanded  and  acts  as  foliage ; 


FIG.  80.     Leaf  of  Nepenthes:  leaf,  tendrU,  and  pitclier  combined. 

FIG.  81.    Loaves  of  Diousa  ;  the  trap  in  oiio  of  theui  op^uiLlhe  others  closed. 


I.KSSON  7.3  TniCKKN'KD    AND    KKKSMY    I.KAVES. 


53 


farlluT  on,  it  is  contract cd  info  a  (( iidril,  ciiaMiiig  llio  plant  to  climh; 
the  cnil  of  this  tendril  is  then  expanded  into  a  pitcher,  of  five  or 
six  inches  in  h'ngth.  and  on  the  end  of  this  is  a  lid,  wliich  exactly 
closes  the  mouth  of  the  pitcher  until  after  it  is  full  grown,  when  tlie 
lid  opens  by  a  hinge  !     But  the  whole  is  only  one  Itaf. 

128.  So  in  the  root-leaves  of  the  Tulij)  or  the  Lily  (Fig.  75), 
while  the  green  leaf  is  preparing  nourishment  throughout  the  grow- 
ing season,  its  base  under  ground  is  thickened  into  a  reservoir  for 
storing  iip  a  good  part  of  the  nourishment  for  next  year's  use. 

129.  Finally,  the  whole  leaf  often  serves  both  as  foliage,  to  pre- 
pare nourishment,  and  as  a  depository  to  store  it  up.  This  takes 
place  in  all  fleshy-leaved  plants,  such  as  the  II<.useleek,  the  Ice- 
plant,  and  various  sorts  of  Mesembryantheininn,  in  the  Livc-for-ever 
of  the  gardens  to  some  extent,  and  very  strikingly  in  the  Aloe,  and 
in  the  Century-planf.  In  the  latter  it  is  only  the  green  surface  of 
these  large  and  thick  leaves  (of  three  to  five  feet  in  length  on  a 
strong  plant,  and  often  three  to  six  inches  thick  near  the  base)  which 
acts  as  foliage  ;  the  whole  interior  is  white,  like  the  inferior  of  a 
potato,  and  almost  as  heavily  loaded  with  starch  and  other  nourish- 
ing matter.  (Fig.  82  represents  a  young  Century -plant,  Agave 
Americana.) 


5* 


&4  MORPHOLOGY    OF  LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [lESSON  8. 

LESSON   VIII. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS     FOLIAGE. 

130.  Having  in  the  last  Lesson  glanced  at  some  of  the  special 
or  extraordinary  forms  and  uses  of  leaves,  we  now  return  to  leaves 
in  their  ordinary  condition,  namely,  as  foliage.  We  regard  this  as 
the  natural  state  of  leaves.  For  although  they  may  be  turned  to 
account  in  other  and  very  various  ways,  as  we  have  just  seen, 
still  their  proper  office  in  vegetation  is  to  serve  as  foliage.  In  this 
view  we  may  regard 

131.  Leaves  as  a  Contrivance  for  Increasing  the  Surface  of  that  large 

part  of  the  plant  which  is  exposed  to  the  light  and  the  air.  This  is 
shown  by  their  expanded  form,  and  ordinarily  slight  Uiickness  in 
comparison  with  their  length  and  breath.  While  a  Melon-Cactus 
(115,  Fig.  7G)  is  a  striking  example  of  a  plant  with  the  least  pos- 
sible amount  of  surface  for  its  bulk,  a  repeatedly  branching  leafy 
herb  or  tree  presents  the  largest  possible  extent  of  surface  to  the 
air.  The  actual  amount  of  surface  pi-esented  by  a  tree  in  full  leaf 
is  much  larger  than  one  would  be  apt  to  suppose.  Thus,  the  Wash- 
ington Elm  at  Cambridge  —  a  tree  of  no  extraordinary  size  —  was 
some  years  ago  estimated  to  produce  a  crop  of  seven  millions  of 
leaves,  exposing  a  surface  of  200,000  square  feet,  or  about  five 
acres,  of  foliage. 

132.  What  is  done  by  the  foliage  we  shall  have  to  explain  in 
another  place.  Under  the  present  head  we  are  to  consider  ordinary 
leaves  as  to  their  parts  and  their  shapes. 

133.  The  Parts  of  the  Leaf.  The  principal  part  of  a  leaf  is  the 
blade,  or  expand(!d  portion,  one  face  of  which  naturally  looks  towaixl 
the  sky,  the  other  towards  the  earth.  The  blade  is  often  raised  on 
a  stalk  of  its  own,  and  on  each  side  of  the  stalk  at  its  base  there  is 
sometimes  an  appendage  called  a  stipule.  A  oonipletc  leaf,  there- 
fore consists  of  a  blade  (Fig.  83,  h),  a  foot-stalk  or  leaf -stalk,  called 
the  petiole  (p),  and  a  pair  of  stipules  (si).     See  also  Fig.  136. 

134.  It  is  the  blade  which  we  are  now  to  describe.  This,  as 
being  the  essential  and  conspicuous  part,  we  generally  regard  as  the 
leaf:  and  it  is  only  when  we  have  to  particularize,  that  we  speak  of 
the  blade,  or  lamina,  of  the  leaf. 


LESSON  8.] 


THKIK    VF.NATION. 


55 


l3o.  AVitliout  here  entering  uj)on  tlie  subject  of  the  anatomy  of 
the  leaf,  we  may  remark,  that  leaves  eonsist  of  two  sorts  of  mate- 
rial, viz.:  1.  the  green  pidp,  or  parenchyma  ;  and  2.  the  Jibrous 
framework,  or  skeleton,  whieh  extends  througliout  the  soft  grecf. 
pulp  and  suj)ports  it,  giving  the  leaf  a  strength  and  firmness  which 
it  would  not  otherwise  possess.  Besides,  the  whole  suriiice  is  cov- 
ered witli  a  transparent  skin,  culled  the 
epidermis,  like  that  which  covers  the 
surface  of  the  shoots,  iScc. 

136.  The  framework  consists  of 
wood,  —  a  fibrous  and  tough  material 
which  runs  from  the  stem  tliTough  the 
leaf-stalk,  when  there  is  one,  in  the 
form  of  parallel  threads  or  bundles  of  b\ 
fibres  ;  and  in  the  blade  these  spread 
out  in  a  horizontal  direction,  to  form 
the  ribs  and  veins  of  the  leaf.  The 
stout  main  branches  of  the  framework 
(like  those  in  Fig.  50)  are  called  the 
ribs.  When  there  is  only  one,  as  in 
Fig.  83,  &;c.,  or  a  middle  one  decid- 
edly larger  than  the  rest,  it  is  called 
the  midrib.  The  smaller  divisions  are  termed  veins  ;  and  their 
still  smaller  subdivisions,  veinlets. 

137.  The  latter  subdivide  again  and  again,  until  they  become  so 
fine  that  they  are  invisible  to  the  naked  eye.  The  fibres  of  which 
they  are  composed  are  hollow ;  forming  tubes  by  which  the  sap  is 
brought  into  the  leaves  and  carried  to  every  part.  The  arrangement 
of  the  framework  in  the  blade  is  termed  the 

138.  Venation,  or  mode  of  veining.  This  corresponds  so  complete- 
ly witlj  the  general  shape  of  the  leaf,  and  with  the  kind  of  division 
when  the  bhule  is  divided  or  lobed,  that  the  reatliest  way  to  study 
and  arrange;  the  forms  of  leaves  is  first  to  consider  their  veining. 

131).  Various  jls  it  appears  in  difierent  leaves,  the  veining  is  all 
reducible  to  two  princijjal  kinds;  namely,  \\\g  parallel-veined  and  the 
netted-veined. 

140.  In  netted-veined  (also  called  retiridaled)  leaves,  the  veins 
branch  off  from  the   main   ril)   or   ribs,   divide    into   liner   and  liner 


riG.  Kk     Laaf  ofUiF  Qiiinco;   b,  blade  ;  p,  [wiwlo  ;  <(,  Hti|iiil<M. 


56 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [lESSON  8. 


vcinlets,  and  the  branches  unite  with  each  other  to  form  meshes  of 
network.  That  is,  they  anastomose,  as  anatomists  say  of  the  veins 
and  arteries  of  the  body.  The  Quince-leaf,  in  Fig.  83,  shows  this 
kind  of  veining  in  a  leaf  witli  a  single  rib.  The  JMaple,  Basswood, 
and  Buttonwood  (Fig.  50)  show  it  in  leaves  of  several  ribs. 

141.  In  parallel-veined  leaves,  the  whole  framework  consists  of 
slender  ribs  or  veins,  which  run  parallel  with  each  other,  or  nearly 
so,  from  the  base  to  the  point  of  the  leaf,  not  dividing  and  sub- 
dividing, nor  forming  meshes,  except  by  very  minute  cross-veinlets. 
The  leaf  of  any  grass,  or  that  of  the  Lily  of  the  Valley  (Fig.  84) 
will  furnish  a  good  illustration. 

142.  Such  simple,  parallel  veins  Linntcus,  to  distinguish  them, 
called  nerves,  and  parallel-veined  leaves, 
are  still  commonly  called  nerved  leaves  ^ 
while  those  of  the  other  kind  are  said  to 
be  veined ;  —  terms  which  it  is  conven- 
ient to  use,  although  these  "  nerves  "  and 
"  veins  "  are  all  the  same  thing,  and  have 
no  likeness  to  the  nerves  of  animals. 

143.  Netted-veined  leaves  belong  tc 
plants  which  have  a  pair  of  seed-leaves 
or  cotyledons,  such  as  the  Maple  (Fig.  1 
-7),  Beech  (Fig.  15),  Pea  and  Bean 
(Fig.  18,  20),  and  most  of  the  illustra- 
tions in  the  first  and  second  Lessons. 
While  parallel-veined  or  nerved  leaves 
belong  to  plants  with  one  cotyledon  or 
84  true  seed-leaf;  such  as  the  Iris  (Fig.  134) 

and  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  42).  So  that  a  mere  glance  at  the  leaves 
of  the  tree  or  herb  enables  one  to  tell  what  the  structure  of  the 
embryo  is,  and  to  refer  the  plant  to  one  or  the  other  of  these  two 
grand  classes,  —  which  is  a  great  convenience.  For  genei-ally  when 
plants  differ  from  each  other  in  some  one  important  respect,  they 
differ  correspondingly  in  other  respects  as  well. 

144.  Parallel-veined  leaves  are  of  two  sorts  ;  one  kind,  and  the 
commonest,  having  the  ribs  or  nerves  all  running  from  the  base  to 
the  point  of  the  leaf,  as  in  the  examples  already  given ;  while  in 
another  kind  they  run  from  a  midrib  to  the  margin ;  as  in  the  com- 


FIG.  84.     A  (parallel-veine<l)  leaf  of  the  Lily  of  the  Valley. 


LKSSON  8.]       TIIKIK    FOUMS    AS    TO    GENKUAL    OUTLINK.  57 

moil  Pickerel-weed  of  our  ponds,  in  the  Banana  (Fig-  -17),  and  many 
similar  plants  of  warm  climates. 

1-45.  Netted- veined  leaves  are  also  of  two  sorts,  as  is  shown  in 
the  examples  already  referred  to.  lu  one  cjise  the  veins  all  ris9 
from  a  single  rib  (the  midrib),  as  in  Fig.  83.  Such  leaves  are  called 
fealher-veined  or  pinnately-veined ;  both  terms  meaning  the  same 
thing,  namely,  that  the  veins  are  arranged  on  the  sides  of  the  rib 
like  the  plume  of  a  feather  on  each  side  of  the  shaft. 

146.  In  the  other  case  (as  in  the  Button  wood,  Fig.  50,  Maple, 
&c.),  the  veins  branch  off  from  three,  five,  seven,  or  nine  ribs,  which 
spread  from  the  top  of  the  leaf-stalk,  and  run  through  the  blade  like 
the  toes  of  a  web-footed  bird.  Hence  these  are  said  to  hQ  pahnatcly 
or  digitately  veined,  or  (since  the  ribs  diverge  like  ra}s  from  a 
centre)  radiate-veined. 

147.  Since  the  general  outline  of  leaves  accords  with  the  frame- 
work or  skeleton,  it  is  plain  that  feather-veined  leaves  will  incline  to 
elongated  shapes,  or  at  lejist  will  be  longer  than  broad  ;  while  in 
radiate-veined  leaves  more  rounded  forms  are  to  be  expected.  A 
glance  at  the  following  figures  shows  this.  Whether  Ave  consider 
the  veins  of  the  leaf  to  be  adapted  to  the  shape  of  the  blade,  or  the 
green  pulp  to  be  moulded  to  the  framework,  is  not  very  material. 
Either  way,  the  outline  of  each  leaf  corresponds  with  the  mode  of 
spreading,  the  extent,  and  the  relative  length  of  the  veins.  Thus,  in 
oblong  or  elliptical  leaves  of  the  feather-veined  sort  (Fig.  87,  88), 
the  principal  veins  are  nearly  equal  in  length  ;  while  in  ovate  and 
heart-sliaped  leaves  (Fig.  89,  90),  those  below  the  middle  are 
longest;  and  in  leaves  which  Aviden  upwards  (Fig.  91-94),  the 
veins  above  the  middle  are  longer  than  the  others. 

148.  Let  us  pass  on,  without  particular  reference  to  the  kind  of 
veining,  to  enumerate  the  principal 

149.  Furms  of  Leaves  as  to  Geiirral  Outline.    It  is  necessary  to  give 

names  to  the  i)rinci[)al  shapes,  and  to  define  them  rather  precisely, 
since  they  afford  the  easiest  marks  for  distinguishing  species.  The 
same  terms  are  used  for  all  otlier  fiattened  parts  as  well,  such  as  the 
petals  of  the  flowers  ;  so  that  they  make  up  a  great  part  of  the 
descriptive  language  of  Botany.  We  do  not  mention  the  names  of 
common  plants  which  exhibit  these  various  shapes.  It  will  be  a  good 
exercise  for  young  students  to  look  them  uj)  and  apply  them. 

150.  Begimiing  with  the  narrower  and  proceeding  to  the  broadest 
forms,  a  leaf"  is  said  to  be 

S  &  F— 4 


58 


MORPHOLOGY    OP   LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [lESSON  8. 


Linear  (Fig.  85),  when  narrow,  several  times  longer  than  wide, 
and  of  the  same  breadth  throughout. 

Lanceolate,  or  lance-shaped,  when  several  times  longer  than  wide, 
and  tapering  upwards  (Fig.  86),  or  both  upwards  and  downwards. 

Oblong  (Fig.  87),  when  nearly  twice  or  thrice  as  long  as  broad. 

Elliptical  (Fig.  88)  is  oblong  with  a  flowing  outline,  the  two  ends 
alike  in  width. 

Oval  is  the  same  as  broadly  elliptical,  or  elliptical  with  the  breadth 
considerably  more  than  half  the  length. 

Ovate  (Fig.  89),  when  the  outline  is  like  a  section  of  a  hen's-egg 
lengthwise,  the  broader  end  downward. 

Orbicular,  or  rotund  (Fig.  102),  circular  in  outline,  or  nearly  so. 


Oblanceolate 


151.  When  the  leaf  tapers  towards  the  base,  instead  of  upwards, 
it  may  be 

91),  which   is   lance-shaped,  with   the  more 
tapering  end  downwards  ; 

Spatulate  (Fig.  92),  round- 
ed above  and  long  and  narrow 
below,  like  a  spatula  ; 

Obovate   (Fig.  93),   or   in- 
versely ovate,  that  is,  ovate  with 
the  narrower  end  down  ;  or 
Cuneate,  or  cuneiform,  that  is,   tccdge-shaped    (Fig.  94),  broad 
above  and  tapering  by  straight  lines  to  an  acute  angle  at  the  base. 

152.  As  to  the  Base,  its  shape  characterizes  several  forms,  such  as 
Cordate,  or  heart-shaped  (Fig.  90,  99,  8),  when  a  leaf  of  an  ovate 

form,  or  something  like  it,  has  the  outline  of  its  rounded  base  turned 
in  (forming  a  notch  or  sinus)  where  the  stalk  is  attached. 

Reniform,  or  kidney-shaped  (Fig.  100),  like  the  last,  only  rounder 
and  broader  than  long. 


FIG.  85  -  90.     Various  forms  of  feather-veined  leaves . 

FIG.  91.    Oblanceolate, 92.  spatulate,  93.  obovate,  94.  wedge-sliaped,  feather-veined  leav«3. 


LESSON  8.] 


THKIK    PARTICULAU    FORMS. 


59 


Auriculafe,  or  eared,  hiivinj?  a  pair  of  Mnall  and  l.lunt  projections, 
or  ears,  at  the  biuse,  as  in  one  species  of  Maj,niolia  (Fi;^-  '••<>)• 

Sagittate,  or  arrow-shaped,  where  sueii  eai-s  are  pointed  and  turned 
downwards,  while  the 
main  body  of  the  hhide 
tapers  upwards  to  a 
point,  as  in  the  com- 
mon Sajjittaria  or  Ar- 
row-head, and  in  the 
AiTow-leav(!d  Polygo- 
num (Fi;;.  95). 

Hastate,  or  halberd- 
shaped,     when      such  95  96  st 
lobes  at  the  base    point   outwards,  givinj];  the  leaf  the  shape  of  the 
halberd  of  the  olden  time,  as  in  another  Polyfjonum  (Fig.  9"). 

Peltate,  or  shield-shaped,  (Fig.  102,)  is  the  name  applied  to  a 
curious  modification  of  the  leaf,  commonly  of  a  rounded  form,  where 
the  footstalk  is  attached  to  the  lower  surface,  instead  of  the  base,  and 


therefore  is  naturally  likened  to  a  shield  borne  ]>y  the  outstretched 
arm.  The  common  AVatershield,  the  Nelumbium,  and  the  "White 
Water-lily,  and  also  the  Mandrake,  exhibit  this. sort  of  leaf.  On 
comparing  the  shield-shai)ed  leaf  of  the  common  Marsh  Peimywort 
(Fig.  102)  with  that  of  another  connnon  species  (Fig.  KU),  we  sec 
at  once  what  this  peculiarity  means.      A  shield-shaped  leaf  is  like  a 


Flo.  O).     Sagillatp,  %.  aunnilnio,  <r7.  Iialliir.l  slin|>cil,  leaves. 
FIG.  96-  lOS.     VariouH  furiiu  uf  radiata-vaiiied  leavea. 


60  MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVKS    AS    FOLIAGE.       [lESSON  8. 

kidney-shai»ed  (Fig.  100)  or  other  rounded  leaf,  with  the  margins  at 
the  base  brouglit  together  and  united. 

153.  As  lO  lllC  Apt'X,  the  Ibllowing  terms  express  tlie  principal 
valuations. 

Acuminate,  pointed,  or  taper-pointed,  when  the  summit  is  more  or 
less  prolonged  into  a  narrowed  or  tapering  point,  as  in  Fig.  1)7. 

Acute,  when  ending  in  an  acute  angle  or  not  prolonged  point,  as 
in  Fig.  104,  98,  95,  &c. 

Obtuse,  when  with  a  blunt  or  rounded  point,  as  in  Fig.  105,89,  &;c. 

Truncate,  with  the  end  as  if  cut  ott' square,  as  in  Fig.  106,  94. 

Retuse,  with  the  rounded  summit  slightly  indented,  forming  a 
very  shallow  notch,  as  in  Fig.  107. 

Emarginate,  or  notched,  indented  at  the  end  more  decidedly,  as 
in  Fig.  108. 

Ohcordate,  that  is,  inversely  heart-shaped,  where  an  obovate  leaf 
is  more  deeply  notched  at  the  end  (Fig.  109),  as  in  White  Clover  and 
Wood-sorrel ;  so  as  to  resemble  a  cordate  leaf  (Fig.  99)  inverted. 

Cuspidate,  tipped  with  a  sharp  and  rigid  point;  as  in  Fig.  110. 

Mucronate,  abruptly  tipped  with  a  small  and  short  point,  like  a 
projection  of  the  midrib;  as  in  Fig.  111. 

Aristate,aivn-pointcd,  and  bristle-pointed,  are  terms  used  when  this 
mucronate  point  is  extended  into  a  longer  bristle-form  or  other 
slender  appendage. 

The  first  six  of  tlieie  terms  can  be  applied  to  the  lower  as  well  as 
to  the  upper  end  of  a  leaf  or  other  organ.  The  others  belong  to 
the  apex  only. 


FIG.  103  - 1 1 1.    FormB  of  the  apex  of  loaves. 


LESSON  9.] 


filMl'LK    AND    C'OMPOLNU    LKAVES. 


CI 


LESSON   IX. 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    M'.AVKS    AS    I'OMAOK. SIMIMJ-:    AND    COM- 
POUND  m:avi:s,  stipulks,  etc. 


154.  In  the  foregoing  Lesson  leaves  have  been  treated  of  in  their 
simplest  form,  namely,  as  eonsisting  of  a  single  blade.  But  in  many 
cases  the  leaf  is  divided  into  a  number  of  separate  bhules.     Tiiat  is, 

155.  Leaves  arc  cillier  Simple  or  Compoimtl.    They  are  srid  to  be 

simple,  when  the  blade  is  all  of  one  piece  :  they  are  compound,  when 
the  blade  consists  of  two  or  more  separate  pieces,  borne  upon  a 
common  leaf-stalk.  And  between  these  two  kinds  every  interme- 
diate gradation  is  to  be  met  with.  This  will  appear  as  we  proceed 
to  notice  the  j)rincipal 

1 50.  Forms  of  Leaves  as  to  particular  Oiitliiic  or  degree  of  division. 

In  this  respect,  leaves  are  said  to  be 

Entire,  when  their  general  outline  is  completely  fdled  out,  so  that 
the  margin  is  an  even  line,  without  any  teeth  or  notches  ;  as  in 
Fig.  83,  84,  100,  &c. 

Serrate,  or  saw-toothed,  when  the  margin  only  is  cut  into  sharp 
teeth,  like  those  of  a  saw,  and  jwinting  forwards;  as  in  Fig.  112: 
also  DO,  &c. 


A>j,% 


Dentdtc,    or    toot/ird,    when 
of  forwards;  as  in  Fig.  113. 


such    teeth    point  outwards,   instead 


FIG.   11'J-1I7.     KiiiJs  uf  martin  i>no5 

6 


62  MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [lKSSON  9. 

Crenatc,  or  scalloped,  when  tlic  teeth  are  broad  and  rounded  ;  as 
in  Fig.  114,  101. 

JRepand,  undulate,  or  wav)/,  wlien  the  margin  of  the  leaf  forms  a 
wavy  line,  bending  slightly  inwards  and  outwards  in  suceession ;  as 
in  Fig.  115. 

Sinuate,  wlien  the  margin  is  more  strongly  sinuous,  or  turned 
inwards  and  outwards,  as  in  Fig.  116. 

Incised,  ciU,  or  jagged,  when  the  margin  is  eut  into  sharp,  deep, 
and  irregular  teeth  or  incisions,  as  in  Fig.  117. 

157.  When  leaves  are  more  deeply  cut,  and  with  a  definite  number 
of  incisions,  4hey  are  said,  as  a  general  term,  to  be  lohed  ;  the  parts 
being  called  lobes.  Their  number  is  expressed  by  the  jjhrase  two- 
lohed,  three-lohed,  five-lobed,  many-lobed,  Sec,  as  the  case  may  be. 
AVhen  the  depth  and  character  of  the  lobing  needs  to  be  more  par- 
ticularly specified,  —  as  is  often  the  case,  —  the  following  terms  are 
employed,  viz. : 

Lobed,  when  the  incisions  do  not  extend  deeper  than  about  half- 
way between  the  margin  and  the  centre  of  the  blade,  if  so  far,  and 
are  more  or  less  rounded ;  as  in  the  leaves  of  the  Post-Oak,  Fig. 
118,  and  the  Hepatica,  Fig.  122. 

Cleft,  when  the  incisions  extend  half-way  down  or  more,  and 
especially  when  they  are  sharp,  as  in  Fig.  119,  123.  And  the 
phrases  two-cleft,  or,  in  the  Latin  form,  bifid ;  three-cleft,  or  trifid ; 
four-cleft,  or  quadrifid  ;  five-cleft,  or  quinquefid,  &;c. ;  or  many-cleft, 
in  the  Latin  form  midtifid,  —  express  the  number  of  the  segments, 
or  portions. 

Parted,  when  the  incisions  are  still  deeper,  but  yet  do  not  quite 
reach  to  the  midrib  or  the  base  of  the  blade  ;  as  in  Fig.  120,  124. 
And  the  terms  two-parted,  three-parted,  Sec.  express  the  number  of 
such  divisions. 

Divided,  Avhen  the  incisions  extend  quite  to  the  midrib,  as  in  the 
lower  part  of  Fig.  121  ;  or  to  the  leaf-stalk,  as  in  Fig.  125  ;  which 
makes  the  leaf  compound.  Here,  using  the  Latin  form,  the  leaf  is 
said  to  be  bisected,  trisected  (Fig.  125),  &c.,  to  express  the  number 
of  the  divisions. 

158.  In  this  way  the  degree  of  division  is  described.  We  may 
likewise  express  the  mode  of  division.  The  notches  or  incisions, 
being  places  where  the  green  pulp  of  the  blade  has  not  wholly  filled 
up  the  framework,  correspond  Avith  the  veining ;  as  we  perceive 
on  comparing  the  figures  118  to  121  Avith  figures  122  to  125.     The 


I.K9SON   9.] 


rrtlMCI)    OU    DIVIDIII)    LKAVKS. 


G3 


upper  row  of  fi^nircs  consist.-?  of  frd/hrr-reiiiPil.  or,  in  Latin  form, 
j)innatp/i/-vi-ine(l  leiives  (Uo);  the  lower  row,  of  railiafe-reined  or 
puhnatcly-vei ned  leaves  (1-lG). 


1.j9.  In  the  upper  row  the  incisions  all  point  towards  the  midrib, 
from  which  the  main  veins  arise,  the  incisions  (or  sinuses)  being 
between  the  main  veins.  That  is,  being  phinately  veined,  such 
leaves  are  jjinnatehj  lobed  (Fig.  118),  pinnately  cleft,  or  ptnnatifid 
(Tig.  119),  pinnntely  parted  (Fig.  1"20),  or  jiinnately  divided  (Fig. 
121),  according  to  the  deptli  of  tiie  incisions,  as  just  defined. 

ICO.  In  the  lower  row  of  figures,  as  the  main  veins  or  ribs  all 
proceed  from  the  base  of  the  blade  or  the  summit  of  the  leaf-stalk,  so 
the  incisions  all  jHjint  in  that  direction.  Tiiat  is,  pnlmoteh/-\ij'uu'i\ 
leaves  are  palmotely  lobed  (Fig.  122),  pahnately  cleft  (Fig.  12.'^), 
pnlmately  parted  (  Fig.  1 24 ),  or  palmatehj  dirided  (  Fig.  1 2.3 ).  Some- 
times, instead  of  pahnately,  we  say  digitutcly  cleft,  &:c.,  which  means 
just  the  same. 

101.  To  be  still  more  particular,  the  number  of  the  lol>es,  !cc. 
may  come  into  the  phrase.  Thus,  Fig.  122  is  a  palnnitely  three- 
lubcd ;  Fig.  \'2l^,  ii  palmately  thrre-rlefi  ;  Fig.  \2A,  n  pnlmately  three- 
parted  ;  Fig.  12.'),  i\  paliiKttc/y  t/trec-divided,  or  trisected,  ]t:ni'.     The 

r'G.    1 18  -  121.     Pilinaloly  I«l¥><f,  rloft,  p.irtril,  nn<l  itiviiT«>«r  lon^-wi. 

PIG.  12}  -  125.     raliuatcljr  cr  Uigitatcly  k>bcd,  clett,  parted,  and  di%ide(l  teaven. 


64 


MORrUOI.OGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [lESSON  9* 


Sugar-Maple  and  the  Biittonwood  (Fig.  50)  haxc  palmatcly  Jii^C" 
lobed  leaves ;  tlie  Soft  \f  \niii-Mi\\)\(i  jjcihnatelij  Jive-parted  leaves;  and 
so  on.  And  in  the  other  sort,  the  Post-Oak  has  pinnatdy  seven- 
to  nine-Iohed  leaves  ;  the  Red-Oak  commonly  has  pinnately  seven-  to 
nine-cleft  leaves,  &;c.,  &;c. 

162.  The  divisions,  lobes,  &c,  may  themselves  be  entire  (without 
teeth  or  notches,  loG),  as  in  Fig.  118,  122,  &c. ;  or  serrate  (Fig. 
124),  or  otherwise  toothed  or  incised  (Fig.  121 ) ;  or  else  lobed,  cleft, 
parted,  &c. :  in  the  latter  cases  making  tivice  pinnatijid,  twice  pal- 
viately  or  pinnately  lobed,  parted,  or  divided  leaves,  &;c.  From  these 
illustrations,  the  student  will  perceive  the  plan  by  which  the  bota- 
nist, in  two  or  three  words,  may  describe  any  one  of  the  almost 
endlessly  diversified  shapes  of  leaves,  so  as  to  convey  a  perfectly 
clear  and  definite  idea  of  it. 

103.  Compound  Leaves.  These,  as  already  stated  (155),  do  not 
differ  in  any  absolute  way  from  the  divided  form  of  simple  leaves. 
A  compound  leaf  is  one  which  has  its  blade  in  two  or  more  entirely 
separate  parts,  each  usually  with  a  sfalklet  of  its  own :  and  the  stalk- 
let  is  often  jointed  (or  articulated)  with  the  main  leaf-stalk,  just  sis 
this  is  jointed  with  the  stem.     When  this  is  the  case,  there  is  no 


doubt  that  the  leaf  is  compound.  But  when  the  pieces  have  no 
stalklets,  and  are  not  jointed  with  the  main  leaf-stalk,  the  leaf  may 
be  considered  eillier  as  simple  and  divided,  or  compound,  according 
to  the  circumstanced. 


FIG.   ]2f).     Pinnate  with   an   odd  leaflet,   or  odd-pinnate. 
128.  Abruptly  pitiaata  leaf. 


127.  Pinnate  with  a  tendril 


LKSSON  9.] 


COMPOUND   LKAVE3. 


65 


ir.l.  The  separate  pieces  or  little  blailes  of  a  conipniind  leaf  are 
called  leajh-ts. 

IG.').  Compomid  leaves  are  of  two  principal  kind-,  namely,  the 
piniiatp  and  iUo.  pulmate  ;  answering  to  tin-  two  modes  of  veinin;:  in 
reticulated  leaves  (145-  147),  and  to  tiie  two  t^orts  of  lobed  or  di- 
vided leaves  (158,  159). 

IGG.  Pinnate  leaves  are  those  in  which  the  leaflets  are  arranged 
on  the  sides  of  a  main  leaf-stalk  ;  as  in  Fig.  12G-128.  They  answer 
to  the  feat/icr-veincd  {\.v.  ptnn(ttclij-vcined)  simple  leaf;  as  will  be 
seen  at  once,  on  comparing  Fig.  12G  with  the  figures  118  to  121. 
The  leajlets  of  the  former  answer  to  the  loJ)es  or  dirisions  of  Jhc 
latter;  and  the  continuation  of  the  petiole,  along  which  the  leaflets 
are  arranged,  answers  to  the  midrib  of  the  simple  leaf. 

1G7.  Three  sorts  of  pinnate  leaves  are  here  given.  Fig.  12G  is 
pinnate  with  an  odd  or  end  leaflet,  as  in  the  Common  Locust  and 
tlie  A>ii.  Fig.  127  is  pinnate  with  a  tendril  at  the  end,  in  place  of 
the  odd  leaflet,  as  in  the  Vetches  and  the  Pea,  Fig.  128  is  abruptly 
pinnate,  having  a  pair  of  leaflets  at  the  end,  like  the  rest  of  the  leaf- 
lets ;  as  in  the  IIoney-Locust. 

IGH.  Palmate  (also  named  digitate)  leaves  are  those  in  wliicli  the 
leaflets  are  all  borne  on  the  very  tip  of  tUe  leaf-stalk,  as  in  the 
Lupine,  the  Common  Clover  (Fig.  13G),  tT.e  Virginia  Creeper  (Fig. 
G2),  and  the  Ilorsechestnut  and  Buckeye  (Fig.  129).  They  answer 
to  the  radiate-veined  or  j^ahnateli/- 
veined  simple  leaf;  as  is  seen  by 
comparing  Fig.  13G  with  the  figures 
122  to  125.  That  is,  the  Clover- 
leaf  of  three  leaflets  is  the  same  as 
;i  jjalmately  three-ribbed  leaf  cut 
into  three  separate  leaflets.  And 
such  a  simple  five-Iobed  leaf  jxs  that 
of  the  .Sugar-^Ia[)le,  if  more  cut,  so 
as  to  sei)arate  the  parts,  would  pro- 
duce a  i)almate  leaf  of  five  leaflets, 
like  that  of  the  Ilorsechestnut  or  Duckeye  (Fig.  129). 

1C9.  Either  sorf  of  compound  leaf  may  have  any  number  of  leaf- 
lets ;  though  palmate  leaves  cannot  well  li:ive  a  great  manv,  since 
they  are  all  crowded  together   on   the   end  of.  the  main  leaf-stalk. 


FI«.  129      ralmalc  leaf  of  rtvc  Icnilcis,  of  Uie  Swocl  Uuckryo. 
G* 


66 


MORniOLOGT    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [lesSON  9. 


Some  Lupines  have  nine  or  eleven  ;  the  Ilorsec-liestnut  has  seven, 
the  Sweet  Buekeje  more  commonly  five,  tlie  Clover  three.  A  pin- 
nate leaf  often  has  only  seven  or  live  leaflets,  as  in  the  Wild  Bean 
or   Groundnut;    and  in  the  Common   Bean  it  has  only  three;  in 

some  rarer  cases  only  two  ;  in 
the  Orange  and  Lemon  only 
one!  The  joint  at  the  place 
where  the  leaflet  is  united  with 
the  petiole  alone  distinguishes 
this  last  case  from  a  simple 
leaf.* 

170.  The  leaflets  of  a  com- 
pound leaf  may  be  either  entire 
(as  in  Fig.  126-128),  or  ser- 
rate,  or    lobed,    cleft,    parted, 
^.  &c. :    in  fact,  they  may  pre- 
sent all  the  variations  of  simple 
leaves,    and    the   same    terms 
^Zj^£^  equally  apply  to  them. 
Ni^^^^V       17  L  When  this  division  is 
(£(L_  carried  so  far  as  to  separate 
::>^x     A^hat  would  be  one  leaflet  into 
t^\o,  three,  or  several,  the  leaf 
becomes  doubly  or  twice  com- 
pound, either  pinnateJy  or pal- 
'^^  matehj,   as  the    case    may  be. 

For  example,  while   some   of  the  leaves  of  the  Hone} -Locust  are 
simphj  pinnate,  that  h,  once  pinnate,  as  in  Fig.  128,  the  greater  part 


*  "Wlicn  tlic  botanist,  in  describing  leaves,  wislics  to  express  tlic  numl)er  (f 
leaflets,  lie  may  use  terms  like  tliesc  :  — 

Uiiifoliulate,  for  a  eomj)Oun(l  leaf  of  a  single  leaflet;  from  tlie  Latin  uiuim,  ono, 
and  foliolum,  leaflet. 

BifoUolalt',  of  two  leaflets,  from  the  Latin  his,  twice,  nndjhliolmti,  leaflet. 

Trifuliolatc  (or  termite),  of  three  leaflets,  as  the  Clover ;  and  so  on. 

Wiien  he  would  express  in  one  phrase  both  the  number  of  leaflets  and  the  way 
the  leaf  is  compound,  he  writes  :  — 

Palmotcli/  hljbliolale,  trlfollulalc,  jiliirijoliokitc  (of  several  leaflets),  &c.,  or  else 

Pinnatilij  hi-,  tri-,  (jiiadri-,  or  pinri-fuliolalc  (that  is,  of  two,  three,  four,  five,  or 
several  leaflets),  as  the  ^asc  mav  be. 


FIG.  130.     A  twice-pinnate  (abruptly)  leaf  of  the  Honev-Lt>cnst, 


LlCSdON  O.J 


rKIlKOI.IATK    I.KAVKS,    KTC 


67 


are  hipinnatc,  i.  o.  twice  piniiafr,  a^  in  Fi;_'.  l')0.  If  tliPso  Ic^aflota 
■vvt-n;  again  (li\  idfd  in  llio  same  way,  tin;  leaf  would  hvvxmm  l/irice 
pinnate,  or  tripinnalc,  as  in  many  Acac'ias.  Tiie  first  divisions  are 
vnWcd  pi lUKr  ;  the  oxhor^^,  pinnules ;  and  the  last,  or  little  Mados, 
ivdjiets. 

172.  So  till!  palmate  leaf,  if  again  compounded  in  the  same  w.ay, 
becomes  twice  pnlmatc,  or,  as  we  say  when  the  divisions  are  in 
threes, /M'/Ve  tcrnate  (in  Latin  form  hitcrnate)  ;  if  a  third  time  com- 
pounded, thrice  tcrnate  or  tritcrnatc.  liut  if  the  division  goes  still 
furtluT,  or  if  the  degree  is  variable,  Ave  simply  say  that  the  leaf  is 
decowpound ;  either  palmately  or  pinnat«'ly  so,  as  tlie  case  may  be^ 
Thus,  Fig.  108  represents  a  lour  times  ternately  coin[X)ini<l,  in  other 
•words  a  ternatclif  decompound,  leaf  of  our  common  jNIeadow  Rue. 

170.  So  exceedingly  various  arc  the  kinds  and  shapes  of  leaves, 
that  we  have  not  yet  exhausted  the  sui)ject.  "We  have,  however, 
mentioned  the  j)rincipal  terms  used  in  descrii)ing  them.  ]\Iany 
others  will  be  found  in  the  glossary  at  the  end  of  the  volume.  Some 
peculiar  sorts  of  leaves  remain  to  be  noticed,  which  the  student  might 
not  well  understand  without  some  explanation  ;  such  as 

171.  Pcrfolialc  Leaves.  A  common  jind  simple  case  of  this  sort  is 
foinid  in  two  species  of  Uvuhu'ia  or  Bellwort,  where  the  stem  appears 
to  nni  through  the  bhule  of  the  leaf, 
near  one  end.  If  we  look  at  this  plant 
in  summer,  after  all  the  leaves  are 
formed,  we  may  see  the  meaning  of  this 
at  a  glance.  For  then  we  ofivn  find 
upon  the  same  stem  such  a  series  of 
leaves  as  is  given  in  Fig.  131  :  the  low- 
er leaves  are  perfoliate,  those;  next  aI)ove 
less  so  ;  then  some  (the  fourth  and  fifth) 
with  merely  a  heart-shaped  clasping 
base,  and  finally  one  that  is  merely 
sessile.  The  leaf,  we  perceive,  becomes  (^Z^ 
perlbliate  by  the  union  of  the  edges  of 
the  base  with  each  other  around  the 
stem  ;  just  as  the  shield-shaped  leaf.  Fig. 
102,  comes  from  the  union  of  the  edges  of  the  base  of  such  a  leaf 
;is    Fig.    101.     Of  the  same  sort   are   tlw;  up|)<'r  leaves   of  most   of 


nc.  ini.     leaves  nf  fvulnria  (nrllwort)  ;  llio  lower  oneii  perfoliato,  (Im  oUi«r«  merely 
ela.s|iiiig,  or  tlio  ii)i|>eriU(>Nl  only  dushIIo. 


68 


MOKPIIOLOGT    OF    LKAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [leSSON  0. 


the  true  Honeysuckles  (Fig.  132):  but  here  it  is  a  pnir  of  oppo- 
site leaves,  with  their  contiguous  broiul  bases  grown  togetlier,  wliich 
makes  what  seems  to  be  one  round  leaf,  with  the  stem  running 
through  its  centre.  This  is  seen  to  be  tlie  case,  by  comparing 
together  the  upper  and  the  lowest  leaves  of  the  same  brancli. 
Leaves  of  this  sort  are  said  to  be;  connnte-perfoUafe. 

^J^'^  175,  tquitant  Leaves.     While  ordinary 

leaves  spread  horizontally,  and  present 
one  face  to  the  sky  and  the  other  to  the 
eartli,  there  are  some  that  present  their 
tip  to  the  sky,  and  their  faces  right 
and  left  to  the  horizon.  Among  these 
are  the  cquitant  leaves  of  the  Iris  or 
Flower-de-Luce.  On  careful  ins{)ection 
we  shall  find  that  each  leaf  was  formed 
folded  together  kngtli- 
wise,  so  that  what 
would  be  the  upper 
surface  is  within,  and 
all  grown  together,  ex- 
cept next  the  bottom, 
,33  where  each  leaf  covers 

the  next  younger  one.  It  was  from  their  strad- 
dling over  each  other,  like  a  man  on  horseback  (as 
is  seen  in  the  cross-section.  Fig.  134),  that  Linnteus, 
with  his  lively  fancy,  called  these  equifant  leaves. 

176.  leaves  with  no  distinction  of  Petiole  and  Blaiie. 

The  leaves  of  Iris  just  mentioned  show  one  form 
of  this.  The  flat  but  narrow 
leaves  of  Jonquils,  Daffodils, 
and  the  like,  are  other  in- 
stances. Needle-shaped  leaves, 
like  those  of  the  Pine  (Fig. 
140),  Larch  (Fig.  139),  and 
Spruce,  and  the  aid-shaped 
as  well  as  the  scale-shaped 
leaves  of  Junipers,  Ked  Ce- 


FIG.  132.     Branrh  of  a  Yellow  Honeysuckle,  with  connate-perfoliate  leaves. 
FIG.  133.     Rootstock  and  equitant  leaves  of  Iris.    134.  A  section  across  the  claster  of 
leaves  at  the  bottom. 


LESSON  O.J 


riiii.r.oniA,  stipulks,  etc. 


dar,  and  Arbor- Vita^  (F'g-  135),  are  difTcrcnt  pxamplos.  Those 
last  are  leaves  serving  lor  lbliag(.',  but  having  jis 
little  spread  of  surl'aee  as  jHJSsiWle.  They  insdce 
up  for  this,  however,  by  their  inunense  nunjbei*s. 

177,  SoMietinies  ihc  pet iu/e  expands  and  flattens, 
and  takes  tlie  j)laee  of  the  blade  ;  as  in  innnenms 
Nt'W  Holland  Aeacias,  some  of  which  an;  now 
common  in  greenhouses.  Such  counterfeit  blades 
are  called  phyllodia, —  meaning  leaf-like  bodies. 
Tiiey  may  be  known  from  true  blades  by  their 
standing  edgewise,  their  margins  being  directed 
upwards  and  downwards  ;  while  in  true  blades  the 
faces  look  upwards  and  downwards ;  excepting  in 
equitant  leaves,  as  al- 
ready explained,  and 
in  those  which  are 
135  turned    edgewise  by 

a  twist,   such  as   those  of  the   Callis- 

temon  or  IJottle-brush   Flower  of  our 

greenhouses,  and   other   Dry  ]\I}rtlcs 

of  New  Holland,  cVc. 

178.  SlipnU'S,  the  pair  of  appendages 

Avhich  is  found  at  the  base  of  the  peti- 
ole in  many  leaves  (133),  should  also 

be  considered  in  respect  to  their  very 

varied  forms  and  appearances.     More 

commonly  they  appear  like  little  blades, 

on  each  side  of  the  leaf-stalk,  as  in  the 

Quince  (Fig.  83),  ami  more  strikingly 

in  the  Hawthorn  and  in  the  Pea.    Here 

they  remain  as  long  as  the  rest  of  the 

leaf,  and  serve  for  the  same  purpose 

as   the  bliule.     Very   commonly   they 

serve  for  bud-scales,  and  fall  of!"  when 

the  leaves  expand,  as  in  the  Fig-tree, 

and  the  Magnolia  (where  they  are  large  and  conspicuous),  or  soon 

FIG.  135.  Twip  of  Arhor-Vile,  with  itH  two  sorts  of  Ip.-ivcs  :  viz.  oome  awl-slin|><>il,  tiM 
olheM  Hc.ilc-liko  ;  tlip  Inner  on  the  liraiirlilrfi,  a. 

FIG.  13(i.  Lcifof  Red  flovir  :  't,  8li|mlos,  acJIioring  to  tlip  b.iso  of /.,  tlio  iwtiolo  :  fc.  Mads 
of  thrre  IcnflptH. 

FIG.  137.  Partof  Rtomnnd  Ic-if  ofrriiic«'B-F©«Uior  i^PolyRoiuiiii  oricntalo)  with  tlM>  uiiit<<<« 
■lioatliinR  KtipiilM  forming  a  Rhoath. 


70 


MORrnOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [leSSON  9. 


afterwards,  as  in  the  Tulip-tree.  In  the  Pea  the  stipules  make  a 
very  conspicuous  part  of  the  leaf;  while  in  the  Bean  they  are  quite 
small ;  and  in  the  Locust  they  are  i-educed  to  bristles  or  prickles. 
Sometimes  the  stipules  are  separate  and  distinct  (Fig.  83) :  often 
they  are  united  with  (he  base  of  the  leaf-stalk,  as  in  the  Rose  and 
the  Clover  (Fig.  13G):  and  sometimes  they  grow  together  by  both 
margins,  so  as  to  form  a  sheath  around  the  stem'  above  the  leaf,  as 
in  the  Buttonwood,  the  Dock,  and  almost  all  the  plants  of  the 
Polygonum  Family  (Fig.  137). 

179.  The  sheaths  of  Grasses  bear  the  blade  on  their  summit,  and 
therefore  represent  a  form  of  the  petiole.  The  small  and  thin  ap- 
pendage which  is  commonly  found  at  the  top  of  the  sheath  (called  a 
ligtjle)  here  answers  to  the  stipule. 


FIG.  138.     Ternately-dccompouiid  leaf  of  Meadow  Rue  (Tlialictrum  Cornuti). 


LESSON   10.]  AlIKANr.r.MKXT    OF    LKAVKS.  71 


LESSON    X. 

Tin:  AnRANr.r..Mi;.\T  or   lkavks. 

180.  UxniiK  tills  hciid  wo  ni;iy  roii>i(lcr,  —  1.  (he  arranpemont  of 
leaves  on  the  stem,  or  what  is  sotnetimes  called  rnYLLOTAXV  (from 
two  Greek  words  meaiiiii;^  leaf-order)  ;  and  2.  the  ways  in  which 
they  are  packed  together  in  tin;  bud,  or  their  vkknatkjn  (the  word 
meaninji  their  spring  state). 

ISl.  Pliyllotaxy.  As  already  explained  (18,  49),  leaves  are  ar- 
ranged on  the  .stem  in  two  princijjal  ways.     They  are  either 

Alternate  (Fig.  131,  143),  that  is,  one  after  another,  only  a  single 
leaf  arising  from  each  node  or  joint  of  the  stem;  or 

Opposite  (Fig.  147),  when  there  is  a  pair  of  leaves  on  each  joint 
of  the  stem ;  one  of  the  two  leaves  being  in  this  case  always  situ- 
ated exactly  on  the  opposite  sid(;  of  the  stem  from  the  other.  A 
third,  but  uncommon  arrangement,  may  be  added  ;  namely,  the 

Whorleil,  or  rerlicillale  (Fig.  148),  when  there  are  three  or  more 
leaves  in  a  circle  (trhorl  or  verticil)  on  one  joint  of  stem.  But  this 
is  only  a  variation  of  the  opposite  mode ;  or  rather  the  latter  ar- 
rangi-ment  is  the  same  as  the  whorled,  with  the  lunuber  of  the 
leaves  reduced  to  two  in  each  whorl. 

182.  Only  one  leaf  is  ever  produced  from  the  same  point.  When 
two  are  borne  on  the  same  joint,  they  are  always  on  opposite  sides 
of  the  stem,  that  is,  are  separated  by  half  the  circumference ;  when 
in  whorls  of  three,  four,  five,  or  any  other  number,  they  are  equally 
distril)uted  around  the  joint  of  stem,  at  a  distance  of  one  third,  one 
fourth,  or  one  fifth  of  the  circumfer- 
ence from  each  other,  according  to 
their  number.  So  they  always  liave 
tlie  greatest  jjossible  divergence  from 
each  other.  Two  or  more  leaves  be. 
longing  to  the  same  joint  of  stem 
never  stand  side  liy  siilc,  or  one 
aljove   the  other,   in   a   clii-tcr. 

183.  A\  iiat   are    called   clustered  or   fnsricled    leaves,   and    which 

Fl(i.  139.     C'lustrrpil  ur  faxciclvil  leaves  of  tlio  L.-irch 


ARRANGEMENT    OF    LEAVES    ON    TIIK    STEM       [lESSON  10. 


appear  to  be  so,  are  always  tlie  leaves  of  a  whole  branch  which 
remains  so  very  short  tliat  they  are  all  crowded  together  in  a 
bundle  or  rosette ;  as  in  the  spring  leaves  of  the  Barberry  and  of 
the  Larch  (Fig.  139).  In  these  cases  an  examination  shows  tliem 
to  be  nothing  else  than  alternate  leaves,  very  much  crowded  on  a 
short  spur ;  and  some  of  these  spurs  are  seen  in  the  course  of  the 
season  to  lengthen  into  ordinary  shoofs  with  scattered  alternate 
leaves.  So,  likewise,  each  cluster  of  two  or  three  needle-shaped 
leaves  in  Pitch  Pines  (as  in  Fig.  140),  or  of  five  leaves 
in  White  Pine,  answers  to  a  similar,  extremely  short 
branch,  springing  from  the  axil  of  a  thin  and  slender 
scale,  which  represents  a  leaf  of  tlie  main  shoot.  For 
Pines  produce  two  kinds  of  leaves;  —  1.  primary,  the 
proper  leaves  of  the  shoots,  not  as  foliage,  but  in  the 
shape  of  delicate  scales  in  spring,  which  soon  fall  away ; 
and  2.  secondary,  the  fascicled  leaves,  from  buds  in  the 
axils  of  the  former,  and  tliese  form  the  actual  foliage. 

184.  Spiral  AlTflllgcmcnt  of  Leaves.  If  we  examine  any 
alternate-leaved  stem,  we  shall  find  that  the  leaves  are 
placed  upon  it  in  symmetrical  order,  and  in  a  way  per- 
fectly uniform  for  each  species,  but  different  in  different 
plants.  If  we  draw  a  line  from  the  insertion  (i.  e.  the 
point  of  attachment)  of  one  leaf  to  that  of  the  next,  and 
so  on,  this  line  will  wind  spirally  around  the  stem  as  it 
rises,  and  in  the  same  species  will  always  have  just  the 
same  number  of  leaves  upon  it  for  each  turn  round  the 
stem.  That  is,  any  two  successive  leaves  will  always 
be  separated  from  each  other  by  just  an  equal  portion 
of  the  circumference  of  the  stem.  The  distance  in  heiffl/t  between 
any  two  leaves  may  vary  greatly,  even  on  the  same  shoot,  for  that 
depends  upon  the  length  of  the  infernndes  or  spaces  between  each 
leaf;  but  the  distance  as  measured  around  the  circumference  (in 
other  words,  the  angular  divergence,  or  angle  formed  by  any  two 
successive  leaves)  is  uniformly  the  same. 

185.  The  greatest  possible  divergence  is,  /)f  course,  where  the 
second  leaf  stands  on  exactly  the  opposite  side  of  the  stem  from  the 
first,  the  third  on  the  side  opposite  the  second,  and  therefore  over  the 


FIO.  140.  V\orc  of  a  hraiirliirt  of  Pitrli  Pinp,  will)  tlirrp  loavos  in  a  fai=rirlo  or  biindip,  in 
tlic  axil  of  a  lliin  prale  wliirli  aiiP\vnr<  to  a  i)iiiriar.\  Irnf.  Tlir  biiiuUr  is  surrounded  at  the 
base  by  a  sliort  shoatli,  forincd  of  llio  delicate  scales  of  tlio  axillary  bud. 


LESSOX   10.] 


IN    A    SIMIIAI 


73 


first,  and  llio  fourth  over  tliP  socoml.  This  brinpjs  all  the  h-avos  into 
two  ranks,  one  on  one  sitlc  of  the,  stem  and  one  on  tin-  oilier;  and 
is  therefore  called  the  two-ranked  arrangement.  It  occurs  in  all 
Grasses,  —  in  Indian  Corn,  for  instanee ;  also  in  the  Siiiderworl,  the 
lielhvort  (I'^ig.  1'>1)  and  Iris  (Kig.  132),  in  the  liasswood  or  Lime- 
tree,  ScQ.     This  is  the  simplest  of  all  arrangements. 

18G.  Ne.\t  to  this  is  the  three-ranked  arrangement,  such  as  \vc 
see  in  Sedges,  and  in  the  Veratrum  or  White  Ilellehore.  The  plan 
of  it  is  shown  on  a  Seclge  in  Fig.  141,  and  in  a  diagram  or  cross 
section  underneath,  in  Fig.  142.  Here  the 
second  leaf  is  placed  one  third  of  the  way 
round  the  stem,  the  third  leaf  two  thirds  of 
the  way  round,  the  fourth  leaf  accordingly 
directly  over  the  first,  the  fifth  over  the 
second,  and  so  on.  That  is,  three  leaves 
occur  in  each  turn  round  the  stem, and  they 
are  separated  from  each  other  by  one  third 
of  the  circumference. 

187.  The  next  and  one  of  the  most  com- 
mon is  the ^tT-ra?j/ter£  arrangement ;  which 
is  seen  in  the  Apple  (Fig.  143),  Cherry, 
Poplar,  and  th'^  greater  part  of  our  trees 
and  shrubs.  In  this  case  the  line  traced 
from  leaf  to  leaf  will  pass  twice  round  the 
stem  before  it  reaches  a  leaf  situated  di- 
rectly over  any  below  (Fig.  144).  Here 
the  sixth  leaf  is  over  the  first ;  the  leaves 
stand  in  five  perpendicular  ranks,  equally 
distant  from  each  other;  and  the  distance 
between  any  two  successive  leaves  is  just 
two  fifths  of  the  circumference  of  the  stem.  ua 

1S8.  The  five-ranked  arrangement  s  expressed  by  the  fraction  f. 
This  fraction  denotes  the  divergence  of  tlie  successive  leaves,  i.  e.  the 
angle  they  form  with  each  other :  the  numerator  also  expresses  the 
number  of  turns  made  round  the  stem  by  the  spiral  line  in  complet- 
ing one  cycle  or  set  of  leaves,  namely  if ;  and  the  denominator  gives 
the  immber  of  leaves  in  each  cycle,  or  the  number  of  perpendicular 

FK;.  1  II.  Pircp  of  the  stalk  of  n  .'^oilce.  with  (Iip  IpavpK  nit  awny,  lonvini;  thrir  tm^on  ; 
tlip  loavoH  arc  iiiiiiiliprpil  III  ordtT.  froin  '.  to  ("..  Wi.  Uiagraiii  or  crusi-aecliuu  of  Uio  aaiiift 
til  ill  Olio  iil.iiio  ;  tlic  lo.'iv»«  fiiiiilnrly  miiuborutl. 

7 


74 


ARUANGEMKNT    OF    LEAVES    ON    THE    STEM.       [lESSON  10. 


rank?,  namely  o.     In  the  same  Avay  the   fraction  J  stands  for  the 

two-ranked  mode,  and  ^  ibr  the  three-ranked :  and  so  these  different 

113  sorts  are  expressed  by  the  series  of  fractions  i, 

•J,  |.     And  tlie  otlier  cases  known  follow  in  the 

same  numerical  progression. 

18y.  The  next  is  the  eight-ranked  arrange- 
ment, where  the  ninth  leaf  stands  over  the  first, 
and  three  turns  are  made  around  the  stem  to 
reach  it;  so  it  is  expressed  by  the  fraction  g. 
This  is  seen  in  the  Holly,  and  in  the  common 
Plantain.  Then  comes  the  thirteen-ranked  ar- 
rangement, in  which  the  fourteenth  leaf  is  over 
the  first,  after  five  turns  around  the  stem.  Of 
this  we  have  a  good  example  in  the  common 
Ilouseleek  (Fig.  14G). 
190.  The  series  so  far, 
^  then,  is  ^,  ^,  1,1,1^-3 ;  the 

numerator  and  the  denomi- 
nator of  each  fraction  being 
those  of  the  two  next  pre- 
ceding ones  added  together. 
At  this  rate  the  next  higher 
should  be  ^\,  then  ^§,  and 
so  on  ;  and  in  fact  just  such 
.  cases  are  met  with,  and  (commonly)  no  others. 

n\  These  higher  sorts  are  found  in  the  Pine  Fam- 

ily, both  in  the  leaves  and  the  cones  (Fig.  324), 
and  in  many  other  plants  with  small  and  crowd- 
ed leaves.  But  the  number  of  the  ranks,  or  of 
leaves  in  each  cycle,  can  here  rarely  be  made 
out  by  direct  inspection :  they  may  be  ascer- 
tained, however,  by  certain  simple  mathematical 
computations,  which  are  rather  too  technical  for 
these  Lessons. 


FIO.  143.    glinot  with  its  leaves  .^-ranked,  the  sixth  leaf  ov^r  the  first ;  as  in  the  Apple-tree. 

riG.  111.  rtiagram  of  this  arraiigcmont,  willi  a  spiral  lino  drawn  froiri  the  attachment  of 
one  leaf  to  tlie  next,  and  so  on  ;  the  parts  on  the  side  tiiriie<l  fmni  the  eye  are  fainter. 

FIG.  1-15.  A  frronnil-plan  of  the  same  ;  the  section  of  tlie  leaves  similarly  nunihered  ;  a 
dotted  line  drawn  from  the  edire  of  one  leaf  to  that  of  tlie  next  completes  the  spiral. 

FIO.  lU).  A  yoiinfr  plant  of  tlie  llonscleek,  with  the  leaves  (not  yet  expanded)  numbered, 
and  cxhibiling  tlio  i:i-ranked  arrangement 


LESSON  10.]   ARRANT, EM ENT  OF  LEAVES  IX  THE  ni'I>.        75 

101.  Tlic  arran^romc-nt  of  opposite  leavrs  (1>*1)  is  usually  very 
pimple.  The  second  pair  is  placed  over  the  intervals  of  the  first; 
the  third  over  the  intervals  of  the  second,  and  so  on  (Fig.  147)  ;  the 
successive  pairs  thus  crossing  each  other.  — 
commonly  at  right  angles,  so  as  to  make  four 
upright  rows.  And  ichorkd  leaves  (Fig-  l-t-S) 
follow  a  similar  plan. 

192.  So  the  place  of  every  leaf  on  every  plant 
is  fixed  beforehand  by  unerring  mathematical 
rule.  As  the  stem  grows  on,  leaf  after  leaf  ap- 
pears exactly  in  its  predes- 
tined place,  producing  a  per- 
fect symmetry;  —  a  symme- 
try which  manifests  itself  not 
in  one  single  monotonous 
pattern  for  all  plants,  but  in 
n  definite  number  of  forms 
exhibited  by  different  spe- 
cies, and  arithmetically  ex- 
pressed by  the  series  of  frac- 
tions, 4^,  .},  f,  |,  yV*  v\,  &c.,  according  as  the  formative  energy  in 
its  spiral  course  up  the  developing  stem  lays  down  at  corresponding 
intervals  2,  3,  '),  8,  13,  or  21  ranks  of  alternate  leaves. 

rj.'3.  Vernation,  sometimes  called  PrcpfuUation,  relates  to  the  way 
in  which  leaves  arc  disposed  in  the  bud  (180).  It  comprises  two 
things  ;  —  1st,  the  way  in  which  each  separate  leaf  is  folded,  coiled,  or 
packed  up  in  the  bud;  and  2d,  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  in  the 
bud  with  respect  to  one  another.  The  latter  of  course  depends  very 
much  upon  the  jdiyllotaxy,  i.  e.  the  position  and  order  of  the  leaves 
u|)on  the  stem.  The  same  terms  are  used  for  it  as  for  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  leaves  of  the  flower  in  the  flower-bud :  so  we  may  pass 
them  Ity  until  we  come  to  treat  of  the  flower  in  tliis  res])ect. 

]'.•  1.  As  to  each  i<af  separatelv.  it  is  sometimes  straight  and 
open  in  vernation,  but  more  conmionly  it  is  either  hont,  folded,  or 
rolled  lip.  When  the  upper  part  is  bent  down  upon  the  lower, 
as  the  young  blade  in  the  Tulip-free  is  bent  upon  the  leaf-talk, 
it  is  said  to  be  xnjlexed  or  reclined  in  vernation.      "When   folded 


Fir,.  1 17. 

FIG,  l-Jd. 


0|)|)(isil(<  Ipnvos  (if  the  S|>imllr-trr(-  or  rtiiriiinc-hNsI). 
WliorloU  ur  vcrlicillato  loavcn  urualiuin  or  llcd»trAw. 


7G     ARUANGEMENT  OF  FLOWERS  ON  THE  STEM.   [LESSON  11. 

by  the  midrib  so  that  the  two  halves  are  placed  face  to  face,  it  is 
conduplicate  (Fig.  149),  as  in  the  Magnolia,  the  Cherry,  and  the 
Oak  :  when  folded  back  and  forth  like  the  plaits  of  a  fan,  it  is  plicate 
or  plaited  (Fig.  150),  as  in  the  Maple  and  Currant.  If  rolled, 
it  may  be  so  either  from  the  tip  downwards,  as  in  Ferns  and  the 
Sundew  (Fig.  154),  when  in  unrolling  it  resembles  the  head  of  a 
crosier,  and  is  said  to  be  circinate  ;  or  it  may  be  rolled  up  parallel 
with  the  axis,  either  from  one  edge  into  a  coil,  when  it  is  convolute 
(Fig.  151),  as  in  the  Apricot  and  Plum,  or  rolled  f.om  both  edges 
towards  the  midrib;  —  sometimes  inwards,  when  it  is  involute  (Fig. 
152),  as  in  the  Violet  and  AVater-Lily  ;  sometimes  outwards,  when 
it  is  revolute  (Fig.  153),  in  the  Rosemary  and  Azalea.  The  figures 
are  diagrams,  representing  sections  through  the  leaf,  in  the  way 
they  were  represented  by  Linnteus. 


LESSON   XL 


THE    ARPaNGEMENT    OF    FLOWERS    ON    THE    STEM,    OR    INFLO- 
RESCENCE. 

195.  Thus  far  we  have  been  considering  the  vegetation  of  the 
plant,  and  studying  those  parts,  viz.  root,  stem,  and  leaves,  by  which 
it  increases  in  size  and  extent,  and  serves  the  purpose  of  its  indi- 
vidual life.  But  after  a  time  each  plant  produces  a  different  set  of 
organs,  —  viz.  flowers,  fruit,  and  seed,  —  subservient  to  a  different 
purpose,  that  is,  the, increase  in  numbers,  or  the  continuance  of  the 


LESSOX   11.]  INDKTKRMINATK    INKLORF.SCF.NCK. 


77 


pporios.  Tlifi  plnnt  reproduces  itself  in  new  imlividuals  l»y  seed. 
Therefore  the  seed,  and  tlie  fntil  in  whieh  tiie  seed  i.s  formed,  jind 
the  Jlower,  from  which  the  fruit  results,  sire  named  the  Organs  of 
Reproduction  or  Frurfi'Jication.  These  we  may  examine  in  succes- 
sion. "We  begin,  of  course,  with  the  flower.  And  the  first  thing  to 
consider  is  the 

11)0.  Illflnresi'fllCf,  or  tiie  mo.le  of  flowering',  that  is,  the  situation 
an<l  arrangement  of  blossoms  on  the  plant.  Various  as  this  arrange- 
ment may  seem  to  be,  all  is  governed  by  a  simple  law,  which  is 
easily  understood.  As  the  position  of  every  leaf  is  fixed  beforehand 
by  a  mathematical  law  which  prescribes  where  it  shall  stand  (192), 
8o  is  that  of  every  blossom;- — and  by  the  same  law  in  both  cases. 
For  flowers  are  buds,  developed  in  a  particular  way ;  and  flower- 
buds  occupy  the  position  of  leaf-buds,  and  no  other  As  leaf-buds 
are  either  termiiml  (at  the  summit  of  a  stem  or  branch,  42),  or 
axillary  (in  the  axil  of  a  leaf,  43),  so  likewise 

197.  Flowers  are  either  terminal  ov  a xilhry.  In  blossoming  as 
in  vegetation  we  Iiave  only  buds  terminating  (i.  e.  on  the  summit  of) 
stems  or  branches,  and  buds  from  the  axils  of  leaves.  But  while 
the  same  plant  commonly  produces  both  kinds  of  leaf-buds,  it  rarely 
bears  flowers  in  both  situations.  These  are  usually  either  all  axil- 
lary or  all  terminal;  —  giving  rise  to  two  classes  of  inflorescence, 
viz.  the  dt'termiiKite  and  the  indeterminate. 

198.  IlulrlpnililiatC  IllflnrPSCfllCf;  is  that  where  the  flowers  all  arise 
from  axillary  buds;  as  in  Fig.  lo5,  laO,  lo7,  cV:c. ;  and  the  reason 
why  it  is  called  indetermi-  ^     ,.-^  • 


nate  (or  indefinite)  is,  that 
while  the  axillary  buds 
give  rise  to  flowers,  the 
terminal  bud  goes  on  to 
grow,  and  contimies  the 
stem   indeflnitely. 

III',).  Wiiere  the  flowers  arise,  as 
axils  (if  the  ordinary  leaves  of  the  | 
dusters,  but  are  r/./-//A//-//  and  sn/i/iin/. 
flowers  are  jjrodueed  near  lach  <ilher,  the  accompanying  leaves  arc 
usually  of  smaller  size,  and  often  of  a  different  shape  or  character: 
then  thev  are  called  bracts  ;  and  the  flowers  thus  brouiiht  to-rether 


Fi.LT.  1  •"»•").  sinjrly  from  the 
It,  tiiey  do  not  Ibnn  llower- 
Ihit  when  sevend  or  many 


Moneywort  (I.ysimnrlii.i  niiiiiiiiiilana)  of  tlio  car(l(>n!<,  willi  .iiillnry  tin 


78     ARUANGKMENT  OF  FLOWERS  ON  THE  STEM.   [lESSON  11. 

form  one  cluster  or  inflorescence.     The  sorts  of  inflorescence  of  the  . 
indi'tenninate  chiss  which  have  received  separate  names  are  chiefly 
the  following:   viz.  tlie  Haceme,  the  Cori/mb,  the  Umbel,  the  Spike, 
the  Head,  the  Spadix,  the  Catkin,  and  the  Panicle. 

200.  Before  illustrating  these,  one  or  two  terms,  of  common  oc- 
currence, may  be  defined.  A  flower  (or  other  body)  which  has  no 
stalk  to  supjiort  it,  but  which  sits  directly  on  the  stem  or  axis  it  pro- 
ceeds from,  is  said  to  be  sessile.  If  it  has  a  stalk,  this  is  called  its 
peduncle.  If  the  whole  flower-cluster  is  raised  on  a  stalk,  this  is 
called  the  peduncle,  or  the  common  peduncle  (Fig.  156, />) ;  and  the 
stalk  of  each  particular  flower,  if  it  have  any,  is  called 
the  pedicel  or  partial  peduncle  (p').  The  portion 
of  the  general  stalk  along  which  flowers  are  dis- 
posed is  called  the  axis  of  infiorescence,  or,  when  cov- 
ered with  sessile  flowers,  the  rhachis  (back-bone),  and 
sometimes  the  receptacle.  The  leaves,  of  a  flower- 
cluster  generally  are  termed  bracts.  But  when  we 
wish  particularly  to  distinguish  them,  those  on  the 
peduncle,  or  main  axis,  and  which  havis  a  flower  in 
their  axil,  take  the  name  of  bracts  (Fig.  156,  b) ;  and 
those  on  the  pedicels  or  partial  flower-stalks,  if  any, 
that  ofbractlets  (Fig.  156,  b'). 

201.  A  RaCPniC  (Fig.  156, 157)  is  that  form  of  flower- 
,    ,_-.      cluster  in  which  the  flowers,  each  on  their  own  foot- 
X--A  stalk  or  pedicel,  are  arranged  along  a  common  stalk 

or  axis  of  inflorescence  ;  as  in  the  Lily  of  the  Valley, 
Currant,  Choke-Cherry,  Barberry,  &c.     Each  flower 
comes  from  the  axil  of  a  small  leaf,  or  bract,  which, 
^  however,  is  often  so  small  that  it  might  escape  notice, 

and  which  sometimes  (as  in  the  Mustard  Family)  disappears  alto- 
gether. The  lowest  blossoms  of  a  raceme  are  of  course  the  oldest, 
and  therefore  open  first,  and  the  order  of  blossoming  is  ascending, 
from  the  bottom  to  the  top.  The  summit,  never  being  stopped  by 
a  terminal  flower,  may  go  on  to  grow,  and  often  does  so  (as  in  the 
common  Shepherd's  Purse),  producing  lateral  flowers  one  after  an- 
other the  whole  summer  long. 

202.  All  the  various  kinds  of  flower-clusters  jiass  one  into  another 


FIG.   150      A  Raceme,  with  a  general  peduncle  (p),  pedicels  (//),  l)racts  (i),  and  bract- 


LKSSON    ll.j  RACEMK,    COUYMB,    UMBKL,    ETC. 


79 


by  intorm«'<li:ite  pradations  of  every  port.  F<ir  instance,  if  we 
lengthen  the  lower  pedicels  of  a  raceme,  and  keep  the  main  axis 
rather  short,  it  is  converted  into 

203.  A  Corymb  (Fig.  ir>8).  This  is  the  same  as  a  raceme,  except 
that  it  is  fiat  and  i)r()a<l,  either  convex,  or  level-topped,  as  in  the 
Ilawfhorn,  owing  to  the  lengthening  of  the  lower  pedicels  while  the 
uppermost  remain  shorter. 

204.  The  main  axis  of  a  corymb  is  short,  at  least  in  comparison 
witii  the  lower  pedicels.  Only  suppose  it  to  be  so  much  contracted 
that  th(!  bracts  are  all  brought  into  a  cluster  or  circle,  and  the 
corymb  becomes 

205.  All  I'inbcl  (Fig.  150),  —  as  in  the  Milkweed  and  Primrose, 
—  a  sort  of  Hower-eluster  Avhere  the  jK'dicels  all  spring  apparently 
from  the  sanie  point,  from  the  top  of  the  peduncle,  so  as  to  resemble, 
when  spreading,  the  rays  of  an  imibrella,  whence  the  name.  Here 
the  pedicels  are  sometimes  called  the  rays  of  the  unil)el.  ^nd  the 
bracts,  when  brought  in  this  way  into  a  cluster  or  circle,  form  what 
is  called  an  involKcre. 


I 


20G.  For  the  snme  reason  that  the  order  of  blossoming  in  a  ra- 
ceme is  ascending  (201),  in  the  corymb  and  umbel  it  is  centripetal, 
that  is,  it  proceeds  from  the  margin  or  circumference  regularly  to- 
wards the  centre;  the  lower  flowers  of  the  former  answering  to  the 
outer  ones  of  the  latter.  Indeterminate  inflorescence,  therefore,  is 
said  to  be  centri|)efal  in  evolution.  And  by  having  this  order  of 
blossoming,  all  the  sorts  may  be  distinguished  from  those  of  the 
other,  or  the  determinate  class.  In  all  the  foregoing  cases  the 
flowere  are  raised  on  pciliccls.  Tliese,  however,  are  very  short  in 
many  instances,  or  arc  wnntiiig  altogether;  when  the  flowers  are 
tessilc   (2(M>).      They  are   so  in 

FKi.  IjT.     a  raronio.     l.'>8.  A  forynil).     i:>0.   An  iiinhcl 


80 


ARRANGEMENT    OF    FLOWERS    ON    THE    STEM.       [lESSON  11. 


207.  The  Spike,  This  is  a  flower-cluster  with  a  more  or  les& 
lengthened  axis,  along  which  the  flowers  are  sessile  or 
nearly  so;  as  in  the  Mullein  and  the  Plantain  (Fig.  IGO), 
It  is  just  the  same  as  a  raceme,  therefore,  without  any 
pedicels  to  the  flowers. 

208.  The  Head  is  a  round  or  roundish  cluster  of  flowers 
which  are  sessile  on  a  very  short  axis  or  receptacle,  as  in 
the  Button-ball,  Button-bush  (Fig.  IGl),  and  Red  Clover. 
It  is  just  what  a  spike  would  become  if  its  axis  were 
shortened ;  or  an  umbel,  if  its  pedicels  were  all  shortened 
until  the  flowers  became  sessile  or  apparently  so.  The 
head  of  the  Button-bush  (Fig.  IGl)  is  naked  ;  but  that  of 
the  Thistle,  of  the  Dandelion,  the  Cichory  (Fig.  221), 
and  the  like,  is  surrounded  by  empty  bracts,  which  form 

W         an  involucre.     Two  particular  forms  of  the  spike  and  the 
,    head  have  received  particular  names,  namely,  the  Spadix 

""'  and  the  Catkin. 

209.  A  Spadix  is  nothing  but  a  fleshy  spike  or  head,  with  small 
and   often  imperfect  flowers,  as  in   the   Calla,  the  Indian   Turnip 


(Fig.  1G2),  Sweet  Flag,  &c.     It  is  commonly  covered  by  a  peculiar 
enveloping  leaf,  called  a  spatlic. 


FIO.  IfiO.     Spike  of  the  common  Plantain  or  Ribwort. 

FIG.  161.     Head  of  the  Butfon-lmsh  (Ceplialanthiis). 

FIG.  162.     Spadix  and  spaihe  of  the  Indian  Turnip  ;  the  latter  cut  through  below. 


LESSON   11.]  DKTKUMINATE    INFLORIlSCKNCE- 


81 


210.  A  Calkin  or  Amcill  id  the  nanic  given  to  the  scaly  sort  of  spiko 
of  the  Birch  and  Alder,  the  Willow  and  Poplar,  and  one  sort  of 
flower-chisters  of  the  Oak,  Hickory,  and  the  like ;  —  on  which  ac- 
count these  are  called  Amentaceous  trees. 

211.  Sometimes  these  forms  of  flower-clusters  become  compound. 
For  example,  the  stalks  which,  in  the  simple  umljel  such  ,ns  hjis 
been  described  (Fig.  150),  are  the  pedicels  of  single  flowers,  may 
themselves  branch  in  the  same  way  at  the  top,  and  so  each  become 
the  support  of  a  smaller  umbel;  as  is  the  case  in  the  Parsnip,  Cara- 
way, and  almost  the  whole  of  the  great  family  of  what  are  called 
UinbeHlferous  (i.  e.  umbel-bearing)  plants.  Here  the  whole  is 
termed  a  compound  umbel;  and  the  smaller  or  partial  umbels  take 
the  name  in  Kiiglish  of  umbeUets.  The  general  involucre,  at  the 
base  of  the  main  umbel,  keeps  that  name ;  while  that  at  the  base 
of  each  umbellet  is  termed  a,  partial  involucre  or  an  involucel. 

212.  So  a  corymb  (Fig.  158)  with  jts  separate  stalks  branching 
again,  and  bearing  smaller  clusters  of  the  same 
sort,  is  a  compound  corymb;  of  which  the  Moun- 
tain Ash  is  a  good  example.  A  raceme  where 
what  would  be  the  pedicels  of  single  flowers 
become  stalks,  along  whic;h  flowers  are  disposed 
on  their  own  jiedicels,  forms  a  compound  raceme, 
as  in  the  Goat's-beard  and  the  False  Spikenard. 
But  when  what  would  liave  been  a  raceme  or  a 
corymb  branches  irregularly  into  an  oi)en  and 
more  or  less  compound  flower-cUister,  we  have 
what  is  called 

21.].  A  Pailirlc  (Fig.  1G3);  as  in  the  Oat  and 
in  most  eoiuinon  Gnisses.  Such  a  raceme  as  that 
of  the  diagram.  Fig.  15G,  would  be  changed  into 
a  jianicle  like  Fig.  1  ().'),  by  the  production  of  a 
flower  from  the  axil  of  each  of  the  bractlets  b. 

211.  A  Thyrsus  is  a  compact  panicle  of  a  pyram- 
idal or  oblong  shape;  such  as  a  bunch  of  grapes, 
or  the  cluster  of  the   Lilac  or  Ilorsechestnut. 
215.  DftmnillUtC  InfloresCPUrc  is  that  in  whuh  the  flowers  arc  from  . 
teriniiiiil  lunl-.      The    simple.-t  cjuse    is   where   a   stem   bears  a  soli- 
tary, terminal   llowcr,  as  in   Fig.   1G3*.      This  stoi>s   the  growth  of 


i 


FlU.  1G3.     .\  rai:icl« 


S&F— 5 


82  ARRANGEMENT    OF    FLOWERS    ON    THE    STEM.       [lESSON   11. 


the  stem ;  for  its  terminal  bud,  being  clianged  into  a  blossom,  can 
no  more  lengthen  in  the  manner  of  a  leaf-bud.     Any  further  growth 

b         a     b  c    b     c        a         e    b      c 


must  be  from  axillary  buds  developing  into  branches.  If  such 
branches  are  leafy  shoots,  at  length  terminated  by  single  blossoms, 
the  inflorescence  still  consists  of  solitary  flowers  at  the  summit  of  the 
stem  and  branches.  But  if  the  flowering  branches  bear  only  bracts 
in  ])lace  of  ordintvry  leaves,  the  result  is  the  kind  of  flower-cluster 
called 

21G.  A  Cyme.  This  is  commonly  a  flat-topped  or  con- 
vex flower-cluster,  like  a  corymb,  only  the  blossoms  are 
from  terminal  buds.  Fig.  16 1  illustrates  the  simplest 
cyme  in  a  plant  with  opposite  leaves,  namely,  with  three 
flowers.  The  middle  flower,  a,  terminates  the  stem ; 
the  two  others,  b  b,  terminate  short  branches,  one  from 
the  axil  of  each  of  the  uppermost  leaves ;  and  being 
.     .  later  than  the  middle  one,  the  flowering  proceeds  from 

\\  fiT'       the  centre  outwards,  or  is  centrifugal; — just  the  op- 
^'^  posite   of  the    indeterminate   mode,  or  that  where  all 

the  flower-buds  are  axilhiry.  If  flowering  branches 
appear  from  the  axils  below,  the  lower  ones  are  the 
later,  so  that  the  order  of  blossoming  continues  centrif- 
tigal  or  descending  (which  is  the  same  thing),  as  in  Fig.  166,  mak- 
ing a  sort  of  reversed  raceme;  —  a  kind  of  cluster  which  is  to  the 
true  raceme  just  what  the  flat  cyme  is  to  the  corymb. 

217.  Wherever  there  are  bracts  or  leaves,  buds  may  be  produced 
from  their  axils  and  appear  as  flowers.  Fig.  165  represents  the 
case  where  the  branches,  i  i,  of  Fig.  164,  each  with  a  pair  of  small 

FIG.  ]C3  a.  Diagram  of  an  opposite-leaved  plant,  with  a  sinfile  terminal  flowrr.  lf'4. 
Same,  witli  a  cyme  of  three  flowers  ;  a,  the  first  flower,  of  the  main  axis  ;  ft  ft,  iliose  of  hraurhcs. 
1C5.  Same,  with  flowers  of  the  third  order,  e  c.  IGC.  Same,  with  flowers  only  of  the  second 
order  from  all  the  axils  ;  the  central  or  uppermost  opening  first,  and  so  on  downwards. 


LESSON  11.]      SORTS  OK  KLO WKK-CI.TS TKUS.  88 

leaves  or  bnit'ts  al)Out  tlicir  iniddU',  have  bnuu-licd  apain,  and  pio- 
ducetl  the  branehlets  and  Howers  c  c,  on  earh  side.  It  is  tlie  con- 
tinued repetition  of  this  whicli  forms  the  full  or  compound  cyme, 
such  as  that  of  the  i.aiMii>tiiuis,  llobblebusli,  Dogwood,  and  lly- 
dran;;ea  (Fig.  1  •J'^)- 

2 IS.  A  Fascicle,  like  that  of  the  Sweet-William  and  Lychnis  of 
the  gardens,  is  only  a  cyme  with  the  flowers  much  crowded,  as  it 
were,  into  a  bundle. 

211).  A  GlonUTlllc  is  a  cyme  still  more  compacted,  so  as  to  form  a 
sort  of  head.  It  may  be  known  from  a  true  head  by  the  flowers 
not  expanding  centripetally,  that  is,  not  from  the  circumference  to- 
wards the  centre,  or  from  the  bottom  to  the  top. 

220.  The  iUu-itratioiis  of  determinate  or  cymose  inflorescence  have 
been  taken  from  plants  with  opposit(j  leaves,  which  give  rise  to  the 
most  regular  cymes.  But  the  Rose,  Cinriuefoil,  Buttercup,  and  the 
like,  with  alternate  leaves,  furnish  equally  good  examples  of  this 
class  of  flower-dusters. 

221.  It  may  be  useful  to  the  student  to  exhibit  the  principal  sorts 
of  inflorescence  iu  one  view,  in  the  manner  of  tlie  iuUowing 

Analysis  of  Flower-Clusters. 

I.    IXDETKnMIN.VTE    OR    CeXTKU'ETAL.    (198.) 

Simple  ;  ami  witli  tlic 

Flowers  l)orae  on  pedicels, 

Aloii{j  the  sides  of  a  lengthened  axis,  Racemt,  201- 

Along  a  short  axis  ;  lower  pedieels  lengthened,    Couy.mii,  203 

Clustered  on  an  extremely  short  axis,  Ujiuel,  205- 
Flowers  sessile,  without  pedieels  (206), 

Along  an  elongated  axis,  Spiki;,  207. 

On  a  very  short  axis,  IIeao,  208. 

with  their  varieties,  the  Si-adix,  209,  and  Catkin,  210. 

Branching  irngulaily,  Panicle,  213. 

with  its  variety,  the  Tuvusfs,  214. 

II.  Detkumixate  ou  Cextkikugal.  (215.) 

U|)on,  mostly  flat-topped  or  convex,  Cyme,  21C. 

Contracted  into  a  bundle,  Fascicle,  218. 

Contracted  into  a  sort  of  liead,  Glosierule,  219. 

222.  The  numbers  refer  to  the  j)aragraphs  of  this  Lesson.  The 
various  .«)rts  run  togctluM-  by  endless  gradalions  in  diilerent  ])laiifs. 
Tlie  l).>i;iiii>l  merely  designates  the  leading  kinds  by  particular 
Jiaine<.  Kvcn  the  two  classes  of  inflorescence  are  often  f(umd  com- 
billed  ill  tiiu  same  plant.      Fur  instance,  iu   the  whole  Mini  Faniiiv, 


84 


THE    FL0W1:R. 


[lesson  li 


the  flower-clusters  are  centrifugal,  that  is,  are  cymes  or  fascicles  ; 
but  they  are  themselves  commonly  disposed  in  spikes  or  racemes, 
which  are  centripetal,  or  develop  in  succession  from  below  up- 
wards. 


LESSON   XIL 

THE  flower:  its  parts  or  organs. 

223.  Having  considered,  in  the  last  Lesson,  the  arrangement  of 
flowers  on  the  stem,  or  the  places  from  which  they  arise,  we  now 
direct  our  attention  to  the  flower  itself. 

224.  Nature  and  Use  of  the  Flower.    The  object  of  the  flower  is  the 

production  of  seed.  The  flower  consists  of  all  those  parts,  or  organs, 
■^vhieh  are  subservient  to  this  end.  Some  of  these  parts  are  neces- 
sary to  the  production  of  seed.  Others  serve  merely  to  protect  or 
support  the  more  essential  parts. 


FIG.  1G7.     Cyme  of  the  Wild  Hydr;.ngca  (with  neutral  flowers  in  the  border). 


LESSON   12.]  ITS    TARTS    OK    OKCANS.  86 

22 ').  The  OrSlins  of  lIlP  Flower  arc  tlicrcforfi  of  two  kinds ;  naiiK-ly, 
first,  tlie  protect iiKj  urytius,  or  lemws  of  the  Jiower,  —  also  c-alU-d  tlie 
Hiirtil  envelopes,  —  and,  second,  tlie  essential  urynns.  The  latter  are 
situated  within  or  a  little  above  the  former,  and  are  enclosed  by  them 
in  the  bud. 

22G.  The  Floral  Envelopes  in  a  complete  flower  are  double  ;  that  is, 
they  consist  of  two  whorls  (IHI),  or  circles  of  leaves,  one  a))ove  or 
within  the  other.  The  outer  set  fbnns  the  Calyx;  this  more  com- 
monly consists  of  {ireen  or  greenish  leaves,  but  not  always.  The 
inner  set,  usually  of  a  delicate  texture,  and  of  some  other  color  than 
green,  and  in  most  cases  forming  the  most  showy  part  of  the  blos- 
som, is  the  Corolla. 

227.  The  floral  envelopes,  taken  together,  are  sometimes  called  the 
Perianth.  This  name  is  not  much  used,  however,  except  in  c?.^- 
where  they  form  oidy  one  set,  at  least  in  appearance,  as  in  the  Lily, 
or  where,  for  some  other  reason,  the  limits  between  the  calyx  and 
the  corolla  are  not  ejisily  made  out. 

228.  Each  leaf  or  separate  j)iece  of  the  corolla  is  called  a  Petal; 
each  leaf  of  the  calyx  is  called  a  Sepal.  The  sepals  and  the  petals 
—  or,  in  other  words,  the  leaves  of  the  blossom  —  serve  to  protect, 
support,  or  nourish  the  parts  within.  They  do  not  themselves  make 
a  perfect  flower. 

229.  Some  plants,  however,  naturally  produce,  besides  their  per- 
fect flowers,  others  which  consist  only  of  calyx  and  corolla  (one  or 
both),  that  is,  of  leaves.  These,  destitute  as  they  are  of  the  essential 
oi'gans,  and  incapable  of  producing  seed,  are  called  neutral  flowers. 
AVe  have  an  example  in  the  flowers  round  the  margin  of  the  cyme  of 
the  Hydrangea  (Fig.  107),  and  of  the  Cranberry -Tree,  or  Snowball, 
in  their  wild  state.  By  long  cultivation  in  gardens  the  whole  clustei 
luis  been  changed  into  showy,  but  useless,  neutral  flowers,  in  these 
and  some  other  cjlscs.  AVhat  are  called  double  flowers,  such  as  full 
Roses  (Kig.  173),  Buttercups,  and  Camellias,  are  blossoms  which, 
under  the  gardener's  care,  have  developed  with  all  their  essential 
organs  changed  into  petals.  But  such  flowers  are  always  in  an 
nimatural  or  monstrous  condition,  and  are  incapaljle  of  maturing 
seed,  for  want  of 

2.]0.  The  Esspilliiil  Orsillis.  These  are  likewise  of  two  kinds,  placed 
one  above  or  wiihiii  the  otliir;  namdv,  flrst,  the  Stoutens  or  fertil- 
izing organs,  and,  second,  the  Pistils,  which  are  to  be  fertilized  and 
bear  the  seeds. 


86 


THE    FLOWER. 


[lesson  12. 


231.  Takinn;  them  in  succession,  therefore,  beginning  from  below, 
or  at  the  outside,  we  have  (Fig.  108,  IGi)),  first,  the  calyx  or  outer 

circle  of  leaves,  which  are  individually 
termed  sepals  (a)  ;  secondly,  the  corolla 
or  inner  circle  of  delicate  leaves,  called 
petals  {h)  ;  then  a  set  of  stamens  {c)  ; 
and  in  the  centre  one  or  more  pistils  {d). 
The  end  of  the  flower-stalk,  or  the  short 
axis,  upon  which  all  these  parts  stand,  is 
called  the  Torus  or  Receptacle. 

232.  We  use  here  for  illus- 
tration the  flower  of  a  spe- 
cies of  Stonecrop  (Sedum  ter- 
natum),  —  which  is  a  com- 
mon plant  wild  in  the  Middle 
States,  and  in  gardens  almost 
everywhere,  —  because,  al- 
though  small,  it  exhibits  all  i69 

the  parts  in  a  perfectly  simple  and  separate  state,  and  so  answers  for 
a  sort  of  pattern  flower,  better  than  any  larger  one  that  is  common 
and  well  known. 

233.  A  Stamen  consists  of  two  parts, 
namely,  the  Filament  or  stalk  (Fig.  170, 
«),  and  the  Anther  {h).  The  latter  is 
the  only  essential  part.  It  is  a  case, 
(jommonly  with  two  lobes  or  cells,  each 
opening  lengthwise  by  a  slit,  at  the 
proper  time,  and  discharging  a  pow- 
der or  dust-like  substance,  usually  of  a  yellow  color.  This  powder 
is  the  Pollen,  or  fertilizing  matter,  to  produce  which  is  the  sole  office 
of  the  stamen. 

234.  A  Pistil  is  distinguished  into  three  parts  ;  namely,  —  beginning 
from  below,  —  the  Ovary,  the  Style,  and  the  Stir/ma.  The  Ovary  is 
the  hollow  case  or  young  j)od  (Fig.  171,  a),  containing  rudimentary 
seeds,  called  Ovules  {d).     Fig.  172,  representing  a  pistil  like  that  ol 

FIG.  If8.  Flower  of  a  Stonecrop  :  Pedum  ternatiiiti. 

FIG.  ir9.  Two  parts  orcncli  kind  of  the  same  flower,  displayed  and  enlarged. 

FIG.  170.  A  stamen  :  a,  the  filament ;  b,  the  anther,  discharging  pollen. 

FIG.  171.  A   pistil   divided   lengthwise,  showing   the   interior  of  the  ovary,  a,  and   Ita 

ovules,  d  ;  b,  the  $tyle  ;  c,  stigir.a. 

FIG.  172.  A  pistil,  enlarged  ;  the  ovary  cut  across  to  show  the  ovules  within. 

FIG.  173.  "  Double  "  Rose  ;  the  essential  organs  all  replaced  by  petals. 


LESSON   12.] 


ITS    I'AKTS    Oil    OUOANS. 


R7 


Fig.  inO,  d,  l)iit  on  a  larger  scale,  and  \vitli  the  ovarr  cut  neross, 
shows  the  ovules  as  they  ai)pear  iu  a  transverse 
soetion.  The  style  (Fig.  171,  h)  is  the  tapering 
part  above,  sometimes  long  and  slender,  sometimes 
sliort,  and  not  rarely  altogether  wanting,  for  it  is 
not  an  essential  part,  like  the  two  others.  The, 
stigma  (r)  is  the  tip  or  some  other  portion  of  tho 
stylo  (or  of  the  top  of  the  ovary  when  there  is  no 
distinct  style),  consisting  of  loose  tissue,  not  cov- 
ered, like  the  rest  of  the  plant,  by  a  skin  or  epi- 
dermis. It  is  upon  the  stigma  that  the  pollen 
falls  ;  and  the  result  is,  that  the  ovules  contained 
in  the  ovary  are  fertilized  and  become  seeds,  by 
having  an  embryo  (IG)  formed  in  them.  To  the 
pistil,  therefore,  all  the  other  organs  of  the  blos- 
som are  in  some  way  or  other  subservient:  the 
stamens  furnish  pollen  to  fertilize  its  ovules;  the 
corolla  and  the  calyx  form  coverings  which  pro-  ''' 

tect  the  whole. 

234*.  These  are  all  the  parts  which  belong  to  any  flower.  But 
these  parts  appear  under  a  variety  of  forms  and  combinations,  some 
of  them  greatly  disguising  their  natural  appearance.  To  understand 
the  flower,  therefore,  under  whatever  guise  it  may  assume,  we  must 
study  i« '  plan. 


I 


tB  PLAN    OF    THE    FLOWER.  [lESSON   13. 


LESSON  XIII. 

THE    PLAN    OF    THE    FLOWER. 

235.  The  Flower,  like  every  other  part  of  the  plant,  is  formed 
upon  a  plan,  which  is  essentially  the  same  in  all  blossoms ;  and  the 
student  should  early  get  a  clear  idea  of  the  plan  of  the  flower.  Then 
the  almost  endless  varieties  which  different  blossoms  present  will  be 
at  once  understood  whenever  they  occur,  and  will  be  regarded  with 
a  higher  interest  than  their  most  beautiful  forms  and  richest  colors 
are  able  to  inspire. 

236.  We  have  already  become  familiar  with  the  plan  of  the  vege- 
tation; —  with  the  stem,  consisting  of  joint  raised  upon  joint,  each 
bearing  a  leaf  or  a  pair  of  leaves  ;  with  the  leaves  arranged  in  sym- 
metrical order,  every  leaf  governed  by  a  simple  arithmetical  law, 
<vhich  fixes  beforehand  the  precise  place  it  is  to  occupy  on  the  stem ; 
and  we  have  lately  learned  (in  Lesson  11)  how  the  position  of  each 
blossom  is  determined  beforehand  by  that  of  the  leaves  ;  so  that  the 
shape  of  every  flower-cluster  in  a  bouquet  is  given  by  the  same  sim- 
ple mathematical  law  which  arranges  the  foliage.  Let  us  now  con- 
template the  flower  in  a  similar  way.  Having  just  learned  what 
parts  it  consists  of,  let  us  consider  the  plan  upon  which  it  is  made, 
and  endeavor  to  trace  this  plan  through  some  of  the  various  forms 
which  blossoms  exhibit  to  our  view. 

237.  In  order  to  give  at  the  outset  a  coiTcct  idea  of  the  blossom, 
we  took,  in  the  last  Lesson,  for  the  purpose  of  explaining  its  parts,  a 
perfect,  complete,  regular,  and  symmetrical  flower,  and  one  nearly  as 
simple  as  such  a  flower  could  well  be.  Such  a  blossom  the  botanist 
regards  as 

238.  A  Typical  Flower,  that  is,  a  pattern  flower,  because  it  wx'll  ex- 
emplifies the  plan  upon  which  all  flowers  are  made,  and  serves  as 
what  is  called  a  type,  or  standard  of  comparison. 

239.  Another  equally  good  typical  fla^ver  (except  in  a  single  re- 
spect, which  will  hereafter  be  mentioned),  and  one  readily  to  be  ob- 
tained in  the  summer,  is  that  of  the  Flax  (Fig.  174).  The  parts 
differ  in  shape  from  those  of  the  Stonecrop ;  but  the  whole  plan  is 
evidently  just  the  same  in  both.  Only,  while  the  Stonecrop  has  ten 
stamens,  or  in  many  flowers  eight  stamens,  —  in  all  cases  just  twice 


LKSSON  13.]   rEUrKCT  AND  IMrKKFECT  KI.OWKRS. 


89 


as  many  as  tliero  are  petals,  —  iIk;  Flax  has  only  five  slamr'n.-..  .>- 
just  as  many  as  tlie  petals.     Sucli  flowers  as  these  are  said  to  be 

Perfect,  uccause  they  are 
provided  with  both  kinds  of 
essential  orjxans  (23U),  namely, 
Stamens  and  pistils  ; 

Complete,  because  th(>y  have 
all  the  sorts  of  oi'j^ans  which 
any  flower  has,  namely,  both 
calyx  and  corolla,  as  well  as 
stamens  and  pistils  ; 

Regular,  because  all  the  parts 
of  each  set  are  alike  in  shape  and  size  ;  and 

Symmetrical,  because  they  have  an  equal  number  of  parts  of  ea?h 
sort,  or  in  each  set  or  circle  of 
orjifans.  That  is,  there  are  five 
sepals,  \\\(i  petals,  five  stamens, 
or  in  the  Stonecrop  ten  stamens 
(namely,  two  sets  of  five  each), 
and  \\\{i  ])istils. 

240.  On  the  other  hand, 
many  flowers  do  not  jiresent 
this  perfect  synnnetry  and  reg-  ''* 

176  nlarity,  or   this   completeness   of   parts 

injrly,  we  may  have 

'241.  Imperfect,  or  Separalt'd  Flowers;  which  are 

those  wliere  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  in  separate 
blossoms ;  that  is,  one  sort  of  flowers  h;is  stamens 
and  no  pistils,  and  another  has  pistils  and  no  sta- 
mens, or  only  imperfect  ones.  The  blossom  which 
lias  stamens  but  no  pistils  is  called  a  staminate  or 
sterile  flt)wer  (Fig.  l"f>)  »  "'"^  •''*-  corresponding 
one  with  pistils  but  no  stamens  is  called  a  pistil- 
late or  fertile  flower  (Fig.  177).  The  two  sorts 
may  grow  on  distin«'t  plants,  from  differont  roots, 
as  they  do  in  the  Willow  and   I'oplar,  the  Hemp,  and  tiie  Mooii-eed 


)rd- 


FIG.  174.  Flowers  of  llip  roiiiiiioii  Dux  :  i\  |>rrfrrl,  nmnOrlp,  rr-c'ilsr,  ami  svniiiirlrlral 
blossom,  all  its  parts  in  (Ives.     IT.",    M.tlf  of  a  Flax  tlowi-r  <livi<lr<l  Ii-iiylliwi-r,  and  ml  ircod. 

FlU.  ITC.     Slaniiiialo    llowor   of    Moonnrcl   ( Mi  iM«|..rMi t  ona.Unsil.      i:7.    I'l.lillait 

flower  of  (ho  »iinio. 


90 


PLAN    OF    THK    FLOWER. 


[lesson  13. 


(Fig.  176,  177)  ;  when  tlie  flowers  are  paid  to  be  dicecioiis  (from  two 
(ireek  words  iiieaiiiiig  in  two  household.^).     Or  tlie  two  may  occur 

on  the  same  plant 

or  the  same  stem, 

as    in    the    Oak, 

Walnut,      Nettle, 

and  the  Castor-oil 

Plant  (Fig.  178); 

Avhen  the  flowers 

are  said  to  be  mO' 

ncecious  (that  is,  in  one  household).     A  flower 

may,  however,  be  perfect,  that  is,  have  both 

stamens  and  pi.stils,  and  yet  be  incomplete. 

2\2.  lllCOlliplclC  Flowers  are  those  in  which 
one  or  both  sorts  of  the  floral  envelopes,  or 
leaves  of  the  blossom,  are  wanting.  Some- 
times only  one  sort  is  wanting,  as  in  the 
Castor-oil  Plant  (Fig.  178)  and  in  the  Anem- 
"^  one    (Fig.   179).      In    this   case    the    missing 

«ort  is  always  supposed  to  be  the  inner,  that  is,  the  corolla ;  and 
accordingly  such  flowers  are  said  to  be  apetalous  (meaning  without 
petals)'.  Occasionally  both  the  corolla  and  the  calyx  are  wanting, 
■when  the  flower  has  no  proper  cover- 
ings or  floral  envelopes  at  all.  It  is  then 
eaid  to  be  naked,  as  in  the  Lizard's- 
tail  (Fig.  180),  and  in  the  Willow. 

243.  Our  two  pattern  flowers  (Fig. 
168,  *74)  are  regular  and  symmetrical 
(239).  We  commonly 
expect  this  to  be  the 
case  in  living  things. 
The       corresponding 

parts  of  plants,  like  the  limbs  or  members  of  ani- 
mals, are  generally  alike,  and  the  whole  arrange- 
ment is  symmetrical.     This   symmetry  pervades 
the  Hossoni,  especially.     But  the  student  may  often  fail  to  perceive 


FIC   178.     Moiifprioiis  flowers,  i.  e.  one  slaiiiinritc  (.«)  and   one  pistillate  (/))  flower,  of 
the  C?itnr-oil  Plant,  growing  on  the  same  stem. 

FIG.  179.     Apetalous  (incomplete)  flower  of  Anemone  Pennsylvanica. 
FIG.  180.     A  naked  (but  perfect)  flmvcr  of  the  Lizard's-lail. 


LKS80N    13.J       llUlK.nri.AR  ANI>  INSYMMKTUICAI,  FLOWKRS 


91 


it,  at  first  view,  at  least  in  cases  wliero  tlie  jilan  is  more  or  less 
obscured  by  the  leaving  out  {obliteration)  ol"  one  or  more  of  the 
members  of  the  same  set,  or  by  some  in-  mi 

equality  in   their  size   and  shape.     The 
latter  circumstance  jrives  rise  to 

244.  Irrffiilar  Flowers.    This  name  is 

given  to  blossoms  in  which  the  different 
members  of  the  same  sort,  as,  for  exam- 
ple, the  petals  or  the  stamens,  are  unlike 
in  size  or  in  form.  We  have  familiar 
183  cases  of  the 

sort  in  the 
Larkspur 
(Fig.  183, 
184),  and 
Monkshood 
(Fig.  185, 
186);  also 
in  the  Vio- 
let (Fig.  181,  182).  In  the  latter  it 
is  the  corolla  principally  which  is  ir- 
regular, one  of  the  petals  being  larger 
than  the  rest,  and  extended  at  the 
base  into  a  hollow  protuberance  or 
spur.  In  the  Larkspur  (Fig.  183), 
both  the  calyx  and  the  corolla  par- 
N  take  of  the  irrcgularitj'.  This  and 
the  Monkshood  are  likewise  good  ex- 
amples of 

24;").   Unsymmrtrlrnl    Flowers.     We 

call  them  unsynimetrical,  when  the 
different  sets  of  organs  do  not  agree 
in  the  number  of  their  parts.  The 
irregular  calyx  of  Lark>;pur  (Fig.  183,  184)  consists  of  five  sepals, 
one  of  wliicli,  larLT'T  tiian  the  rest,  is  prolonged  behind  into  a  large 
Ppur;   but  the  corolla  is  made  of  only  four  petals  (of  two  shapes); 


Fin.  181.  Flower  of  a  Violpt.  182.  It*  r»\\\  Hnil  rnmlla  displayed  :  tlio  five 
partfi  am  the  M-palx  ;  (ho  fivr  iiilrn-ciiiiiir  Inrgor  onff  arn  llin  iM'tals. 

FIfi.  183.  Flower  of  a  Larkspur.  ISl.  lis  calyx  and  cumlla  displayi-d  ;  I  ho  fn 
pieces  are  Uio  Bepalii ;  Uio  Tour  ■mailer,  the  pctaU. 


lar^e 


92 


PLAN    OF    THE    FLOWER. 


[lesson  13. 


the  fifth,  needed  to  complete  the  symmetry,  being  left  out.     And 
the    Monkshood    (Fig.  185,  186)   has  five  very  dissimilar  sepals, 
186  and  a  corolla  of  only  two,  very  small, 

curiously-shaped  petals  ;  the  three  need- 
ed to  make  up  the  symmetry  being  left 
out.  For  a  flower  which  is  unsymmet- 
rical  but  regular,  we  may  take  the  com- 
mon Purslane,  which  has  a  calyx  of 
only  two  sepals,  but  a  corolla  of  five 
petals,  from  seven  to  twelve  stamens, 
and  about  six  styles.  The  Mustan], 
and  all  flowers  of  that  family,  are  un- 
symmetrical  as  to  the  stamens,  these 
being  six  in  number  (Fig.  188,  while 
the  leaves  of  the  blossom  (sepals  and 
petals)  are  each  only  four  ,37 

(Fig.  187).      Here   the 


~\    stamens  are  irregular  also,  ^ 
'    \  two  of  them  being  shorter  ^=- 


blossom  is  based 


upon 


than  the  other  four. 

246.  Numerical  Tlan  of 

the  Flower.  Although  not 
easy  to  make  out  in  all 
cases,  yet  generally  it  is 
plain  to  see  that  each 
particular  number,  which 
runs  through  all  or  most  of  its  parts.  And  a  prin- 
cipal thing  which  a  botanist  notices  when  examin- 
ing a  flower  is  its  numerical  plan.  It  is  upon  this 
that  the  symmetry  of  the  blossom  depends.  Our  two 
pattern  flowers,  the  Stonecrop  (Fig.  168)  and  the 
Flax  (Fig.  174),  are  based  upon  the  number  five,  '^^ 

which  is  exhibited  in  all  their  parts.  Some  flowers  of  this  same 
Stonecrop  have  their  parts  in  fours,  and  then  that  number  runs 
throughout;  namely,  there  are  four  sepals,  four  petals,  eight  stamens 
(two  sets),  and  four  pistils.     The  Mustard  (Fig.  187,  188),  Radish, 


FIG.  185.  Flower  of  a  Monkshood.  180.  Its  parts  displayed  :  the  five  larger  pieces  are  the 
sepals  ;  the  two  small  ones  under  the  hood  are  petals ;  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  in  the 
centre. 

FIG.  187.     Flower  of  Mustard.     188.  Its  stamens  and  pistil  separate  and  enlarged. 


LESSON   13.]       TIIK    UKLATIVF,    rOSITION    OF    ITS    PARTS. 


93 


Sec,  also  Iwivti  their  Howors  construclccl  on  llic  plan  oC  four  as  lo  llie 
calyx  and  coiolhi,  but  this  munbcr  is  iiitirii'nd  with  in  tlii'  stamens, 
either  by  the  leaving  out  of  two  sta- 
mens (which  would  eoiuplele  two  sets), 
or  in  some  other  way.  Next  to  five,  \ 
the  most  common  number  in  flowers 
is  three.  On  this  number  the  flowers 
of  Lily,  Crocus,  Iris,  Spiderwort,  and 
Trillium  (Fig.  189)  are  constructed. 
In  the  Lily  and  Crocus  the  leaves  of 
the  flower  at  first  view  appear  to  be 
six  in  one  set ;  but  the  bud  or  just- 
opening  blossom  plainly  shows  these  to  consist  of  an  outer  and  an 
inner  circle,  each  of  three  parts,  namely,  of  calyx  and  corolla,  both  of 
the  same  bright  color  and  delicate  texture.  In  the  Spiderwort  and 
TriUium  (Fig.  189)  the  three  outer 
leaves,  or  sepals,  are  green,  and  dif- 
ferent in  texture  from  the  three  inner, 
or  the  petals  ;  the  stamens  are  six 
(namely,  two  sets  of  three  each),  and 
the  pistils  three,  though  partly  grown 
together  into  one  mass.  "" 

247.  AUrriliUioil  of  Paris.     The  symmetry  of  the  flower  is  likewise 
shown  in  the  arrangement  or  relative  position  of  successive  j)arts. 
The  rule  is,  that  the  parts  of  successive  circles  alternate  with  one 
another.     That  is,  the  petals  stand  over  the  intervals  between  the 
sepals  ;  the  stamens,  when  of  the  same  number, 
■  '^        c^W    stand  over  the  intervals  between  the  petals;  or 
^jj^      \\     when   twice   as   many,  as   in    the   Trillium,  the 
''^^  0  /  li   o"''^''"    st't    sdternates   with    the    petals,   and    the 
inner  set,  alteniating  with  the  other,  of  course 
stands  bt'fore  the  petals  ;    and  the  pistils  alter- 
191  nate  with   these.     This   is  shown    in    Fig.   181), 

and  in  the  diagram,  or  cross-section  of  the  same  in  the  bud,  Fig.  190. 
And  Fig.  191  is  a  similar  diagram  or  ground-plan  (in  the  form  of  a 


Fir..  189.     Fl..v\-cr  of  Trilli' 


iTliMii,  nr  ninlirool,  Kprrail  (Hit  a  littlo,  and  virwril  froi 


abo 


FIG.  100.     Diagrniii  or  cround-plan  of  ilic  itainr,  na  it  woiilil  appcir  in  a  cn>S!'-«iortion  o( 
ilio  IiikI  ;  —  llio  parlH  all  In  the  nanio  rrlativu  |MiHiliiiii 

FlU.  JUU     Uiinjram,  or  ground  pliin,  ul  lliu  riax-tlowcr,  Fig.  174. 


94  PLAN    OF    THE    FLOWER.  |_LESSON   13. 

section  made  across  the  bud)  of  the  Flax  blossom,  tlie  example  of  a 
pattern  symmetrical  flower  taken  at  the  beginning  of  this  Lesson, 
with  its  parts  all  in  fives. 

248.  Knowing  in  this  way  just  the  position  which  each  organ 
sliould  occupy  in  the  flower,  it  is  readily  understood  that  flowers 
often  become  unsymmetrieal  through  the  loss  of  some  parts,  which 

belong  to  the  plan,  but  are  obliterated 
or  left  out  in  the  execution.  For  ex- 
ample,  in  the  Larkspur  (Fig.  183, 
184),  as  there  are  five  sepals,  there 
should  be  five  petals  likewise.  We 
find  only  four ;  but  the  vacant  place 
where  the  fifth  belongs  is  plainly  rec- 
ognized at  the  lower  side  of  the  flower. 
Also  the  similar  plan  of  the  Monkshood  (Fig.  186)  equally  calls  for 
five  petals  ;  but  three  of  them  are  entirely  obliterated,  and  the  two 
that  remain  are  reduced  to  slender  bodies,  which  look  as  unlike  or- 
dinary petals  as  can  well  be  imagined.  Yet  their  position,  answer- 
ing to  the  intervals  between  the  upper  sepals  and  the  side  ones, 
reveals  their  true  nature.  All  this  may  perhaps  be  more  plainly 
shown  by  corresponding  diagrams  of  the  calyx  and  corolla  of  the 
Larkspur  and  Monkshood  (Fig.  192,  193),  in  which  the  places  of 
the  missing  petals  are  indicated  by  faint  dotted  lines.  The  oblitera- 
tion of  stamens  is  a  still  more  common  case.  For  example,  the 
Snapdragon,  Foxglove,  Gerardia,  and  almost  all  flowers  of  the 
large  Figwort  family  they  belong  to,  have  the  parts  of  the  calyx 
and  corolla,  five  each,  but  only  four  stamens  (Fig.  194);  the  place 
on  the  upper  side  of  the  flower  where  the  fifth  stamen  belongs  is 
vacant.  That  there  is  in  such  cases  a  real  obliteration  of  the  miss- 
ing part  is  shown  by  the 

249.  Abortive  Organs,  or  vestiges  which  are  sometimes  met  with  ; 
—  bodies  which  stand  in  the  place  of  an  organ,  and  represent  it, 
although  wholly  incapable  of  fulfilling  its  oflice.  Thus,  in  the  Fig- 
wort  family,  the  fifth  stamen,  which  is  altogether  missing  in  Gerardia 
(Fig.  194)  and  most  others,  appears  in  the  Figwort  as  a  little  scale, 
and  in  Pentstemon  (Fig.  19o)  and  Turtlehead  as  a  sort  of  filament 
without  any  anther  ;  —  a  thing  of  no  use  whatever  to  the  plant,  but 

FIG.  195.  Uiapram  of  tlio  calyx  and  corolla  of  a  Larkspur.  193.  Pimilar  diagram  of 
Monkshooil.  Tiie  dotted  lines  show  vvliere  ilie  jRlals  art)  wanting  ;  ons  in  the  former,  thre* 
in  the  Utter. 


LKSSON  13.  J 


ABORTIVK    Onr.ANS. 


95 


very  interestiiip:  to  the  botanist,  since  it  tonipletes  tlie  symmetry  of 
the  blossom.  Ami  lo  siiow  that  this  really  is  the  lost  stamen,  it 
now  and  then  bears  an  anther,  or  the  rudiment  of  one.  So  the 
flower  of  Calalpa  should  likewise  have  Jive  stamens  ;  but  we  seldom 
find  more  than  two  good  ones.     Still  we  iM 

may  generally  discern  the  three  others, 
as  vestiges  or  half-obliterated  stamens 
(Kig.  I'JG).  In  separated  (lowers  the 
rudiments  of  pistils  are  often  found  in 
the  sterile  blossom,  and  rudimentary  sta- 
mens in  the  fertile  blossom,  as  in  ^loon- 
6eed  (Fig.  177). 

250.  Hhillipliriitlcr.  of  Paris.    Quite  in 

the  opposite  way,  the  simple  plan  of  the 
flower  is  often  more  or  less  obscured  by  (  _ 
an  increase  in  the  number  of  parts.  In 
the  White  AVater-Lily,  and  in  many 
Cactus-flowers  (Fig.  li)7),  all  the  parts 
are  very  numerous,  so  that  it  is  hard 
to  say  upon  what  number  the  blos- 
som is  constructed.  But  more  com- 
monly .<;omft  of  the  sets  are  few  and 
definite  in  the  number  of  their  parts. 
Tiie  Buttercup,  for  instance,  lias  five 
sepals  and  five  petals,  but  many  sta- r^ 
mens  and  pistils ;  so  it  is  built  upon 
the  plan  of  five.  Tlie  flowers  of  ^lag- 
nolia  have  indefinitely  numerous  stamens 
and  pistils,  and  rather  numerous  floral 
envelopes  ;  but  these  latter  are  plaiidy  distinguishable  into  sets  of 
three;  namely,  there  are  three  se,.als,  and  six  petals  in  two' circles, 
or  nine  in  three  circles,  —  showing  that  these  blossoms  are  con- 
structed on  the  number  three. 


Flo.  19».  Corolla  of  .1  piirplo  Gorarclia  laid  open,  Fhowing  the  four  (tamen? ;  tho  rrotn 
(liows  whore  the  filth  slaiiien  woiihl  he,  if  prcseiiL 

FK;.  IU5.  <'«irolla,  laid  o|)en,  and  sianienH  of  IVntxIemon  crandiflonm  of  Iowa,  &r.,  with 
a  Htjrilp  filament  in  tlie  plaro  of  the  fifth  Ktanien,  and  reproscntinK  it. 

FIC.  lOi).  Ciirolla  of  Catalpa  laid  «|K>n,  di^idaying  two  good  HUmcnii  and  three  alxirlive 
veiitigeii  of  itaniciM. 


96 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    THE    FLOWER.  [lESSON  14 


LESSON   XIV. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    THE    FLOWER. 

251.  In  all  the  plant  till  we  came  to  the  blossom  wt.  founcl  nothing 
bat  root,  stem,  and  leaves  (23,  118).  However  varL-us  or  strange 
their  shapes,  and  whatever  their  use,  everything  belongs  to  one  of 
these  three  organs,  and  everything  above  ground  (excepting  the  rare 
case  of  aerial  roots)  is  either  stem  or  leaf.  We  discern  the  stem 
equally  in  the  stalk  of  an  herb,  the  trunk  and  branches  of  a  tree,  the 
trailing  or  twining  Vine,  the  straw  of  Wheat  or  other  Grasses,  the 
columnar  trunk  of  Palms  (Fig.  47),  in  the  flattened  joints  of  the 
Prickly-Pear  Cactus,  and  the  rounded  body  of  the  Melon  Cactus 
(Fig.  7(5).  Also  in  the  slender  runners  of  the  Strawberry,  the 
tendrils  of  tlie  Grape-vine  and  Virginia  Creeper,  the  creeping 
subterranean  shoots  of  the  Mint  and  Couchgrass,  the  tubers  of  the 
Potato  and  Artichoke,  the  solid  bulb  of  the  Crocus,  and  the  solid 
part  or  base  of  scaly  bulbs  ;  as  is  fully  shown  in  Lesson  6.  And  in 
Lesson  7  and  elsewhere  we  have  learned  to  recognize  the  leaf  alike 
in  the  thick  seed-leaves  of  the  Almond,  Bean,  Tlorsechcstnut,  and  the 
like  (Fig.  9-  24),  in  the  scales  of  buds  (Fig.  77),  and  the  thickened 


FIG.  IH7.     A  C.ictiii^-flower,  viz.  of  Mainillaria  ctEspitoss  of  the  Uj)uer  Missouri 


LESSON   11.]       ARRANT.EMKNT    OK    LEAVES    IN    THE    Rfl).  97 

pcales  of  bulbs  (Fig.  73-70),  in  tlie  spines  of  the  IJarborry  and  the 
tendrils  of  the  Pesi,  in  the  fleshy  rosettes  of  the  Ilouseleek,  the 
strange  fly-trap  of  Diona^a  (Fig.  81),  and  the  curious  pitcher  of  Sar- 
racenia  (Fig.  7'J). 

252.  Now  the  student  who  understands  these  varied  forms  or 
metamorphoses  of  the  stem  and  leaf,  and  knows  how  to  detect  the 
real  nature  of  any  part  of  the  plant  under  any  of  its  disguises, 
ni:iy  readily  trace  the  leaf  into  the  blossom  also,  and  perceive  that, 
as  to  their  morphology, 

'I'ul.  Flowers  arc  altered  Branches,  and  their  parts,  therefore,  altered 
leaves.  That  is,  certain  buds,  which  might  have  grown  and  length- 
ened into  a  leafy  branch,  do,  under  other  circumstances  and  to  ac- 
complish other  ])urposes,  develop  into  blossoms.  In  these  the  axis 
remains  short,  nearly  as  it  is  in  the  bud  ;  the  leaves  therefore  remain 
close  together  in  sets  or  circles ;  the  outer  ones,  those  of  the  calyx, 
generally  partake  more  or  less  of  the  character  of  foliage  ;  the  next 
set  are  more  delicate,  and  form  the  corolla,  while  the  rest,  the  sta- 
mens and  pistils,  appear  under  forms  very  different  from  those  of 
ordinary  leaves,  and  are  concerned  in  the  production  of  seed.  This 
is  the  way  the  scientific  botanist  views  a  flower ;  and  this  view  gives 
to  Botany  an  interest  Mhich  one  who  merely  notices  the  shape  and 
counts  the  parts  of  blossoms,  without  understanding  their  plan,  has 
no  conception  of. 

254.  That  flowers  answer  to  branches  may  be  shown  first  from 
their  position.  As  explained  in  the  Lesson  on  Inflorescence,  flowers 
arise  from  the  same  j)laces  as  branches,  and  fi-om  no  other ;  flower- 
buds,  like  leaf-l»uds,  appear  either  on  the  summit  of  a  stem,  that  is, 
as  a  terminal  bud,  or  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf,  as  an  axillary  bud  (IDG). 
And  at  an  early  stage  it  is  often  impossible  to  foretell  whether  the 
bud  is  to  give  rise  to  a  blossom  or  to  a  branch. 

255.  That  the  sejjals  and  petals  are  of  the  nature  of  leaves  is 
evident  from  their  a|)pearance  ;  persons  who  are  not  botanists  com- 
monly call  them  tlui  leaves  of  the  flower.  The  calyx  is  mast  gen- 
erally green  in  color,  and  fbliaceous  (leaf-like)  in  texture.  And 
though  the  corolla  is  rarely  green,  yet  neither  are  proper  leaves 
always  green.  In  our  wild  Painted-Cup,  atid  in  some  scarlet  Sages, 
common  in  gardens,  the  leaves  just  under  the  (lowers  are  of  the 
brightest  red  or  scarlet,  often  much  brighter-colored  than  the  corolla 
itself.  And  sometimes  (as  in  many  Cactuses,  and  in  Carolina  All- 
ipice)  there  is  sueh  a  regular  gradation  fixjm  thu  IhsI  leaves  of  the 

9 


98  MORPHOLOGY    OF    THE    FLOWER.  [lESSON  14. 

plant  (bracts  or  bractlets)  into  the  leaves  of  the  calyx,  that  it  is  im- 
possible to  say  where  the  one  ends  and  the  other  begins.  And  if 
sepals  are  leaves,  so  also  are  petals ;  for  there  is  no  clearly  fixed 
limit  between  them.  Kot  only  in  the  Carolina  Allspice  and  Cactus 
(Fig.  197),  but  in  the  Water-Lily  (Fig.  198)  and  a  variety  of 
flowers  with  more  than  one  row  of  petals,  there  is  such  a  complete 
transition  between  calyx  and  corolla  that  no  one  can  surely  tell  how 
many  of  the  leaves  belong  to  the  one  and  how  many  to  the  other. 

256.  It  is  very  true  that  the  calyx  or  the  corolla  often  takes  the 
form  of  a  cup  or  tube,  instead  of  being  in  separate  pieces,  as  in  Fig. 
194-19G.  It  is  then  composed  of  two  or  more  leaves  grown 
together.  Tliis  is  no  objection  to  the  petals  being  leaves ;  for  the 
same  thing  takes  place  with  the  ordinary  leaves  of  many  plants,  as, 
for  instance,  in  the  upper  ones  of  Honeysuckles  (Fig.  132). 

257.  That  stamens  are  of  the  same  general  nature  as  petals,  and 
therefore  a  modification  of  leaves,  is  shown  by  the  gradual  transitions 
that  occur  between  the  one  and  the  other  in  many  blossoms ;  es- 
pecially in  cultivated  flowers,  such  as  Roses  and  Camellias,  when 
they  begin  to  double,  that  is,  to  change  their  stamens  into  petals. 
Some  wild  and  natural  flowers  show  the  same  interesting  transitions. 
The  Carolina  Allspice  and  the  White  Water-Lily  exhibit  complete 
gradations  not  only  between  sepals  and  petals,  but  between  petals 
and  stamens.  The  sepals  of  the  Watei--Lily  are  green  outside,  but 
white  and  petal-like  on  the  inside  ;  the  petals,  in  many  rows,  grad- 
ually grow  narrower  towards  the  centre  of  the  flower ;  some  of  these 
are  tipped  with  a  trace  of  a  yellow  anther,  but  still  are  petals  ;  the 
next  are  more  contracted  and  stamen-like,  but  with  a  flat  petal-like 
filament;  and  a  further  narrowing  of  this  completes  the  genuine  sta- 
men.    A  series  of  these  stages  is  shown  in  Fig.  198. 

258.  Pistils  and  stamens  now  and  then  change  into  each  other  in 
some  Willows ;  pistils  often  turn  into  petals  in  cultivated  flowers  ; 
and  in  the  Double  Cherry  they  occasionally  change  directly  into 
small  green  leaves.  Sometimes  a  whole  blossom  changes  into  a 
cluster  of  green  leaves,  as  in  tlie  "  green  roses  "  which  are  occa- 
sionally noticed  in  gardens,  and  sometimes  it  degenerates  into  a 
leafy  branch.  So  the  botanist  regards  j)istils  also  as  answering  to 
leaves.  And  his  idea  of  a  pistil  is,  that  it  consists  of  a  leaf  with  its 
margins  curved  inwards  till  they  meet  and  unite  to  form  a  closed 
cavity,  the  ovary,  wliilc  the  tip  is  prolonged  to  form  the  style  and 
bear  the  stigma;  as  will  be  illustrated  in  the  Lesson  upon  the  PistiL 


LESSON   15.] 


IIIF,    CAI.TX     AND    COROLLA. 


99 


259.  Moreover,  tlie  arranjjoincnt  of  the  parts  of  tlic  flower  nnnwers 
to  that  of  leaves,  as  illustrated  in  Lesson  10,  —  either  to  a  succes- 
sion of  whorls  alternalinf^  with  each  other  in  the  manner  of  whorled 
loaves,  or  in  sonic  regular  form  of  spiral  ariangement. 


LESSON   XV. 

MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  CALYX  AND  COROLLA. 

260.  Havint,  studied  the  flower  as  a  whole,  we  proceed  to  con- 
sider nion;  particularly  its  several  parts,  especially  as  to  the  principal 
(litrcrences  they  ytresent  in  diff'erent  plants.  We  naturally  begin 
witli  the  leaves  of  the  blossom,  namely,  the  calyx  and  corolla.  And 
lirst  as  to 

201.  The  Growlnil  lOSPthrr  of  Paris.  It  is  this  more  than  anything 
else  which  prevents  one  from  taking  the  idea,  at  first  sight,  that  the 
flower  is  a  sort  of  very  short  branch  clothed  with  altered  leaves. 
For  most  blossoms  w(?  meet  with  have  some  of  their  organs  grown 
trgetiier  more  or  less.  ^Ve  have  noticed  it  as  to  the  corolla  of  (le- 
ranlia,  Catalpa,  iVc.  (Fig.  !'.•  1  -  I'.m;),  in    Lesson  lo.      This  growing 


Fin.  KW.    PiirfpsMK.ii  rif  »op«Is,  potnln,  prmlntions  between  pcialH  and  itani«n»,  and  true 
•ikHiMK,  uC  the  Njriniiliaa,  ur  Wliito  VVa(er-Lil>'. 


100 


XnE    CALTX    AND    COROLLA. 


[lesson  15. 


togetlier  takes  place  in  two  ways :  either  parts  of  the  same  kind, 
or  parts  of  different  kinds,  may  be  united.  The  first  we  may  call 
simply  the  union,  the  second  the  consoli- 
dation, of  parts. 

2G2.  Union  or  Cohesion  with  one  another 
of  parts  of  the  same  sort.  We  very  com- 
monly find  tliat  the  calyx  or  the  corolla 
is  a  cup  or  tube,  instead  of  a  set  of  leaves. 
Take,  for  example,  the  fiower  of  the  Stra- 
monium or  Thorn-Apple,  where  both  the 
calyx  and  the  corolla  are  so  (Fig.  199); 
likewise  the  common  Morning-Glory,  and 
the  figures  201  to  203,  where  the  leaves 
of  the  corolla  are  united  into  one  piece, 
but  those  of  the  calyx  are  separate.  Now 
there  are  numerous  cases  of  real  leaves 
growing  together  much  in  the  same 
way,  —  those  of  the  common  Thorough- 
wort,  and  the  upper  pairs  in  Woodbines 
or  Honeysuckles,  for  example  (Fig.  132) ; 
so  that  we  might  expect  it  to  occur  in 
the  leaves  of  the  blossom  also.  And  that  this  is  the  right  view  to 
take  of  it  plainly  appears  fi'om  the  transitions  everywhere  met  with 
in  ditferent  plants,  between  a  calyx  or  a  corolla  of  separate  pieces 
and  one  forming  a  perfect  tube  or  cup.  Figures  200  to  203  show 
one  complete  set  of  such  gradations  in  the  corolla,  and  Fig.  204  to 
206  another,  in  short  and  open  corollas.  How  many  leaves  or  petals 
each  corolla  is  formed  of  may  be  seen  by  the  number  of  points  or 
tips,  or  of  the  notches  (called  sinnses)  which  answer  to  the  inter- 
vals between  them. 

263.  When  the  parts  are  united  in  this  way,  whether  much  or 
little,  the  corolla  is  said  to  be  monopetalous,  and  the  calyx  mono- 
sepahus.  These  terms  mean  "  of  one  petal,"  or  "  of  one  sepal  "  ; 
that  is,  of  one  piece.  Wherefore,  taking  the  corolla  or  the  calyx 
as  a  whole,  we  say  that  it  is  parted  when  the  parts  are  separate 
almost  to  the  base,  as  in  Fig.  204 ;  cleft  or  lohed  when  the  notches 
do  not  extend  below  the  middle  or  thereabouts,  as  in  Fig.  205  ; 


FIG.  199.    Flower  of  the  common  Stramonium  ;  both  the  calyx  and  the  corolla  with  then 
|>arta  unltod  into  a  tub«. 


LKS30N   15.] 


UNION    OF    PAUTS. 


101 


toothed  or  dentate,  wlicn  only  the  tips  arc  scparafo  as  short  j)f)ints 
entire,  when  llie  bordt-r  is  even,  witliout  points  or  notclies,  us  in  the 


common  Morning-Glory,  and  very  nearly  so  in  Fi<;.  203  ;  and  po 
on;  —  the  terms  being  just  the  same  as  tliose  applied  to  leaves  and 
all  other  fiat  bodies,  and  illustrated  in  Lessons  8  and  9. 

264.  .  There  is  a  set  of  terms  applied  particularly  to  calyxes, 
corollas,  or  other  such  bo«lies  of  one  j)iece,  to  express  their  general 
shape,  which  we  see  is  very  various.  The  following  are  some  of 
the  principal  :  — 

Wheel-shaped,  or  rotate  ;  when  spreading  out  at  once,  without  a 
tube  or  with  a  very  short  one,  something  in  the  shape  of  a  wheel 
or  of  its  diverging  spokes,  as  in  tl»e  corolla  of  the  Potato  and  Bitter- 
sweet (Fig.  204,  205). 

Salver-shaped,  or  salver-form  ;  when  a  flat-spreading  border  is 
raised  on  a  narrow  tube,  from  which  it  diverges  at  right  angles. 


W^r^^ 


H:^ 


like  the  salver  represented  in  old  pictures,  with  a  slender  handle 
beneath.  The  corolla  of  th(;  Phlox  (Fig.  208)  and  of  the  Cypress- 
Vine  (Fig.  202)  arc  of  this  sort. 


FIG.  200.    Corolla  of  ."oapwort  (ilio  same  in  Pinko,  &f.\  of  Ssoparatp,  long-cIawed  pctali. 

FIG.  301.  Flower  of  Uilia  or  Iponiopsiit  coronopirolia  ;  Ilie  parts  answering  to  the  clawt 
of  iho  [Ktals  iif  iho  last  fljiiirc  here  all  united  into  a  tube. 

FK;.  -JOi  F-'liiwcr  of  Iho  C'ypross-Vino  ;  the  petals  a  lilllp  farther  united  into  a  fivc-lobcJ 
•prradinc  border. 

V\C..  0().1.  Fliiwrr  of  the  <nnall  Pr.irlrt  Moriiiiic-OI(irv,  the  five  [letaN  it  is  roinprwed  of 
pcrforlly  uiiilei  into  a  tniniiirl-sliaped  tul>e,  u  illi  llip  K|ircadin|!  iMirder  nearly  oven  (or  entire). 

FK;.  afM.     Wliprl-slia|H-d  and  flve-parteil  rondla  i>f  nitlrr»wpet  (Solanum  Dulcamara). 

FIG.  aO.\     Wheel  clinpod  and  fivo-rlefl  rondia  j>f  the  roniinon  Potato. 

FIG.  206.  Almost  entire  and  v»ry  open  licll-sliaixMl  condia  of  a  Ground  Cherry  (PtayMlw) 
9» 


102 


THE    CALYX    AND    COROLLA. 


[lesson  15. 


Bell-shaped^  or  campayiulate ;  where  a  sliort  and  broad  tube 
widens  upward,  in  tlie  shape  of  a  bell,  as  in  Fig.  207. 

Funnel-shaped,  or  funnel-form  ;  gradually  spreading  at  the  sum- 
mit of  a  tube  which  is  narrow  below,  in  the  shape  of  a  funnel  or 
tunnel,  as  in  the  corolla  of  the  common  Morning-Glory,  and  of  the 
Stramonium  (Fig.  199). 

Tubular  ;  when  prolonged  into  a  tube,  without  much  spreading  at 
the  border,  as  in  the  corolla  of  the  Trumpet  Honeysuckle,  the  calyx 
bf  Stninionium  (Fig.  199),  &c. 


•265.  In  most  of  these  cases  we  may  distinguish  two  parts;  namely, 
the  tube,  or  the  portion  all  in  one  piece  and  with  its  sides  upright  or 
nearly  so  ;  and  the  border  or  limb,  the  spreading  portion  or  summit. 
The  limb  may  be  entii*e,  as  in  Fig.  203,  but  it  is  more  commonly 
lobed,  that  is,  partly  divided,  as  in  Fig.  202,  or  parted  down  nearly 
to  the  top  of  the  tube,  as  in  Fig.  208,  &c. 

2G6.  So,  likewise,  a  separate  petal  is  sometimes  distinguishable 
into  two  parts ;  namely,  into  a  narrowed  base  or  stalk-like  part  (a? 
in  Fig.  200,  where  this  part  is  peculiarly  long),  called  the  claw,  and 
a  spreading  and  enlarged  summit,  or  body  of  the  petal,  called  the 
lamina  or  blade. 

267.  When  parts  of  the  same  set  are  not  united  (as  in  the  Flax, 
Cherry,  &;c..  Fig.  212-215),  we  call  them  distinct.  Thus  (he  sepals 
or  the  petals  are  distinct  when  not  at  all  united  with  each  other.  As 
a  calyx  with  sepals  united  into  one  body  is  called  monosepalous  (263, 
that  is,  one-sepalled).  or  sometimes  monophyllous,  that  is,  one-leaved  ; 
so,  on  the  other  hand,  when  the  sepals  are  distinct,  it  is  said  to  be 


FIG.  207.  Flowpr  nf  tlip  UnrcliplI,  with  a  rampanitlafe  or  boIl-shaiK>(l  corolla.  208.  Of  a 
Phlox,  with  sah'er-phapod  corolla.  209.  Of  Dead-Nettie  (Lamium),  with  labiate  ringent  (or 
gapinc)  corolla.  210.  Of  Snapdragon,  with  labiate  personate  corolla.  211.  Of  Toad-Flax, 
with  a  similar  corolla  spurred  at  the  base. 


LESSON   15.] 


CONSOLIDATION    OF    PARTS. 


103 


•polysepahus,  tliat  is,  composed  of  several  or  many  sepals.  And  a 
corolla  with  distinct  petals  is  said  to  be  poltfpetalous. 

2G8.  Consolidation,  the  growing  together  of  the  parts  of  two  or  more 
different  sets.  In  the  most  natural  or  pattern  flower  (as  explained 
in  Lessons  13  and  14),  the 
several  parts  rise  from  the 
receptacle  or  axis  in  succes- 
sion, like  leaves  upon  a  very 
short  stem  ;  the  petals  just 
above  or  within  the  sepals, 
the  stamens  just  above  or 
within  these,  and  then  the 
pistils    next    the    summit    or  '^'^ 

centre.  'Now  when  contiguous  parts  of  different  sorts,  one  witiiin 
the  other,  unite  at  their  base  or  origin,  it  obscures  more  or  less  the 
plan-  of  the  flower,  by  consolidating  organs  which   in   the  pattern 

313 


flower  are  entirely  se|)arate. 

2G9.  The  nature  of  this  con- 
soUdation  will  be  at  once  un- 
derstood on  comparing  the  fol- 
lowing series  of  illustrations. 
Fig.  212  rei)resents  a  flower  of 
the  common  Flax,  cut  through 
lengthwise,  so  as  to  show  the 
attachment  (or  what  the  bot- 
anist calls  the  insertion)  of  all 
tJie  parts.  Here  they  are  all 
inserted  on,  that  is  grow  out 
of,  the  receptacle  or  axis  of 
the  blossom.  In  other  words, 
there  is  no  union  at  all  of  the 
parts  of  contiguous  circles.  So 
the  parts  are  said  to  be  free. 
And  the  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens,  all  springing  of  course  from 
beneath  the  pistils,  which  are  on  the  very  summit  of  the  axis,  are 
said  to  be  hgpugynotis  (a  term  composed  of  two  (Jr«ek  words,  mean- 
ing '-under  the  pistil"). 


FIG.  21Q.     A  Flax-fliiwor,  rut  tliroiieh  loripIliwiKP. 

FIG.  213.     Flower  of  a  Cherry,  divided  in  the  name  way. 

KIO.  au.     Flower  of  the  coinniun  Puralane,  divided  lotiBthwiM. 


104 


THE    CALYX   AND    COROLLA. 


[lesson  15. 


inferior,  as  it 


270.  Fig.  213  is  a  flower  of  a  Clierry,  cut  through  lengtlnvise  in 
the  same  way.  Here  the  petiils  and  the  stamens  grow  out  of,  that 
is,  are  inserted  on,  the  calyx ;  in  other  Avords  they  cohere  or  are 
consolidated  with  the  base  of  the  calyx  up  to  a  certain  height.  In 
such  cases  they  are  said  to  be  perigynovs  (from  two  Greek  words, 
meaning  around  the  pistil).  The  consolidation  in  the  Cherry  is  con- 
fined to  the  calyx,  corolla,  and  stamens  :  the  calyx  is  still  free  from 
the  pistil.     One  step  more  we  have  in 

271.  Fig.  214,  which  is  a  similar  section  of  a  flower  of  a  Purslane. 

Here  the  lower  part  of  the 
calyx  (carrying  with  it  of 
course  the  petals  and  stamens) 
is  coherent  with  the  surface  of 
the  whole  lower  half  of  the 
ovary.  Therefore  the  calyx, 
seeming  to  rise  from  the  mid- 
dle of  the  ovary,  is  said  to  be 

^^^  half  supei'ior,  instead  of  being 

when  entirely  free.     It  is  better  to  say,  however, 
cali/x  half-adherent  to  the  ovary.     Every  gradation  occurs  between 

such  a  case  and  that  of  a  calyx 
altogether  free  or  inferior,  as 
we  see  in  different  Purslanes 
and  Saxifrages.  The  consol- 
idation goes  farther, 

272.  In  the  Apple,  Quince, 
Hawthorn  (Fig.  215),  &c. 
Here  the  tube  of  the  calyx 
is  consolidated  with  the  whole 
surface  of  the  ovary ;  and  its 
limb,  or  free  part,  therefore  a]ipears  to  spring  from  its  top,  instead  of 
underneath  it,  as  it  naturally  should.  So  the  calyx  is  said  to  be 
superior,  or  (more  properly)  adherent  to,  or  coherent  with,  the  ovary. 
In  most  cases  (and  very  strikingly  in  the  Evening  Primrose),  the 
tube  of  the  calyx  is  continued  on  more  or  less  beyond  the  ovary, 
and  has  the  petals  and  stamens  consolidated  with  it  for  some  dis- 
tance;  these  last,  therefore,  being  borne  on  the  calyx,  are  said  to 
be  perigynous,  as  before  (270). 

FIG.  215.     Flower  of  a  Hawthorn,  divided  lengthwise. 
FIG.  216.    Flower  of  the  Cranberry.,  divided  lengthwise. 


LESSON   lO.] 


lUKKGl'LARITV    OK    PAKTS. 


105 


27.').  But  if  tlif  tiibo  of'tlio  ralyx  end.-!  iiniiicdifxlcly  at  the  suminit 
of  the  ovary,  aiul  its  lol>es  as  well  ;us  the  (-orolla  and  stuniens  are  as 
it  were  inserted  directly  on  the  ovary,  they  are  said  to  he  epigynous 
(nieaninjr  on  the  pistil),  as  in  Cornel,  the  Huckleberry,  and  the  Cran- 
berry (FifT.  2\(\). 

274.  Irn'CllIarily  of  Pnrls  in  the  calyx  and  corolla  lias  already  been 
noticed  (2U)  as  sonielinics  obstructinj>^  one's  view  of  the  real  plan  of 
a  flower.  There  is  infinite  variety  in  this  respect ;  but  what  has 
already  been  said  will  enable  the  student  to  understand  these  irreg- 
ularities when  they  occur.  We  have  only  room  to  mention  one  or 
two  cases  which  have  given  rise  to 
particular  names.  A  very  common 
kind,  among  jK)lyi)Clalou3  (2G7) 
flowers,  is  V     .^^^ 

275.  Tlie  Papilionaceous  flower 
of  the  Pea,  Bean,  and  nearly  all 
that  family.  In  this  we  have  an  sit 
irregular  corolla  of  a  peculiar  shape,  which  Linnanis  likened  to  a 
butterfly  (whence  the  term,  papilio  being  the  Latin  name  for  a  but- 
terfly) ;  but  the  resemblance  is 
not  very  obvious.  The  five  pet- 
als of  a  papilionaceous  corolla 
(Fig.  217)  have  received  different 
names  taken  from  widely  different 
objects.  The  upper  and  larger 
petal  (Fig.  218,  s),  which  is  gen- 
erally wrapped  round  all  the  rest 
in  the  bud,  is  called  the  standard 
or  banner.  The  two  side  jietals 
(?r)  are  called  the  wings.  And 
the  two  anterior  ones  (X),  the 
blades  of  which  commonly  stick 
together  a  little,  and  which  en- 
close the  stamens  and  pistil  in  the  flower 
body  shaped  somewhat  like  the  keel,  or 
ancient  boat,  are  together  named  the  keeL 

270.  The  Labiate  or  bilabiate  (that  is,  two-lipped)  flower  is  a  very 
common  form  of  the  njonopetalous  corolla,  as   in   the  Snapdragon 

Fin.  'JI7.     Front  view  of  Iho  papilionaceous  corolla  of  the  Locunt-trpo.     218.  Tli«  jwru  of 
tlio  Haiiic,  Jisplayvd 

S&F— 6 


from    their   forming  a 
allur   the    prow,  of  an 


106 


THE    CALYX    AND    COROLLA. 


[lesson  15. 


(Fig.  210),  Toad-Flax  (Fig.  211),  Dcad-Nettle  (Fig.  209),  Catnip, 
Ilorseiuint,  «5cc. ;  and  in  the  Sage,  the  Catalpa,  &cc.,  the  calyx  also  is 
two-lipped.  This  is  owing  to  unequal  union  of  the  different  j)arts  of 
the  same  sort,  as  well  as  to  diversity  of  shape.  In  the  corolla  two 
of  the  petals  grow  together  higher  than  the  rest,  sometimes  to  the 
very  top,  and  form  the  vpper  lip,  and  the  three  remaining  ones  join 
on  the  other  side  of  the  flower  to  form  the  lower  Up,  which  therefore 
is  more  or  less  three-lobed,  while  the  upper  lip  is  at  most  only  two- 
lobed.  And  if  the  calyx  is  also  two-lipped,  as  in  the  Sage,  —  since 
the  parts  of  the  calyx  always  alternate  with  those  of  the  corolla 
(247), —  then  the  upper  lip  has  three  lobes  or  teeth,  namely,  is  com- 
posed of  three  sepals  united,  while  the  lower  has  only  two ;  which  is 
the  reverse  of  the  arrangement  in  the  corolla.  So  that  all  these 
flowers  are  really  constructed  on  the  plan  of  five,  and  not  on  that  of 
two,  as  one  would  at  first  be  apt  to  suppose.  In  Gerardia,  &;c.  (Fig. 
194, 195),  the  number  five  is  evident  in  the  calyx  and  corolla,  but  is 
more  or  less,  obscured  in  the  stamens  (249).  In  Catalpa  this  num- 
ber is  masked  in  the  calyx  by  irregular  union,  and  in  the  stamens  by 
abortion.     A  different  kind  of  irregular  flower  is  seen  in 

^v  277.  The  Ligidale  or  strap- 

sliaped  corolla  of  most  com- 
pound flowers.  What  was 
called  the  compound  flower 
of  a  Dandelion,  Succory  (Fig. 
221),  Thistle,  Sunflower,  As- 
ter, Whiteweed,  &:c.,  consists 
of  many  distinct  blossoms, 
closely  crowded  together  into 
a  head,  and  surrounded  by  an  involucre  (208).  People  who  are  not 
botanists  commonly  take  the  whole  for  one  flower,  the  involucre  for 
a  calyx,  and  corollas  of  the  outer  or  of  all  the  flowers  as  petals. 
And  this  is  a  very  natural  mistake  when  the  flowers  around  the 
edge  have  flat  and  ojjcn  or  strap-sha{)ed  corollas,  while  the  rest 
are  regular  and  tubular,  but  small,  as  in  the  Whiteweed,  Sunflower, 
&c.  Fig.  219  represents  such  a  case  in  a  Coreopsis,  with  the 
head,  or  so-called  compound  flower,  cut  through  ;  and  in  Fig.  220 
we  see  one  of  the  perfect  flowers  of  the  centre  or  dish,  with  a  reg- 
ular tubular  corolla  (a),  and  with  the  slender  bract  (J)  from  whose 


FIG.  219. 
lengtbwis*. 


Head  of  flowers  (the  so-called  "  compound  flower  ")  of  Coreopsis,  divided 


LKSSON   15.]  SO-CALLKl>    COMPOUND    KLOWKR3. 


107 


axil   it  prow  ;   and   also  ono  Itclonjrinp;    to  (he  niarjiin,  or   rny,  with 
a  strap-sliapt'd  corolla  ('•),  b<jrn(;   in   the  axil  of  a  leaf  or  bract  of 


the  involucre  {d).  Here  the  ray-flower  consists  merely  of  a  strap- 
shaped  corolla,  raised  on  the  small  rudiment  of  an  ovary  ;  it  is 
therefore  a  neutral  flower,  like  those  of  the  ray  or  margin  of  the 
cluster  in  Hydrangea  (229,  Fig.  IG7),  only  of  a  different  shape, 
lyiore  commonly  the  flowers  with  a  strap-shaped  corolla  are  piS' 
tillate,  that  is,  have  a  pistil  only,  and  produce  seed  like  the  others, 
as  in  Whiteweed.     But  in  the  Dandelion,  Succory  (Fig.  221,  222), 


-3 


and  all  of  that  tribe,  these  flowers  are  perfect,  that  is,  bear  both 
stamens  and  pistils.  And  moreover  all  the  flowers  of  the  head  are 
strap-sha])ed  and  alike. 

278.  Puzzling  a^  these  strap-shaped  corollas  appear  at  first  view, 
an  attentive  inspection  will  generally  reveal  the  plan  upon  which 
they  are  constructed.  AVe  can  make  out  pretty  phiinly,  that  each 
one  consists  of  five  j)etals  (the  tips  of  which  commonly  appear  as  five 
teeth  at  the  extremity),  united  l)y  their  contiguous  etlges,  except  on 


FIO.  2-3(1.  A  slirp  of  Fir.  210,  more  piilarppil,  with  ono  tiiliiilnr  porfori  llowor  (a)  loft 
■t.indiDR  i>n  Hie  rocept.nrle,  with  its  lirnrllrl  <ir  rhnir  (A),  one  lisnlate,  iieiitml  ray-duwer  (e). 
and  pari  of  another  :  i/,  Hprlion  of  lirarlti  or  leaves  of  ilic  Involiirre. 

Flu.  2Jt>.     lload  uf  lloweru  ufSuccury,  cul  (liruiiKli  lun|{tliwiHa  and  enlarged. 


108 


THE    CALYX    AND    COROLLA. 


[lesson  16. 


one  side,  and  spread  out  flat.  To  prove  that  this  is  the  case,  we  have 
only  to  compare  such  a  corolla  (that  of  Coreopsis,  Fig.  220,  c,  or 
one  from  the  Succory,  for  instance)  with  that  of  the  Cardinal-flower, 
Of-  of  any  other  Lobelia,  which  is  equally  split  down  along  one  side  ; 
itnd  this  again  with  the  less  irregular  corolla  of  the  AV'oodbine,  par- 
tially split  down  on  one  side. 


LESSON   XVI. 


JESTIVATION,   OR    THE    ARRANGEMENT    OF    THE    CALYX    AND    CO- 
ROLLA   IN    THE    BUD. 

279.  -Estivation  or  Prcejloration  relates  to  the  way  in  which 
the  leaves  of  the  flower,  or  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  or  corolla,  are 
placed  with  respect  to  each  other  in  the  bud.  This  is  of  some 
importance  in  distinguishing  different  families  or  tribes  of  plants, 
being  generally  very  uniform  in  each.     The  aestivation  is  best  seen 


FIG.  221.    Compotmd  flowers,  i.  e.  heads  of  flowers,  of  Succory. 


LESSON   10.]        TIII-lIl    AKIJANT.KSIKNT    IN    TIIK    lUD. 


109 


by  niakiiij;  ;i  lioriznnt.-il  slice  of  llic   fl()\v(>r-l)iiil  wlwii    just   ready  to 
open  ;  ami  it  may  be  ex|in'ssed  in  diajj;ranis,  as  in  Fig.  22.'J,  '224. 

2S0,  The  pieces  of  the  ealyx  or  tiie  corolla  eillier  overlap  each 
other  in  the  bud,  or  they  do  not.  AVhen  tliey  do  not,  the  a'stivation 
is  commonly 

V(t/rafe,  as  it  is  called  when  the  j)ieces  meet  each  other  by  their 
abrupt  edges  without  any  infolding  or  overlapping  ;  as  the  calyx  of 
^the  Linden  or  Basswood  (Fig.  22.'))  and  the  Mallow,  and  the  corolla 
of  the  Grape,  Virginia  Creeper,  &c.     Or  it  may  be 

LuhijiUcatc,  which  is  valvatc  with  the  margins  of  each  piece  pro- 
jecting inwards,  or  involute  (like  the  leaf  in  Fig.  152),  as  in  the 
calyx  of  Virgin's-Bower  and  the  corolla  of  the  Potato,  or  else 

Reduplicate,  like  the  last,  but  the   margins   projecting  outwards 
/^;:c:^c==<v       •    instead  of  inwanls  ;  these  last  being  mere  vari- 
l//^^'^^^'\\       ations  of  the  valvate  form. 
/?  // oTfQtoXp\  'A'      ^^^'  ^^''*^"  ^^^^  pieces  overlap  in  the  bud,  it 
^fy^^  jn  ))   is  in  one  of  two  ways :  either  every  piece  has 
one  edge  in  and  one  edge  out ;  or  some  pieces 
^^__^^  are  wholly  outside   and  others  wholly  inside. 

223  In  the  first  case  the  activation  is 

Conrolufe  or  hcisfecl,  as  in  the  corolla  of  Geraniimi  (most  com- 
monly.  Fig.   224),   Flax  (Fig.    191),  and  of  the   Mallow  Family. 
Here  one  edge  of  every  petal  covers  the  next 
before  it,  while  its  other  edge  is  covered   by 
the  next  behind  it.     In  the  second  case  it  is 

Imhricftted  or  imbricate,  or  breaking  joints, 
like  shingles  on  a  roof,  as  in  the  calyx  of  Ge- 
ranium (Fig.  224)  and  of  Flax  (Fig.  191), 
and  the  corolla  of  the  Linden  (Fig.  223).  In 
these  cases  the  i)arts  are  five  in  number;  and  the  regular  way  then 
is  (as  in  the  calyx  of  the  figures  above  cite<l)  to  have  two  pieces  en- 
tirely external  (1  and  2),  one  (3)  with  one  edge  covered  by  the  first, 
while  the  other  edge  covers  that  of  the  adjacent  one  on  the  other 
side,  .nnd  two  (4  and  o)  wholly  within,  their  margins  at  least  being 
covered  by  the  rest.  That  is,  they  just  represent  a  circle  of  five 
leaves  spirally  arranged  on  the  five-ranked  or  §  plan  (187,  188, 
and  Fig.  143  -  14.t),  only  with  the  stem  shortened  so  as  to  bring 
the  parts  close  tog«-ther.     The  spiral  arrangi-incnt  of  the  parts  of 


FIG.  223.     Section  arnws  llip  ll. 
Fid.  a2».     Scclii.ii  acrois  llir  11.. 

10 


rr-biid  iif  l.iiiilrn. 

r-biid  ol  (j'lTuiiiuui  :  the  i 


L>|>als  iiiiiiiliuriMl  ill  tlicii' orili>r 


110 


ARRANGEMENT    OF    PARTS    IN    THE    BUD.       [lESSON  16. 


the  blossom  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  foliage,  —  an  additional  evi- 
dence that  the  Hower  is  a  sort  of  branch.  The  petals  of  the  Linden, 
with  only  one  outside  and  one  inside,  as  shown  in  Fig.  223,  exhibit 
a  gradation  between  the  imbricated  and  the  convolute  modes.  When 
the  parts  are  four  in  number,  generally  two  opposite  ones  overlap  the 
other  two  by  both  edges.  When  three  in  number,  then  one  is  outer- 
most, the  next  has  one  edge  out  and  the  other  covered,  and  the  third 
is  within,  being  covered  by  the  other  two;  as  in  Fig.  100.  This  is 
just  the  three-ranked  (^)  spiral  arrangement  of  leaves  (18G,  and 
Fig.  171). 

282.  In  the  Mignonette,  and  some  other  flowers,  the  lestivation  is 
open ;  that  is,  the  calyx  and  corolla  are  not  closed  at  all  over  the 
other  parts  of  the  flower,  even  in  the  young  bud. 

283.  When  the  calyx  or  the  corolla  is  tubular,  the  shape  of  the 
tube  in  the  bud  has  sometimes  to  be  considered,  as  well  as  the  way 
the  lobes  are  arranged.     For  example,  it  may  be 

Plaited  or  plicate,  that  is,  folded  lengthwise ;  and  the  plaits  may 
either  be  turned  outwards,  forming  projecting  ridges,  as  in  the 
corolla  of  Campanula ;  or  turned  inwards,  as  in  the  corolla  of  the 
Gentian,  &c.  When  the  plaits  are  wrapped  round  all  in  one  direc- 
tion, so  as  to  cover  one  another  in  a  convolute  manner,  the  estivation 
is  said  to  be 

Supervoliite,  as  in  the  corolla  of  Stramonium  (Fig.  225)  and  the 
Morning-Glory ;  and  in  the  Morning-Glory  it  is  twisted  besides. 


FIG.  225.     Upper  part  of  tlie  corolla  of  a  Stramonium  (Datura  iiicteloides),  in  the  buU. 
Uudemeatli  is  a  cross-section  of  Die  same. 


LESSON   17.] 


TIIK    STAMENS. 


Ill 


LESSON   XVII. 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    TIIK    STAMENS. 


284.  The  Sta:me\s  exhibit  iiearly  the  same  kinds  of  variation  in 
(liH'crent  species  that  the  calyx  and  corolhi  do.  They  may  be  dis- 
tinct (that  is,  separate  from  each  other,  2G7)  or  united.  Tliey  may 
he  free  (2('>"J),  or  else  coherent  with  other  parts  :  this  concerns 

285.  Their  Iliserlion,  or  pUice  of  attachment,  which  is  most  com- 
monly the  same  as  that  of  the  corolla.     So,  stamens  are 

Hypogynous  (2G9),  when  they  are  borne  on  the  receptacle,  or  axis 
of  the  flower,  under  the  pistils,  as  they  naturally  should  be,  and  as  is 
shown  in  Fig.  212. 

Perigynous,  when  borne  on  (that  is  coherent  below  with)  the 
calyx  ;  as  in  the  Cherry,  Fig.  213. 

Epigynons.  when  borne  on  the  ovary,  appar- 
ently, as  in  Fig.  21(3.     To  these  we  may  add 

Gynandrons  (fron\  two  Greek  words,  answer- 
ing to ''Stamens  and  pistil  united"),  when  the 
stamens  are  Consolidated  with  the  style,  so  as 
to  be  borne  by  it,  as  in  the  Lady's  Slipper 
(Fig.  22G)  and  all  the  Orchis  Family.     Also 

Epipetalous  (meaning  on  the  petals),  when 
they  are  borne  by  the  corolla;  as  in  Fig.  19-1, 
and  in  most  mouopftalous  blossoms.      As  to  ^*^ 

280.  Their  L'llioil  Milh  each  other,  the  stamens  may  be  united  by 
tlieir  filaments  or  by  their  anthers.     In  the  former  case  they  are 

Monadelphous  (from  two  Greek  words,  meaning  '*  in  one  brother- 
hood "),  when  united  by  their  filaments  into  one  set,  usually  into  a 
ring  or  cup  below,  or  info  a  tube,  as  in  the  Mallow  Familv,  the 
Titssion-flower,  and  the  Lupine  (Fig.  22.S). 

Diadelphous  (in  two  brotherhootls),  when  so  united  in  two  sets, 
as  in  the  Pea  and  almost  all  papilionaceous  flowers  (27.'>):  liere 
the  stamens  are  nine  in  one  set,  and  one  in  the  oilier  (Fig.  227). 


T\C..  OOll  St\lc  or.%  I,aily's  .'^lipixr  (l-ypriprctiiiitO,  nnd  sfnnipns  tinilod  with  it  :  a,  a,  the 
aiKlicrv  iif  the  two  pooil  i<tninpnH  ;  .it.,  ,iii  abtiriive  utaiuvii,  whal  tthuulil  l>«  iLi  aiithcr  cUaiigvJ 
iiitu  a  pelal-liko  body  ;  sti^.,  tJio  uliguia. 


112 


THE    STAMENS. 


[lesson  17. 


Triadefpkoits,  in  three  sets  or  2>art'els,  as  in  the  common  St.  Johns- 
wort  ;  or 

Polyadelphous,  when  in  more  numerous  sets,  as  in  the  Loblolly 
Bay,  where  they  are  in  five  clusters.  On 
the  other  hand,  stamens  are  said  to  be 

Syngenesious,  when  united  by  their  an- 
thers (Fig.  229,  230),  as  they  are  in  Lobelia, 
in  the  Violet  (slightly),  and  in  what  are 
called  compound  Jlowers,  such  as  the  Thistle, 
Sunflower,  Coreopsis  (Fig.  220),  and  Suc- 
cory (Fig.  222).  In  Lobelia,  and  in  the 
Squash  and  Pumpkin,  the  stamens  are 
united  both  by  their  anthers  and  their  filaments. 

287.  Their  Number  in  the  flower  is  sometimes  expressed  by  terms 
compounded  of  the  Greek  numerals  and  the  word  used  to  signify 
stamen ;   as,  monandrous,  for  a  flower  having 

only  one  stamen  ;  diandrous,  one  with  two 
stamens  ;  triandrous,  with  three  stamens  ;  te- 
trandrous,  with  four  stamens  ;  pentandrous, 
with  five  stamens ;  and  so  on,  up  to  pohjan- 
drous  (meaning  with  many  stamens),  wlien 
there  are  twenty  or  a  larger  number,  as  in  a 
Cactus  (Fig.  197).  All  such  terms  may  be 
found  in  the  Glossary  at  the  end  of  the  book. 

288.  Two  terms  are  used  to  express  particular  numbers  with  mi- 
equal  length.  Namely,  the  stamens  are  didynamous  when  only  four 
in  number,  two  longer  than  the  other  two,  as  in  the  Mint,  Catnip, 
Gerardia  (Fig.  1J94),  Trumpet-Creeper,  &c. ;  and  tetradynamous, 
when  they  are  six,  with  four  of  them  regularly  longer  than  the 
other  two,  as  in  Mustard  (Fig.  188),  and  all  that  family. 

289.  Their  Parts.  As  already  shown  (233),  a  stamen  consists  of 
two  parts,  the  Filament  and  the  Anther  (Fig.  231). 

290.  TIlC  Filament  is  a  kind  of  stalk  to  the  anther :  it  is  to  the 
anther  nearly  what  tlie  petiole  is  to  the  blade  of  a  leaf.  Therefore 
it  is  not  an  essential  part.  As  a  leaf  may  be  without  a  stalk,  so 
the  anther  may  be  sessile,  or  without  a  filament.     When   present, 


FIG.  207.  Diadelphous  stamens  of  the  Pea,  &c.  228.  Monadelplious  stamens  of  tlio 
Lupine. 

FIO.  229.  Synccnesioiis  stamens  of  Coreopsis  (Fig.  220,  a),  &c.  230.  Same,  witli  tin 
tube  of  anthers  split  down  on  one  side  and  sjiread  open. 


LESSON   17.] 


TIIKIR    STUICII'UK    AM)    PARTS. 


113 


the  filament  may  be  of  any  shape  ;  hut  it   is  coinninnly  thread-like, 
as  in  Fifi.  231,  234,  kc 

2IU.  The  Allllirr  is  the  essential  part  of  the  ptamen. 
It  is  u  sort  of  ease,  filled  with  a  fine  ])Owder,  called 
Pollen,  which  serves  to  tlTlili/.e  tiie  ])i>lil,  >o  that  it 
may  perfect  seeds.  The  anther  may  be  c<in>ideied, 
first,  as  to 

292.  Its  AUncllincnt  to  the  filament.  Of  this  there  are 
three  ways;  namely,  (he  anther  is 

Innate  (as  in  Fig.  2.'32),  when   it  is  attached  by  its  base  to  the 
very  apex  of  the  filament,  turning  neither  inwards  nor  outwards;  or 
Aclnafe   (as    in    Fig.  2.'3;3),  when  at- 
taelied    by   one    fiiee,    usually   for    its 
whole   length,  to   the   side  of  the  fila- 
ment •,  and 

Versatile  (as  in  Fig.  234),  when  fi.xed 
by  its  middle  only  to  the  very  point  of 
the  filament,  so  as  to  swing  loosely,  as 
we  see  it  in  the  Lily,  in  Grasses,  &e. 
2'.I3.    In   botli   the   last-named  cases, 
231  the  anther  either  looks  inwards  or  out- 

■n  it  is  turned  inwards,  or  is  iixed  to  that  side  of  the 
filament  which  looks  towards  the  pistil  or  centre  of  the  flower,  the 
anther  is  incumbent  or  introrse,  as  in  Magnolia  and  the  Water-Lily. 
When  turned  outwards,  or  fixed  to  the  outer  side  of  the  filament,  it  is 
extrorsc,  as  in  the  Tulip-tree. 

294.  lis  Slnifllirr,  <fce.  There  are  few  cases  in  which  the  stamen 
bears  any  resemblance  to  a  leaf.  Nevertheless,  the  botanist's  idea  of 
a  stamen  is,  that  it  answers  to  a  leaf  developed  in  a  peculiar  form 
and  for  a  special  purpose.  In  the  filament  he-Sees  the  stalk  of  the 
leaf;  in  the  anther,  the  blade.  The  blade  of  a  leaf  consists  of  two 
similar  sides  ;  so  the  anther  consists  of  two  lobes  or  cells,  one  answer- 
ing to  the  left,  the  other  to  the  right,  side  of  the  I)hide.  The  two  h>bes 
are  often  connected  by  a  prolongation  of  the  lilament,  which  answei*3 
to  the  midrib  of  a  leaf-  this  is  called  the  connective.  It  is  very  con- 
spicuous in  Fig.  232,  where  the  connective  is  so  broad  that  it  separates 
th<;  two  cells  oithe  anther  to  some  di.-taiice  from  each  other. 


wards.     AV 


Ftn.  231.     A  sl.iinon  :  n,  (llniiioiil  ;  A,  .-iiillier  disrlinrciiii;  polloii. 

FKJ.  233.     ^tnnirii  of  Is(i|i)  riirii,  Willi  iiiii.tlo  nnllicr.    iiUI.  Of  Tiili|>-trt<e,  witli  .idn.itoC.iiid 
•xtmrxc)  aiiljicr-    23A    Ut  Bvcnini!  Priiiiroso,  willi  Turnatilo  aiillier. 

10* 


114 


THE    STAMENS. 


[lesson  17. 


29o.  To  discharge  the  pollen,  the  anther  0{)ens  (or  is  dehiscent) 
at  maturity,  commonly  by  a  line  along  the  whole 
length  of  each  cell,  and  which  answers  lo  tlie 
margin  of  the  leaf  (as  in  Fig.  231);  but  when 
the  anthers  are  extrorse,  this  line  is  often  on  the 
outer  face,  and  when  introrse,  on  the  inner  face 
of  each  cell.  Sometimes  the  anther  opens  only 
by  a  chink,  hole,  or  pore  at  the  top,  as  in  the 
2S5  23S  Azalea,  Pyrola  or  False  Wintergreen  (Fig.  235), 

Arc. ;  and  sometimes  a  part  of  the  face  separates  as  a  sort  of  trap-door 
(or  valve),  hinged  at  the  top,  and  opening  to  allow  the  escape  of  the 
pollen,  as  in  the  Sassafras,  Spice-bush,  and  Barberry  (Fig.  236). 
Most  anthers  are  really  four-celled  when  young; 
a  slender  partition  running  lengthwise  through . 
each  cell  and  dividing  it  into  two  compartments, 
one  answering  to  the  upper,  and  the  other  to  the 
lower,  layer  of  the  green  pulp  of  the  leaf.  Oc- 
casionally the  anther  becomes  one-celled.  This 
takes  i>lace  mostly  by  conjiuence,  that  is,  the  two 
cells  running  together  into  one,  as  they  do 
slightly  in  Pentstemon  (Fig.  237) 
and  thoroughly  in  the  Mallow  Family  (Fi 
sometimes  it  occurs  by  the  obliteration  or  disappear- 
ance of  one  half  of  the  anther,  as  in  the  Globe  Ama- 
ranth of  the  gardens  (Fig.  239). 

296.  The  way  in  which  a  stamen  is  supposed  to  be 
constructed  out  of  a  leaf,  or  rather  on   the   plan  of  a 
leaf,  is  shown   in  Fig.  240,  an  ideal  figure,  the  lower 
part  representing  a  stamen  with  the  top  of  its  anther 
cut  away ;  the  upper,  the  corresponding  upper  part  of 
a  leaf.  —  The  use  of  the  anther  is  to  produce 
297.  Pollen.     This  is  the  powder,  or  fine  dust,  commonly  of  a  yel- 
low color,  which  fills  the  cells  of  the  anther,  and  is  discharged  during 
blossoming,  after  which  the  stamens  generally  fall  off  or  wither  away. 


238).     But 


FIG.  235.  Ptamcn  of  Tyrnla  ;  tho  amhor  oppiiins:  by  holes  at  the  top. 

FIG.  230.  Stamen  of  Barberry  ;  the  anther  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 

FIG.  237.  Stamen  of  Pentstemon  piibescens  ;  anther-cells  slightly  confluent. 

FIG.  238.  Stamen  of  Mallow  ;  tho  two  cells  roiifluent  into  one,  opening  round  the  margin 

FIG.  2;}9.  Anther  of  Globe  Amaranth,  of  only  one  cell ;  the  other  cell  wanting. 

FIG.  240  Diagram  of  the  lower  part  of  an  anther,  cut  across  above,  and  the  upper  part  of 
a  leaf,  to  show  liow  tho  one  answers  to  the  other. 


LF.S30V  17.] 


IJ.) 


I'lidcr  tlio  mlcroscopo  it  is  found  to  consist  of  pjraiiis,  nsu;illy  round  or 
oviil,  and  all  alike  in  tiic  same  specie's,  hut  very  diflerent  in  dUlcrcnt 
plants.  So  that  the  i)lant  may  sometimes  he  recognized  from  the 
pollen  alone. 

21)8.  A  grain  of  polh-n  is  made  up  of  two  coats  ;  the  outer  coat 
thit-kish,  hut  weak,  and  frequently  adorned  with  lines  or  hands,  or 
studded  with  points  ;  tlie  inner  coat  is  extremely  thin  and  delicate, 
but  extensible,  and  its  cavity  is  filled  with  a  thiekish  fluid,  often 
rendered  turbid  by  an  immense  number  of  minute  grains  that  float 
in  it.  When  wet,  the  grains  absorb  the  water  and  swell  so  much 
that  many  kinds  soon  burst  and  discharge  their  contents. 

299.  Figures  241-250  represent  some  common  sorts  of  pollen, 
magnified  one  or  two  hundred  diameters,  viz. :  —  A  pollen-grain  of 
the  ]\Iusk  Plant,  spirally  grooved.  One  of  Sicyos,  or  One-seeded 
Cucumber,  beset  with  bristly  points  and  marked  by  smooth  bands. 
One  of  the  "Wild  lialsam-Apple  (Echinocystis),  grooved  lengthwise- 
One  of  Hibiscus  or  Kose-Maliow,  studded  with  prickly  points.  One 
of  Succory,  many-sided,  and  dotted  with  fine  points.  A  grain  of  the 
curious  compound  pollen  of  Pine.  One  from  the  Lily,  smooth  and 
oval.  One  from  Enchanter's  Nightshade,  with  three  small  lobes  on 
the  angles.  Pollen  of  Kalmia,  composed  of  four  grains  united,  as  in 
all  the  Heath  family.  A  grain  from  an  Evening  Primrose,  with  a 
central  body  and  three  large  lobes.  The  figures  number  from  left 
to  right,  beginning  at  the  top. 


116  THE    PISTILS.  [lesson   18. 


LESSON   XVIII. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    PISTILS. 

300.  The  Pistil,  when  only  one,  occupies  the  centre  of  the 
flower ;  when  there  are  two  pistils,  they  stand  facing  each  other  in 
the  centre  of  the  flower  ;  when  several,  they  commonly  form  a  ring 
or  circle  ;  and  when  very  numerous,  they  are  generally  crowded  in 
rows  or  spiral  lines  on  the  surface  of  a  more  or  less  enlarged  or 
elongated  receptacle. 

301.  Their  number  in  a  blossom  is  sometimes  expressed,  in  Sys- 
tematic Botany,  by  terms  compounded  of  the  Greek  numerals  and 
the  Greek  word  used  to  signify  j)istil,  in  the  following  way.  A  flower 
with  one  pistil  is  said  to  be  monogynous  ;  with  two,  digijiious  ;  with 
three,  trlgynous  ;  with  four,  tetragynons  ;  with  five,  pcntagynous,  and 
so  on  ',  with  many  pistils,  poJygynous,  —  terms  which  are  explained 
in  the  Glossary,  but  which  there  is  no  need  to  commit  to  memory. 

302.  TllC  Paris  of  a  Pistil,  as  already  explained  (234),  are  the 
Ovary,  the  Style,  and  the  Stigma.  The  ovary  is  one  essential  part  : 
it  contains  the  rudiments  of  seeds,  called  Ovules.  The  stigma  at 
the  summit  is  also  essential :  it  receives  the  pollen,  which  fertilizes 
the  ovules  in  order  that  they  may  become  seeds.  But  the  style,  the 
tapering  or  slender  column  commonly  borne  on  the  summit  of  the 
ofvary,  and  bearing  the  stigma  on  its  apex  or  its  side,  is  no  more  neces- 
sary to  a  pistil  than  the  filament  is  to  the  stamen.  Accordingly,  there 
is  no  style  in  many  pistils :  in  these  the  stigma  is  sessile,  that  is,  rests 
directly  on  the  ovary.  The  stigma  is  very  various  in  shape  and 
appearance,  being  sometimes  a  little,  knob  (as  in  the  Cherry,  Fig. 
213),  sometimes  a  small  point,  or  small  surface  of  bare,  moist,  tissue 
(as  in  Fig.  254-256),  and  sometimes  a  longitudinal  crest  or  line 
(as  in  Fig.  252,  258,  2G7,  2G9),  and  also  exhibiting  many  other 
shapes. 

303.  The  pistil  exhibits  an  almost  infinite  variety  of  forms,  and 
many  complications.  To  understand  these,  it  is  needful  to  begin 
with  the  simple  kinds,  and  to  }>roceed  gradually  to  the  complex. 
And,  first  of  all.  the  stiulent  should  get  a  clear  notion  of 

304.  The  Plan  or  Ideal  StrncUire  of  llie  Pistil,  or,  in  other  words,  of 

the  way  in  which  a  simple  pistil  answers  to  a  leaf     Pistils  are  either 


LESSON   18.] 


SIMPLK    PISTII.S. 


117 


simple  or  compound.  A  simple  nislil  answers  fo  a  slnplc  leaf.  A 
compound  pistil  answers  to  two  or  more  h.-aves  rombinotl,  just  as  a 
nionopelalous  corolla  (2(j.">)  answers  to  two  or  more  petals,  or  leaves 
of  the  flower,  nnitetl  into  oik;  hotly.      In  theory,  aceortlin^My, 

30,').  TIlP  Simple  Pislii,  or  liirixi  (as  it  is  sometimes  calleil),  consists 
of  tlie  hlade  of  ;i  leaf,  cnrM-d  unlil  the  marfrins  meet  and  unite,  form- 
iiii;  in  this  way  a  elo-ed  ease  or  |)od,  which  is  the  ovary.  So  that 
the  upper  face  of  the  altered  h'af  answers  to  the  inner  surface  of  the 
ovary,  and  the  lower,  to  its  outer  surface.  And  the  ovules  are  borne 
on  what  answers  to  the  united  edges  of  tlu'  leaf.  The  tapering  sum- 
mit, rolled  toirelher  and  prolonged,  forms  the  style,  when  there  is 
any  ;  ami  the  edLres  of  the  altered  leaf  turned  outwards,  either  at 
the  tip  or  aloiii^  the  inner  side  of  the  style,  form  the  stigma.  To 
make  this  perfeetly  clear,  eompaic  a  leaf  folded  together  in  this  wa; 
(as  in  Fig.  2.')])  with  a  pistil  of  a 
Garden  Pa'ony,  or  Larkspni-.  or  with 
that  in  Fig.  2^)2;  or,  later  in  th(> 
season,  notice  how  these,  as  ripe  j'ods, 
split  down  along  the  line  formed  by 
the  united  edges,  and  open  out  again 
into  a  sort  of  leaf,  as  in  the  Marsh- 
I\Iarigol.l  (Fig.  25.3).  In  the  Double- 
flowering  Cherry  the  pistil  occasion 
ally  is  found  changed  back  again  into 
a  small  green  leaf,  partly  folded,  much  as 

306.  Fig.  172  represents  a  simple  pistil  on  a  larg(>r  scale,  the. 
ovary  cut  through  to  show  how  the  ovules  (when  nuniemiis)  are 
attached  to  what  answers  to  the  two  margins  of  the  lc;if.  Tiie 
Stonecrop  (Fig.  1G8)  has  five  such  ])istils  in  a  circle,  each  with  the 
side  where  the  ovules  an;  attaciied  tuiiied  to  the  centre  of  the  tlower. 

307.  The  line  or  seam  down  the  inner  side,  whicii  answers  to  the 
united  edges  of  the  leaf,  and  bears  the  ovules,  is  called  the  ventral  or 
inner  Suture.  A  corresponding  line  down  the  back  of  the  ovary, 
and  which  answers  to  the  middle  of  the  leaf,  is  named  the  dorsul  or 
outer  Suture. 

308.  The  ventral  suture  inside,  wiiere  it  projects  ;i  little  into  the 


Fir..  S-M.  A  lo.if  r..llfil  lip  iiiwanls,  to  .-.how  li«\v  tlip  pi 

FI(i.   '■J^fi,  I'JMtil  (if  Isiipyriiin  bitcriialiiiii  nic  .irrotis,  will 
tlio  eye. 

FIG.  253.  Tutl  or  ri|H)  pistil  of  Ilia  Oaltha,  or  Mareh-Marigold,  arivr  opening 


siippiisnl  to  Ik-  foriiird. 
iiiiiT  siKiire  tiiriicil  tiiw'arUfl 


113 


THK    PISTILS. 


[lesson  18. 


cavity  of  tlie  ovary,  and  bears  the  ovules,  is  called  the  PIncenta. 
Obviously  a  simple  pistil  can  have  but  one  placenta;  but  this  is  in 
its  nature  double,  one  halt'  answering-  to  each  margin  of  the  leaf. 
And  if  the  ovules  or  seeds  are  at  all  numerous,  they  will  be  found 
to  occupy  two  rows,  one  for  each  margin,  as  we  see  in  Fig.  252,  172, 
in  the  Marsh-Marigold,  in  a  Pea-pod,  and  the  like. 

309.  A  simple  pistil  obviously  can  have  but  one  cavity  or  cell ; 
except  from  some  condition  out  of  the  natural  order  of  things.  But 
the  converse  does  not  hold  true  :  all  pistils  of  a  single  cell  are  not 
simple.     Many  compound  pistils  are  one-celled. 

810.  A  simple  pistil  necessarily  has  but  one  style.  Its  stigma, 
however,  may  be  double,  like  the  placenta,  and  for  the  same  reason 
(305) ;  and  it  often  exhibits  two  lines  or  crests,  as  in  Fig.  252,  or  it 
may  even  be  split  into  two  lobes. 

311.    The  Compound  Pistil  consists  of  two,  three,  or  any  greater 

number  of  pistil-leaves, 
or  carpels  (305),  in  a 
circle,  united  into  one 
body,  at  least  by  their 
ovaries.  The  Culti- 
vated Flax,  for  exam- 
ple (Fig.  212),  has  a 
compound  pistil  com- 
(s^^^)  posed  of  five  simple 
ones  with  their  ovaries 
united,  while  the  five 
styles     are     separate. 

254  255  256  But       UX      OUC      of      OUr 

wild  species  of  Flax,  the  styles  are  united  into  one  also,  for  about 
half  their  length.  So  the  Common  St.  John's-wort  of  the  fields  has 
a  compound  ovary,  of  three  united  carpels,  but  the  three  styles  are 
separate  (Fig.  255),  while  some  of  our  wild,  shrubby  species  have  the 
styles  also  combined  into  one  (Fig.  256),  although  in  the  fruit  they 
often  split  into  three  again.  Even  the  ovaries  may  only  partially 
combine  with  each  other,  as  we  see  in  different  species  of  Saxifrage, 
some  having  their  two  pistils  nearly  separate,  while  in  others  they 


FIG.  254.     Pistil  of  a  Saxifrage,  of  two  simple  carpels  or  pistil-leaves,  united  at  the  base 
nnly,  cut  across  both  above  and  below. 

FIG.  255.     Compound  pistil  of  common  St.  John's-wort,  cut  across:  styles  separate. 
FIG.  2.5fi.     The  same  of  shrubby  St.  John's-wort ;  the  three  styles  united  into  »ne- 


I 


LESSON  18.]  COMrOlNO    TISTILS.  119 

arc  joined  tit   (ho  iiase  only,  or  else  hclow  the  middle  (as  in  Fig. 
254),  and  in  some  they  are  muted  quite  to  (he  top. 

tl\'2.  Kveu  when  tiie  styles  are  all  consolidati-d  into  one,  the  sti?;- 
mas  are  often  separate,  or  enough  so  to  show  l>y  the  numher  of  their 
lohes  how  many  simple  pisdls  are  comhined  (o  make  tlie  compound 
one.  In  the  common  Lily,  for  instance,  the  tliree  lobes  of  the  stigma, 
as  well  as  the  three  grooves  down  the  ovary,  plainly  (ell  us  tha(  the 
pistil  is  made  of  three  combined.  But  in  the  Day-Lily  the  thi-ee 
lobes  of  the  stigma  are  barely  discernible  by  the  naked  eye,  and  in 
the  Spiderwort  (Fig.  2'»7)  they  are  as  perfectly  united  into 
one  as  the  ovaries  and  styles  are.  Here  the  number  of 
cells  in  the  ovary  alone  shows  that  the  pistil  is  compound. 
These  are  all  eases  of 

313.  I'oinpoiiiiil  Pistils  willi  Iwo  or  more  frlls.  namely,  with 

as  many  cells  lus  there  are  simple  jjistils,  or  carpels,  that 
have  united  to  compose  the  organ.  They  arc  just  what 
would  be  formed  if  the  simjjle  pistils  (two,  three,  or  five 
in  a  circle,  as  the  case  may  be),  like  those  of  a  Pa'ony  or 
Stonecrop,  all  pressed  together  in  the  centre  of  the  flower,  / 
were  to  cohere  by  their  contiguous  parts. 

314.  As  each   simple  ovary  has  its  placenta,  or  seed-    ^^^ 
bearing  line   (308),  at  the   inner  angle,  so   the   resuhing    ^"^^^ji^ 
compound  ovary  has  as  many  axile  placentce  (that  is,  as       ^^ 
many  placenta?  in  the  axis  or  centre)  as  there  are  pistil-leaves  in 
its  composition,  but  all  more  or  less  consolidated  in<o  one.     This  is 
shown  in  the  cross-sections,  Fig.  254-256,  &c. 

315.  The  partitions  (or  Dissepiments,  as  they  are  technieall}' 
named)  of  a  compound  ovary  are  accordingly  part  of  the  walls  or 
the  sides  of  the  carpels  which  compose  it.  Of  course  they  are  double, 
one  layer  belonging  to  each  carpel ;  and  in  rip(!  pods  tliey  often  split 
into  the  two  layers. 

31G.  "We  have  d(>scri])ed  only  one,  though  the  commonest,  kind  of 
compound  pistil.     There  an;  besides 

317.  OllC-CclIcd  Compound  Pistils.  These  are  of  two  sorts,  those  with 
axile,  and  thos(!  witii  jxtriitnl  placenttc.  That  is,  first,  where  the 
ovules  or  seeds  are  borne  in  the  axis  or  centn;  of  the  ovary,  ;ind, 
secondly,  where  they  arc  borne  on  its  walls.  Tlie  first  of  these 
Ciises,  or  that 

Flo.  367.     I'i^lil  of  S|iiilrr\v.>rt  (Tr.i.lcsr.iiili.-i) :  the  Ilireo-rpllrrl  (.»arr  nit  scrnos. 


120 


THE    riSTILS. 


[m:sson  18. 


318.  With*  a  Free  Ccillral  I'laCCIlta.  is  uhat  we  find  in  Purslane 
(Fig.  214),  ami  in  most  Ciiickweeds  (Fig.  2.38,  2.J'j)  and  Pinks. 
The  diffcreuce  between  this  and  the  foregoing  case  is  oidy  that  the 
delicate  partitions  have  very  early  vanished  ;  and  traces  of  thera 
may  often  be  detected.  Or  sometimes  this  is  a  variation 
of  the  mode 

319.  With  rarictal  Placenta:,  namely,  with  the  ovules 
and  seeds  borne  on  the  sides  or  wall  {parietes)  of  the 
o%ary.  The  i)istil  of  the  Prickly  Poppy,  Bloodroot, 
Violet,  Frost-weed  (Fig.  2G1),  Gooseberry,  and  of 
many  Hypericums,  are  of  this  sort.  To  understand  it 
perfectly,  we  have  only  to  imagine  two,  three,  or  any 
number  of  carpel-leaves  (like  that  of  Fig. 
251),  arranged  in  a  circle,  to  unite  by  their 
contiguous  edges,  and  so  form  one  ovary 
or  pod  (as  we  have  endeavored  to  show  in  Fig.  260)  ; 
—  very  much  as  in  the  Stramonium  (Fig.  199)  the 
five  petals  unite  by  their  edges  to  compose  a  mono- 
petalous  corolla,  and  the  five  sepals  to  form  a  tubular 
calyx.  Here  eaeli  carpel  is  an  o|)en  leaf,  or  partly 
open,  bearing  ovules  along  its  margins  ;  and  each 
placenta  consists  of  the  contiguous  margins  of  two 
pistil-leaves  grown  together. 

320.  All  degrees  occur  between  this  and   the  sev- 
eral-celled ovary  with  the  placentre  in  the  axis.     Com- 
pare, for  illustration,  the  common  St.  John's-worts,  Fig.  2oa  and  '2')Q, 
with  Fig.  2G2,  a  cross-section  of  the  ovary  of  a  different  species,  in 
which  the  three  large  placenta)  meet  in  the  axis,  but       -    - 
scarcely  unite,  and  with  Fig.  2G3,  a  similar  section  of  V^^^^<^ 
the  ripe  pod  of  the  same  plant,  showing  three  parietal 
placenta}    borne  on    imperfect    partitions    projecting  a 
little  way  into  the  general  cell.     Fig.  2G1  is  the  same 
in  plan,  but  with  hardly  any  trace  of  partitions  ;  that 
is,  the  united  edges  of  the  leaves  only  slightly  project  into  the  ceU. 


FIG.  25S.  Pistil  of  a  Sandwort,  with  the  ovarj'  divided  lengthwise;  and  259,  tlio  same 
divided  transversely,  to  show  tlie  free  central  placenta 

FIG.  SCO.  Plan  of  a  one-celled  ovary  of  three  carpel-leaves,  with  parietal  iilareiita>,  rut 
across  below,  where  it  is  complete;  the  upper  p:iit  showing  the  tup  of  the  Ihroc  Icives  it  la 
com|M>sed  of,  approacliinji,  hut  not  united. 

FIG.  2r,l  Cross-se<'tioii  of  the  ovary  of  I'rost-weed  (llcliaulhemuui),  w  ith  three  parietal 
{ilaccntw^  bearing  ovules. 


LESSON   \8.] 


OTKN    riSTIL3. 


121 


321.  The  ovaiy,  fspecially  ulien  (•oinpoiiiKl,  is  ofton  oovchmI  by 
ami  united  with  tlie  tube  of  tiie  calyx,  as  has  already  been  cxplaiut^J 
(■J72).  AVe  describe  this  by  saying  eitlier  "  ovary  adherent,"  or 
'*  calyx  adherent,"  cVc.  Or  \vc  say  "  oi-ary  infrrinr"  when  the  tube 
of  the  calyx  is  adljcrent  througliout  to 
the  surface  of  the  ovary,  so  that  its 
lobes,  and  all  the  rest  of  the  flower, 
appear  to  be  borne  on  its  summit,  as 
in  Fiuj.  21")  and  Fig.  21(3;  or  '■'■  half- 
inferior"  as  in  the  Purslane  (Fig.  214), 

wiiere  tlie  calyx  is  adherent  part  way  up^  or  ^^ sxpcrior,"  where  the 
calyx  and  ihe  ovary  are  not  combined,  as  in  the  Cherry  (Fig,  213) 
and  the  like,  that  is,  where  these  parts  are  free.  Tiie  term  "  ovary 
superior,"  therefore,  means  just  the  same  as  "calyx  inferior";  and 
"ovary  inferior,"  the  same  as  "calyx  superior." 

322.  Open  or  GymilOSpfnnoilS  Pislil.  Tliis  is  what  we  have  in  Ihe 
whole  Pine  family,  the  most  peculiar,  and  yet  the  simplest, 
of  all  jjistils.  While  the  ordinary  simple  pistil  in  the  eye 
of  the  botanist  represents  a  leaf  rolled  together  into  a 
closed  pod  (30.3).  those  of  the  Pine,  Larch  (Fig.  2G4), 

264  Cedar,  and  Aibor-Vitaj  (Fig.  2G5, 
2GG)  are  plainly  open  leaves,  in  the  form  of 
scales,  each  bearing  two  or  more  ovules  on  the 
inner  face,  next  the  base.  At  the  time  of 
blossoming,  these  pistil-leaves  of  the  young 
cone  diverge,  and  the  pollen,  so  abundantly 
shed  from  the  staminate  blossoms,  falls  di- 
rectly upon  the  exposed  ovules.  Afterwanls  r 
the  scales  close  over  each  other  until  llie 
seeds  are  ripe.     Tiien  they  separate;  again.        ^  ^ 

that  the  seeds  may  be  shed.  As  their  ovules  and  seeds  are  not 
enclosed  in  a  pod,  all  sucli  plants  are  said  to  be  Ci/niiiosperiiuius, 
that  is,  naked-sceJed. 


of  flowering , 


FIO.  2.2.     Cross-rfction  of  llip  ovary  of  Ifj  prririim  pnvrolpns. 
tlir  ri|)0  |>imI  of  llio  s.-iiiip. 

FK:.  204.     A   pixtil,  llint   is,  a  sralo  of  llip  roiir,  of  a  Larrli,  at  llio  lii 
Inside  view,  slidwins  "<■•*  pair  of  nakcil  ovules. 

FtG.  20.5.  Ilranrlilet  of  llip  .<Vnieriran  ArlHirVitir,  ronsirirralily  l.irser  than  in  nature, 
lirniinated  by  ils  pislillate  flowers,  earli  ronsistiiig  of  a  single  sralc  (an  o|ien  pistil),  together 
forming  a  small  rone. 

FKJ.  ai'iCi.     One  of  the  scales  or  pistils  of  the  last,  rrniiived  and  more  enlarged,  the  Inaid* 
exposed  to  view,  sliowing  a  pair  of  oviilus  un  its  haso. 
II 


122  THE    PISTILS.  [lesson   18. 

323.  Ovules  (234).  These  are  (he  bodies  which  are  lo  become 
seeds.  Tliey  are  either  sessile,  that  is,  stalkless,  or  else  borne  on  a 
stalk,  called  the  Funiculus.  They  may  be  produced  along  the  whole 
length  of  the  cell,  or  only  at  some  part  of  it,  generally  either  at  the 
top  or  the  bottom.  In  the  former  case  they  are  apt  to  be  numerous; 
in  the  latter,  they  may  be  few  or  single  [solitary,  Fig.  2G7  -  26P). 
As  to  their  direction,  ovules  are  said  to  be 

\    Horizontal,  when    they  are  neither  turned  upwards   nor  down- 
wards, as  in  Fig.  252,  261 ; 

Ascending,  when  rising  obliquely  upwards,  usually  from  the  side 
of  the  cell,  not  from  its  v^'ry  base,  as  in  the  Buttercup  (Fig.  2G7). 
and  the  Purslane  (Fig.  214)  ; 

Erect,  when  rising  ujiright  from 
the  base  of  the  cell,  as  in  the  Buck- 
wheat (Fig.  2G8); 

Pendulous,  when    hanging  from 
towards    the  top,  as   in    the    Flax 
(Fig.  212);  and 
Suspended,  when    hanging  perpendicularly  from   the  very   sum- 
mit of  the  cell,  as  in  the  Anemone  (Fig.  209),  Dogwood,  A:c.     All 
these  terras  equally  apply  to  seeds. 

324.  An  ovule  consists  of  a  pulpy  mass  of  tissue,  the  Nucleus  or 
kernel,  and  usually  of  one  or  two  coats.  In  the  nucleus  the  embryo 
is  form(;d,  and  the  coats  become  the  skin  or^overings  of  the  seed. 
There  is  a  hole  ( Orifice  or  Foramen)  through  the  coats,  at  the  place 
which  answers  to  the  apex  of  the  ovule.  The  part  by  which  the 
ovule  is  attached  is  its  base  ;  the  point  of  attachment,  where  the  ripe 
seed  breaks  away  and  leaves  a  scar,  is  named  the  Hilum.  The 
place  where  the  coats  blend,  and  cohere  with  each  other  and  with  the 
nucleus,  is  named  the  Ctialaza.  We  will  point  out  these  parts  in 
illustrating  the  four  principal  kinds  of  ovule.  These  are  not  difficult 
to  understand,  although  ovules  are  usually  so  small  that  a  good  mog- 
nifying-glass  is  needed  for  their  examination.  Moreover,  their  names, 
all  taken  from  the  Greek,  are  unfortunately  rather  formidable. 

325.  The  simplest  sort,  although  the  least  common,  is  what  is 
called  the 

Orthotropous,  or  straight  ovule.     The  Buckwheat  affords  a  good 

FIG.  2R7.     Portion  of  tho  ovary  of  a  niittprriip,  Imctliwise,  sliowiiig  its  ascending  ovule. 
FIG.  2i-8.     Section  of  the  ovary  of  Buckwheat,  sliowing  the  erect  ovule. 
FIG.  2C9.     Section  of  the  ovary  of  Aneiiume,  showing  its  suspended  ovule 


LK.SSON  18.]  OVrLES.  123 

instance  of  it  :  it  is  shown  in  its  place  in  the  ovary  in  Fipr.  208, 
also  detached  in  Fig.  270,  and  a  much  more  magnilied  diagram  of  it 
in  Fig.  274.  In  this  kind,  the  orilice  (/)  is  at  the  top,  the  chalaza 
and  the  hilum  (r)  are  hlended  at  the  hase  or  point  of  attachment, 
which  is  at  the  opposite  end  ;  and  the  axis  of  the  ovule  is  straight. 


If  such  an  ovule  were  to  gj'ow  on  one  side  more  than  on  the  other, 
and  donlile  up,  or  have  its  top  pushed  round  as  it  enlarges,  it  would 
become  a 

(AiDipi/lofropoiis  ov  cunrd  ovu\c,  as  in  Cress  and  Chickweed  (Fig. 
271).  Here  the  base  remains  as  in  the  stiaight  kind,  but  its  apex 
uith  the  orifice  is  brought  round  close  to  it.  —  Much  the  most  com- 
mon form  of  all  is  the 

Auatropous  or  inverted  ovule.  This  is  shown  in  Fig.  2G7,  and 
273  ;  also  a  much  eidarged  section  lengthwise,  or  diagram,  in  Fig. 
27.").  To  understand  it,  we  have  only  to  suppose  the  first  sort  (Fig. 
270)  to  be  inverted  on  its  stalk,  or  rather  to  have  it.-J  stalk  bent 
round,  applied  to  one  side  of  the  ovule  lengthwise,  and  to  grow  fast 
to  the  coat  down  to  near  the  orifice  (  /")  ;  the  hilum,  therefore,  where 
the  seed-stalk  is  to  break  away  {/i),  is  close  to  tin;  orilice;  but  the 
chalaza  (c)  is  here  at  the  top  of  the  ovule  ;  between  it  and  the  hilum 
runs  a  ridge  or  cord,  called  the  RJxtphe  (r),  which  is  simply  that  part 
of  the  stalk  which,  Jis  the  ovule  grew  and  turned  over,  adhered  to  its 
surface.  —  L:i-stly,  the 

Aiuphitropons  or  half-anatropons  ovule  (Fig.  272)  difTcrs  from 
the  last  only  in  having  a  shorter  rliaphe,  ending  about  half-way 
between  the  chalaza  and  the  orifice.  So  the  hilmn  or  attachment  is 
not  far  from  the  middle  of  one  side,  while  the  chalaza  is  at  one  end 
and  the  orifice  at  the  other. 

n2r..  The  internal  structure  of  the  ovide  is  snnicirnlly  displayrd 
in   the  subjoined   diagrams,  representing  a  longitudinal   >lice  of  two 

no.  07n.  Onholmi)oii«  oviiIp  of  niirkwlipat :  r,  hilum  and  rli.-il.nr.n  :  /,  nrifiro. 

nc.  2TI.  CamiiyloiroiMms  oviiIp  nf  n  Cliirkwerd  :  r,  liihiin  anil  clinlnza  ; /,  oridrp. 

T\r,    07-^  Aii.|.liilrn|K>iis  ovnlp  of  Mnllnw  :  /.  oririrc  ;  A,  liiliini  ;  r,  rliaplte  ;  c,  rlinlaia. 

FlU.  273.  AnalniiKMis  ovnlo  of  a  Viulvt;  llio  parts  Ivticrcd  as  in  tlio  last. 


124 


THE    RECEPTACLE. 


[lesson  19. 


ovules  ;  Fig.  274,  an  orthotropous,  Fig.  275,  an  anatropous  ovule. 
The  letters  correspond  in  the  two;  c,  the  chalaza ;  /,  the  orilice  ; 
r,  rhaphe  (of  whifh  there  is  of  course  none  in  Fig.  274)  ;  />,  the 
outer  coat,  called  priinine  ;  s,  inner  coat,  called  sccundine  ;  n,  nu- 
cleus or  kernel. 


LESSON   XIX. 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    THE    RECKPTACLE. 


327.  The  Receptacle  (also  called  the  Torus)  is  the  axis,  or 
stem,  which  the  leaves  and  other  parts  of  the  blossom  are  attached 
to  (231).  It  is  commonly  small  and  short  (as  in  Fig.  1G9) ;  but  it 
sometimes  occurs  in  more  conspicuous  and  remarkable  forms. 

328.  Occasionally  it  is  elongated,  as  in  some  plants  of  the  Caper 
family  (Fig.  27G),  making  the  flower  really  look  like  a  branch,  hav- 
ing its  circles  of  leaves,  stamens,  &zc.,  separated  by  long  spaces  or 
internodes. 

329.  The  Wild  Geranium  or  Cranesbill  has  the  receptacle  pro- 
longed above  and  between  the  insertion  of  the  pistils,  in  the  form 
of  a  slender  beak.  In  the  blossom,  and  until  the  fruit  is  ripe,  it 
is  concealed  by  the  five  pistils  united  around  it,  and  their  fiat  styles 
covering  its  whole  surface  (Fig.  277).  But  at  maturity,  the  five 
small  and  one-seeded  fruits  separate,  and  so  do  their  styles,  from  the 
beak,  and  hang  suspended  from  tlie  summit.     They  split  off  elasti- 


LKSSOX   19.] 


TIIK    KKCKl'TACLK 


125 


(•ally  from  (Iio  roco])t;\ol(>,  nirviii^  npwanls  with  a  >iiiM<n  jirk,  wliioJi 
scatters  tlio  si-cd,  oi'lc-n  thfowiiig  it  to  n  coiisidcralilc  cli.-laiicL-. 

.'J.'IO.  When  a  ilowcr 
bears  ji  great  many  pis- 
tils, its  receptacle  is  gen- 
erally enlarged  so  sis  to 
give  tlieni  room  ;  some- 
times becoming  broad 
and  flat,  as  in  the  Flow- 
ering Raspberry,  some- 
times elongjited,  as  in 
the  Blackberry,  the  Mag- 
nolia, iVc.  It  is  the  re- 
ceptacle   in    the    Straw- 

'  V7B  •■til  V'3 

berry   (Fig.   *i7:»),  inti.h 

enlarged  and  pulpy  wlicn  lipo,  which  forms  the  eatable  i)art  of  tlie 
fniit,  ajid  bears  the  small  seed-like  pistils  on  its 
,'j  /         snrface.    In  the  Rose  (Fig.  2S0).  instead  of  being 
'^^     convex  or  conical,  the  receptacle  is  deeply  con- 
^^  cave,  or  nrn-shaped.     Indeed,  a  Rose-hip  maybe 
likened  to  a  strawberry  turned  inside  out,  like 
the  finger  of  a  glove  reversed,  and   the  whole 
covered  by  the  adluM-ent  tube  of  the  calyx,  which 
remains  ixMicath  in  the  strawberry. 

031.  A  Disk  is  a  part  of  the  re- 
ceptacle, or  a  growth  from  it,  vn- 
larged  under  or  around  the  |)i-lil. 
It  is  Jnjpogifuous  (2G0),  when  free 
from  all  union  either  with  the  pistil  P, 
or  the  calyx,  as  in  the  Rue  and  the 
Orange  (Fig.  281).  It  is  perlriy- 
"°  nnin;  (270).  when   it   adheres  to  the  '-»' 

base  of  the  calyx,  as  in  tin-   IWad.lcr-mit  aiul    IJuckthorn  (Fig.  282, 


FIC.  '^Ti"..  I'lowpr  iif  flynaiulrnpsis  ,  tlic  rorpptarlp  piilarsnl  «nd  flattonoil  «  lioro  it  l)o.-ira 
the  sppals  anil  |>clals,  llipii  olon«aipil  into  a  sirnrlpr  stalk,  bparins  the  Ftamons  (in  a|i|icnrnnre, 
but  they  are  nionailcl|ihnMs)  alH)vc  itn  niiililjp.  anil  a  cmniioiiiid  ovary  on  itd  yiiiiinill. 

VUi.  277.     Viuirn;  Iriiil  i.f  the  rnniniuM  Wilil  Craiieshill. 

FK;.  278.  The  mww,  ri|(e,  with  the  five  |iir.iils  s|iliiiin|!  away  from  the  long  beak  or  recep> 
tacle,  anil  lianL'iiii!  froni  \U  lop  hy  their  styles. 

FK;.  27'.i.     Ijoncitiiilinal  xectioii  of  a  yoiinir  sira wherry,  cnlarRed. 

FIG.  280.     Hiniilnr  i<cctiiiii  of  n  yoiine  liose-hip 

FIG.  2hl.     Pistil  of  the  Orarice,  with  a  largo  hyiK.gynons  dink  at  its  liaso. 
II  • 


126  THE    FRUIT.  [lesson  20. 

283).  OftPn  it  aclhores  both  to  the  calyx  and  to  the  ovary,  as  in 
Kew  Jersey  Tea,  the  Ap])le,  Sec,  consolidating  the  whole  together. 
In  such  cases  it  is  sometimes  carried  up  and  expanded  on  the  top  of 
the  ovary,  as  in  the  Parsley  and 
the  Gins(;ng  families,  when  it  is 
said  to  be  epic/pious  (273). 

332.  In  Ne'himbium,  —  a  large 
Water-Lily,  abounding  in  the  wa- 
ters of  our  Western  States,  —  the 
singular  and  greatly  enlarged  receptacle  is  shaped  like  a  top,  and 
bears  the  small  pistils  immersed  in  separate  cavities  of  its  flat  upper 
surface  (Fig.  284). 


<5  ^^  o. 


^o/<^,,h'^^ 


LESSON   XX. 


THE    FRUIT. 


333-  The  ripened  ovary,  with  its  contents,  becomes  the  Fniit. 
When  the  tube  of  the  calyx  adheres  to  the  ovary,  it  also  becomes 
a  part  of  the  fruit:  sometimes  it  even  forms  the  principal  bulk  of  it, 
as  in  the  apple  and  pear. 

334.  Some  fruits,  as  they  are  commonly  called,  are  not  fruits  at 
all  in  the  strict  botanical  sense.  A  strawberry,  for  example  (as 
we  have  just  seen,  330,  Fig.  282),  although  one  of  the  choicest /n«Vs 
in  the  common  acceptation,  is  only  an  enlarged  and  pulpy  receptacle, 
bearing  the  real  fruits  (that  is,  the  ripened  pistils)  scattered  over  its 

FIG.  282.     Flowerof  a  Burktl)orn,\villi  a  larpe  perigynousdisk.    283.  The  same,  divided. 
FIG.  284.     Receptacle  of  Neliimbiurn,  in  fruit. 


LESSON  20.]  ITS    KINDS.  127 

surfaop,  and  too  small  to  bo  nmcli  iinticod.  And  miilborrios,  figs, 
and  pinc-appk's  are  masses  of  many  iriiits  with  a  pulpy  flower-stalk, 
&;c.     Passing  these  by  for  the  present,  let  us  now  consider  only 

33.").  Simple  Fruits.  These  are  such  as  are  formed  by  the  ripening 
of  a  single  pistil,  whether  simple  (305)  or  compound  (311). 

330.  A  simple  fruit  consists,  then,  of  the  Seed-irssel  (technically 
called  the  Pericarp),  or  the  walls  of  the  ovary  matured,  and  the  see<ls, 
contained  in  it.  Its  structure  is  generally  the  same  as  that  of  the 
ovary,  but  not  always  ;  because  certain  changes  may  take  place  after 
flowering.  The  commonest  change  is  the  obliteration  in  the  growing 
fruit  of  some  jiarts  which  existed  in  the  pistil  at  the  time  of  flowering. 
The  ovary  of  a  Ilorsechestnut,  for  instance,  hjis  three  cells  and  two 
ovules  in  each  cell ;  but  the  fruit  never  has  more  than  three  seeds, 
and  rarely  more  than  one  or  two,  and  only  as  many  cells.  Yet  the 
vestiges  of  the  seeds  that  have  not  matured,  and  of  the  wanting  cells 
of  tlie  pod,  may  always  be  detected  in  the  ripe  fruit.  This  oblitera- 
tion is  more  complete  in  the  Oak  and  Chestnut.  The  ovary  of  the 
fii-st  likewise  has  three  cells,  that  of  the  second  six  or  seven  cells, 
each  with  two  ovules  hanging  from  the  summit.  "We  might  there- 
fore expect  the  acorn  and  the  chestnut  to  have  as  many  cells,  and 
two  seeds  in  each  cell.  Whereas,  in  fact,  all  the  cells  and  all  the 
ovules  but  one  are  uniformly  obliterated  in  the  forming  fruit,  wliich 
thus  becomes  one-colled  and  one-seeded,  and  rarely  can  any  vestige 
be  found  of  the  missing  parts. 

337.  On  the  other  hand,  a  one-celled  ovary  sometimes  becomes 
several-celled  in  the  fruit  by  the  formation  of  false  partitions,  com- 
monly by  cross-partitions,  as  in  the  jointed  jiod  of  the  Sea-Kocket 
and  the  Tick-Trefoil  (Fig.  3(U). 

338.  Their  hinds.  In  defining  the  principal  kinds  of  simple  fruits 
which  have  particular  names,  we  may  classify  thorn,  in  the  first  place, 
into, —  1.  Fh'slty  Fruits;  2.  Stune  Fruits',  and  3.  Dn/  Frtn'ts. 
The  first  and  second  are  of  course  indehisccnt  ;  that  is,  they  do  not 
sjilit  open  when  ripe  to  discharge  the  seeds. 

331).  In  jii'sliy  fruits  the  whole  pericarp,  or  wall  of  the  ovarv, 
thickens  and  becomes  soft  (fleshy,  juicy,  or  pulpy)  as  it  ripons.  Of 
this  the  leading  kind  is 

3  10.  Tlie  Berry,  such  as  the  goosol)orry  and  mrraiit,  tlio  Iduoborry 
and  craiiborry,  the  tomato,  and  the  gnipe.  Ilcic  llic  wiiolo  iloh  is 
eciually  soft  throughout.  The  orange  is  merely  a  borrv  with  a 
L-athery  rind.  ^  (^  {^^^^\  ;Vt'i»»V 


128  THE    FRUIT.  [lesson  20. 

341.  The  Pcpo,  or  Gourd-fruit,  is  the  sort  of  berry  which  belongs 
to  the  Gourd  family,  mostly  with  a  hard  rind  and  the  inner  portion 
softer.  The  pumpkin,  squash,  cucumber,  and  melon  are  the  prin- 
cipal examples. 

342.  The  Pome  is  a  name  applied  to  ihe  apple,  pear,  and  quince  ; 
fleshy  fruits  like  a  berry,  but  the  principal  thickness  is  calyx,  only 
the  papery  pods  arranged  like  a  star  in  the  core  really  belonging  to 
the  pistil  itself  (333). 

343.  Secondly,  as  to  fruits  which  are  partly  fleshy  and  partly  hard, 
one  of  the  most  familiar  kinds  is 

344.  The  Drupe,  or  Stone-frmt ;  of  Avliich  the  cherry,  plum,  and 
peach  (Fig.  285)  are  familiar  examj)lcs.  In 
this  the  outer  part  of  the  thickness  of  the 
pericarp  becomes  fleshy,  or  softens,  like  a 
berry,  while  the  inner  hardens,  like  a  nut. 
From  the  way  in  which  the  pistil  is  con- 
structed (305),  it  is  evident  that  the  flesliy 
part  here  answers  to  the  lower,  and  the  stone 

^"^  to  the  upper,  side  of  the  leaf;  —  a  leaf  always 

consisting  of  two  layers  of  green  pulp,  an  ui)per  and  an  under  hiycr, 
which  are  considerably  different  (439). 

345.  Whenever  the  walls  of  a  fruit  are  separable  into  two  layers, 
the  outer  layer  is  called  the  Exocarp,  the  inner,  the  Endocarp  (from 
Greek  words  meaning  "outside  fruit"  and  "inside  fruit").  But  in 
a  drupe  the  outer  portion,  being  fleshy,  is  likewise  called  Sarcocarp 
(which  means  "fleshy  fruit"),  and  the  inner,  the  PiUamen  or  stone. 
The  stone  of  a  peach,  and  the  like,  it  will  be  perceived,  belongs  to 
the  fruit,  not  to  the  seed.  When  the  walls  are  separable  into  three 
layers,  the  outer  layer  is  named  either  exocarp  or  Epicarp  ;  the 
middle  one  is  called  the  Mesocarp  (i.  e.  middle  fruit) ;  and  the  inner- 
most, as  before,  the  Endocarp. 

346.  Thirdly,  in  dry  fruits  the  seed-vessel  remains  herbaceous  in 
texture,  or  becomes  thin  and  membranaceous,  or  else  it  hardens 
throughout.  Some  forms  remain  closed,  that  is,  are  indehisccnt 
(338)  ;  others  are  dehiscent,  that  is,  split  open  at  maturity  in  some 
regular  way.  Of  indehiscent  or  closed  diy  fruits  the  principal  kinds 
are  the  following. 

347.  The  Achcilluni,  or  Ahene,  is  a  small,  one-secdcd,  dry,  indehis- 

FIG.  285.     Longitudinal  section  of  a  peach,  showing  the  flesh,  the  stone,  and  Ihe  seed- 


n\] 


ITS    KINDS. 


129 


cent  fruit,  snch  as  is  popularly  taken  for  a  naked  seed  :   but 
plainly  a  ripened  ovary,  and  shows  the  re- 
mains of  it«  style  oi  stigma,  or  t)ic  place 
283  tivnn    which    it    has 

^jXCi^     fallen.     Of  this  sort 
,^  \     are  the  fruits  of  the 

Knttercup  (Fig.  28G, 

2S7},  the  Cinque-foil,  and  the  Strawberry  (Fig. 

L'70,  288) ;    that  is,  the  real  fruits,  botanically 

speaking,  of  the  latter,  which  are  taken  for  seeds, 

not  the  largrt  juicy  receptacle  on  the  surface  of 

which  they  rest  (330).     Here  the  akenes  are 

,^_^___^   .  .    .     simple  pistils  (30.")),  very  numerous  in  the  same 

]f  ^\    /^     flower,  and  forming  a  head  of  such  fruits.     In 

"'  the  Nettle,  Hemp,  (Sec,  there  is  only  one   pistil  to 

each  blossom. 

348.  In  the  raspberry  and  blaekbeny,  each  grain 
is  a  similar  pistil,  like  that  of  the  strawberry  in  the 
flower,  but  ripening  into  a  miniature  stone-fruit,  or 
drupe.  So  that  in  the  strawberry  we  eat  the 
receptacle,  or  end  of  tho  flower-slalk ;  in  the  rasp- 
berry, a  cluster  of  stone-fruits,  like  chenies  on  a 
very  small  scale ;  and  in  the  blackberry,  both  a  juicy 

/^^^""""^---s^  f    receptacle  and  a  cluster  of  i^tonefruits  covering   it 
^  '      (Fig.  289,  200). 

349.  The  fruit  of  the  Composite  family  is  also 
an  achenium.  Here  the  surface  of  the  ovary  is 
covered  by  an  adherent  calyx-tube,  as  is  evident 
from  the  position  of  the  corolla,  ap|)arently  standing 
on  its  summit  (321,  .nd  Fig.  220,  o).  Sometimes  the 
limb  or  divisions  of  tiie  calyx  are  entirely  wanting, 

as  in  Mayweed  (Fig.  291)  and  Wiiiteweed.  Sometimes  the  limb 
of  the  calyx  forms  a  crown  or  cup  on  the  top  of  the  achenium,  as  in 
Succory  (Fig.  292);  in  Coretipsis,  it  of>en  takes  the  form  of  two 
blunt  teeth  or  scales  ;  in  the  Sunflower  (Fig.  293),  it  consists  of  two 


Fin.  28fi.     Achpniiim  of  Biittornip.    287.  Sainf,  rut  tlirniieli,  to  nhow  tlio  sppil  within. 

FK;.  ajS.     Slice  <if  a  part  nf  a  ripp  strawlporry,  piilarppil  ;  minio  of  tlio  arlipnia  shown  cut 
tliroush. 

FIG.  289.     Slireofn  part  of  a  biarkliorn-.    990    One  of  the  (Trains  or  drupes  diviilcd,  mor« 
enlarged  ;  showing  the  lloMh,  the  stono,  and  tlie  seed,  as  In  Fig.  2B5. 
S  &  F— 7 


130 


THE    FRUIT. 


[l.KS.SON   20. 


thin  scales  which  fall  off  at  the  touch  ;  in  the  Sneezeweed,  of  about 

five  very  thin  scales,  which  look  more  like  a  calyx  (Figi  294) ;  and 

in  the  Thistle,  Aster,  Sow-Thistle  (Fig.  29o),  and  hundreds  of  others, 

it  is  cut  up  into  a  tuft  of  fine  bristles  or  hairs.     This  is  called  the 

Pappus  ;  —  a  name  which  properly  means  the  down  like  that  of  the 

Thistle  ;  but  it  is  applied  to  all  these  forms, 

and  to  every  other  under  which  the  limb  of  the     i '  \,\\  \ i  h, 

calyx  of  the  "  compound  flowers  "  appears.    In  \{  Wntwl 

Lettuce,  Dandelion  (Fig.  296),  and  the  like,     'M\M 

the  achenium  as  it  matures  tapers   upwards      iii'}il|  / 

into  a  slender  beak,  like  a  stalk  to  the  pappus. 


350.  A  Utricle  is  the  same  as  an  achenium,  but  witk  a  thin  and 
bladdery  loose  pericarp ;  like  that  of  the  Goosefoot  or  Pigweed 
(Fig.  297).  When  ripe  it  bursts  open  irregularly  to 
discharge  the  seed  ;  or  sometimes  it  opens  by  a  circular 
line  all  round,  the  upper  part  falling  off  like  a  lid  ;  as  in 
the  Amaranth  (Fig.  298). 

351.  A  Caryopsis,  or  Grain,  differs  from  the  last  only 
in  the   seed  adhering  to  the  thin   pericarp 
Ihrougliout,  so  that  fruit  and  seed  are  in- 
corporated into  one  body ;  as  in  wheat,  In- 
dian corn,  and  other  kinds  of  grain. 

352.  A  Nut  is  a  dry  and  indehiscent  fruit, 
commonly  one-celled  and  one-seedci,  with  a  hard,  ci'us- 
taceous,  or  bony  wall,  such  as  tne  cocoanut,  hazelnut, 
chestnut,  and  the  acorn  (Fig.  21,  299).  Here  the 
involucre,  in  the  form  of  a  cup  at  the  base,  is  called  the  Cupule.  In 
the  Chestnut  it  forms  the  bur ;  in  the  Hazel,  a  leafy  husk. 


FIO.  001.  Achenium  of  Mayweed  (no  pnpptis).  299.  That  of  Succory  (its  pappus  a  shal- 
low cup).  293.  Of  Sunflower  (pappus  of  two  deciduous  scales).  294.  Of  Sneeze  wood  (llele- 
niiim),  with  its  pappus  of  five  scales.  295.  Of  Sow-Thistle,  with  its  pappus  of  delicate  downy 
hairs.    29P.  Of  the  Dandelion,  its  pappus  raised  on  a  long  beak. 

IG.  297.     Utricle  of  the  common  Pipweed  (Chenopodium  album). 

FIG.  298.     Utricle  (pyxis)  of  Amaranth,  opening  all  round  (circumcissile). 

FIG.  339.    Nut  (acorn)  of  tiie  Oak,  with  its  cup  (or  cupule). 


LESSON  20.] 


ITS    KINDS. 


181 


I 


35.3.  A  Samara,  or  Kry-frilil,  is  cilhcr  a  nut  or  an  adicnium,  or  any 
other  indehisceiit  l"'-uit,  luniislicd  witli  a  winjr,  like  that  of  llic  ^lapls 
(Fig.  1),  Ash  (Fig.  noO),  and  Ehu  (Fig.  301). 

3.3  I.  The  Capsule,  or  Poil,  is  the  general  name  for  dry  secd-vesgeb 
-vvliieh  p|)ht  or  burst  open  at  maturity. 
But  several  sorts  of  pod  are  distin- 
guished by  particular  names.  Two  of 
lliem  belong  to  simple  pistils,  namely, 
the  Follicle  and  the  Legume. 

355.  The  Follicle  is  a  fruit  of  a  simple 
pistil   opening   along    the   inner  suture 
(307).     The  pods  of  the  Pa^ony,  Col- 
umbine,     Larkspur,      Marsh-Marigold 
(Fig.  302),  and  Milkweed  are  of  this 
kind.     The  seam  along  which 
the  follicle   opens  answers   to 
the    edges    of    the    pistil-leaf 
(Fig.  251,  253). 

35G.  The  Legume  or  true 
Pod,  like  the  Pea-pod  (Fig. 
303),  is  similar  to  tiie  follicle,  only  it  opens  by  the  outer  as  well  as 
the  inner  or  ventral  suture  (307),  that  is,  by  what  answers  to  the 
midrib  as  well  as  by  what  answers  to  the  united  margins  of  the  leaf. 
It  splits  therefore  into  two  pieces,  which  are  called  valces.  The  le- 
gume belongs  to  ])lants  of  the  Pulse  family,  which  are  accordingly 
termed  Lejuminosce,  that  is,  leguminous  plants.  So  the  fruits  of  this 
family  keep  the  name  of  legume,  whatever  their  form,  and  whether 
they  open  or  not.  A  legume  divided  across  into  one-seeded  joints, 
which  separate  when  ripe,  as  in  Tick-Trefoil  (Fig.  304),  is  named  a 
Lament. 

357.  The  true  Capsule  is  the  \un\  of  a  compound  pistil.  Like  the 
ovary  it  resulted  from,  it  may  be  one-celled,  or  it  may  have  Jis  many 
cells  as  tjiere  are  carpels  in  its  composition.  It  may  discharge  its 
seeds  tlirough  chinks  or  pores,  as  in  the  Poppy,  or  burst  irregularly 
in  some  part,  as  in  Lobelia  and  the  Snapdragon  ;  but  commonly  it 
splits  open  (or  is  dehiscent)  lengthwise  into  regular  pieces,  called 
v(di'es. 


FIC.  300.  Samarn  or  kpy  of  the  White  A^h.     301.  Samara  of  lli 

KIC.  3(>a  Folliclo  of  Marsh-Marigoia  (Calllia  pnliislris). 

FIC.  .T03.  Lcgiimo  of  a  Sweet  Pea,  ojioMcd. 

FlGu  304.  Loiiiout  or  jdiiitoil  lecuiiie  uf  Tick-'rri'f.>il  |  Ui'sinuWiiiiii;. 


.Viiicrican  Elm. 


132 


THE    FRUIT. 


[lesson  20. 


358.  Dehiscence  of  a  pod  rosiilting  from  a  compound  pi?;(il,  when 
regular,  takes  place  in  one  of  two  principal  ways,  which  are  best 

shown  in  pods  of  two  or  three  cells.      Either  the  pod 
splits  open  down  the  middle  of  the  back  of  each  cell, 
when  the  dehiscence  is  loculicidctl,  as  in  Fig.  305  ;  or 
it  splits  through   the   partitions,  after  wliich  each  cell 
generally  opens  at  its  inner  angle,  when  it 
is  septicidaJ,  as  in  Fig.  306.     Tliese  names 
are  of  Latin  derivation,  the  first  meaning 
"  cutting  into  the  cells  " ;  the  second,  "  cut- 
ting through   the  partitions."     Of  the  first 
sort,  the  Lily  and  Iris  (Fig.  305)  are  good 
examples;    of  the  second,   the   Rhododen- 
dron, Azalea,  and   St.  John's-wort.     From 
the  structure  of  the  pistil  (305-311)  the 
^°^  ^"^  student  will  readily  see,  that  the  line  down 

the  back  of  each  cell  answers  to  the  dorsal  suture  of  the  carpel ;  so 
that  the  pod  opens  by  this  when  loculicidal,  while  it  separates  into 
its  component  carpels,  which  open  as  follicles,  when  septicidal. 
Some  pods  open  both  ways,  and  so  split  into  twice  as  many  \alves 
as  the  carpels  of  which  they  are  formed. 

359.  In  loculicidal  dehiscence  the  valves  naturally  bear  tlie  par- 
titions on  their  middle  ;  in  the  septicidal,  half  the  thickness  of  a 
partition  is  borne  on  tlie  margin  of  each  valve.  See  the  diagrams, 
Fig.  307-309.     A  variation  of  either  mode  sometimes  occurs,  as 


shown  in  the  diagram,  Fig.  309,  where  the  valves  break  away  from 
the  partitions.  This  is  called  seylifrcHjal  dehiscence  ;  and  may  be 
seen  in  the  Morning-Glory. 

3G0.  Three  remaining  sorts  of  pods  are  distinguished  by  proper 
names,  viz. :  — 


FIG.  305.     Capsule  of  Iris  (with  liinilicidal  deliisrenrp),  belciw  cut  across. 

FIG.  30G.     Pod  of  a  Marsh  St.  Johii's-worf,  with  septicidal  dehiscence. 

FIG.  307.     Ui»i;raiii  of  septicidal ;  308,  of  loculicidal ;  and  309,  ol  seplifrugal  dehiscence. 


LESSON  20.] 


MULTIPLK    FliUITS. 


133 


3(51.  The  Silique  (Fig.  .'310),  the  peculiar  imhI  of  tlic  Miistanl  rarii- 
ily  ;  whicli  is  two-celled  by  u  false  partition  slrelclied  across  bclwceii 
two  parietal  placeiitie.  It  generally  opens  by  two  valves 
from  below  upwards,  and  the  placentie  with  the  {iartition 
are  left  behind  when  the  valves  fall  off. 

302.  A  Silicic  or  Pouch  is  only  a  short  and  broad  silique, 
like  that  of  the  Slicpherd's  Purse,  of  the  Candy-tuft,  &c. 

303.  The  Pyxis  is  a  pod  which  opens  by  a  circular  hori- 

zontal line,  the  upper  part  forming  a  lid,  as 
in  Purslane  (Fig.  311),  the  Plantain,  Hen- 
bane, &:c.  In  these  the  dehiscence  extends 
all  round,  or  is  circumcissile.  So  it  does 
in  Fig.  21)8,  which  represents  a  sort  of  one-  3'" 
seeded  pyxis.  In  Jeffersonia  or  Twin-leaf,  the  line 
does  not  separate  quite  round,  but  leaves  a  portion 
to  form  a  hinge  to  the  lid. 
3G4.  Multiple  or  Collective  Fruits  (331)  are,  properly  speaking, 
masses  of  I'niits,  resulting  from  several  or  many  blossoms,  aggre- 
gated into  one  body.  The  pine-apple,  mulberry,  Osage-orange,  and 
the  fig,  are  fruits  of  this  kind.  This  latter  is  a  pecidiar  foiin,  how- 
ever, being  to  a  mulberiy  nearly  what  a  Rose-hip  is  to  a  strawberry 
(Fig.  279,  280),  namely,  with  a  hollow  receptacle  bearing  the  flowers 
concealed  inside  ;  and  the  whole  eatable  part  is  this  i)Uipy  common 
receptacle,  or  hollow  thickened  flower-stalk. 

3G5.  A  Strobile,  or  Cone  (Fig.  314),  is  the  pe- 
culiar multiple  fruit  of  Pines,  Cypresses,  and 
the  like ;  hence  named  ConifercB,  viz.  cone- 
bearing  plants.  As  already  shown  (322),  these 
cones  are  made  of  open  pistils,  mostly  in  the 
form  of  flat  scales,  regularly  overlying  each 
other,  and  pressed  together  in  a  spike  or  head.  ^is  sis 

Each  scale  bears  one  or  two  naked  seeds  on  its  irnier  face.  When 
the  cone  is  ripe  and  dry,  the  scales  turn  back  or  diverge,  and  the 
seed  peels  oft"  and  falls,  generally  carrying  with  it  a  wing,  which  was 
a  part  of  the  lining  of  the  scale,  and  which  facilitates  the  di-per-^ion 
of  the  seeds  i)y  the  wind  (Fig.  312.  313).     In  Arljor-Vita-,  the  scales 


FIO.  310.     Siliqiio  of  Sprins  Cross  (rar.lamiiip  rliomboidea),  opening. 
FIG.  3l\.     The  pyxis,  or  |h..I,  „f  tlio  roMnii,.n  Purslano 

FK;.  -.m.     Insi.lo  view  of  a  sralo  from    il,o  rono  of  fitch-PiiH)  ;  witli  ono  of  tlio  seeds 
(Fip.  31.1)  ditaclicd  ;  the  oilier  in  lU  plarc  on  tlio  scale. 

12 


134 


THE    SEED. 


[lesson  21. 


of  the  small  cone  are  few,  and  not  very  unlike  the  leaves  (Fig.  2Go). 
In  Cypress  they  are  very  thick  at  the  top  and  narrow  at  tlie  hase,  so 
as  to  make  a  peculiar  sort  of  closed  cone.  In  Juniper  and  lied  Ce- 
dar, the  lew  scales  of  the  very  sinall  cone  become  Heshy,  and  ripen 
into  a  fruit  which  might  be  taken  lor  a  berry. 


LESSON   XXI. 


THE    SEED. 

3GG.  The  ovules  (323),  when  thej^have  an  embryo  (or  unde- 
veloped plantlet,  IG)  formed  in  them,  become  seeds. 

367.   The  Seed,  like  the  ovule  from  which  it  originates,  consists 
of  its  coats,  or  integuments,  and  a  kernel. 

3G8.  The  Seed-coats  are  commonly  two  {^'2\),  the  outer  and  the 
iimer.  Fig.  315  shows  the  two,  in  a  seed  cut  through 
lengthwise.  The  outer  coat  is  often  hard  or  crustaceous, 
whence  it  is  called  the  Testa,  or  shell  of  the  seed ;  the 
inner  is  thin  and  delicate. 

3G9.  The  shape  and  the  markings,  so  various  in  dif- 
ferent seeds,  depend  mostly  on  the  outer  coat.     Sometimes   it  fits 


FIG.  314.     Cone  of  Pitcli-Pine  (Finns  rigida). 

FIG.  315.    Seed  of  Basswood  cut  through  lengthwise  :  a,  the  hilum  or  scar  ; 
coat ;  c,  the  inner.;  </.  the  albiinien  ;  e.  tlie  embryo. 


LKSSON  21.] 


ITS    COATS    OK    COVKIJINGS. 


135 


AiM 


tlio  kernel  closely  ;  somelimos  it  is  expanded  into  a  wiiuj,  as  in  tlio 
Trumpet-Creeper  (Fig.  31(5),  and  o('eiu-;ionally  this  wing  is  eut  up 
into  shreds  or  tufts,  as  in  the  Cntalpa  ;  or  instead  of  a 
wing  it  may  hear  u  cdihh,  (  r  tuft  of  long  and  soft  hairs, 
such  as  we  find  in  the  ;Milk\\eed  or  Silkweed  (Fig.  317). 
The  ohject  of  wings  or  downy  tufts  is  to  render  the  seeds 
huoyant,  so  that  they  may  he  widely  dispersed  hy  the 
winds.  This  is  clear,  not  only  from  their  evident  adap- 
tation to  this  purj)ose,  hut  also  from  tlie  interesting  fact 
tliat  winged  and  tufted  seeds  are  Ibuiul  only  in  fruits  that  split  open 
at  maturity,  never  in  those  that  remain  closed.  The  coat  of  some 
seeds  is  heset  with  long  hairs  or  wool.  Cdffon,  one-  of  /('ijijji. 
tiie  most  important  vegetal)le  ])roducts,  —  since  it  forms 
the  principal  clothing  of  the  larger  part  of  the  human 
race,  —  consists  of  the  long  and  woolly  hairs  which 
thickly  cover  the  whole  surface  of  the  seed.  Certain 
seeds  have  an  additional,  hut  more  or  less  incomplete 
covering,  outside  of  the  real  seed-coats,  called  an 

370.  Aril,  or  Arillus.  Tlie  loose  and  transparent  hag 
which  encloses  tlie  seed  of  the  "White  Water-Lily  (Fig, 
318)  is  of  this  kind.  So  is  the  mace  of  the  nutmeg;  and  also  the 
scarlet  pulp  around  the  seeds  of  the  Waxwork  (Celastrus) 
and  Strawherry-husii  (Euonymus),  so  ornamental  in  autunui, 

Ql  after   the   pods   burst,     Tlie  aril   is  a  growth   from   the  ex- 
j  tremity  of  the  seed-stalk,  or  the  placenta. 
/       371.  The  names  of  tin,'  parts  of  the  seed  and  of  its  kinds 
c  the  same  Jis  in  the 
stalk    separates    is    called  ^  . 
the   Ililmn.      The    orifice 
of  the   ovule,  now  closed 
up,   and    showing   only   a 
small    point   or    mark,    is 
named    the   Micropylc.      The    term 


orthotropous,  ondtrapous,  &c. 


Fl<;.  311".  A  wingpd  sped  of  the  Tnimpct-Croeper. 

FIC.  317.  Seed  of  Milkwppd,  willi  a  coma  or  tiil't  of  loiip  silky  liaiM  at  oiio  i-iid. 

FK;.  318.  Seed  of  U'liito  Water- MIy,  emli.scd  in  its  aril. 

FIti.  3iy.  Seed  of  a  Vinlet  (niiatrn|MiiiK) :  a,  liiliiiii ;  h,  rliaphr  ;  r,  rlialn/.a. 

FIG.  32).  Seed  of  a  Larkspur  (also  niialro|Mms)  j  llio  parts  lilierrd  as  i:i  the  las'. 

FIG.  321.  T'ho  same,  riit  IhroiiBh  lengthwise:  o,  tlio  liiliini ;  r,  rlialaza  ;  i/,  outer  seed- 
coal  ;  r,  inner  seed-coit  ;  /,  the  albiinion  ;  ;f,  the  nilniKe  einhryo. 

FIG.  a*}.  Seed  of  a  St.  Joliirs-wort,  divided  luii(,'lli\viso  ;  hero  llio  whole  kernel  U 
embryo. 


136  THE    SEED.  [lesson  21. 

apply  to  seeds  just  as  they  do  to  ovules  (325)  ;  and  so  do  those 
terms  which  express  the  direction  of  the  ovule  or  the  seed  in  the 
cell ;  such  as  erect,  ascending,  horizontal,  pendulous,  or  suspended 
(323)  :  therefore  it  is  not  necessary  to  explain  them  anew.  The 
accompanying  figures  (Fig.  319-322)  show  all  the  parts  of  the 
most  common  kind  of  seed,  namely,  the  anatropous. 

372.  The  Kernel,  or  Nucleus,  is  the  whole  body  of  the  seed  within  the 
coats.  In  many  seeds  the  kernel  is  all  Embryo  ;  in  others  a  large 
part  of  it  is  the  Albumen. 

373.  The  ilibumen  of  the  seed  is  an  accumulation  of  nourishing 
matter  (starch,  «fcc.),  commonly  surrounding  the  embryo,  and  des- 
tined to  nourish  it  when  it  begins  to  grow,  as  was  explained  in  the 
earlier  Lessons  (30-32).  It  is  the  floury  part  of  wheat,  corn  (Fig. 
38,  39),  buckwheat,  and  the  like.  But  it  is  not  always  mealy  in 
texture.  In  Poppy-seeds  it  is  oily.  In  the  seeds  of  Pa^ony  and 
Barberry,  and  in  the  cocoanut,  it  is  fleshy  ;  in  coffee  it  is  corneous 
(that  is,  hard  and  tough,  like  horn) ;  in  the  Ivory  Palm  it  has  the 
hardness  as  well  as  the  general  appearance  of  ivory,  and  is -now 
largely  used  as  a  substitute  for  it  in  the  fabrication  of  small  objects. 
However  solid  its  texture,  the  albumen  always  softens  and  partly 
liquefies  during  germination  ;  when  a  considerable  portion  of  it  is 
transformed  into  sugar,  or  into  other  forms  of  fluid  nourishment,  on 
which  the  growing  embryo  may  feed. 

374.  The  Embryo,  or  Germ,  is  the  part  to  which  all  the  rest  of  the 
seed,  and  also  the  fruit  and  the  flower,  are  subservient.  AVhen  the 
embryo  is  small  and  its  parts  little  developed,  the  albumen  is  the 
more  abundant,  and  makes  up  the  principal  bulk  of  the  seed,  as  in 
Fig.  30,  321,  325.  On  the  other  hand,  in  many  seeds  there  is  no 
albumen  at  all ;  but  the  strong  embryo  forms  the  whole  kernel ;  as 
in  the  Maple  (Fig.  2,  3),  Pumpkin  (Fig.  9),  Almond,  Plum,  and 
Apple  (Fig.  11,  12),  Beech  (Fig.  13),  and  the  like.  Then,  what- 
ever nourishment  is  needed  to  establish  the  plantlet  in  the  soil  is 
stored  up  in  the  body  of  the  embryo  itself,  mostly  in  its  seed-leaves. 
And  these  accordingly  often  become  very  large  and  thick,  as  in  the 
almond,  bean,  and  pea  (Fig.  16,  19),  acorn  (Fig.  21),  chestnut,  and 
horsechestnut  (Fig.  23,  24).  Besides  these.  Fig.  25,  26,  30  to  37, 
43,  aiid  45  exhibit  various  common  forms  of  the  embryo;  and  also 
some  of  the  ways  in  which  it  is  placed  in  the  albumen  ;  being 
gonietiraeg  st;:aight,  and  sometimes  variously  coiled  up  or  packed 
0,way. 


LESSON  21.] 


THK    EMUUYO. 


137 


n?.").  The  embryo,  being  a  nidimentary  plantlet,  ready  formed  in 
tin;  seed,  lias  oidy  to  grow  and  develop  its  parts  to  become  a  young 
l)lant  (ir>).  Even  in  the  seed  these  parts  are  generally  distinguish- 
able, and  are  sometimes  very  conspicuous  ;  as  in  a  rumi)kin-seed.  lor 
example  (Fig.  323,  324).     They  are,  first, 

37 G.  The  Ratlicic,  or  rudimentary  stemlet,  which  is  -sometiirif^a  jon^ 
and  slender,  and  sometimes  very  short,  as  we  may  see  in  the  numer- 
ous figures  already  referred  to.  In  the  seed  it  always 
I)oints  to  the  micropyle  (371),  or  what  answei-s  to  the 
foramen  of  the  ovule  (Fig.  32.),  326).  As  to  its  po- 
sition in  the  fruit,  it  is  said  to  be  inferior  when  it  points 
to  the  base  of  the  pericarp,  superior  when  it  points  to 
its  summit,  &c.  The  base  or  free  end  of  the  radicle 
gives  rise  to  the  root ;  the  other  extremity  bears 

377.  The  lolylcih)llS  or  Srcil-Lcaves.    With  these  in  various  forms  we 
have  already  become  familiar.     The  number  of 
cotyledons  has  also  been  explained  to  be  imj)or- 
tant  (32,  33).     In  Corn  (Fig.  40),  and  in  all  , 
Grasses,  Lilies,  and  the  like,  we  have  a 

Monocotyledonous  embryo,  namely,  one  fur- 
nished with  only  a  single  cotyledon  or  seed-leaf.  —  Nearly  all  the 
rest  of  our  illustrations  exhibit  various  forms  of  the 

Dicohjledonows  embryo ;  namely,  with  a  pair  of  cotyledons  or  seed- 
lea\es,  always  opposite  each  other.     In  the  Pine  family  we  find  a 

Puhjcotijledonous  embryo  (Fig.  45,  46)  ;  tliat  is,  one  with  several.^ 
or  more  than  two,  seed-leaves,  arranged  in  a  circle  or  whorl. 

378.  The  Plumule  is  the  little  bud,  or  rudiment  of  the  next  leaf  or 
pair  of  leaves  after  the  seed-leaves.  It  appears  at  the  summit  of 
the  radicle,  between  the  cotyledons  when  there  is  a  pair  of  them, 
as  in  Fig.  324,  14,  24,  &c.  ;  or  the  cotyledon  when  only  one  is 
wrapped  round  it,  as  in  Indian  Corn,  Fig.  40.  In  germination  the 
plumule  develops  upward,  to  form  the  ascending  trunk  or  stem  of 
the  plant,  while  the  oilier  end  of  the  radicle  grows  downward, 
and  becomes  the  root. 


FIG.  323.  Embryo  of  the  riimpkin,  seen  flatwise.  3D4.  Same  cut  tlirouph  and  viewed 
edgewise,  enlarged  :  the  small  plumule  seen  between  the  cotyledons  at  their  hase. 

FIG.  325.  Seed  of  a  Violet  (Fij,'.  319)  cut  thronjih,  showing  the  embryo  in  the  section, 
edgewise  ;  being  an  analropuun  seed,  the  radicle  of  the  straight  enibryt  points  down  to  the 
ba.se  near  the  hilum. 

FIG.  32G.  Similar  section  of  the  orlhotmpous  seed  of  Buckwheat.  Hero  tiie  radicle  points 
directly  away  from  the  hilnm,  and  to  the  apex  of  the  seed  ;  also  the  thin  cotyledons  ha|>peu 
ill  this  plant  to  l>e  bent  lound  into  the  same  direction. 

12* 


138  HOW   PLANTS    GROW.  [lESSON  22. 

370.  This  completes  the  circle,  and  brings  our  vegetable  history 
round  to  its  starting-point  in  the  Second  Lesson  ;  namely,  The 
Growth  of  the  Plant  from  the  Seed. 


LESSON   XXII. 


HOW    PLANTS    GROW. 


380.  A  PLANT  grows  from  the  seed,  and  from  a  tiny  embryo,  like 
that  of  the  Maple  (Fig.  327),  becomes  perhaps  a  large  tree,  pro- 
ducing every  year  a  crop  of  seeds,  to  grow  in  their  turn  in  the  same 
way.  But  how  does  the  plant  grow  ?  A  little  seedling,  weighing 
only  two  or  tiiree  grains,  often  doubles  its  weight  every  week  of  its 
early  growth,  and  in  time  may  develop  into  a  huge  bulk,  of  many 
tons'  weight  of  vegetable  matter.  How  is  this  done  ?  What  is  vege- 
table matter  ?  Where  did  it  all  come  from  ?  And  by  what  means 
is  it  increased  and  accumulated  in  plants  ?  Such  questions  as  these 
will  now  naturally  arise  in  any  inquiring  mind  ;  and  we  must  try  to 
answer  them. 

381.  Growth  is  tlie  increase  of  a  living  thing  in  size  and  substance. 
It  appears  so  natural  to  us  that  plants  and  animals  should  grow,  that 
people  rarely  think  of  it  as  requiring  any  explanation.  They  say 
that  a  thing  is  so  because  it  grew  so.  Still  we  wish  to  know  how 
the  growth  takes  place. 

382.  Now,  in  the  foregoing  Lessons  we  explained  the  whole  struc- 
ture of  the  plant,  with  all  its  organs,  by  beginning  with  the  seedling 
pUntlet,  and   following  it  onward  in  its  development   through  the 

FIG.  327.    Germinating  enil)ryo  of  a  Maple. 


LESSON  22.]  FORMATION    OF   TIIU    KMISKYO. 


139 


whole  course  of  vegetation  (12,  Sec).  So,  in  uttempting  to  leant 
how  this  growth  took  place,  it  will  be  best  lo  adopt  the  same  plan, 
and  to  commence  with  the  commencement,  that  is,  with  the  first 
formation  of  a  plant.  This  may  seem  not  so  easy,  because  we  have 
to  begin  with  parts  too  small  to  be  seen  without  a  good  microscope, 
and  requiring  much  skill  to  dissect  and  exhibit.  But  it  is  by  no 
means  diiricult  to  describe  them  ;  and  with  the  aid  of  a  few  figures 
we  may  hope  to  make  the  whole  juat- 
ter  clear. 

383.  The  embryo  in  the  ripe  seed 
is  already  a  plant  in  miniature,  as  we 
have  learned  in  the  Second,  Third, 
and  Twenty-first  Lessons.  It  is  al- 
ready provided  with  stem  and  leaves. 
To  learn  how  the  plant  began,  there- 
fore, we  must  go  back  to  an  earlier 
period  still  ;  namely,  to  the  forma- 
tion and 

384.  Growlli  of  the  Embryo  itself. 

For  this  purpose  Ave  return  to  the 
ovule  in  the  pistil  of  the  flower  (323). 
During  or  soon  after  blossoming,  a 
cavity  appears  in  the  kernel  or  nu- 
cleus of  the  ovule  (Fig.  274,  o),  lined 
with  a  delicate  membrane,  and  so 
forming  a  closed  sac,  named  the 
embri/o-sac  (s).  In  this  sac  or  cav- 
ity, at  its  upper  end  (viz.  at  the 
end  next  the  orifice  of  tlic  ovule), 
appears  a  roundish  little  vesicle  or 
bladder-like  body  (v),  perhaps  less 
than  one   thousandth  of  an  inch   in 

diameter.  This  is  the  embryo,  or  rudimentary  new  plant,  at  its 
very  beginning.  But  this  vesicle  never  becomes  anything  more 
than  a  grain  of  soft  pulp,  unless  the  ovule  has  been  acted  upon  by 
the  pollen. 


FFG.  328.  Masinificl  pistil  of  HurkwlM-at ;  tl,r  ovary  and  nvnir  .Iivi,lo,I  Irnstlnvise  :  some 
pollen  oil  the  stigmas,  one  (.-rain  .listinrlly  sl.ou  ing  its  tulie,  wlii.l.  penetrates  the  stvie,  re- 
appears ill  the  cavity  of  tho  ovary,  enters  tl.o  month  of  the  ovule  (o),  and  reaches  the  sur- 
face of  the  embryo-sac  {s\  near  the  embryonal  vesicle  (u). 


140 


nOAV    PLANTS    GHOAV. 


[lesson  22. 


385.  The  poJlcn  (297)  which  falls  upon  the  stigma  grows  there 
in  a  peculiar  way  :  its  delicate  inner  coat  extends  into  a  tube  (the 
]iollen-tube),  which  sinks  into  the  loose  tissue  of  the  stigma  and 
the  interior  of  the  style,  something  as  the  root  of  a  seedling 
sinks  into  the  loose  soil,  reaches  the  cavity  of  the  ovary,  and  at 
length  penetrates  the  orifice  of  an  ovule.  The  point  of  the  pollen- 
tube  reaches  the  surface  of  the  embryo-sac,  and  in 
some  unexplained  way  causes  a  particle  of  soft  pulpy 
or  mucilaginous  matter  (Fig.  328)  to  form  a  mem- 
branous coat  and  to  expand  into  a  vesicle,  which  is 
the  germ  of  the  embryo. 

386.  This  vesicle  (shown  detached  and  more  mag- 
nified in  Fig.  329)  is  a  specimen  of  what  botanists  call 
a  Cell.  Its  wall  of  very  delicate  membrane  encloses  a 
mucilaginous  liquid,  in  which  there  are  often  some 
minute  grains,  and  commonly  a  larger  soft  mass 
(called  its  nucleus).    . 

387.  Growth  takes  place  by  this  vesicle  or  cell, 
after  enlarging  to  a  certain  size,  dividing  by  the  for- 
mation of  a  cross  partition  into  two  such  cells,  co- 
hering together  (Fig.  330)  ;  one  of  these  into  two 
more  (Fig.  331);  and  these  repeating  the  process 
by  partitions  formed  in  both  directions  (Fig.  332) ; 
forming  a  cluster  or  mass  of  cells,  essentially  like  the 

first,  and  all  proceeding  from  it.     After  increasing  in  number  for 
some   time   in    this   way,      ,33  334  335  335 

and  by  a  continuation  of 
the  same  process,  the  em- 
bryo begins  to  shape  it- 
self; the  upper  end  forms 
the  radicle  or  root-end, 
while  the  other  end  shows  a  notch  between  two  lobes  (Fig.  333), 
these  lobes  become  the  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves,  and  the  embryo 
as  it  exists  in  the  seed  is  at  length  completed  (Fig.  33 G) 

FIG.  329.  Vesicle  or  first  cell  of  the  embryo,  with  a  portion  of  the  summit  of  the  eiiiliryo- 
sac,  detached.  330.  Same,  more  advanced,  divided  into  two  cells.  33L  Same,  a  little  far- 
ther advanced,  consisting  of  three  cells.  332.  Same,  still  more  advanced,  consisting  of  a 
litlle  mass  of  young  cells. 

FIG.  333.  Forming  emhryo  of  Buckwheat,  moderately  magnified,  showing  a  nick  at  the 
end  where  the  cotyledons  are  to  he.  334.  Same,  more  advanced  in  growth.  335.  Pame, 
Ftill  farther  aiivanrcd.  33(5.  The  completed  embryo,  displayed  and  straightened  out ;  the 
same  as  shown  in  a  section  when  folded  tog-ether  in  Fig.  326. 


LKSSON  22.] 


GROWTH    OF    THE    PLANTLET. 


141 


388.  The  Growth  of  the  Planllct  wlu-n  it  springs  from  the  seed  is 
only  a  continuation  of  the  sunie  ])roce?s.  The  bladiler-hke  cells  of 
■which  the  embryo  consists  multiply  in  iiiunber  by  the  repeated 
division  of  each  cell  into  two.  Ami  the  plantlet  is  merely  the  ag- 
gregation of  a  vastly  larger  number  of  these  cells.  This  may  be 
clearly  ascertained  by  magnifying  any  part  of  a  young  plantlet.  The 
young  root,  being  more  transparent  ^'' 
than  the  rest,  answers  the  pnrpose 
best.  Fig.  56,  on  page  30,  repre-  p[ 
sents  the  end  of  the  rootlet  of  Fig. 
55,  magnified  enough  to  show  the 
cells  that  form  the  surface.  Fig. 
337  and  338  are  two  small  bits  of 
the  surface  more  highly  magnified, 
showing  the  cells  still  larger.  And 
if  -we  make  a  thin  slice  through  the 
young  root  both  lengthwise  and 
crosswise,  and  view  it  under  a  good 
microscope  ^^ig.  340),  we  may  per- 
ceive that  the  whole  interior  is  made  up  of  just  such  cells.  It  is 
the  same  with  the  young  stem  and  the  leaves  (Fig.  3oo,  357). 
It  is  essentially. the  same  in  the  full-grown  herb  and  the  tree. 

389.  So  the  plant  is  an  aggregation  of  countless  millions  of  little 
vesicles,   or  cells  (Fig.   339),  as   they  are  called,   essentially    like 

the  cell  it  began  with  in  the  formation  of  the  embryo 
(Fig.  329)  ;  and  this  first  cell  is  the  foundation  of 
the  whole  structure,  or  the  ancestor  of  all  the  rest. 
And  a  plant  is  a  kind  of  structure  built  up  of  these 
individual  cells,  something  as  a  house  is  built  of 
bricks,  —  only  the  bricks  or  cells  are  not  brought  to  the  forming 
plant,  but  are  made  in  it  and  by  it ;  or,  to  give  a  better  comparison, 
the  plant  is  constructed  much  as  a  honeycomb  is  built  up  of  cells, 
—  only  the  plant  constructs  itself,  and  shapes  its  own  materials  into 
fitting  forms. 

390.  And  vegetable  growth  consists  of  two  things ; —  1st,  the  ex- 
pansion of  each  cell  until  it  gets  its  full  size  (which  is  commonly  not 
more  than  -^l^  of  an  inch  in  diameter)  ;  and  2d,  the  multiplication 


iJliiig  Maplp,  magnified,   showing  root-hairs. 


FIG.  337.     Tissue  from   the  rootu-t  of 
338.    A  small  portion,  more  majjnifieU. 
FIQ.  339.     A  regularly  twelye-sided  cell,  like  those  of  Fig.  aiO,  detached. 


142 


VEGETABLE    FABRIC. 


[lesson  23, 


of  the  cells  in  number.     It  is  by  the  latter,  of  course,  that  the  prin- 
cipal increase  of  plants  in  bulk  takes  place. 


_^«U|OV/ 


,■) 


LESSON   XXIIL 


VEGETABLE    FABTxIC  :     CELLULAR    TISSUE. 


391.  Organic  SlrilClUre.  A  mineral  —  such  as  a  crystal  of  spar,  or 
a  piece  of  marble  —  may  be  divided  into  smaller  and  still  smaller 
pieces,  and  yet  the  minutest  portion  that  can  be  seen  with  the  mi- 
croscope will  have  all  the  characters  of  the  larger  body,  and  be 
capable  of  still  further  subdivision,  if  we  had  the  means  of  doing  it, 
into  just  such  particles,  only  of  smaller  size.  A  plant  may  also  be 
divided  into  a  number  of  similar  parts  :  first  into  branches  ;  then 
each  branch  or  stem,  into  joints  or  similar  parts  (34),  each  with  its 
leaf  or  pair  of  leaves.  But  if  we  divide  these  into  pieces,  the  pieces 
are  not  all  alike,  nor  have  they  separately  the  properties  of  the 
whole  ;  they  are  not  whole  things,  but  fragments  or  slices. 

392.  If  now,  under  the  microscope,  we  subdivide  a  leaf,  or  a  piece 
of  stem  or  root,  we  come  down  in  the  same  way  to  the  set  of  similar 
things  it  is  made  of,  —  to  cavities  with  closed  walls,  —  to  Cells,  as  we 
call  them  (386),  essentially  the  same  everywhere,  however  they  may 
vary  in  shape.  These  are  the  vnits,  or  the  elements  of  which  every 
part  Consists  ;  and  it  is  their  growth  and  their  multiplication  which 


FIG.  340.     Magnified  vm 
twc'ivr-.  idi  il  rcll?.  (iit  f-ro.- 


r,  or  (liarrmm,  of  some  perfectly  regular  cellular  tissue,  formed  of 

.vi  V  (111,1  Ici.gtUwisc. 


LKSSON  23.]  CKLLULAU    TISSUK.  143 

mak(3  tlic  growtli  of  (he  plant,  as  was  sliown  in  tlie  List  Lesson. 
We  cannot  divide  them  into  siniihir  smaller  parts  having  the  prop- 
erties of  the  whole,  as  we  may  any  mineral  hody.  We  may  cut 
them  in  pieces ;  but  the  pieces  are  only  mutilated  parts  of  a  cell. 
This  is  a  peculiarity  of  organic  things  (2,  3)  :  it  is  organic  structure. 
Being  com|)osed  of  cells,  the  main  structure  of  plants  is  called 

393.  Cellular  Tissue.  The  cells,  as  they  multiply,  build  up  the 
tissues  or  fabric  of  the  plant,  which,  as  we  have  said  (389),  may  be 
likened  to  a  wall  or  an  ediiice  built  of  bricks,  or  still  better  to  a 
honeycomb  composed  of  ranges  of  cells  (Fig.  340). 

394.  The  walls  of  the  cells  are  united  where  they  touch  each 
other ;  and  so  the  partition  ai)pears  to  be  a  simple  membrane, 
although  it  is  really  double  ;  as  may  be  shown  by  boiling  the  tissue 
a  few  minutes  and  then  pulling  the  parts  asunder.  And  in  soft  fruits 
the  cells  separate  in  ripening,  although  they  were  i)erfectly  united 
into  a  tissue,  when  green,  like  that  of  Fig.  340. 

395  In  that  figure  the  cells  fit  together  perfectl)^,  leaving  no 
interstices,  except  a  very  small  space  at  some  of  the  corners. 
But  in  most  leaves,  the  cells  are  loosely  heaped  together,  leaving 
spaces  or  passages  of  all  sizes  (Fig.  356)  ;  and  in  the  leaves  and 
stems  of  aquatic  and  marsh  plants,  in  pai-ticular,  the  cells  are  built 
up  into  narrow  partitions,  which  form  the  sides  of  large  and  regular 
canals  or  passages  (as  shown  in  Fig.  341).  These  passages  form 
the  holes  or  cavities  so  conspicuous  on  cutting  across  any  of  these 
plants,  and  which  are  always  filled  with  air.  They  may  be  likened 
to  a  stack  of  chimneys,  built  up  of  cells  in  place  of  bricks. 

39 G.  When  small  and  irregular,  the  interstices  are  called  inter, 
cellular  spaces  (that  is,  spaces  between  the  cells).  When  large  and 
regular,  they  are  named  mtercellular  passages  or  air-passar/es. 

397.  It  will  be  noticed  that  in  slices  of  the  root,  stem,  or  any  tissue 
where  the  cells  are  not  partly  separate,  the  boundaries  of  the  cells 
are  usually  more  or  less  six-sided,  like  the  cells  of  a  honeycomb ; 
and  this  is  apt  to  be  the  case  in  whatever  direction  the  slice  is  made, 
whether  crosswise,  lengthwise,  or  obliquely.  The  reason  of  this  is 
easy  to  see.  The  natural  figure  of  the  cell  is  globular  Cells  which 
are  not  pressed  upon  by  others  are  generally  round  or  roundish 
(except  when  they  grow  in  some  particular  direction),  as  we  see  in 
the  green  pulp  of  many  leaves.  When  a  quantity  of  spheres  (such, 
for  instance,  as  a  pile  of  cannon-balls)  are  heaped  up,  each  one  in  the 
interior  of  the  heap  is  touched  by  twelve  others.     If  the  splien's  be 


144  VEGETABLE    FABRIC.  [lESSON  23. 

» 

soft  and  yielding,  as  young  cells  are,  when  pressed  together  they  will 
become  twelve-sided,  like  that  in  Fig.  339.  And  a  section  in  any 
direction  Avill  be  six-sided,  as  are  the  meshes  in  Fig.  340. 

398.  The  size  of  the  common  cells  of  plants  varies  from  about 
the  thirtieth  to  the  thousandth  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  An  ordinary 
size  is  from  ^^g^  to  -5^  ^  of  an  inch  ;  so  that  there  may  generally  be 
from  27  to  125  millions  of  cells  in  the  compass  of  a  cubic  inch  ! 

399.  Now  when  it  is  remembered  that  many  stems  shoot  up  at 
the  rate  of  an  inch  or  two  a  day,  and  sometimes  of  three  or  four 
inches,  knowing  the  size  of  the  cells,  we  may  ibrm  some  conception 
of  the  rapidity  of  their  formation.  The  giant  Puff-ball  has  been 
known  to  enlarge  from  an  inch  or  so  to  nearly  a  foot  in  diameter 
in  a  single  night ;  but  much  of  this  is  probably  owing  to  expansion. 
We  take  therefore  a  more  decisive,  but  equally  extraordinary  case, 
in  the  huge  flowering  stem  of  the  Century-Plant.  After  waiting 
many  years,  or  even  for  a  century,  to  gather  strength  and  materials 
for  the  effort,  Century-Plants  in  our  conservatories  send  up  a  flow- 
ering stalk,  which  grows  day  after  day  at  the  rate  of  a  foot  in  twenty- 
four  hours,  and  becomes  about  six  inches  in  diameter.  This,  sup- 
posing the  cells  to  average  tj^^  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  requires  the 
formation  of  over  twenty  thousand  millions  of  cells  in  a  day  ! 

400.  The  walls  of  the  cells  are  almost  always  colorless.  The 
green  color  of  leaves  and  young  bark,  and  all  the  brilliant  hues  of 
flowers,  are  due  to  the  contents  of  the  cells,  seen  through  their  more 
or  less  transparent  w-alls. 

401.  At  first  the  walls  are  always  very  thin.  In  all  soft  parts 
they  remain  so  ;  but  in  other  cases  they  thicken  on  the  inside  and 
harden,  as  we  see  in  the  stone  of  stone-fruits,  and  in  all  hard  wood 
(Fig.  345)  Sometimes  this  thickening  continues  until  the  cell  is 
nearly  filled  up  solid. 

402.  The  walls  of  cells  are  perfectly  closed  and  whole,  at  least  in 
all  young  and  living  cells.  Those  with  thickened  walls  have  thin 
places,  indeed ;  but  there  are  no  holes  opening  from  one  cell  into 
another.  And  yet  through  these  closed  cells  the  sap  and  all  the 
juices  are  conveyed  from  one  end  of  the  plant  to  the  other. 

403.  Vegetable  cells  may  vary  widely  in  shape,  particularly  when 
not  combined  into  a  tissue  or  solid  fabric.  The  hairs  of  plants,  for 
example,  are  cells  drawn  out  into  tubes,  or  are  composed  of  a  row 
of  cells,  growing  on  the  surface.  Cotton  consists  of  simple  long  hairs 
on  thp  coat  of  the  seed ;  and  these  hairs  are  single  cells.     The  hair- 


LESSON  24.]  WOOD.  145 

like  bodies  which  abounrl  on  young  roots  are  very  slenilcr  projec- 
tions of  some  of  the  superficial  cells,  as  is  seen  in  Fig.  3.j7.  Kv(mi 
the  fibres  of  wood,  and  what  are  called  vessels  in  plants,  are  only 
peculiar  forms  or  transformations  of  cells. 


LESSON   XXIV. 


VEGETABLE    FABRIC  :     WOOD. 


404.  Cellular  tissup,  such  as  described  in  the  last  Lesson, 
makes  up  the  whole  structure  of  all  very  young  plants,  and  the 
whole  of  Mosses  and  otlier  vegetables  of  the  lowest  grade,  even 
when  full  grown.  But  this  fabric  is  too  tender  or  too  brittle  to 
give  needful  strength  and  toughness  for  plants  which  are  to  vhe  to 
any  considerable  height  and  support  themselves.  So  all  such  plants 
have  also  in  their  composition  more  or  less  of 

405.  AVood.  Tills  is  found  in  all  common  herbs,  as  -well  as  in 
shrubs  and  trees  ;  only  there  is  not  so  much  of  it  in  jiroportion  to 
the  softer  cellular  tissue.  It  is  formed  very  early  in  the  growth  of 
the  root,  stem,  and  leaves  ;  traces  of  it  appearing  in  large  embr3os 
even  while  yet  in  the  seed. 

406.  Wood  is  likewise  formed  of  cells,  —  of  cells  which  at  first 
are  just  like  those  that  form  the  soft  parts  of  plants.  But  early  in 
th(;ir  growth,  some  of  these  lengthen  and  at  the  same  time  thicken 
their  walls;  these  are  what  is  called  Woody  Fibre  or  Wood- Cells  ; 
others  grow  to  a  greater  size,  have  thin  walls  with  various  markings 
upon  them,  and  often  run  together  end  to  end  so  as  to  form  pretty 

FIG   3-11.    Part  of  a  slice  across  the  stem  of  the  Calla,  or  rather  IluhurJia  ^Vfrk-ina,  uiagulfleU 

13 


146 


A'EGETABLE    FABRIC. 


[lesson  24. 


large  tubes,  comparatively ;    these  are  called  Ducts,  or  sometimes 
Vessels.    Wood  almost  always  consists  of  both  woody  fibres  and  ducts, 
342        343  345  variously  intermingled,  and    combined 

into  bundles  or  threads  which  run 
lengthwise  through  the  root  and  stem, 
and  are  spread  out  to  form  the  frame- 
work of  the  leaves  (13G).  In  trees 
and  shrubs  they  are  so  numerous  and 
crowded  together,  that  they  make  a 
''  solid  mass  of  wood.  In  herbs  they 
are  fewer,  and  often  scattered.  That 
is  all  the  difference. 
^  407.  Tlie  porosity  of  some  kinds  of 
wood,  which  is  to  be  seen  by  the  naked 
eye,  as  in  mahogany  and  Oak-wood,  is 
owing  to  a  large  sort  of  ducts.  These 
generally  contain  air,  except  in  very 
*  young  parts,  and  in  the  spring  of  the 
}'ear,  when  they  are  often  gorged  with 
sap,  as  we  see  in  a  wounded  Grape- 
vine, or  in  tlie  trunk  of  a  Sugar-Maple 
at  that  time.  But  in  woody  ])lants 
through  the  season,  tlie  sap  is  usually 
carried  up  from  the  roots  to  the  leaves 
by  the 

408.  Wood-Cells,  or  Woody  Fibre.  (Fig.  342-345.)  These  are 
email  tubes,  commonly  between  one  and  two  thousandths,  but  in 
Pine-wood  sometimes  two  or  three  hundredths,  of  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter. Those  from  the  tough  bark  of  the  Basswood,  shown  in  Fig. 
542,  are  only  the  fifteen-hundredth  of  an  inch  wide.  Those  of  But- 
tonwood  (Fig.  345)  are  larger,  and  are  here  higlily  magnified  be- 
sides. They  also  show  the  way  wood-cells  are  commonly  put  to- 
gether, namely,  with  their  tapering  ends  overlapping  each  other,  — 
spliced  together,  as  it  were,  —  thus  giving  more  strength  and  tough- 
ness to  the  stem,  &c. 


Fro.  .?42.  Two  wood-cells  from  tlie  inner  or  fibrous  bark  of  the  Linden  or  Basswood. 
343.  Some  tissue  of  the  wood  of  the  same,  viz.  wood-cells,  and  below  ((/)  a  iKUtioti  of  a 
spirally  marked  duct.     3-44.  A  separate  wood-cell.     All  equally  magnified. 

FIG.  345.  Some  wood-cells  of  Buttonwood,  liifrhly  niagniliod  :  a,  lliin  spots  in  the 
walls,  looking  like  Jioles  ;  on  the  right-hand  side,  where  the  walls  are  cut  tlirough,  thes« 
i^b)  are  seen  in  prufilq. 


24.] 


147 


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400.  In  hard  Avoods,  such  as  Hickory,  Oak,  and  r>iitton\vood  (Fig. 
345),  the  walls  of  these  tubes  are  very  thick,  as  well  as  dense  ;  while 
in  soft  woods,  such  as  White-Pine  and  Basswood,  they  are  pretty  tiiin. 

410.  "Wood-cells,  like  other  cells  (at  least  when  young  and  living), 
have  no  openings  ;  each  has  its  own  cavity,  closed  and  independent. 
They  do  not  form  anything  like  a  set  of  i)ipes  oi)ening  one  into  an- 
other, so  as  to  convey  an  unbroken  stream  of  sap  through  the  plant, 
in  I  lie  way  people  generally  suppose.  The  contents  can  pass  from  one 
cell  to  another  only  by  getting  through  the  partitions  in  some  way  or 
other.  And  so  short  ai-e  the  individual  wood- 
cells  generally,  that,  to  rise  a  foot  in  such  a  ti-ee 
as  the  Biu^swood,  the  sap  has  to  jiass  through 
about  two  thousand  partitions  ! 

■111.  But  although  there  are  no  holes  (ex- 
cept by  breaking  away  when  old),  there  are 
jilenty  of  thin  places,  which  look  like  perfora- 
tions ;  and  through  these  the  sap  is  readily  trans- 
ferred from  one  cell  to  another,  in  a  manner  to 
be  explained  further  on  (487).     Some  of  them  346  317 

are  exhibited  in  Fig.  345,  both  as  looked  directly  down  upon,  when 
they  appear  as  dots  or  holes,  and  in  profile  where  the  cells  are  cut 
through.  The  latter  view  shows  what  they  really  are,  namely,  very 
thin  ])laces  in  the  thickness  of  the  wall  ;  and  also  that  a  thin  place  in 
one  cell  exactly  corresponds  to  one  in  the  contiguous  wall  of.the  next 
cell.  In  tlu!  wood  of  the  Pine  family,  these  thin  spots  are  much 
larger,  and  are  very  conspicuous  in  a  thin  slice  of  wood  under  the 
microscope  (Fig.  34G,  347)  ;  —  forming  stamps  impressed  as  it  were 
upon  each  fibre  of  every  tree  of  this  great  family,  by  which  it  may 
be  known  even  in  the  smallest  fragment  of  its  wood. 

412.  Wood-cells  in  the  bark  are  generally  longer,  finer,  and 
tougher  than  those  of  the  j)roper  wood,  and  appear  more  like  fibres. 
For  example.  Fig.  344  represents  a  cell  of  the  wood  of  Basswood, 
of  average  length,  and  Fig.  342  one  (and  part  of  another)  of  the 
fibrous  bark,  both  drawn  to  the  same  scale.  As  these  long  cells 
lorni  the  principal  part  of  filirous  bark,  or  bust,  they  are  named  Bast- 
rr/ls  or  Bdst-Jihres.  These  give  the  great  toughness  to  the  inner 
Urk  of  Basswood  (i.  e.  Bast-wood)  and  of  Leatherwood  ;  and  they 


riG.  346.  A  bit  of  I'iiio-sliavinjj,  liiglily  magnified,  showing  the  large  circular  thin  spota 
of  the  wall  of  the  wood-cella.  34T.  A  Bcparatc  wood-cell,  more  inngnifled,  the  varying  thick- 
ucss  of  the  wall  at  these  spots  showing  as  rings. 


148 


VEGETABLE    FABRIC. 


[lesson  24. 


414. 


furnish  the  invakiable  fibres  of  flax  and  hemp  ;  the  Avood  of  the 
stem  being  tender,  brittle,  and  destroyed  by  the  processes  wliich 
sepai-ate  for  use  the  tough  and  slender  bast-cells. 

413.  Ducts  (Fig.  348-350)  are  larger  than  wood-cells,  some  of 
them  having  a  calibre  large  enough  to  be  seen  by  the  naked  eye, 
when  cut  across  (407),  although 
they  are  usually  much  too  small 
for  this.  They  are  either  long 
single  cells,  or  are  formed  of  a  row 
of  cells  placed  end  to  end.  Fig. 
349,  a  piece  of  a  large  dotted  duct, 
and  two  of  the  ducts  in  Fig.  350, 
show  this  by  their  joints,  which 
niaik  the  boundaries  of  the  several 
cells  they  are  composed  of. 
The  walls  of  ducts  under  the  microscope  display  various 
kinds  of  markings.     In  what  are  called 

Dotted  Ducts  (Fig.  348,  349),  which  are  the  commonest  and  the 
largest  of  all,  —  their  cut  ends  making  the  visible  porosity  of  Oak- 
Avood,  —  the  whole  wall  is  apparently  riddled  with  holes ;  but  until 
they  become  old,  these  are  only  thin  places. 

Spiral  Ducts,  or  Spiral  Vessels,  also  the  varieties  of  these  called 
Annular  or  Banded  Ducts  (Fig.  350),  are  marked  by  a  delicate  fibre 
spirally*  coiled,  or  by  rings  or  bands,  thickening  the  wall.  In  the 
genuine  spiral  duct,  the  thread  may  be  uncoiled,  tearing  the  trans- 
parent Avail  in  pieces  ;  —  as  may  be  seen  by  breaking  most  young 
shoots,  or  the  leaves  of  Strawberry  or  Amaryllis,  and  pulling  the 
broken  ends  gently  asunder,  uncoiling  these  gossamer  threads  in 
abundance.  In  Fig.  355,  some  of  these  various  sorts  of  ducts  or 
vessels  are  shown  in  their  place  in  the  Avood. 

415.  Milk- Vessels,  Turpentine- Vessels,  Oil-Receptacles,  and  the 
like,  are  generally  canals  or  cavities  formed  betAveen  or  among  the 
cells,  and  filled  Avith  the  particular  products  of  the  plant. 


FIG.  348.  P;irt  of  a  dotted  duct  from  a  Grape-vine.  349.  A  .similar  one,  evidently  com- 
posed of  a  row  of  cells.  3.')0.  Part  of  a  bundle  of  spiral  and  annular  ducts  from  the  stem 
uf  Polygonum  orientale,  or  Princes'  Feather.     All  liighly  magnified. 


LESSON  25.]  ANATO.MY    OK    TIIK    UOOT.  149 

LESSON   XXV. 

ANATOMY    or    Tllli    ROOT,    STi:M,    AND    LnAVKS. 

41G.  IlAViNd  in  tlic  last  jircocding  Lnssons  Icariit'd  what  tho 
iiiritciials  of  tlic  vegetable  fabric  are,  we  may  now  briefly  consider 
how  they  are  put  together,  and  how  tliey  att  in  carrying  on  the 
j)hint's  operations. 

417.  The  root  and  the  stem  are  so  much  alike  in  their  internal 
slnicturc,  that  a  description  of  the  anatomy  of  the  latter  will  answer 
for  the  former  also. 

418.  The  StriH'turc  of  IllC  Rootlets,  however,  or  the  tip  of  the  root, 
demands  a  moment's  attention.  The  tip  of  the  root  is  the  newest 
part,  and  is  constantly  renewing  itself  so  long  as  the  plant  is  active 
(07).  It  is  shown  magnified  in  Fig.  5G,  and  is  the  same  in  all  rootlets 
as  in  the  first  root  of  the  seedling.  The  new  roots,  or  their  new 
parts,  are  mainly  concerned  in  imbibing  moisture  from  the  ground  ; 
and  the  newer  they  are,  the  more  actively  do  they  absorb.  The  ab- 
sorbing ends  of  roots  are  entirely  composed  of  soft,  new,  and  very 
thin-walled  cellular  tissue;  it  is  only  farther  back  that  some  wood- 
cells  and  ducts  are  found.  The  moisture  (and  probably  also  air) 
jirescntcd  to  them  is  absorbed  through  the  delicate  walls,  which,  like 
those  of  the  cells  in  the  interior,  are  destitute  of  openings  or  pores 
visible  even  under  the  higliest  possible  magnifying  power. 

410.  But  as  the  rootlet  grows  older,  the  cells  of  its  external  laver 
harden  their  walls,  and  form  a  sort  of  skin,  or  epidci'mis  (like  that 
which  everywhere  covers  the  stem  and  foliage  above  ground),  which 
greatly  checks  absorption.  Roots  accordingly  cease  very  actively  to 
imbibe  moisture  almost  as  soon  as  they  stop  growing  (f)7). 

420.  Many  of  the  cells  of  the  surface  of  young  rootlets  send  out  a 
prolongation  in  the  form  of  a  slender  hair-like  tube,  closed  of  course 
nt  the  apex,  but  at  the  base  opening  into  the  cavity  of  the  cell. 
These  tubes  or  root-hairs  (shown  in  Fig.  i)o  and  oG,  and  a  few  of 
them,  more  magnified,  in  Fig.  3o7  and  y.jS),  sent  out  in  all  direc- 
tions info  the  soil,  vastly  increase  the  amount  of  absorbing  surface 
which  the  root  jin-scnts  to  it. 

421.  Strilftlirc  of  tllf  Stem  (also  of  the  body  of  the  root).  At  the 
beginning,  when  the  root  and  stem  sjiring  from  the  seed,  they  consist 

13* 


150 


ANATOMY    OF    ENDOGKNOUS 


[lesson  25. 


almost  entirely  of  soft  and  tender  cellular  tissue.     But  as  tliey  grow, 
wood  begins  at  once  to  be  formed  in  thein. 

422.  This  woody  material  is  arranged  in  the  stem  in  two  very 
different  ways  in  different  plants,  making  two  sorts  of  wood.  One 
sort  we  see  in  a  Palm-stem,  a  rattan,  and  a  Corn-stalk  (Fig.  351)  ; 
the  other  we  are  familiar  with  in  Oak,  Maple,  and  all  r.in.  common 
kinds  of  wood.  In  the  first,  the  wood  is  made  up  of  separate  threads, 
scattered  here  and  tliere  throughout  the  whole  diameter  of  the  stem. 
In  the  second  the  woid  is  all  collected  to  form  a  layer  (in  a  slice 
across  appearing  as  a  ring)  of  wood,  between  a  central  cellular  part 
which  has  none  in  it,  the  Pith,  and  an  outer  cellular  part,  the  Bark. 
This  last  is  the  plan  of  all  our  Northern  trees  and  shrubs,  and  of  the 
greater  part  of  our  herbs.     The  first  kind  is 

423.  The  Endogenous  Stem  ;  so  named  from  two  Greek  words  mean- 
ing "  inside-growing,"  because,  when  it  lasts  from  year  to  year,  the 

new  wood  which  is  added  is  interspersed  among 
the  older  threads  of  wood,  and  in  old  stems  the 
hardest  and  oldest  wood  is  near  the  surface,  and 
the  youngest  and  softest  towards  the  centre.  All 
the  plants  represented  in  Fig.  47,  on  p.  19,  (ex- 
cept the  anomalous  Cycas,)  are  examples  of  En- 
dogenous stems.  And  all  such  belong  to  plants 
with  only  one  cotyledon  or  seed-leaf  to  the  em- 
bryo (32).  Botanists  therefore  call  them  Endoge- 
nous  or  Monocotyledonous  Plants,  using  sometimes 
one  name,  and  sometimes  the  other.  Endogenous 
stems  have  no  separate  pith  in  the  centre,  no  distinct-  bark,  and  no 
layer  or  ring  of  wood  between  these  two  ;  but  the  threads  of  wood 
are  scattered  throughout  the  whole,  without  any  particular  order. 
This  is  very  different  from 

424.  The  Exogenous  Stem,  the  one  we  have  most  to  do  with,  since 
all  our  Northern  trees  and  shrubs  are  constructed  on  tiiis  plan.  It 
belongs  to  all  plants  which  have  two  cotyledons  to  the  embryo  (or 
more  than  two,  such  as  Pines,  33)  ;  so  that  we  call  these  either 
Exogenous  or  Dicotyledonous  Plants  (IG),  accordingly  as  we  take 
the  name  from  the  stem  or  from  the  embryo. 

425.  In  the  Exogenous  stem,  as  already  stated,  the  Avood  is  all 
collected  into  one  zone,  surrounding  a  pith  of  pure  cellular  tissue  in 
the  centre,  and  surrounded  by  a  distinct  and  separable   bark,  the 

FIG.  351.    Section  of  a  Corn-stalk  (an  endogenous  stem),  both  crosswise  and  length-vise. 


LKSSON  25.] 


AND    KXOr.KNOUS    STKMS. 


151 


outer  jiart  of  which  is  also  (•.■Ihilar.  This  stnicliin*  is  very  familiar 
in  foininon  wood.  It  is  really  just  the  same  in  the  stem  of  an  herb, 
only  the  wood  is  much  less  in  quantity.  Compare,  for 
instance,  a  cross-section  of  the  stem  of  Flax  (Fig.  352) 
with  that  of  a  shoot  of  Maple  or  Ilorsechestnut  of 
the  same  ajre.  In  an  herb,  the  wood  at  the  bcfrinninj; 
r-nnsist*  nf  .<;eparate  ihreadr^  or  little  Wcu<>cs  oi"  woou  ; 
but  these,  however  few  and  scattered  tlu'y  may  be,  ary 
all  so  placed  in  the 
stem  as  to  mark  out 
a  zone  (or  in  the 
cross-section  a  ring) 
of  wood, dividing  the 
pith  within  from  the 
bark  without. 

420.  The  accompa- 
nying figures  (which 
are  diagrams  rather 
than  exact  delinea- 
tions) may  serve  to 
illustrate  the  anat- 
omy of  a  woody 
exogenous  stem,  of 
one  year  old.  The 
parts  are  explained 
in  the  references  be- 
low. In  the  centre  is 
thcPith.  Surround- 
ing this  is  the  layer  ..i;. 

of  Wood,  consisting  both  of  wood-cells  and  of  ducts  or  vessels.  From 
the  pith  to  the  bark  on  all  sides  run  a  set  of  narrow  plates  of  cellular 
tissue,  called  Medullary  Rays :  these  make  the  silver-(/roin  of  wood. 
On  the  cross-section  they  appear  merely  as  narrow  lines  ;  but  in 
•wood  cut  lengthwise  parallel  to  them,  their  fixces  show  as  glinimer- 

Flfi.  353.     Cross-section  of  the  stem  of  Flax,  sliowing  its  liark,  wood,  and  jiilli. 

Fit;.  :t53.     Piece  of  a  stem  of  Soft   Maple,  of  a  year  old,  cut  crosswise  and   lengthwise. 

FIG.  :r>l.     A  |)orti(m  of  the  same,  magnified. 

Fit!.  :t'>5.  A  small  piece  of  the  same,  taken  from  one  side,  reaching  from  the  hark  to  the 
pith,  and  highly  magnifli-d  :  n,  a  small  hit  of  llio  pilh  ;  h,  spiral  dnrls  (if  what  is  called  tho 
mrilitllwij  sheath  :  c,  the  wood  ;  </, '/,  dotted  ducts  in  the  wood  ;  c,  f,  annular  ducts  ;  /,  the  liher 
or  inner  hark  ;  it,  the  green  hark  ;  A,  the  corky  layer  ;  i,  the  skin,  or  epidermis  ;  /,  one  of  the 
medullary  rays,  or  plates  of  silver-grain,  seen  on  the  cross-sectinn. 


152  ANATOMY    OF    THE  [lESSON  25. 

inpj  plates,  giving  a  peculiar  appearance  to  Oak,  Maple,  and  other 
wood  with  large  medullary  rays. 

427.  The  Bark  covers  and  protects  the  wood.  At  first  it  is  all 
cellular,  like  the  pith  ;  but  soon  some  slender  woody  fibres,  called 
bast-cells  (Fig.  342),  generally  appear  in  it,  next  the  wood,  forming 

T!l"  Jj^her.  or  FihrQUs  Bark,  the  inner  bark  ;  to  which  belongs  the 
fine  fibrous  hast  or  bass  of  Basswood,  and  the  tough  and  slender  iTores 
of  flax  and  hemp,  which  are  spun  and  woven,  or  made  into  cordage. 
In  the  Birch  and  Beech  the  inner  bark  has  few  if  any  bast-cells  in 
its  composition. 

The  Cellular  or  Outer  Bark  consists  of  cellular  tissue  only.  It  is 
distinguished  into  two  parts,  an  inner  and  an  outer,  viz.  :  — 

The  Green  Bark,  or  Green  Layer,  which  consists  of  tender  cells, 
containing  the  same  green  matter  as  the  leaves,  and  serving  the 
same  purpose.  In  the  course  of  the  first  season,  in  woody  stems,  this 
becomes  covered  with 

TJie  Corky  Layer,  so  named  because  it  is  the  same  substance  as 
cork  ;  common  cork  being  the  thick  corky  layer  of  the  bark  of  the 
Cork-Oak,  of  Spain.  It  is  this  which  gives  to  the  stems  or  twigs  of 
shrubs  and  trees  the  aspect  and  the  color  peculiar  to  each  ;  namely, 
light  gray  in  the  Ash,  purple  in  the  Red  Maple,  red  in  several  Dog- 
woods, &c.     Lastly, 

The  Epidermis,  or  skin  of  the  plant,  consisting  of  a  layer  of  thick- 
sided  empty  cells,  covers  the  whole. 

428.  Growth  of  the  Stem  year  after  year.    So  much  for  an  exogenous 

stem  only  one  year  old.  The  stems  of  herbs  perish  at  the  end  of  the 
season.  But  those  of  shrubs  and  trees  make  a  new  growth  every 
year.  It  is  from  their  mode  of  growth  in  diameter  that  they  take  the 
name  of  exogenous,  i.  e.  outside-growing.  The  second  year,  such  a 
stem  forms  a  second  layer  of  wood  outside  of  the  first ;  the  third  year, 
another  outside  of  that ;  and  so  on,  as  long  as  the  tree  lives.  So  that 
the  trunk  of  an  exogenous  tree,  when  cut  off  at  the  base,  exhibits  as 
many  concentric  rings  of  wood  as  it  is  years  old.  Over  twelve  hun- 
dred layers  have  actually  been  counted  on  the  stump  of  an  agr d  tree, 
such  as  the  Giant  Cedar  or  Redwood  of  California;  and  there  are 
doubtless  some  trees  now  standing  in  various  parts  of  the  world  which 
were  already  in  existence  at  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era. 

429.  As  to  the  bark,  the  green  layer  seldom  grows  much  after  the 
first  season.  Sometimes  the  corky  layer  grows  and  forms  new 
layers,  inside  of  the  old,  for  a  good  many  years,  as  in  the  Cork-Oak, 


LESSON  25.]  KXOGKNOUS    STEM.  153 

the  Sweot  Gum-tree,  aii<l  the  "White  and  the  Paper  Bireh.  r>ut  it 
all  dies  after  ti  \\liile;  and  the  eontinual  enlarj^enient  of  the  wood 
within  finally  stretches  it  more  than  it  can  hear,  and  sooner  or  later 
cracks  and  rends  it,  while  the  weather  acts  powerfully  upon  its 
surface ;  so  the  older  bark  perishes  and  falls  away  piecemeal  year 
by  year. 

4.30.  But  the  inner  bark,  or  liber,  does  make  a  new  growth  an- 
nually, as  long  as  the  tree  lives,  inside  of  that  formed  the  year  before, 
and  next  the  surface  of  the  wood.  INIore  commonly  the  liber  occurs 
in  the  form  of  thin  layers,  wliich  may  be  distinctly  counted,  as  in 
Basswood  :  but  this  is  not  always  the  case.  After  the  outer  bark 
is  destroyed,  the  older  and  dead  layers  of  the  inner  bark  are  also 
exposed  to  the  weather,  arc  riven  or  split  into  fragments,  and  fall 
away  iu  succession.  Jii  many  trees  the  bark  accpures  a  considerable 
thickness  on  old  trunks,  although  uU  except  the  innermost  portion  is 
dead  ;  in  others  it  falls  off  more  rapidly  ;  in  the  stems  of  Honey- 
suckles and  Grape-vines,  the  bark  all  separates  and  hangs  in  loose 
shivds  when  only  a  )ear  or  two  old. 

4.'M.  Sap-\V00ll.  In  the  wood,  on  the  contrary,  —  owing  to  its 
growing  on  the  outside  alone, —  the  older  layers  are  quietly  buried 
under  the  newer  ones,  and  protected  by  them  from  all  disturbance. 
All  the  wood  of  the  young  sapling  may  be  alive,  and  all  its  cells 
or  woody  tubes  active  in  carrying  up  the  sap  from  the  roots  to  the 
leaves.  It  is  all  Sap-tcood  or  Alburnum,  as  young  and  fresh  wood 
is  called.  But  the  older  layers,  reiiiovecl  a  step  farther  every  year 
from  the  region  of  growth,  —  or  rath' r  the  zone  of  growth  every 
year  removed  a  step  farther  from  tlieni,  —  soon  cease  to  bear  much, 
if  any,  |)arL  in  the  circulation  of  the  tree,  and  prohablv  have  long 
before  ceased  to  be  alive.  Sooner  or  later,  according  to  the  kind  of 
tree,  they  ai-e  turned  into 

432.  llrart-WOOd,  which  we  know  is  drier,  harder,  more  solid,  and 
much  more  durable  as  timber,  than  sap-wood.  It  is  generally  of  a 
different  color,  and  it  exhibits  in  dittc-rent  species  the  hue  peculiar 
to  each,  such  as  reddish  in  Red-Cedar,  lnnwn  in  lilack-Walnut, 
black  in  Ebony,  &cc.  The  change  of  sap-wnod  into  Ik  art-wood  re- 
sults from  the  thickening  of  the  walls  of  the  wood-cells  by  the  depo- 
sition of  hard  matter,  lining  the  tubes  and  diminishing  their  calibre  ; 
and  by  the;  deposition  of  a  vegetable  coloring-matter  peculiar  to  each 
species. 

433.  The  heart-wood,  being  no  longer  a  living  pait,  may  decay 

S  &  F— 8 


154  ANATOMY    OF    THE    STEJI  [leSSON  25. 

and  often  does  so,  without  the  least  injury  to  the  tree,  except  by  im- 
pairing the  strength  of  the  trunk,  and  ijo  rendering  it  more  hable  to 
be  overthrown. 

434.  The  Living  Parts  of  a  Tree,  of  the  exogenous  kind,  are  only 
these  :  first,  the  rootlets  at  one  extremity  ;  second,  the  buds  and 
leaves  of  the  season  at  the  other ;  and  third,  a  zone  consisting  of 
the  newest  wood  and  the  newest  bark,  connecting  the  rootlets  with 
the  buds  or  leaves,  however  widely  separated  these  may  be,  —  in 
the  largest  trees  from  two  to  four  hundred  feet  apart.  And  these 
parts  of  the  tree  are  all  renewed  every  year.  No  Avonder,  there- 
fore, that  trees  may  live  so  long,  since  they  annually  rej)roduce 
everj'thing  that  is  essential  to  their  life  and  growth,  and  since  only 
a  very  small  part  of  their  bulk  is  alive  at  once.  The  tree  sur- 
vives, but  nothing  now  living  has  existed  long.  In  it,  as  elsewhere, 
life  is  a  transitory  thing,  ever  abandoning  the  old,  and  displaying 
itself  afresh  in  the  neto. 

435.  Cambilim-Laycr.  The  new  growth  in  the  stem,  by  which  it 
increases  in  diameter  year  after  year,  is  confined  to  a  narrow  line 
between  the  wood  and  the  inner  bark.  Cambium  is  the  old  name 
for  the  mucilage  which  is  so  abundant  between  the  bark  and  the 
wood  in  spring.  It  was  supposed  to  be  poured  out  there,  and  that 
the  bark  really  separated  from  the  wood  at  this  time.  This  is  not 
the  case.  The  newest  bark  and  wood  are  still  united  by  a  delicate 
tissue  of  young  and  forming  cells,  —  called  the  Camhhan-kiyer, — 
loaded  with  a  rich  mucilaginous  sap,  and  so  tender  that  in  spring 
the  bark  may  be  raised  from  the  wood  by  the  slightest  force. 
Here,  nourished  by  this  rich  mucilage,  new  cells  are  rapidly  form- 
ing by  division  (387-390) ;  the  inner  ones  are  added  to  the  wood, 
and  the  outer  to  the  bark,  so  producing  the  annual  layers  of  the 
two,  which  are  ever  I'enewing  the  life  of  the  trunk. 

436.  At  the  same  time  nevv  rootlets,  growing  in  a  similar  w\qy,  are 
extending  the  roots  beneath  ;  and  new  shoots,  charged  with  new  buds, 
annually  develop  fresh  crops  of  leaves  in  the  air  above.  Only, 
while  the  additions  to  the  wood  and  bark  remain  as  a  permanent 
portion  of  the  tree,  or  until  destroyed  by  decay,  the  foliage  is  tem- 
porary, the  crop  of  leaves  being  annually  thrown  off  after  they  have 
served  their  ])urpose. 

437.  SlniPtnre  of  Ihe  leaf,  Leaves  also  consist  both  of  a  woody 
and  a  cellular  part  (135).  The  woody  part  is  the  framework  of  ribs 
and  veins,  which  have  already  been  described  in  full  (136-147). 


LESSON  25.]  AND    LKAVK3.  153 

Tlicy  serve  not  only  to  strengthen  the  leaf,  hut  also  to  hring;  in  tlie 
aseeniliiij^  sap,  and  to  distribute  it  by  the  veinlets  tlirougliout  every 
j)art.  The  eelhihir  jiorlion  is  the  "jreen  |)uli),  and  is  nearly  the  same 
as  the  <!;reen  layer  of  the  l)ark.  So  that  the  leaf  may  properly 
enough  be  reganh-d  as  a  sort  of  expansion  of  the  fibrous  and  green 
layers  of  the  bark.  It  has  of  course  no  corky  layer  ;  but  the  whole 
is  covered  by  a  trans[)arent  skin  or  epiderinis,  resembling  that  of 
the  stem. 

4u8.  The  green  pulp  consists  of  cells  of  various  forms,  usually 
loosely  arranged,  so  as  to  leave  many  irregular  S[)aces,  or  air-pas^ 
sages,  communicating  with  each  other  throughout  the  whole  interior 
of  the  leaf  (Fig.  35()).  The  green  color  is  owing  to  a  peculiar 
green  matter  lying  loose  in  tlu;  cells,  in  form  of  minute  grains, 
named  Clilorojjliyll  (i.  e.  tiie  green  of  '-^r^'r^—-f—^^ — r^^=r7=: 
leaves).       It    is    this    substance,    seen    '~l\  ' 

through  tlie  transparent  walls  of  the  L 
cells  where  it  is  accumulated,  which  2>: 
gives  the  common  green  hue  to  vege-  j, 
tation,  and  especially  to  foliage.  |^_  "feL- 

430.  The  green  pulp  in  most  leaves       ^    "     -  ^-'^N. 

forms  two   principal  layers;    an    upper  a-  ^     ~     ^ 

one,  facing  the  sky,  and  an  under  one,         ;pc5c^^j^ 
facing  the  ground.     The   upper  one  is  s'jS 

always  deeper  green  in  color  than  the  lower.  This  is  partly  owing, 
perhaps,  to  a  greater  amount  of  chloropliyll  in  the  upper  cells,  but 
mainly  to  the  more  compact  arrangement  of  these  cells.  As  is  seen 
in  Fig.  35 G  and  357,  the  cells  of  the  upper  side  are  oblong  or  cylin- 
drical, and  stand  endwise  to  the  surface  of  the  leaf,  usually  close  to- 
grilicr,  leaving  hardly  any  vacant  spaces.  Those  of  the  lower  part 
of  the  leaf  are  apt  to  be  irregular  in  shape,  most  of  them  with  their 
longer  diameter  parallel  to  the  face  of  the  leaf,  and  are  very  loosely 
arranged,  leaving  many  and  wide  air-chambers.  The  green  color 
underneath  is  therefore  diluted  and  paler. 

440.  In  many  plants  which  grow  where  they  are  subject  to 
drought,  and  which  Inild  theii-  lea\(s  (hiring  the  dry  season  (the 
Oleander  for  example),  the  greater  part  of  the  thickness  of  the  leaf 
consists  of  layers  of  long  cells,  placed  endwise  and  very  nuich  com- 

FIO.  a.'ifi.  Prrlion  tliniiich  tlio  tliickiips's  of  n  Icnfiif  llip  Star  Aiii^e  (IlliriiinO,  of  Fli-rida, 
in.iKiiiru-il.  'I'lic  iiiipiT  and  Ilio  lnwrr  liiyera  of  iliirlt-uallcd  .iiid  niipty  cells  ro|ircspiit  (ho 
riiidrriiiiH  nr  skin.  All  those  butwucu  are  colU  ot  tlio  grevii  pulp,  containing  graind  of 
clilurupliyll. 


156  ANATOMY  OF  THE  LEAVES.        [leSSON  25. 

pacted,  so  as  to  expose  as  little  surface  as  possible  to  the  direct  action 
of  the  hot  sun.  On  the  other  hand,  the  leaves  of  marsh  plants,  and 
Jf  others  not  intended  to  survive  a  drought,  have  their  cells  more 
loosely  arranged  throughout.  In  such  leaves  the  epidermis,  or  skin, 
is  made  of  only  one  layer  of  cells  ;  while  in  the  Oleander,  and  the 
like,  it  consists  of  three  or  four  layers  of  hard  and  thick-walled  cells. 
In  all  this,  therefore,  we  plainly  see  an  arrangement  for  tempering 
the  action  of  direct  sunshine,  and  for  resti-aining  a  too  copious  evap- 
oration, which  would  dry  up  and  destroy  the  tender  cells,  at  least 
when  moisture  is  not  abundantly  supplied  through  the  roots. 

441.  That  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf  alone  is  so  constructed  as  to 
bear  the  sunshine,  is  shown  by  what  happens  when  their  position  is 
reversed :  then  the  leaf  soon  twists  on  its  stalk,  so  as  to  turn  again 
its  under  surface  away  from  the  light ;  and  when  prevented  from 
doing  so,  it  perishes. 

442.  A  large  part  of  the  moisture  which  the  roots  of  a  growing 
plant  are  constantly  absorbing,  after  being  carried  up  through  the 
stem,  is  evaporated  from  the  leaves.  A  Sunflower-plant,  a  little 
over  three  feet  high,  and  with  between  five  and  six  thousand  square 
inches  of  surface  in  foliage,  &c.,  has  been  found  to  exhale  twenty  or 
thirty  ounces  (between  one  and  two  pints)  of  water  in  a  day.  Some 
part  of  this,  no  doubt,  flies  off  through  the  walls  of  the  epidermis  or 
skin,  at  least  in  sunshine  and  dry  weather ;  but  no  considerable  por- 
tion of  it.  The  very  object  of  this  skin  is  to  restrain  evaporation. 
The  greater  part  of  the  moisture  exhaled  escapes  from  the  leaf 
through  the 

443.  StomatCS  or  Brcalhing-porcs.  These  are  small  openings  through 
the  epidermis  into  the  air-chambers,  establishing  a  direct  commu- 
nication between  the  whole  interior  of  the  leaf  and  the  external  air. 
Through  these  the  vapor  of  water  and  air  can  freely  escape,  or 
enter,  as  the  case  may  be.  The  aperture  is  guarded  by  a  pair  of 
thin-walled  cells,  —  resembling  those  of  the  green  pulp  within, — 
which  open  when  moist  so  as  to  allow  exhalation  to  go  on,  but 
promptly  close  Avhen  dry,  so  as  to  arrest  it  before  the  interior  of  the 
leaf  is  injured  by  the  dryness. 

444.  Like  the  air-chambers,  the  br(>athing-pores  belong  mainly  to 
the  under  side  of  the  leaf.  In  the  White  Lily,  —  where  they  are 
unusually  large,  and  easily  seen  by  a  simple  microscope  of  mod- 
erate power,  —  there  are  about  GO.OOO  to  the  square  inch  on  the 
epidermis  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaf,  and  only  about  3,000  in 


LESSON  20.] 


xni-:    PLANT    IN    ACTKJN. 


i:>7 


the  same  space  of  the  n])|)<>r  surface.  iMon^  commonly  (here  arc  few 
or  none  on  the  upper  side  ;  direct  sunshine  eviih-ntly  being  unfavoi'- 
able  to  their  operation.  Tlieir  immense  numbers  make  up  for  their 
minuteness.  They  are  said  to  vary  from  less  than  1,000  to  170,('00 
to  tiie  square  incij  of  surface.  In  the  A|)ple-tree,  where  tliey  are 
under  the  average  as  to  number,  there  are  about  24,000  to  the 
sfpiare  incii  of  the  lower  surface  ;  so  that  each  leaf  has  not  far  from 
100,000  of  these  openings  or  mouths. 


LESSON   XXVI. 

THE     PLANT     IN     ACTION,    DOING     Till:    WORK     OF    VEGETATION. 

445.  Being  now  ac<iuainted  with  the  machinery  of  the  plant,  we 
naturally  proceed  to  inipiire  what  the  use  of  it  is,  and  how  it  works. 

44G.  It  has  already  been  stated,  in  the  first  of  these  Lessons  (7), 
that  the  great  work  of  plants  is  to  cltaiKjc  inorganic  info  on/anic 
matter  ;  that  is,  to  take  portions  of  earlh  and  air,  —  of  mineral  mat- 
ter,—  upon  which  animals  cannot   live  at  all,  and   to  ct)nvert   them 


FIO.  357.     Portion  of  .1  Wliito  Lily  leaf,  cut  throiich  .tikI  tii.iBnificd,  «1io\vinu  .i  sprtion  of 
the  thickness,  ami  also  a  part  of  iho  skin  of  ilio  lower  siilc,  with  M)ini>  liroalliiiiu-Doroa 
11 


158-  THE    PLANT    IN    ACTION.  [lESSON  26. 

into  something  upon  which  they  can  live,  namely,  into  food.  All 
the  food  of"  all  animals  is  produced  by  plants.  Animals  live  upon 
vegetables ;  and  vegetables  live  upon  earth  and  air,  principally 
upon  the  air. 

447.  Plants  fpfd  upon  Earth  and  Air.  This  is  evident  enough  from 
the  way  in  whicli  they  live.  Many  plants  will  flourish  in  pure  sand 
or  powdered  chalk,  or  on  the  bare  face  of  a  rock  or  wall,  watered 
merely  with  rain-water.  And  almost  any  plant  may  be  made  to 
grow  from  the  seed  in  pure  sand,  and  increase  its  weight  many  times, 
even  if  it  will  not  come  to  perfection.  Many  naturally  live  suspended 
from  the  branches  of  trees  high  in  the  air,  and  nourished  by  it  alone, 
never  having  any  connection  with  the  soil  (81)  ;  and  some  which 
naturally  grow  on  the  ground,  like  the  Live-for-ever  of  the  gardens, 
when  pulled  up  by  the  roots  and  hung  in  the  air  will  often  flourish 
the  whole  summer  long. 

448.  It  is  true  that  fast-growing  plants,  or  those  which  produce 
considerable  vegetable  matter  in  one  season,  —  especially  in  such  a 
concentrated  form  as  to  be  useful  as  food  for  man  or  the  higher 
animals,  —  will  come  to  maturity  only  in  an  enriched  soil.  But 
what  is  a  rich  soil  ?  One  Avhich  contains  decomposing  vegetable 
matter,  or  some  decomposing  animal  matter ;  that  is,  in  either  case, 
some  decomposing  organic  matter  formerly  produced  by  plants ; 
aided  by  this,  grain-bearing  and  other  important  vegetables  will 
grow  more  rapidly  and  vigorously,  and  make  a  greater  amount  of 
nourishing  matter,  than  they  could  if  left  to  do  the  whole  work  at 
once  from  the  beginning.  So  that  in  these  cases  also  all  the  oiganio 
matter  was  made  by  plants,  and  made  out  of  earth  and  air. 

449.  Their  Chemical  Composition  shows  what  Plants  are  made  of.    The 

soil  and  the  air  in  which  plants  live,  and  by  which  they  are  every- 
where surrounded,  supply  a  variety  of  materials,  some  likely  to  be 
useful  to  the  plant,  others  not.  To  know  what  elements  the  jilanl 
makes  use  of,  we  must  first  know  of  what  its  fabric  and  its  products 
are  co?n  posed. 

4/>0.  We  may  distinguish  two  sorts  of  materials  in  plants,  one  of 
which  is  absolutely  essential,  and  is  the  same  in  all  of  them  ;  the 
other,  ^Iso  to  some  extent  essential,  but  very  variable  in  different 
plants,  or  in  the  same  plant  under  different  circumstances.  The 
former  is  the  organic,  the  latter  the  inorganic  or  earthy  materials. 

45].  The  Eariiiy  or  Inorganic  Constituents,    If  we  burn  thoroughly  a 

\e.&-^,  a  piece  of  wood,  or  any  other  part  of  a  vegetable,  almost  tdl  of 


LESSON  20.]  ITS    CHKMICAL    CO.MI'OSITION.  159 

it  is  (lissipalt'd   into  air.      IJiit  a  Utile  a-lics  icinaiii  :   tlifSf  represent 
the  cartiiy  constituents  of  tiie  plant. 

452.  Tl>ey  consist  of  some  potash  (or  soda  if  a  marine  plant  was 
used),  some  slkx  (the  same  as  Hint),  and  probaljly  a  little  lime,  al- 
V  mi  lie,  or  magnesia,  iron  or  manganese,  siilpliur  or  phosphorus,  &:c. 
Some  or  all  of  these  elegdents  may  be  detected  in  many  or  most 
plants.  But  they  make  no  j)art  of  their  real  fabric  ;  and  they  Ibrm 
only  from  one  or  two  to  nine  or  ten  parts  out  of  a  hundred  of  any 
vegetable  substance.  The  ashes  vary  according  to  the  nature 
of  the  soil.  In  fact,  they  consist,  principally,  of  such  materials  as 
liajjpened  to  be  dissolved,  in  small  quantity,  in  the  water  which  was 
taken  up  by  the  roots  ;  and  when  that  is  consumed  by  the  plant,  or 
ilies  off  pure  (as  it  largely  does,  447)  by  exhalation,  the  earthy  mat- 
ter is  left  behind  in  the  cells,  — just  as  it  is  left  incrusting  the  sides 
of  a  teakettle  in  which  much  hard  water  has  been  boiled.  As  is 
very  natural,  therefore,  we  find  more  earthy  matter  (i.  e.  more 
ashes)  in  the  leaves  than  in  any  other  part  (sometimes  as  much  as 
seven  per  cent,  when  the  wood  contains  only  two  per  cent)  ;  because 
it  is  through  the  leaves  that  most  of  the  water  escapes  from  the  plant. 
These  earthy  constituents  are  often  useful  to  the  plant  (the  silex,  for 
instance,  increases  the  strength  of  the  Wheat-stalk),  or  are  useful  in 
the  plant's  products  as  furnishing  needful  elements  in  the  food  of  man 
and  other  animals ;  and  some  must  be  held  to  be  necessary  to  vege- 
tation, since  this  is  never  known  to  go  on  without  them. 

453.  The  Orsratlic  CoilSlitllClltS.  As  has  just  been  remarked,  when 
we  burn  in  tlit.'  open  air  a  piece  of  any  plant,  nearly  its  whole  bulk, 
and  from  88  to  more  than  lit)  parts  out  of  a  hundred  by  weight  of  its 
substance,  disappear,  being  turned  into  air  and  vapor.  These  are 
the  organic  constituents  which  have  thus  been  consumed,  —  the 
actual  materials  of  the  cells  and  the  whole  real  fabric  of  the  plant. 
And  we  may  state  that,  in  burning,  it  has  been  decomposed  into  ex- 
actly tiie  same  kinds  of  air,  and  the  vapor  of  water,  that  the  plant 
used  in  its  making.  The  burning  has  merely  undone  the  work  of 
vegetation,  and  given  back  the  materials  to  the  air  just  in  the  state 
in  which  the  plant  took  them. 

454.  It  will  not  be  difltcult  to  understand  what  the  organic  con- 
stituents, that  is,  what  the  real  materials,  of  the  plant  are,  and  how 
the  plant  obtains  them.  The  substance  of  which  vegetable  tissue, 
viz.  the  wall  of  the  cells,  is  made,  is  by  chen»ists  named  Cellulose.  It 
is  just  the  same  thing  in  composition  in  wood  and  in  soft  cellular  lis- 


160  THE    PLANT    IN    ACTION.  [lESSON  26. 

sue,  —  in  the  tender  pot-herb  and  in  th^  oldest  tree.  It  is  composed 
of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen,  12  parts  of  the  former  to  10  of  each 
of  the  two  latter.  These,  accordingly,  are  necessary  materials  of 
vegetable  growth,  and  must  be  received  by  the  growing  plant. 

455.  The  Plaiirs  Food  must  contain  these  three  elements  in  some 
shape  or  other.  Let  us  look  for  them  iji  the  materials  which  the 
plant  is  constantly  taking  from  the  soil  and  the  air. 

456.  Water  is  the  substance  of  which  it  takes  in  vastly  more  than 
of  anything  else  :  we  well  know  how  necessary  it  is  to  vegetable  life. 
The  plant  imbibes  water  by  the  roots,  which  are  specially  construct- 
ed for  taking  it  in,  as  a  liquid  when  the  soil  is  wet,  and  probably 
also  in  the  form  of  vapor  when  the  soil  is  only  damp.  That  water 
in  the  form  of  vapor  is  absorbed  by  the  leaves  likewise,  when  the 
plant  needs  it,  is  evident  from  the  way  partly  wilted  leaves  revive 
and  freshen  when  sprinkled  or  placed  in  a  moist  atmosphere.  Now 
water  is  composed  of  hydrogen  and  oxygen,  two  of  the  three  elements 
of  cellulose  or  plant-fabric.  Moreover,  the  hydrogen  and  the  oxygen 
exist  in  water  in  exactly  the  same  pi-oportions  that  they  do  in  cellu- 
lose :  so  it  is  clear  that  water  furnishes  these  two  elements. 

457.  We  inquire,  therefore,  after  the  third  element,  carbon.  This 
is  the  same  as  pure  charcoal.  Charcoal  is  the  carbon  of  a  vegetable 
left  behind  after  charring,  that  is,  heating  it  out  of  contact  of  the  air 
until  the  hydrogen  and  oxygen  are  di'iven  off.  The  charcoal  of  wood 
is  so  abundant  in  bulk  as  to  preserve  perfectly  the  shape  of  the  cells 
after  charring,  and  in  weight  it  amounts  to  about  half  that  of  the 
original  material.  Carbon  itself  is  a  solid,  and  not  at  all  dissolved 
by  water :  as  such,  therefore,  it  cannot  be  absorbed  into  the  plant, 
however  minute  the  particles  ;  only  liquid  and  air  can  pass  through 
the  walls  of  the  cells  (402,  410).  It  must  therefore  come  to  the 
plant  in  some  combination,  and  in  a  fluid  form.  The  only  substance 
within  the  plant's  reach  containing  carbon  in  the  proper  state  is 

458.  Carhonic  Acid.  This  is  a  gas,  and  one  of  the  components 
of  the  atmosphere,  everywhere  making  about  ^^Vtj  P'''^*^  ^^  '^'^^  ^"^^^' 
—  enough  for  the  food  of  plants,  but  not  enough  to  be  injurious  to 
animals.  For  when  mixed  in  any  considerable  proportion  with  the 
air  we  breathe,  carbonic  acid  is  very  poisonous.  The  air  produced 
by  burning  charcoal  is  carbonic  acid,  and  we  know  how  soon  burnmg 
charcoal  in  a  close  room  will  destroy  life. 

459.  The  air  around  us  consists,  besides  this  minute  proportion 
of  carbonic  acid,  of  two  other  gases,  mixed   together,  viz.  oxygen 


LESSON  2G.]  ITS    KOOD.  ICl 

and  nitrogen.  The  nitrogen  gas  docs  not  snpport  animal  life  v  it  only 
dilutes  the  oxygen,  which  docs.  It  is  the  oxygen  gas  alone  whieii 
renders  the  air  iit  for  breathing. 

4t)0.  Carbonic  acid  consists  of  carbon  combined  with  oxygen.  In 
breathing,  animals  are  constantly  forming  carbonic  acid  gas  by  unit- 
ing carbon  from  their  bodies  with  oxygen  of  the  air ;  they  inspire 
oxygen  into  their  lungs  ;  they  breath  it  out  as  carbonic  acid.  So 
with  every  breatli  nniiiKils  are  diiniiii.-hing  the  oxygen  of  the  air, — 
so  necessary  to  animal  life,  —  and  ar(i  iiu-i-easing  its  carbonic  acid, — 
so  hurtful  to  animal  Hie  ;  or  ralliei',  wiiieh  would  be  so  hurtful  if  it 
•were  allowed  to  accumulate  in  the  air.  The  reason  why  it  does  not 
increase  in  the  air  beyond  this  minute  proportion  is  that  plants  feed 
upon  it.  They  draw  their  whole  stock  of  carbon  irom  the  caibonic 
acid  of  I  lie  air. 

4G1.  Phmts  take  it  in  by  their  leaves.  Every  current,  or  breeze 
that  stirs  the  foliage,  brings  to  every  leaf  a  succession  of  fresh  atoms 
of  carbonic  acid,  which  it  absorbs  through  its  thousands  of  breathing- 
pores.  "We  may  })rove  this  very  easily,  by  putting  a  small  plant  or 
a  fresh  leafy  bough  into  a  glass  globe,  exposed  to  sunshine,  and  hav- 
ing two  opeiungs,  causing  air  mixed  with  a  known  proportion  of 
carbonic  acid  gas  to  enter  by  one  opening,  slowly  traverse  the  foliage, 
and  j)ass  out  by  the  other  into  a  vessel  proper  to  receive  it :  now, 
examining  the  air  chemically,  it  will  be  found  to  have  less  carbonic 
acid  than  before.     A  portion  has  been  taken  up  by  the  foliage. 

4G2.  Plants  also  take  it  in  by  their  roots,  some  probably  as  a  gas, 
in  the  same  way  that  leaves  absorb  it,  and  much,  certainly,  dissolved 
in  the  water  which  the  rootlets  imbibe.  Tlie  air  in  the  soil,  es- 
pecially in  a  rich  soil,  contains  many  times  as  much  carbonic  acid 
as  an  equal  bulk  of  tlu;  atmosphero  above.  Decoinjjosing  vegetable 
matter  or  manures,  in  the  soil,  are  constantly  evolving  carbonic  acid, 
and  a  large  part  of  it  remains  there,  in  the  pores  and  crevices,  among 
which  the  absorbing  rootlets  spread  and  ramify.  Besides,  as  this  gas 
is  dissolved  by  water  in  a  moderate  degree,  every  rain-drop  that  falls 
from  the  clouds  to  the  ground  brings  with  it  a  little  carbonic  acid, 
dissolving  or  washing  it  out  of  the  air  as  it  jyasses,  and  bringing  it 
down  to  the  roots  of  plants.  And  what  flows  off  int^  the  streams 
and  ponds  serves  for  the  Ibod  of  water-plants. 

4G3.  So  water  and  carbonic  acid,  taken  in  by  the  leaves,  or  taken 
in  by  the  roots  and  carried  up  to  the  leaves  as  crude  sap.  are  the 
general  food  of  plants,  —  are  tlie  raw  materials  out  of  which  at  lea.^t 
14* 


162  THE    PLANT    IN    ACTION,  [lESSON  26. 

the  fabric  and  a  part  of  the  general  products  of  the  plant  are  made. 
Water  and  carbonic  acid  are  mineral  matters :  in  the  phxnt,  mainly 
in  the  foliage,  they  are  changed  into  organic  matters.     This  is 

4G4.  The  Plant's  proper  Work,  Assimilation,  viz.  the  conversion  by  the 

vegetable  of  foreign,  dead,  mineral  matter  into  its  own  living  sub- 
stance, or  into  organic  matter  capable  of  becoming  living  substance. 
To  do  this  is,  as  we  have  said,  the  peculiar  office  of  the  plant.  How 
and  where  is  it  done  ? 

465.  It  is  done  in  the  green  parts  of  plants  alone,  and  only  when 
these  are  acted  upon  hy  the  ligltt  of  the  sun.  The  sun  in  some  way 
supplies  a  power  which  enables  the  living  plant  to  originate  these 
peculiar  chemical  combinations,  —  to  organize  matter  into  forms 
which  are  alone  capable  of  being  endowed  with  life.  The  proof  of 
this  proposition  is  simple  ;  and  it  shows  at  the  same  time,  in  the 
simplest  way,  what  the  plant  does  with  the  water  and  carbonic  acid 
it  consumes.  Namely,  1st,  it  is  only  in  sunshine  or  bright  daylight 
that  the  green  parts  of  plants  give  out  oxygen  gas,  —  then  they  do ; 
and  2d,  the  giving  out  of  this  oxygen  gas  is  just  what  is  required  to 
render  the  chemical  composition  of  water  and  carbonic  acid  the  same 
as  that  of  cellulose  (454),  that  is,  of  the  plant's  fabric.  This  shows 
why  plants  spread  out  so  large  a  surface  of  foliage. 

466.  In  plants  growing  or  placed  under  Avater  we  may  see  bubbles 
of  air  rising  from  the  foliage  ;  we  may  collect  enough  of  this  air  to 
test  it  by  a  candle's  burning  brighter  in  it ;  which  shows  it  to  be 
oxygen  gas.  Now  if  the  plant  is  making  cellulose  or  plant-substance, 
—  that  is,  is  making  the  very  materials  of  its  fabric  and  growth,  as 
must  generally  be  the  case,  —  all  this  oxygen  gas  given  off  by  the 
leaves  comes  from  the  decomposition  of  carbonic  acid  taken  in  by 
the  plant. 

467.  This  must  he  so,  because  cellulose  is  composed  of  10  parts  of 
oxygen  and  10  of  hydrogen  to  12  of  carbon  (454)  :  here  the  first 
two  are  just  in  the  same  proportions  as  in  water,  which  consists  of 
one  part  of  oxygen  and  one  of  hydrogen,  —  so  that  10  parts  of  water 
and  12  of  carbon  represent  one  of  cellulose  or  plant-fabric  ;  and  to 
make  it  out  of  water  and  carbonic  acid,  the  latter  (which  is  composed 
of  carbon  and  oxygen)  has  only  to  give  up  all  its  oxygen.  In  other 
words,  the  plant,  in  its  foliage  under  sunshine,  decomposes  carbonic 
acid  gas,  and  turns  the  carbon  together  with  water  into  cellulose,  at 
the  same  time  giving  the  oxygen  otf  into  the  air. 

468.  And  we  can  readily  prove  that  it  is  so,  —  namely,  that  plants 


LKSSON  20.]  PROnrHNO    OKGANIC    MATTEU.  163 

do  decompose  carbonic  acid  in  tlicir  loaves  and  give  out  its  oxygen, 
—  by  the  experiment  mentioned  in  paragraph  4(51.  There  tlie 
leaves*,  as  we  have  stated,  are  taking  in  carbonic  a<-id  gas.  A\'e 
now  add,  tliat  tliey  are  giving  out  oxygen  gas  at  the  same  rate. 
The  air  as  it  comes  from  the  glass  globe  is  tbund  to  have  just  us 
much  more  oxygen  as  it  has  less  carbonic  acid  than  before  — just 
as  much  more  oxygen  as  would  be  inquired  to  turn  the  carbon  re- 
tained in  the  plant  back  into  carbonic  acid  again. 

4('>'.).  It  is  all  the  same  when  plants  —  instead  of  making  fabric  at. 
once,  that  is,  growing  —  make  the  prepared  material,  and  store  it 
up  for  future  use.  The  principal  product  of  plants  for  this  purpose 
is  Starch,  which  consists  of  minute  grains  of  organic  matter,  lying 
loose  in  the  cells.  Plants  often  accumulate  this,  perhaps  in  the  root, 
as  in  the  Turnip,  Carrot,  and  Dahlia  (Fig.  o7  -  GO)  ;  or  in  subter- 
ranean stems  or  branches,  iis  in  the  Potato  (Fig.  ^'6),  and  many 
rootstocks  ;  or  in  the  bases  of  leaves,  as  in  the  Onion,  Lily  ( Fig. 
7<5  — 75),  and  other  bulbs  ;  or  in  fleshy  leaves  above  ground,  as  those 
of  the  Ice-Plant,  Ilouse-leek,  and  Century-Plant  (Fig.  82)  ;  or  in 
the  whole  thickened  body,  as  in  many  Cactuses  (Fig.  70);  or  in 
the  seed  around  the  embryo,  as  in  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  38,  39)  and 
other  grain ;  or  even  in  the  embryo  itself,  as  in  the  Horsechestnut 
(Fig.  23,  24),  Ik-an  (Fig.  10),  Pea  (Fig.  10),  &c.  In  all  these 
ibnns  tliis  is  a  provision  for  future  growth,  either  of  the  plant 
itself  or  of  some  offset  from  it,  or  of  its  oflfspring,  as  it  springs 
from  the  seed.  Now  starch  is  to  cellulose  or  vegetable  fabric  just 
■what  the  prepared  clay  is  to  the  potter's  vessel,  —  the  same  thing, 
only  requiring  to  be  shajied  and  consolidated.  It  has  exactly  the 
same  chemical  composition,  and  is  equally  made  of  carbon  and  the 
elem.ents  of  water,  by  decomposing  the  same  amount  of  carbonic 
acid  and  giving  back  its  oxygen  to  the  air.  In  using  it  for  growth, 
the  plant  <lissolves  it,  conveys  it  to  the  growing  parts,  and  consoli- 
dates it  into  fabric. 

470.  Sii(j(ir,  another  principal  vcgetal»le  product,  also  has  essen- 
tially the  same  chemical  composition,  and  may  be  formed  out  of  the 
same  connnon  food  of  |)lants,  with  the  same  result.  The  different 
kinds  of  sugar  (that  of  the  cane,  iVc.  and  of  grapes)  consist  of  the 
panic  three  m:Uerials  Jis  starch  and  cellulose,  only  with  a  little  more 
w.itrr.  Tiie  plant  generally  forms  the  sugar  out  of  starch.  clianLMii^ 
one  into  tiie  otlier  with  great  ease;  starch  being  the  form  in  wliich 
prepared   m:U(rial   is  stored   up,  and  sugar  that   in   wliich  it   is  ex- 


164  THE    PLANT    PURIFYING    THE    AIR,  [lESSON  26. 

pended  or  transferred  from  one  part  of  the  plant  to  another.  In  the 
8ugar-cane  and  Indian  Corn,  starch  is  deposited  in  the  seed ;  in  ger- 
mination this  is  turned  into  sugar  for  the  plantlet  to  begin  its  growth 
with  ;  the  growing  plant  produces  more,  and  deposits  some  as  starch 
in  the  stalk  ;  just  before  blossoming,  this  is  changed  into  sugar  again, 
and  dissolved  in  the  sap,  to  form  and  feed  the  flowers  (which  cannot, 
like  tlie  leaves,  create  nourishment  for  themselves)  ;  and  what  is  left 
is  deposited  in  the  seed  as  starch  again,  with  which  to  begin  the 
same  operation  in  the  next  generation. 

471.  AVe  might  enumerate  other  vegetable  products  of  this  class 
(such  as  oil,  acids,  jelly,  the  pulp  of  fruits,  &c.),  and  show  how  they 
are  formed  out  of  the  carbonic  acid  and  water  which  the  plant  takes 
in.  But  those  already  mentioned  are  sufficient.  In  producing  any 
of  them,  cai'bonic  acid  taken  from  tlie  air  is  decomposed,  its  carbon 
retained,  and  its  oxygen  given  back  to  the  air.     That  is  to  say, 

472.  Plants  purify  lllC  Air  for  Animals,  by  taking  away  the  carbonic 
acid  injurious  to  them,  continually  poured  into  it  by  their  breathing, 
as  well  as  by  the  burning  of  fuel  and  by  decay,  and  restoring  in  its 
place  an  equal  bulk  of  liie-sustaining  oxygen  (4G0).  And  by  the 
same  operation,  combining  this  carbon  with  the  elements  of  water, 
&c.,  and  elaborating  them  into  organic  matter,  —  especially  into 
starch,  sugar,  oil,  and  the  like,  — 

473.  Plants  produce  all  the  Food  and  Fabric  of  Animals.  The  herbiv- 
orous animals  feed  directly  upon  vegetables  ;  and  the  carnivorous 
feed  upon  the  herbivorous.  Neither  the  one  nor  the  other  originate 
any  organic  matter.  They  take  it  all  ready-made  from  plants,  — 
altering  the  form  and  qualities  more  or  less,  and  at  length  destroy- 
ing or  decomposing  it. 

474.  Starch,  sugar,  and  oil,  for  example,  form  a  large  part  of  the 
food  of  herbivorous  animals  and  of  man.  When  digested,  they  enter 
into  the  blood ;  any  surplus  may  be  stored  up  for  a  time  in  the  form 
of  fat,  being  changed  a  little  in  its  nature  ;  while  the  rest  (and  finally 
the  whole)  is  decomposed  into  carbonic  acid  and  water,  and  exhaled 
from  the  lungs  in  respiration  ;  —  in  other  words,  is  given  back  to  the 
air  by  the  animal  as  the  very  same  materials  which  the  plant  takes 
from  the  air  as  its  food  (463) ;  —  is  given  back  to  the  air  in  the  same 
form  that  it  would  have  been  if  the  vegetable  matter  had  been  left 
to  decay  where  it  grew,  or  if  it  had  been  set  on  fire  and  burned  ;  — 
and  with  the  same  result  too  as  to  the  heat,  the  heat  in  this  case 
producing  and  maintaining  the  proper  temperature  of  the  animal 


I 


LESSON  20.]       AND    I'UODLCINO    TIU:    FOOD    OF    ANIMALS.  165 

47").  P>iit  starch,  8upir,  and  the  like,  do  not  make  any  part  of  the 
flesh  or  liihric  ul'  anhnals.  And  (hat  liir  the  obvious  reason,  tliat  tlicy 
consist  of  only  the  three  elements  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxt/ijca  ; 
whereas  the  llesh  of  animals  has  nitrogen  as  well  as  these  three  ele- 
ments in  its  composition.  Tiie  materials  of  the  animal  body,  called 
Fibrine  in  the  lie>h  or  nnisclcs.  Gelatine  in  the  sinews  and  bones, 
Cascine  in  tiie  curd  of  milk,  iVc,  are  all  forms  of  one  and  the  same 
substance,  composed  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  oxygen,  and  nitrogen.  As 
nitrogen  is  a  large  constituent  of  the  atmosphere,  and  animals  are 
taking  it  into  their  lungs  with  every  breath  they  draw,  we  might 
suppose  that  they  take  this  element  of  their  frame  directly  from  the 
air.  But  they  do  not.  Even  this  is  furnished  by  vegetables,  and 
animals  receive  it  ready-made  in  their  food.  And  this  brings  us  tc 
consider  still  another  and  most  important  vegetable  product,  of  » 
different  class  from  the  rest  (omitted  till  now,  lor  the  sake  of  greater 
simplicity)  ;  namely,  what  is  called 

47G.  Proteine.  This  name  has  been  given  to  it  by  chemists,  be- 
cause it  occurs  under  such  a  protean  variety  of  forms.  The  Gluten 
of  wheat  and  the  Legumine  of  beans  and  other  Icjguminous  plants 
may  be  taken  to  represent  it.  It  occurs  in  all  plants,  at  least  in 
young  and  growing  parts.  It  does  not  make  any  ])ortion  of  their 
tissue,  but  is  contained  in  all  living  cells,  as  a  thin  jelly,  mingled 
witli  the  sap  or  juice,  or  as  a  delicate  mucilaginous  lining.  In  fact, 
it  is  formed  earlier  than  the  cell-wall  itself,  and  the  latter  is  moulded 
on  it,  as  it  were  ;  so  it  is  also  called  Protoplasm.  It  disappears  from 
common  cells  as  they  grow  old,  being  transferred  onward  to  new  or 
forming  parts,  where  it  plays  a  very  active  part  in  growth.  Mixed 
with  starch,  &c.,  it  is  accumulated  in  considerable  quantity  in  wheat, 
beans,  and  other  grains  and  seeds,  especially  those  which  are  most 
nutritious  as  food.  It  is  the  proteine  which  makes  them  so  nutritious. 
Taken  by  animals  as  food,  it  forms  their  flesh  and  sinews,  and  the 
animal  part  of  their  bones,  without  much  change  ;  for  it  has  the  same 
com[)osition,  —  is  just  the  same  thing,  indeed,  in  some  slightly  diflerent 
forms.  To  produce  it,  the  plant  employs,  in  addition  to  the  carbonic 
acid  and  wat(n-  already  mentioned  as  its  general  food,  some  ammo- 
nia ;  whicli  is  a  <i)in|)onnd  of  hydrogen  and  7iitrogen.  Ammonia 
(whi<li  is  llic  same  thing  as  hartshorn)  is  constantly  escai)ing 
i'llo  tlic  air  in  small  (inantitics  from  all  decomposing  vegetable 
and  animal  sul).-tances.  I'.esides,  it  is  pnxhiced  in  everv  thinidei- 
storm.      Every  flash  of   lightning  causes  some  to  be  made  (in   '.he 


1G6  PLANT-LIFE.  [lESSON  27. 

form  of  nitrate  of  ammoma)  out  of  the  nitrogen  of  the  air  and  the 
vapor  of  water.  Tlie  reason  why  it  never  accumulates  in  the  air 
so  as  to  be  perceptible  is,  that  it  is  extremely  soluble  in  water,  as 
are  all  its  compounds.  So  it  is  washed  out  of  the  atmosphere  by  the 
rain  as  fast  as  it  is  made  or  rises  into  it,  and  is  brought  down  to  the 
roots  of  plants,  which  take  it  in  freely.  When  assimilated  in  the 
leaves  along  with  carbon  and  water,  proteine  is  formed,  the  very 
substance  of  the  liesh  of  animals.  So  all  Hesli  is  vegetable  matter 
in  its  origin. 

477.  Even  the  earthy  matter  of  the  bones,  and  the  iron  and  other 
mineral  matters  in  the  blood  of  animals,  are  derived  from  the  plants 
they  feed  upon,  with  hardly  an  exception.  These  are  furnished  by 
the  earthy  or  mineral  constituents  of  plants  (452),  and  are  merely 
accumulated  in  the  animal  frame. 

478.  Animals,  therefore,  depend  absolutely  upon  vegetables  for 
their  being.  The  great  object  for  which  the  All-wise  Creator  estab- 
lished the  vegetable  kingdom  evidently  is,  that  plants  might  stand  on 
the  surface  of  the  earth  between  the  mineral  and  the  animal  crea- 
tions, and  organize  portions  of  the  former  for  the  sustenance  of 
the  latter. 


LESSON   XXVII. 


plant-life. 


479.  Life  is  known  to  us  only  by  its  effects.  We  cannot  tell 
what  it  is  ;  but  we  notice  some  things  which  it  does.  One  peculi- 
arity of  living  things,  which  has  been  illustrated  in  the  last  Lesson, 
is  their  power  of  transforming  matter  into  new  forms,  and  thereby 
making  products  never  produced  in  any  other  way.  Life  is  also 
manifested  by 

480.  Motion,  that  is,  by  self-caused  movements.  Living  things 
move ;  those  not  living  are  moved.  Animals,  living  as  they  do 
upon  organized  food,  —  which  is  not  found  everywhere,  —  must 
needs  have  the  power  of  going  after  it,  of  collecting  it,  or  at  least  of 
taking  it  in ;  which  requires  them  to  make  spontaneous  movements. 
But  plants,  with  their  wide-spread  surface  (34,  131)  always  in  con- 


LKSSO.N   27.]  CIItCl'KATIOX    IX    C'KLI.S.  167 

(act  with  tlie  earth  and  air  on  wliich  tlicy  feed,  —  the  hit'.er  and  the 
most  important  of  these  evci  ywln  re  in>t  tlie  f«ame,  —  have  no  need 
of  locomotion,  and  so  are  generally  fixed  Aist  to  the  spot  where 
they  grow. 

481.  Yet  many  plants  move  tlieir  parts  freely,  sometimes  when 
there  is  no  occasion  lur  it  that  we  can  understand,  and  sometimes 
accomplishing  by  it  sonn;  useful  end.  The  sudden  closing  of  the 
leaflets  of  the  Sensitive  Plant,  and  the  dropping  of  its  leafstalk, 
when  jarred,  also  the  sudden  starting  forwards  of  the  stamens  of  the 
1  Barberry  at  the  touch,  are  familiar  examples.  Such  cases  seem  at 
first  view  so  strange,  and  so  diflerent  from  what  we  expect  of  a  plant, 
that  those  plants  are  generally  imagined  to  be  endowed  Avith  a  pe- 
culiar faculty,  denied  to  common  vegetables.  But  a  closer  exam- 
ination will  show  that  i)lants  generally  share  in  this  faculty  ;  that 
similar  movements  maybe  detected  in  them  all,  only  —  like  those 
of  the  hands  of  a  clock,  or  of  the  shadow  of  a  sun-dial  —  they  are- 
too  slow  for  the  motion  to  be  directly  seen. 

4S2.  It  is  perfectly  evident,  also,  that  growtli  requires  motion  ; 
that  there  is  always  an  intei-nal  activity  in  living  plants  as  well  ;ls 
in  animals,  —  a  power  exerted  which  causes  tli(;ir  fluids  to  move  or 
circulate,  and  carries  materials  from  one  part  to  another.  Some 
movements  arc  mechanical ;  but  even  these  are  generally  directed 
or  controlled  by  the  plant.  Others  must  be  as  truly  self-caused  as 
those  of  animals  are.  Let  us  glance  at  some  of  the  priucijial  sorts, 
and  see  what  light  they  tlirow  upon  vegetable  life. 

483.  CircillaliOll  in  Cells.  From  what  we  know  of  the  anatomy  of 
plants,  it  is  clear  tiiat  they  have  no  general  circulation  (like  that  of 
all  animals  cxcej)t  the  lowest),  through  a  system  of  vessels  opening 
into  each  other  (4(»2,  410).  But  in  plants  each  living  cell  carries 
on  a  circulation  of  its  ouii,  at  least  when  young  and  active.  This 
may  be  beautifully  seen  in  the  transparent  stems  of  Chara  and  many 
other  water-plants,  and  in  tlui  leaves  of  the  Fresh-water  Tape-Gniss 
(Vallisueria),  under  a  good  microscope.  Here  the  sap  circulates, 
often  (juile  liri>kly  in  appearance,  (but  the  motion  is  magnified  as 
well  as  the  olijects,)  in  a  steady  stream,  just  IxMieath  the  wall, 
around  each  cell,  pa-sing  up  (ine  side,  acro-s  the  end.  down  the 
other,  and  so  round  to  complete  the  cii-ciiit,  carrying  with  it  small 
particles,  or  the  larger  green  grains,  which  make  the  current  inon^ 
visible.  This  circulation  may  also  be  observed  in  hairs,  particularly 
those  on  flowers,  such  as  the  jointed  liai''S  of  Spiderworf,  looking 


1G8  PLANT-LIFE.  [lESSON  27. 

under  (lie  glass  like  strings  of  blue  beads,  each  bead  being  a  cell. 
But  here  a  microscope  magnitying  six  or  eight  hundred  times  in 
diameter  is  needed  to  see  the  current  distinctly, 

484.  The  movement  belongs  to  the  protoplasm  (476),  or  jelly-like 
matter  under  the  cell-wall.  As  this  substance  has  just  the  same 
composition  as  the  flesh  of  animals,  it  is  not  so  strange  that  it  should 
exhibit  such  animal-like  characters.  In  the  simplest  water-plants, 
of  the  Sea-weed  family,  the  body  which  answers  to  the  seed  is  at 
first  only  a  rounded  little  mass  of  protoplasm.  When  these  bodies 
escape  from  the  mother  plant,  they  often  swim  about  freely  in  the 
water  in  various  directions,  by  a  truly  spontaneous  motion,  when  they 
closely  resemble  animalcules,  and  are  often  mistaken  for  them.  After 
enjoying  this  active  life  for  seveial  hours,  they  come  to  rest,  form 
a  covering  of  cellulose,  and  therefore  become  true  vegetable  cells, 
fix  themselves  to  some  sup[)ort,  germinate,  and  grow  into  the 
perfect  plant. 

485.  Absorption,  Conveyance  of  llic  Sap,  &c.    Although  contained  in 

cells  with  closed  walls,  nevertheless  the  fluids  taken  in  by  the  roots 
are  carried  up  through  the  stein  to  the  leaves  even  of  the  topmost 
bough  of  the  tallest  tree.  And  tlie  sap,  after  its  assimilation  by  the 
leaves,  is  carried  down  in  the  bark  or  the  cambium-layer,  and  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  plant,  or  else  is  conveyed  to  the  points  where 
growth  is  taking  place,  or  is  accumulated  in  roots,  stems,  or  wherever 
a  deposit  is  being  stored  up  for  future  use  (71,  104,  128,  4G9). 

486.  That  the  rise  of  the  sap  is  pretty  rapid  in  a  leafy  and  growing 
plant,  on  a  dry  summer's  day,  is  evident  from  the  amount  of  water  it 
is  continually  losing  by  exhalation  from  the  foliage  (447)  ;  —  a  loss 
which  must  all  the  while  be  supplied  from  the  roots,  or  else  the 
leaves  would  dry  up  and  die  ;  as  they  do  so  promptly  when  sepa- 
rated from  the  stem,  or  when  the  stem  is  cut  off  from  the  roots. 
Of  course  they  do  not  then  lose  moisture  any  faster  than  they 
did  before  the  separation  ;  only  the  supply  is  no  longer  ke|)t 
up  from  below. 

487.  The  rise  of  the  sap  into  the  leaves  apparently  is  to  a  great 
degree  the  result  of  a  mode  of  diffusion  which  has  been  called  En- 
dosmose.  It  acts  in  this  way.  Whenever  two  fluids  of  different 
density  are  separated  by  a  membrane,  whether  of  dead  or  of  living 
substance,  or  are  separate(^  by  any  porous  partition,  a  flow  takes 
{)lace  through  the  partition,  mainly  towards  the  heavier  fluid,  until 
that  is  brought  to  the  same  density  as  the  other.     A  familiar  illus- 


LESSON  27-3  CONVKYANCK    OF    THE    SAT.  169 

tration  is  scon  when  we  place  powdered  sugar  upon  strawberries, 
and  slightly  moisten  tlicni  :  tlu;  dissolving  sugar  makes  u  solution 
stronger  than  the  juice  in  the  cells  of  the  fruit ;  so  this  is  gradually 
drawn  out.  Also  when  pulpy  fruits  are  boiled  in  a  strong  sirup;  as 
soon  as  the  sirup  becomes  denser  than  the  juice  in  the  fruit,  the 
latter  begins  to  How  out  and  tlic  I'ruit  heirins  lo  slirJA  el.  lint  wiien 
shrivelled  fruits  arc  placed  in  weak  siiu[),  or  in  watei',  ihey  become 
plump,  because  the  llow  then  sets  inwards,  the  juice  in  the  cells  bein;.r 
denst'r  than  the  water  outside.  Now  the  cells  of  the  living  plant 
contain  organic  matter,  in  the  form  of  mucilage,  protoplasm,  some- 
times sugar,  Sec. ;  and  this  particularly  abounds  in  young  and 
growing  jiarts,  such  as  the  tips  of  roots  (Fig.  ^0),  which,  as  is  well 
known,  are  the  principal  agents  in  absorbing  moisture  from  the 
ground.  The  contents  of  their  cells  being  therefore  always  much 
denser  than  the  moisture  outside  (which  is  water  containing  a  little 
carbonic  acid,  &c.,  and  a  very  minute  quantity  of  earthy  matter), 
this  moisture  is  constantly  drawn  into  the  root.  What  makes  it 
ascend  to  the  leaves  ? 

488.  To  answer  this  question,  we  must  look  to  the  leaves,  and 
consider  what  is  going  on  there.  For  (however  it  may  be  in  the 
spi'ing  before  the  leaves  are  out),  in  a  leafy  plant  or  tree  the  sap  is 
not  forced  up  from  below,  but  is  drawn  up  from  above.  Water  large- 
ly evaporates  from  the  leaves  (447)  ;  it  flies  off  into  the  air  as  vapor, 
leaving  behind  all  the  earthy  and  the  organic  matters,  —  these  not 
being  volatile  ; — -the  sap  in  the  cells  of  the  leaf  therefore  becomes 
denser,  and  so  draws  npon  the  more  watery  contents  of  the  cells  of 
the  stalk,  these  upon  those  of  the  stem  below,  and  so  on,  from  cell  to 
cell  down  to  the  root,  causinj^^  a  flow  from  the  roots  to  the  leaves, 
wliicli  begins  in  tiii!  laller,  —  just  as  a  wind  begins  in  the  direction 
towards  which  it  blows.  Somewhat  similarly,  elaborated  sap  is 
drawn  inlo  l)uds  or  any  growing  parts,  where  it  is  consolidated 
into  fabric,  or  is  conveyed  into  tubers,  roots,  seeds,  and  the  like, 
in  which  it  is  cond(;nscd  into  starch  and  stored  up  for  future  use 
(71,  lo.'i,  cVe.). 

48'.).  So  in  al)sorl)ing  moisture  by  the  roots,  and  in  conveving 
the  sap  or  the  juices  from  cell  to  cell  and  from  one  part  to  another, 
the  plant  apjjcars  to  make  use  of  a  |)hysical  or  inorganic  force;  but 
it  manages  and  directs  llii<  n«  the  |iur|T(ises  of  the  vegetable  econ- 
omy demand.  Now.  when  the  proper  materials  arc  brought  to  tlie 
growing  parts,  r/roivlh  takes  place  •,  and  in   growth  the  |)larit   moves 


170  PLANT-LIFE.  [lESSON  27. 

the  particles  of  matter,  arranges  them,  and  shapes  the  fabric  in  a 
manner  which  we  cannot  at  all  explain  by  any  mechanical  laws. 
The  organs  are  not  shaped  by  any  external  forces  ;  they  shape 
themselves,  and  take  such  forms  and  positions  as  the  nature  of 
each  part,  or  the  kind  of  plant,  requires. 

490.  Special  MovemeilfS.  Besides  groAving,  and  quite  independent 
of  it,  plants  not  only  assume  particular  positions,  but  move  or  bend 
one  part  upon  another  to  do  so.  Almost  every  species  does  this,  as 
well  as  what  are  called  sensitive  plants.  In  springing  from  the  seed, 
the  radicle  or  stem  of  the  embryo,  if  not  in  the  proper  position 
already,  bends  itself  round  so  as  to  direct  its  root-end  downwards, 
and  the  stem-end  or  plumule  upwards.  It  does  the  same  when 
covered  so  deeply  by  the  soil  that  no  light  can  affect  it,  or  when 
growing  in  a  perfectly  dark  cellar.  But  after  reaching  the  light, 
the  stem  bends  towards  that,  as  every  one  knows ;  and  bends 
towards  the  stronger  light,  when  the  two  sides  are  unequally  ex- 
posed to  the  sun.  It  is  now  known  that  the  shoot  is  bent  by  the 
shortening  of  the  cells  on  the  more  illuminated  side  ;  for  if  w^e  split 
the  bending  shoot  in  two,  that  side  curves  over  still  more,  while  the 
opposite  side  inclines  to  fly  back.  But  how  the  light  causes  the 
cells  to  shorten  on  that  side,  we  can  no  more  explain,  than  we  can 
tell  how  the  will,  acting  through  the  nerves,  causes  the  contraction 
of  the  fibres  of  the  muscles  by  which  a  man  bends  his  ai-m.  AA'^e 
are  sure  that  the  bending  of  the  shoot  has  nothing  to  do  with 
growth,  because  it  takes  place  after  a  shoot  is  grown  ;  and  the  del- 
icate stem  of  a  young  seedling  will  bend  a  thousand  times  faster 
than  it  grows.  Also  because  it  is  yellow^  light  that  most  favors 
growth  and  the  formation  of  vegetable  fabric,  while  the  blue  and 
violet  rays  produce  the  bending.  Leaves  also  move,  even  more 
freely  than  stems.  They  constantly  present  their  upper  face  to  the 
light ;  and  when  turned  upside  down,  they  twist  on  their  stalks,  oi- 
curve  round  to  recover  their  original  position.  The  free  ends  of 
twining  stems,  as  of  Hop.  or  Morning  Glory,  oi'  Bean,  which  appar- 
ently hang  over  to  one  side  from  their  weight,  are  in  fact  bent  over, 
and,  the  direction  of  the  bend  constantly  changing,  the  shoot  is 
steadily  sweeping  round  the  circle,  making  a  revolution  every  faw 
hours,  or  even  more  rapidly  in  certain  ca>es,  until  it  reaches  a 
neighboring  support,  wlien,  by  a  continuation  of  the  same  move- 
ment, it  twines  around  it.  Most  tendrils  revolve  in  the  same  way, 
sometimes   even  more   rapidly ;    while   others    only   turn   from   the 


I.KSSO.V    27.]  MOVKMI-.NTS.  17! 

light ;  this  is  especially  the  case  with  those  that  cling  to  walls  or 
trunks  by  sucker-like  disks,  as  Virginia  Creeper,  p.  38,  fig.  G2. 
When  an  active  tendril  comes  into  contact  with  a  stem  or  any  such 
extraneous  body,  it  iiu'iirvcs  at  the;  point  of  coiitiut,  and  so  lays  hold 
of  the  support :  tiu;  same  contraciion  or  tendency  to  curve  affecting 
the  whole  length  of  the  tendril,  it  soon  shortens  into  a  coil,  part  coil- 
ing one  way,  part  the  other,  thus  drawing  the  shoot  up  to  the  sup- 
porting body;  or,  if  the  tendril  be  free,  it  winds  up  in  a  simple  coil. 
This  movement  of  tendrils  is  so  prompt  in  the  Star-Cucumber  (Sic- 
yos)  in  Echinoeystis,  and  in  two  sorts  of  Passion-fiowcr,  that  the 
end,  after  a  gentle  rubhing,  coils  up  by  a  movement  rapid  enough  to 
be  readily  seen.  In  plants  that  climb  by  their  leaf-stalks,  such  as 
Maurandia  and  TropaMduui,  the  movements  are  similar,  but  much 
too  slow  to  be  seen. 

491.  The  so-called  sleep  of  plants  is  a  change  of  position  as  night 
draws  on,  and  in  different  ways,  according  to  the  species,  —  the 
Locust  and  Wood-Sorrel  turning  down  their  leaflets,  the  Honey 
Locust  raising  them  upright,  the  Sensitive  Plant  turning  them  for- 
wards one  over  another ;  and  the  next  morning  they  resume  their 
diurnal  position.  One  fact,  among  others,  showing  that  the  changes 
arc  not  caused  by  the  light,  but  by  some  power  in  the  plant  itself,  is 
this.  The  leaves  of  the  Sensitive  Plant  close  long  before  sunset; 
but  they  expand  again  before  sunrise,  under  much  less  light  than 
thoy  had  when  they  closed.  In  several  plants  the  leaves  take  the 
nocturnal  position  when  brushed  or  jarred,  —  in  the  common  Sensi- 
tive Plant  very  suddenly,  in  other  sorts  less  quickly,  in  the  Honey 
Locust  a  little  too  slowly  for  us  to  see  the  motion.  The  way  in 
which  blossoms  open  and  close,  some  when  the  light  increases,  some 
when  it  diminishes,  illustrates  the  same  thing.  The  stamens  of  th.e 
Barberry,  when  touched  at  the  base  on  the  inner  side,  —  as  by  an 
insect  seeking  for  honey,  or  by  the  point  of  a  pin,  —  make  a  sudden 
jerk  forward,  and  in  the  process  commonly  throw  some  pollea 
upon  the  stigma,  which  stands  a  little  above  their  reach. 

*r.l2.  In  many  ol' tlif.-c  cisc^;  we  pl.iinly  perceive  that  a  useful  end 
is  subserved.  Hut  what  shall  wc  say  of  the  Vtiuis's  I-'ly-trap  uf 
Korth  Carolina,  growing  where  it  might  be  sure  of  all  the  food  a 
plant  can  need,  yet  provided  with  an  apparatus  fin*  catching  insects, 
and  actually  capturing  thein  exi)erily  by  a  sudden  motion,  in  the 
manner  already  described  (120,  Kig.  ,S1)  ?     Or  of  the  leallets  of  the 


172  CRYPTOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWEKLESS  PLANTS.    [lESSON    27. 

Desmodium  gyrans  of  the  East  Indies,  spontaneously  falling  and 
rising  by  turns  in  jerking  motions  nearly  the  whole  day  long?  We 
can  only  say,  that  plants  are  alive,  no  less  than  animals,  and  that  it 
is  a  characteristic  of  living  things  to  move. 


\*  Cryptogamous  or  Flowerless  Plants. 

493.  In  all  the  foregoing  Lessons,  we  have  had  what  may  be 
called  plants  of  the  higher  classes  alone  in  view.  There  are  others, 
composing  the  lower  grades  of  vegetation,  to  which  some  allusion 
ought  to  be  niade. 

494.  Of  this  sort  are  Ferns  or  Brakes,  Mouses,  Liverworts, 
Lichens,  Sea-weeds,  and  Fungi  or  Mushrooms.  They  are  all 
classed  together  under  the  name  of  Flowerless  Plants,  or  Crypto- 
gamous  Plants;  the  former  epithet  referring  to  the  fact  that  they  do 
not  bear  real  blossoms  (with  stamens  and  pistils)  nor  seeds  (with  an 
embryo  ready-formed  within).  Instead  of  seeds  tliey  have  spores, 
which  are  usually  simple  cells  (392).  The  name  Cryptogamous 
means,  of  hidden  fructification,  and  intimates  that  they  may  have 
something  answering  to  stamens  and  ])istils,  although  not  the  same; 
and  this  is  now  known  to  be  the  ca  e  with  most  of  them. 

495.  Flowerless  plants  are  so  very  various,  and  so  peculiar  in 
each  family,  that  a  volume  would  be  required  to  illustrate  them. 
Curious  and  attractive  as  they  are,  they  are  too  difficult  to  be  studied 
botanically  by  the  beginner,  except  the  Ferns,  Club-Mosses,  and 
Horse-tails.  For  the  study  of  these  we  refer  the  student  at  once  to 
the  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Norlhern  United  States,  and  to  the 
Field,  Forest,  and  Garden  Botany.  The  structure  and  physiology 
of  these  plants,  as  well  as  of  the  Mosses,  Liverworts,  Lichens,  Sea- 
weeds, and  Fungi,  are  explained  in  the  Structural  Botany,  or  Botanical 
Text  Book,  and  in  other  similar  works.  When  the  student  has 
become  prepared  for  the  study,  nothing  can  be  more  interesting  than 
these  plants  of  the  lowest  orders. 


LESSON  28.]  SriiClKS    AM)    KINDS.  178 


LESSON  xxviir. 

SPKCIES    AND     KINDS. 

49G.  Until  now,  wo  liavc  boon  considering  ])lant.s  ns  to  llicir 
structure  and  their  mode  of  lil'u.  AVo  lia\  i',  as  it  wtii-,  ix'cii  read- 
ing the  biography  of  an  individual  plant,  following  it  from  the  tiny 
set-dling  up  to  the  mature  and  fruit-bearing  herb  or  tree,  and  learning 
how  it  grows  and  what  it  doe.s.  The  bolaniat  also  considers  plants 
as  to  their  relations/iips, 

rj7.  Plants  and  animals,  as  is  well  known,  have  two  great  pecu- 
liaritie.s  :  Lst,  they  form  themselves  ;  and  2d,  they  multiply  them- 
selves.    They  reproduce  themselves  in  a  continued  succession  of 

498.  Illiliviiiimls  (•').  Mineral  things  occur  as  7nasses,  which  are 
divisible  into  smaller  and  still  small(;r  ones  without  alteration  of 
their  properties  (o91).  But  organic  things  (vegetables  and  ani- 
mals) exist  as  individual  heimjs.  Each  owes  its  existence  to  a 
parent,  and  produces  similar  individuals  in  its  turn.  So  each  indi- 
vidual is  a  link  of  a  chain  ;  and  to  this  chain  the  natural-historian 
applies  the  name  of 

499.  Species,  All  the  descendants  from  the  same  stock  therefore 
compose  one  species.  And  it  was  from  our  observing  that  the  sev- 
eral sorts  of  plants  or  animals  steadily  reproduce  themselves, —  or,  in 
other  words,  keep  up  a  succession  of  similar  individuals,  —  that  the 
idea  of  species  originated.  So  we  are  led  to  conclude  that  the  Cre- 
ator established  a  definite  number  of  species  at  tlie  beginning,  which 
have  continued  by  proi)agation,  each  after  its  kind. 

i)i)().  Tiiere  are  few  species,  however,  in  which  man  has  actually 
observed  the  succession  for  many  generations.  It  could  seldom  be 
proved  tliat  all  the  White  Pine  trees  or  White  Oaks  of  any  forest 
came  from  the  same  stock.  But  observation  having  familiarized 
us  with  the  general  fact,  that  individu:ils  proceeding  from  the  same 
stock  are  essciitially  alike,  we  infer  from  their  close  resemldance 
that  tliese  similar  individuals  belong  to  the  same  species.  Tiiat  is, 
W(>  infer  it  when  tin;  individuals  are  as  much  like  each  other  as  tliose 
are  wliicli  we  know  to  have  sprung  from  the  same  stock. 

-jOl.  We  do  not  infer  it  from  every  resemblance  ;  j()r  there  is  the 
resemblance  oi'  Und,  —  as  between  the  White  Oak  and  the  Red  Oak, 
15* 


174  SPECIES    AND    KINDS.  [leSSON  28. 

and  between  the  latter  and  flie  Scarlet  Oak  :  these,  we  take  for 
granted,  have  not  originated  from  one  and  the  same  stock,  but  from 
three  separate  stocks.  Nor  do  we  deny  it  on  account  of  every 
difference  ;  for  even  the  sheep  of  the  same  flock,  and  the  plants 
raised  from  peas  of  the  same  pod,  may  show  differences,  and  such 
differences  occasionally  get  to  be  very  striking.  When  they  are 
pretty  well  marked,  we  call  them 

Varieties.  The  "White  Oak,  for  example,  presents  two  or  three 
varieties  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves,  although  they  may  be  all  alike 
upon  each  particular  tree.  The  question  often  arises,  practically, 
and  it  is  often  hard  to  answer,  whether  the  difference  in  a  particular 
case  is  that  of  a  -variety,  or  is  specific.  If  the  former,  we  may 
commonly  prove  it  to  be  so  by  finding  such  intermediate  degrees 
of  difference  in  various  individuals  as  to  show  that  no  clear  line  of 
distinction  can  be  drawn  betM-een  them  ;  or  else  by  observing  the 
variety  to  vary  back  again,  if  not  in  the  same  individual,  yet  in  its 
offspring.  Our  sorts  of  Apples,  Pears,  Potatoes,  and  the  like,  show 
us  that  differences  which  are  permanent  in  the  individual,  and  con- 
tinue unchanged  through  a  long  series  of  generations  when  propa- 
gated by  division  (as  by  offsets,  cuttings,  grafts,  bulbs,  tubei-s,  &c.), 
are  not  likely  to  be  reproduced  by  seed.  Still  they  sometimes  are 
so  :  and  such  varieties  are  called 

Races.  These  are  strongly  marked  varieties,  capable  of  being 
propagated  by  seed.  Our  different  sorts  of  Wheat,  Indian  Corn, 
Peas,  lladishes,  &:c.,  are  familiar  examples  :  and  the  races  of  men 
offer  an  analogous  instance. 

502.  It  should  be  noted,  that  all  varieties  have  a  tendency  to  be 
reproduced  by  seed,  just  as  all  the  peculiarities  of  the  parent  tend  to 
be  reproduced  in  the  offspring.  And  by  selecting  those  plants  which 
have  developed  or  inherited  any  desirable  peculiarity,  keeping  them 
from  mingling  with  their  less  promising  brethren,  and  selecting  again 
the  most  promising  plants  raised  from  their  seeds,  we  may  in  a  few 
generations  render  almost  any  variety  transmissible  by  seed,  so  long 
as  we  take  good  care  of  it.  In  fact,  this  is  the  way  the  cultivated  or 
domesticated  races,  so  useful  to  man.  have  been  fixed  and  preserved. 
Races,  in  fact,  can  hardly,  if  at  all,  be  said  to  exist  independently  of 
man.  But  man  does  not  really  produce  them.  Such  peculiarities 
—  often  surprising  enough  —  now  and  then  originate,  we  know  not 
how  (the  plant  sports,  as  the  gardeners  say)  ;  they  are  only  pre- 
served, propagated,  and  generally  further  developed,  by  the  culti- 


MCSSON    28.]  CI.ASSIKK  ATIO.V.  175 

yator's  skilful  care.     If  left  alone,  they  are  likdy  to  dwindle  and 
perish,  or  else  revert  to  the  original  form  of  the  species. 

.')(»3.  Botanists  variously  estimate  the  number  of  known  species 
of  plants  at  from  !-eventy  to  one  hundred  thousand.  About  3,850 
species  of  the  liiiiiicr  cliis-es  grow  wild  in  the  United  Slates  east  of 
the  Mississippi.  80  tliat  the  vegetable  kingdom  exhibits  a  very 
great  diversity.  Between  our  largest  and  highest-organized  trees, 
such  as  a  Magnolia  or  an  Oak,  and  the  simplest  of  plants,  reduced 
to  a  single  cell  or  sphere,  much  too  minute  to  be  visible  to  the 
naked  eye,  how  wide  the  difference!  Yet  the  extremes  are  con- 
nected by  intermediate  grades  of  every  sort,  so  as  to  leave  no  wide 
gap  at  any  place  ;  and  not  only  so,  but  every  grade,  from  the  most 
comjdex  to  the  most  simple,  is  exhibited  under  a  wide  and  most 
beautiful  diversity  of  forms,  all  based  upon  the  one  plan  of  vegeta- 
tion which  we  have  been  studying,  and  so  connected  and  so  an- 
swering to  each  other  throughout  as  to  convince  the  thoughtful 
botanist  that  all  are  parts  of  one  system,  works  of  one  hand,  realiza- 
tions in  nature  of  the  conception  of  One  Mind.  We  perceive  this, 
also,  by  the  way  in  which  the  species  are  grouped  into 

504.  Killtls.     If  the  species,  when  arranged  according  to  their  re- 
semblances, were  found  to  differ  from  one  another  about  equally, — 
that  is,  if  No.  1  differed  from  No.  2  just  as  much  as  No.  2  did  from 
No.  3,  and  No.  4  from  No.  5,  and  so  on  throughout,  —  then,  with  all 
the  diversity  in  the  vegetable  kingdom  there  is  now,  there  would  yet 
be  no  foundation  in  nature  for  grouping  species  into  kinds.     Species 
and  kinds  would  mean  just  the  same  thing.    We  should  classify  them, 
no  doubt,  for  convenience,  but  our  classification  would  be  arbitrarj'. 
The  fact  is,  however,  that  species  resemble  each  other  in  very  un- 
equal degrees.     Some  species  are  almost  exactly  alike  in  their  whole 
ttructurc,  and  differ  only  in  the  shape  or  proportion  of  their  parts; 
these,  we  say,  belong  to  one  Gmus.     Some,  again,  show  a  more  gen- 
eral resemblance,  and  are  found  to  have  their  flowers  and  seeds  con- 
structed on  the  same  particular  plan,  but  with   important  differences 
in  the  details ;  these  belong  to  the  same  Order  ov  Family.     Tlien, 
taking  a  wider  survey,  wc  perceive  that  they  all  group  themselves 
under  a  few  general  types  (or  patterns),  distinguishable  at  once  by 
their  flowers,  by  llieir  seeds  or   embryos,  by   the   clinracter  of* the 
seedling  plant,  by  the   structure  of  their  s!ein^  and   leaves,  and  by 
their   general    appearance  :     these    great     gioups    we    e.d!     Chisacs. 
Finally,  wc  distinguish  the  whole  into  two  great  types  or  grades; 


176  SPECIES    AND    KINDS.  \_LKSSON    28, 

the  higlicr  grade  of  Flowering  plants,  exhibiting  the  full  plan  of 
vegetation,  and  the  lower  grade  of  Flowerless  plants,  in  which 
vegetation  is  so  simplified  that  at  length  the  only  likeness  between 
them  and  our  common  trees  or  Flowering  plants  is  that  they  are 
both  vegetables.     From  species,  then,  we  rise  first  to 

505.  Genera  (plural  of  Genus).  The  Rose  kind  or  genus,  the  Oak 
genus,  the  Chestnut  genus,  &c.,  are  fiimiliar  illustrations.  Each 
genus  is  a  group  of  nearly  related  species,  exhibiting  a  particular 
plan.  All  the  Oaks  belong  to  one  genus,  the  Chestnuts  to  another, 
the  Beech  to  a  third.  The  Apple,  Pear,  and  Crab  are  species  of  one 
genus,  the  Quince  represents  another,  the  various  species  of  Haw- 
thorn a  third.  In  the  animal  kingdom  the  common  cat,  the  wild  cat, 
the  panther,  the  tiger,  the  leopard,  and  the  lion  are  species  of  the  cat 
kind  or  genus  ;  while  the  dog,  the  jackal,  the  different  species  of  wolf, 
and  the  foxes,  compose  another  genus.  Some  genera  are  represented 
by  a  vast  number  of  species,  others  by  few,  very  many  by  only  one 
known  species.  For  the  genus  may  be  as  perfectly  represented  in 
one  species  as  in  several,  although,  if  this  were  the  case  throughout, 
genera  and  species  would  of  course  be  identical  (504).  The  Beech 
genus  and  the  Chestnut  genus  would  be  just  as  distinct  from  the  Oak 
genus  even  if  but  one  Beech  and  one  Chestnut  were  known ;  as  in- 
deed was  the  case  formerly. 

506.  Orders  or  Families  (the  two  names  are  used  for  the  same  thing 
in  botany)  are  groups  of  genera  that  resemble  each  other ;  that  is, 
they  are  to  genera  what  genera  are  to  species.  As  familiar  illustra- 
tions, the  Oak,  Chestnut,  and  Beech  genera,  along  with  the  Hazel 
genus  and  the  Hornbeams,  all  belong  to  one  order,  viz.  the  Oak  Fam- 
ily ;  the  Birches  and  the  Alders  make  another  family  ;  the  Poplars 
and  Willows,  another;  the  Walnuts  (with  the  Butternut)  and  the 
.Hickories,  another.  The  Apple  genus,  the  Quince  and  the  Haw- 
thorns, along  with  the  Plums  and  Cherries  and  the  Peach,  the 
Raspberry,  with  the  Blackberry,  the  Strawberry,  the  Rose,  and  many 
other  genera,  belong  to  a  large  order,  the  Rose  Family. 

507.  Tribes  and  Suborders.  This  leads  us  to  remark,  that  even  the 
genera  of  the  same  order  may  show  very  unequal  degrees  of  resem- 
blance. Some  may  be  very  closely  related  to  one  another,  and  at  the 
same  time  differ  strikingly  from  the  rest  in  certain  important  partic- 
ulars. In  the  Rose  Family,  for  example,  there  is  the  Rose  genus 
itself,  with  the  Raspberry  genus,  the  Strawberry,  the  Cinquefoil, 
«&c.  near  it,  but  by  no  means  so  much  like  it  as  they  are  like  each 


l.KSSOV  28.]  OKDKUS,    CLASSICS,    KTC.  177 

Other:  tliis  proiip.  tluTpfon',  answers  to  what  is  oallod  a  Trihr  ;  ami 
tlie  Rose  itself  stands  lor  another  tribe.  Hut  we  iiirtlicr  ol)serve 
that  the  Apple  genus,  the  Hawthorns,  the  Quince,  ami  tiie  June- 
berry,  thouj^h  of  the  same  order,  and  nearly  related  among  them- 
selves, differ  yet  more  widely  from  the  Rose  and  its  nearest  relations; 
and  so,  on  the  other  hand,  do  the  Plum  and  Cherry,  the  Peaeh  and 
the  Almond.  So  this  great  Rose  Family,  or  Order,  is  composed  of 
three  groups,  of  a  more  marked  character  than  tribes,  —  groups 
which  might  naturally  be  taken  for  orders  ;  and  we  call  them  Sub- 
orders. But  students  will  understand  these  matters  best  after  a  few 
lessons  in  studying  plants  in  a  work  describing  the  kinds. 

oOS.  Classes.  These  are  great  assemblages  of  orders,  as  already 
explained  (.")15).  The  orders  of  Flowering  Plants  are  numerous, 
no  less  than  134  being  represented  in  the  Botany  of  the  Northern 
United  States ;  but  they  all  group  themselves  under  two  great 
classes.  One  class  comprises  all  that  have  seeds  with  n  mono- 
cotyledonous  embryo  (32),  endogenous  stems  (423),  and  generally 
parallel-veined  leaves  (139)  ;  the  other,  those  with  dicotyledonous 
embryo,  exogenous  stems,  and  netted-veined  leaves  ;  and  the  whole 
aspect  of  the  two  is  so  different  that  they  are  known  at  a  glance. 

509.  Finally,  these  two  classes  together  compose  the  U[)per  Series 
or  grade  of  Floicering  or  Phcenogamoiis  Plants,  which  have  their 
counterpart  in  the  lower  Series  of  Floiverless  or  Crijptogamous  Plants, 
—  composed  of  three  classes,  and  about  a  dozen  orders. 

510.  The  universal  members  of  classification  are  Class,  Order, 
Gknus,  Spkcif.s,  always  standing  in  this  order.  When  there  are 
more,  they  take  their  places  as  in  the  following  schedule,  which 
comprises  all  that  are  generally  used  in  a  natural  classification, 
proceeding  from  the  highest  to  the  lowest,  viz. :  — 

Series, 

Class, 

Subclass, 

Order,  or  Family, 

Suborder, 

Tribe, 

Subtribe, 

Genus, 

Subgenus  or  Section, 

Species. 

.  Varietv. 
K  &  F— 9 


178  BOTANICAL    NAMES.  [lESSON  29. 

LESSON   XXIX: 

BOTANICAL  NAMES  AND  CHARACTERS. 

511.  Plants  are  classified,  —  i.  e.  are  marshalled  under  their  re- 
spective classes,  orders,  tribes,  genera,  and  species,  —  and  they  are 
characterized,  —  that  is,  their  principal  characteristics  or  distinguish- 
ing marks  are  described  or  enumerated,  in  order  that. 

First,  their  resemblances  or  differences,  of  various  degrees,  may 
be  clearly  exhibited,  and  all  the  species  and  kinds  ranked  next  to 
those  they  are  most  related  to  ;  —  and 

Secondly,  that  students  may  readily  ascertain  the  botanical  names 
of  the  plants  they  meet  with,  and  learn  their  peculiarities,  properties, 
and  place  in  the  system. 

512.  It  is  in  the  latter  that  the  young  student  is  chiefly  interested. 
And  by  his  studies  in  this  regard  he  is  gradually  led  up  to  a  higher 
point  of  view,  from  which  he  may  take  an  intelligent  survey  of  the 
whole  general  system  of  plants.  But  the  best  Avay  for  the  student 
to  learn  the  classification  of  plants  (or  Botany  as  a  system),  is  to  use 
it,  in  finding  out  by  it  tlie  name  and  the  pecuHarities  of  all  the  wild 
plants  he  meets  with. 

513.  Names.  The  botanical  name  of  a  plant,  that  by  which  a 
botanist  designates  it,  is  the  name  of  its  genus  followed  by  that  of 
the  species.  The  name  of  the  genus  or  kind  is  like  the  family  name 
or  surname  of  a  person,  as  Smith,  or  Jones.  That  of  the  species 
answers  to  the  baptismal  name,  as  John,  or  James.  Accordingly, 
the  White  Oak  is  called  botanically  Quercus  alba  ;  the  first  word,  or 
Quercus,  being  the  name  of  the  Oak  genus  ;  the  second,  alba,  that 
of  this  particular  species.  And  the  Red  Oak  is  named  Quercus 
rubra  ;  the  Black -Jack  Oak,  Quercus  nigra  ;  and  so  on.  The  bo- 
tanical names  are  all  in  Latin  (or  are  Latinized),  this  being  the 
common  language  of  science  everywhere ;  and  according  to  the 
usage  of  that  language,  and  of  most  others,  the  name  of  the  species 
comes  after  that  of  the  genus,  while  in  English  it  comes  before  it. 

514.  Generic  Names.  A  plant,  then,  is  named  by  two  words.  The 
generic  name,  or  that  of  the  genus,  is  one  word,  and  a  substantive. 
Commonly  it  is  the  old  classical  name,  when  the  genus  was  known 
to  the  Greeks  and  Romans ;  as  Quercus  for  the  Oak,  Fagus  for  the 


LKSSON  29.]  BOTANICAL    NAMKS.  179 

Bcocl),  Con/his,  the  Iln/.el,  and  llm  like.  15iit  as  moro  goiu-ra  be- 
came known,  botanists  bad  new  names  to  make  or  borrow.  Many 
are  named  from  some  appearance  or  property  of  the  flowers,  leaves, 
or  other  ])arts  of  the  phint.  To  take  a  few  examples  from  tne  early 
])a!j:i's  of  the  Miinnal  of  the  JioUini/  of  the  Northern  United  States, — 
in  wliich  the  derivation  of  the  generic  names  is  explained.  The 
pcniis  Hcpatica,  p.  fi,  comes  from  the  shape  of  the  leaf  resemlding 
tliat  of  tlie  liver.  Jfi/osunis,  p.  !(•,  means  mouse-tail.  Delpliin- 
I'liiii,  p.  12,  is  from  delphin,  a  dolphin,  and  alludes  to  the  sliape  of 
the  flower,  which  was  thought  to  resemble  the  classical  figures  of  the 
dolphin.  Zanthoi-hiza,  p.  13,  is  from  two  Greek  words  meaning 
yellow-root,  the  common  name  of  the  plant.  Cimicifiif/a,  p.  14,  is 
formed  of  two  Latin  words,  meaning,  to  drive  away  bugs,  tl.e  same 
as  its  common  name  of  Bugbane,  the  Siberian  species  being  used  to 
keep  away  such  vermin.  Samjuinaria,  p.  2G,  is  named  from  the 
blood-like  color  of  its  juice. 

515.  Other  genera  are  dedicated  to  distinguished  botanists  or  ])ro- 
moters  of  natural  science,  and  bear  their  names:  such  are  3/af/nolia, 
p.  1"),  which  commemorates  the  early  French  botanist,  Magnol,  and 
Jeffersonia,  p.  20,  named  after  President  Jefferson,  who  sent  the  first 
exploring  expedition  over  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Others  bear  the 
name  of  the  discoverer  of  the  ])lant  in  question  ;  as,  Sarracenia,  p. 
23,  dedicated  to  Dr.  Sarrazin  of  Quebec,  who  Avas  one  of  the  first 
to  send  our  common  Pitcher-plant  to  tiie  botanists  of  Europe  ;  and 
Chiijto)iia,  p.  G5,  first  made  known  by  the  early  Virginian  botanist 
Clayton. 

51 G.  SpPflfic  \illlirs.  Tlie  name  of  the  species  is  also  a  single 
word,  a])peiuled  to  tliat  of  the  genus.  It  is  commonly  an  adjective, 
and  therefore  agrees  with  the  generic  name  in  case,  gender,  &:c. 
Sometimes  it  relates  to  tlie  country  the  species  inhabits;  as,  Clay- 
tonia  Virginica,  first  made  known  from  Virginia  ;  Sanguinaria 
Canadensis,  from  Canada,  iVc.  More  commonly  it  denotes  some 
obvious  or  characteristic  trait  of  the  species;  as,  for  example,  in 
Sarracenia,  our  northern  species  is  named  piirpnrea,  from  the  pur- 
ple blossoms,  while  a  more  sonthern  one  is  named  fttra,  because 
its  petals  are  yellow;  tlie  species  of  Jelfersonia  is  called  diphi/lhy 
meaning  two-leaved,  because  its  leaf  is  divided  into  two  leaflets. 
Some  species  are  named  after  the  discoven-r,  or  in  compliment  to  a 
botanist  who  has  made  them  known  ;  as,  ISIagnolia  Fraseri,  named 
after  the   botanist   Fra<er,  one  of  the  fir-t  to  find  this  species  ;   Ka- 


180  BOTANICAL    NAMKS    AND    CHARACTERS.     [lESSON  29. 

worthia  Michmixii,  p.  65,  named  for  the  early  botanist  Michaiix  ; 
and  Polygala  NuUalUi,  in  compliment  to  Mr.  Nuttall,  who  described 
it  under  another  name.  Such  names  of  persons  are  of  course  writ- 
ten with  a  capital  initial  letter.  Occasionally  some  old  substantive 
name  is  used  for  the  species  ;  as  Magnolia  Umbrella,  p.  49,  and  Ra- 
nunculus Flommula,  p.  41.  These  are  also  written  with  a  capital 
initial,  and  need  not  accord  with  the  generic  name  in  gender,  &c. 

517.  The  name  of  a  variety,  when  it  is  distinct  enough  to  require 
any,  is  made  on  the  same  plan  as  tliat  of  the  species,  and  is  written 
after  it;  as,  Ranunculus  Flammula,  variety  reptans,  p.  41  (i.  e.  the 
creeping  variety),  and  R.  abortivus,  variety  micranthus,  p.  42,  or 
the  small-flowered  variety  of  this  species. 

518.  Names  of  Groups,  The  names  of  tribes,  orders,  and  the  like, 
are  in  the  plural  number,  and  ai-e  commonly  formed  by  prolonging 
the  name  of  a  genus  of  the  group  taken  as  a  representative  of  it. 
For  example,  the  order  of  which  the  Buttercup  or  Crowfoot  genus, 
Ranunculus,  is  the  representative,  takes  from  it  the  name  o? Ranun- 
culacece  (Manual,  p.  34)  ;  meaning  Plantce  Ranunculacece  when 
written  out  in  full,  that  is,  Ranuneulaceous  Plants.  This  order 
comprises  several  tribes  ;  one  of  which,  to  which  Ranunculus  itself 
belongs,  takes  the  name  of  Ranunculece ;  another,  to  which  the 
genus  Clematis,  or  the  Virgin's-Bower,  belongs,  takes  accordingly 
the  name  of  Clematidece  ;  and  so  on.  So  the  term  Rosacece  (mean- 
ing Rosaceous  plants)  is  the  name  of  the  order  of  which  the  Rose 
(Rosa)  is  the  well-known  representative ;  and  Rosece  is  the  name  of 
the  particular  tribe  of  it  which  comprises  the  Rose. 

519.  A  few  orders  are  named  on  a  somewhat  different  plan.  The 
great  order  Leguminosce,  for  instance  (Manual,  p.  123),  is  not  named 
after  any  genus  in  it ;  but  the  fruit,  which  is  a  legume  (3aG),  gives 
the  name  o^ Leguminous  Plants.  So,  likewise,  the  order  Umhelliferce 
(Manual,  p.  187)  means  Umbelliferous  or  Umbel-bearing  Plants; 
and  the  vast  order  Com-positce  (Manual,  p.  215)  is  so  named  because 
it  consists  of  plants  whose  Wossoras  are  crowded  into  heads  of  the 
sort  which  were  called  "  compound  flowers "  by  the  old  botanists 
(277). 

520.  Characters.  The  brief  description,  or  enumeration  in  scien- 
tific terms,  of  the  principal  distinctive  marks  of  a  species,  genus, 
order,  or  other  group,  as  given  in  botanical  works,  is  called  its 
Character.     Thus,  in  the  Manual,  already  referred  to,  at  the  begin-. 


LKSSON    oO.J  now    TO    STUDY    I'KANTS.  181 

iiinj;,  the  character  of  the  first  great  series  is  piven  ;  then  that  of 
tlic  first  chiss,  ol"  the  lirst  siibchiss,  ami  of  llie  lirst  division  under  it. 
Then,  after  the  name  of  the  order,  foUows  its  character  (tin;  ordinal 
character)  :  under  the  name  of  each  genus  (as,  1.  Clematis,  p.  3;")) 
is  added  the  (jeneric  character,  or  description  of  what  essentially 
distinguishes  it;  and  finally,  following  the  name  of  each  species,  is 
the  specijic  character,  a  succinct  enumeration  of  tlie  points  in  which 
it  mainly  differs  from  other  species  of  tlie  same  genus.  S<;o,  for 
illustration,  Clematis  Viurna,  p.  36,  where  tlie  sentence  immediately 
following  the  name  is  intended  to  characterize  that  species  from  all 
others  like  it. 

521.  Under  this  genus,  and  generally  where  we  have  several  spe- 
cies of  a  genus,  the  species  are  arranged  under  sections,  and  these 
often  under  subsections,  for  the  student's  convenience  in  analysis, — 
the  character  or  description  of  a  section  applying  to  all  the  species 
under  it,  and  therefore  not  having  tp  be  repeated  under  each  species. 
Under  Clematis,  also,  are  two  sections  with  names,  or  sub-genera, 
which  indicates  that  they  might  almost  be  regarded  as  two  distinct 
genera.  But  these  details  are  best  understood  by  practice,  in  the 
actual  studying  of  plants  to  ascertain  their  name  and  place.  And  to 
this  the  student  is  now  ready  to  proceed. 


LESSON    XXX. 

nOAV    TO    STl'DY    PLANTS. 

522.  TIavixo  explained,  in  the  two  preceding  Lessons,  the  gen- 
eral principles  of  Classification,  and  of  Botanical  Names,  we  may 
now  show,  by  a  few  examples,  how  the  student  is  to  proceed  in 
a|)plying  them,  and  how  the  name  and  the  place  in  the  system  of  an 
unknown  plant  are  to  be  ascertainecl. 

523.  "We  suppose  the  student  to  be  provided  with  a  luuid  magni- 
fi/inf/-r/lnss,  and,  if  possible,  with  a  simple  microscope,  i.  e.  with  a 
magnifying-glass,  of  two  or  more  difrerent  powers,  mounted  on  a 
support,  over  a  stage,  holding  a  glass  plate,  on  which  small  flowers 
or  their  parts  may  be  laid,  while  they  are  dissected  under  the  mi- 
croscope with  the  points  of  needles  (mounted  iu  handles),  or  divided 

16 


182  HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  [leSSON    30. 

by  a  tiliarp  knife.  Such  a  microscope  is  not  necessary,  except  for 
very  small  flowers;  but  it  is  a  great  convenience  at  all  times,  and 
is  indispensable  in  studying  the  more  difficult  orders  of  plants. 

524.  We  suppose  the  student  now  to  have  a  woi-k  in  which  tlie 
plants  of  the  country  or  district  are  scientifically  arranged  and 
described :  if  in  the  Southern  Atlantic  States,  Dr.  Chapman's  Flora 
of  the  Southern  States ;  if  north  of  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  Gray's 
Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  United  States,  fifth  edition  ;  or,  as  cov- 
ering the  whole  ground  as  to  common  plants,  and  including  also  all 
the  common  cultivated  plants,  Gray's  Field,  Forest,  and  Garden 
Botany,  which  is  particularly  arranged  as  the  companion  of  the 
present  work ;  that  containing  brief  botanical  descriptions  of  the 
plants,  and  this  the  explanation  of  their  general  structure,  and  of 
the  technical  terms  employed  in  describing  them.  To  express 
clearly  the  distinctions  which  botanists  observe,  and  which  furnish 
the  best  marks  to  know  a  plant  by,  requires  a  good  many  technical 
terms,  or  words  used  with  a  precise  meaning.  These,  as  they  are 
met  with,  the  student  should  look  out  in  the  Glossary  at  the  end  of 
this  volume.  The  terms  in  common  use  are  not  so  numerous  as 
they  would  at  first  appear  to  be.  With  practice  they  will  soon  be- 
come so  familiar  as  to  give  very  little  trouble.  And  the  application 
of  botanical  descriptive  language  to  the  plants  themselves,  indicating 
all  their  varieties  of  form  and  structure,  is  an  excellent  discipline 
for  the  mind,  equal,  if  not  in  some  respects  superior,  to  that  of  learn- 
ing a  classical  language. 

525.  The  following  illustrations  and  explanations  of  the  way  to  use 
the  descriptive  work  are,  first,  for  The  Field,  Forest,  and  Garden  Bot- 
any, that  being  the  one  which  will  be  generally  used  by  beginners  and 
classes.  This  and  the  Lessons,  bound  together  in  a  single  compact 
volume,  will  serve  the  whole  purpose  of  all  but  advanced  students, 
teachers,  and  working  botanists.     Thus  equip[)ed,  we  proceed  to 

526.  The  Analysis  of  a  Plant.  A  Buttercup  -wWl  serve  as  well 
as  any.  Some  species  oi  other  may  be  found  in  blossom  throughout 
nearly  the  whole  spring  and  summer ;  and,  except  at  the  very 
beginning  of  the  season,  the  fruit,  more  or  less  developed,  may  be 
gathered  with  the  blossom.  To  a  full  knowledge  of  a  plant  the 
fruit  is  essential,  although  the  name  may  almost  always  be  ascer- 
tained without  it.  This  common  yellow  flower  being  under  exam- 
ination, we  are  to  refer  the  plant  to  its  pi'oper  class  and  order  or 


I.KSSON    30.] 


HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS. 


188 


family.  The  families  are  so  numerous,  and  so  ponerally  distinguish- 
able only  l>y  a  combination  of  a  considerable  number  of  marks  that 
the  student  must  find  his  way  to  them  by  means  of  a  contrivance 
called  an  Analytical  Key.     This  Key  begins  on  p.  12. 

527.  It  takes  note  of  the  most  comprehensive  possible  division  of 
plants,  namely  those  "  producing  true  flowers  and  seeds,"  and  those 
"  not  producing  flovv(M's,  propagated  by  spores."  To  the  first  of 
these,  the  great  series  of  Pii-knooamous  or  Flowkuing  Plants, 
the  plant  under  examination  obviously  belongs. 

528.  This  series  divides  into  those  "  with  wood  in  a  circle,  or  in 
concentric  annual  circles  or  layers  around  a  central  pith,  netted-veined 
leaves,  and  parts  of  the  flower  mostly  in  fives  or  fours,"  —  to  which 
might  be  added  the  dicotyledonous  embryo,  but  that  in  the  present 
case  is  beyond  the  young  student's  powers,  even  if  the  fruit  were  at 
hand;  —  and  into  those  "  with  wood  in  separate  threads  scattered 
through  the  diameter  of  the  stem,  not  in  a  circle,"  also  the  "leaves 
mostly  parallel-veined,  and  parts  of  the  flower  almost  always  in 
threes,  never  in  fives."  Although  the  hollowness  of  the  stem  of  the 
present  plant  may  obscure  its  internal  structure,  a  practised  hand, 
by  throwing  the  light  through  a  thin  cross  section  of  the  stem  under 
the  glass,  would  make  it  evident  that  its  woody  bundles  were  all  in 
a  circle  near  the  circumference,  yet  this  could  hardly  be  expected 
of  an  unassisted  and  inexperienced  bcgiimer.  But  the  two  other 
and  very  obvious  marks,  the  netted-veined  leaves,  and  the  number 
five  in  both  calyx  and  corolla,  certify  at  once  that  the  plant  belongs 
to  the  first  cla-s,  Exogknous  or  Dicotylkdoxous  Plants. 

529.  We  should  now  look  at  the  flower  more  particularly,  so 
as  to  make  out  its  general 
plan  of  structure,  which  we 
shall  need  to  know  all  about 
as  we  go  on.  We  observe 
that  it  has  a  calyx  of  5 
sepals,  though  these  are  apt 
to  fall  soon  after  the  blossom 

opens  ;  that  the  5  petals  are  ssa 

borne  on  the  receptacle  (or  common  axis  of  the  flower)  just  above 
the  sepals  and  alternate  with  them  ;    that  there  are  next  borne,  a 


FIG    3J8.     A  dower  ofa  UuttcTcup{lUmmiuli 
auj  uulargwd. 


bulbosus)  cut  through  from  top  to  bottoui. 


184  HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  [lESSON    30. 

little  highei*  up  on  the  receptacle,  an  indefinite  number  of  stamens ; 
and,  lastly,  covering  the  summit  or  centre  of  the  receptacle,  an  in- 
/O  >ra         definite    number    of    pistils. 

7-''^  y--^K       -^  good  view  of  the   whole 

r^^^^       /      <\r\         /ar^\   ^^  ^°  ^^  ^^'^^  ^y  cutting  the 
IV      «l)     I'         ''lim  f'(      ^]  ^°^^''  directly  through  tlie 

I  -ftV»^      V    ^--^^±\y  I  ^^^/     middle,  from   top  to  bottom 

360  361  (Fig.  358).     If  this  be  done 

with  a  sharp  knife,  some  of  the  pistils  will  be  neatly  divided,  or  may 
be  so  by  a  second  slicing.  Each  pistil,  we  see,  is  a  closed  ovary, 
containing  a  single  ovule  (Fig.  359)  ascending  from  near  the  base 
of  the  cell,  and  is  tipped  with  a  very  short  broad  style,  which  has 
the  stigma  running  down  the  whole  length  of  its  inner  edge.  The 
ovary  is  little  changed  as  it  ripens  into  the  sort  of  fruit  termed  an 
akene  (Fig.  360)  ;  the  ovule  becoming  the  seed  and  fitting  the  cell 
(Fig.  361).  Reverting  to  the  key,  on  p.  13,  we  find  that  the  class 
to  which  our  plant  belongs  has  two  subclasses,  one  "  with  pistil  of 
the  ordinary  sort,  the  ovules  in  a  closed  ovary";  the  other  "without 
proper  pistil,  the  ovules  naked  on  a  scale,"  «S;c.  The  latter  is 
nearly  restricted  to  the  Pine  Family.  The  examination  already  had 
makes  it  quite  clear  that  our  plant  belongs  to  the  first  subclass, 
Angiospermous  Exogenous  or  Dicotyledonous  Plants. 

530.  We  have  here  no  less  than  110  orders  under  this  subclass. 
To  aid  the  unpractised  student  in  finding  his  way  among  them,  they 
are  ranked  under  three  artificial  divisions ;  the  Polypetaloiis,  the 
Mu7iopetalous,  and  the  Apetalous.  The  plant  in  hand  being  fur- 
nished, in  the  words  of  the  key,  "  with  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the 
latter  of  wholly  separate  petals,"  is  to  be  sought  under  I.  Polt- 
PETALOUS   Division;  for  the  analysis  of  which,  see  p.  14. 

531.  Fully  half  the  families  of  the  class  rank  under  this  division. 
The  first  step  in  the  key  is  to  the  sections  A  and  B  ;  to  the  first  of 
which,  having  "  stamens  more  than  10,  and  more  than  twice  the 
number  of  the  sepals  or  divisions  of  the  calyx,"  our  plant  must  pertain. 

o32.  Under  this  vre  proceed  by  a  series  of  successive  steps,  their 
gradations  marked  by  their  position  on  the  page,  leading  down  to 
the  name  of  the  order  or  family,  to  which  is  appended  the  number 

FIG.  359.  A  pistil  taken  from  a  Buttercup  (Ranunculus  bulbosus),  and  more  magnified  ; 
its  ovary  cut  through  lengthwise,  showing  the  ovule.  380.  One  of  its  pistils  when  ripened 
into  a  fruit  (jichenium  or  akene).    361.    The  same,  cut  through,  to  show  the  seed  ia  it. 


LESSON    30. J  now    TO    STUDY    TLAN'TS.  185 

of  the  pagt'  wluM'C  th:it  lainily  and  the  plants  iiiKh-r  it  are  descrihe'l. 
The  propositions  of  the  same  graile,  two  or  more,  from  which  de- 
termination is  ti>  l)e  made,  not  only  stand  one  directly  under  the 
other,  but  liegin  with  the  >anie  word  or  phra-i^,  or  with  some 
coiMiterparl,  —  in  the  picscnt  ea-e  aiiain  with  "  StameiH,"  and  with 
four  pro[)Ositions,  with  one  and  oidy  one  of  which  the  flower  in 
hand  shonlil  agree.  It  agrees  with  the  last  of  tin;  fonr  :  "  Stamens 
not  monadelphous." 

i)oS.  The  propositions  under  this,  to  which  we  are  now  directed, 
ftre  six,  beginning  with  the  word  '*  Pistils  "  or  "  Pistil."  The  one 
which  applies  to  the  flower  in  hand  is,  clearly,  the  fourth  :  "  Pistils 
numerous  or  more  than  one,  separate,  on  the  receptacle." 

oo4.'  The  terms  of  the  analysis  directly  subordinate  to  this  are 
only  two  :  we  have  to  choose  between  "  Stamens  borne  on  the 
calyx,"  and  "  Stamens  borne  on  the  receptacle."  The  latter  is  true 
of  our  flower.  The  terms  subordinate  to  this  are  four,  beginning 
with  the  word  "  Leaves."  The  fourth  alone  accords:  '•  Leaves  not 
j)cliatt!  ;  herbs,"  —  and  this  line  leads  out  to  the  CnowKOOT 
Family,  and  refers  to  p.  33. 

o3"j.  Turning  to  that  i>age,  a  perusal  of  the  brief  account  of  the 
marks  of  the  RanunculacejE  (the  technical  Latin  name)  or  Crow- 
foot Family,  assures  us  that  the  Key  has  led  us  safely  and  i-eadily 
to  a  correct  result.  Knowing  the  order  or  family,  we  have  next  to 
ascertain  the  genus.  Here  are  twenty  genera  to  choose  from  ;  but 
their  characters  are  analyzed  under  sections  and  successive  sub- 
sections (§.  *  ,  -t-,  t-+.  &c.)  so  as  to  facilitate  the  way  to  the  desired 
result.  Of  the  two  primary  sections,  we  must  reject  §  1,  as  it  agrees 
oidv  in  respect  to  the  pistils,  and  difters  wholly  in  the  characters 
furni<hc(l  by  the  sepals,  the  petals,  and  the  leaves.  With  "§  2. 
Srpnfs  imbricnfedin  the  hud:  not  clinibi)ig  nor  icoody''  it  agrees.  It 
also  agrees  with  the  sub-section  immediately  following,  viz.:  '•  *  Pis- 
tih  and  akmes,  several  or  mnny  in  a  head,  one-seeded."  The  sub- 
division following:  "4-  Petalx  none :  sepals  petal-like"  \i\nix\^\)\\vi\h\i! ; 
but  its  counterpart,  '•-)--)-  Pel (ds  and  sepals  both  conspicuous,  jive  or 
more:  akenes,  naked,  short-pointed"  suits,  and  restricts  our  choice  to 
the  three  genera,  Adonis,  IMyosurus,  and  Ranunculu-.  The  deter- 
mination is  soon  made,  upon  noting  the  naked  sepals,  /he  petals  with 
the  little  scale  on  the  upper  face  of  the  short  claw,  and  the  ukenes 
in  a  head:  so  the  genus  is,  7.  UANfNCULL'S. 
16* 


186  HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  [lESSON    30. 

536.  The  arrangement  of  the  species  of  Ranunculus  is  to  be 
found,  under  the  proper  number,  7,  on  p.  37  and  the  iullowing. 
The  first  section  contains  aquatic  species;  ours  is  terrestrial,  and  in 
all  othyr  particulars  answers  to  §  2.  The  smooth  ovary  and  akene, 
and  the  perennial  root  refer  it  to  the  sub-ection  following,  marked 
by  the  single  star.  Tlie  shape  of  the  leaves  excludes  it  from  the 
'•  -1—  Spearwort  Crowfoots,"  the  large  and  showy  petals  from  the 
"-(--(-  Small-flowered  Crowfoots ;  while  all  the  marks  agree  with 
■*-  -i-  -i-  Buttercups  or  Common  Crowfoots.  There  is  still 
a  subdivision,  one  set  marked,  "  ++  Natices  of  the  country,  loio  or 
spreading"  the  other  "  ++  •*-+  Introduced  weeds  from  Europe,  com- 
mon in  fields,  ^c:  stem  erect:  leaves  muck  cut," — which  is  the 
ca-^e.  We  have  then  only  to  choose  between  the  two  field  Crow- 
foots, and  we  have  supposed  the  pupil  to  have  in  hand  the  lower, 
early-flowered  one,  common  at  the  east,  which  has  a  solid  bulb  or  corm 
at  the  base  of  the  stem,  and  displays  its  gohlen  flowers  in  spring  or 
earliest  summer,  and  which  accordingly  answers  to  the  description 
of  Ranunculus  bulbosus,  the  Bulbous  Buttercup. 

537.  Later  in  the  season  it  might  have  been  R.  acris,  the  Tall 
Buttercup,  or  much  earlier  R.  fascicularis,  or  R.  repens.  Having 
ascertained  the  genus  from  any  one  species,  the  student  Avould  not 
iail  to  recognize  it  again  in  any  other,  at  a  glance. 

538.  If  now,  with  the  same  plant  in  hand,  the  Manual  (Fifth 
edition)  be  the  book  used,  the  process  of  analysis  will  be  so  similar, 
that  a  brief  indication  of  the  steps  may  suffice.  Here  the  corres- 
ponding Analytical  Key,  commencing  on  p.  21,  leads  similarly  t& 
the  first  Series,  Class,  Subclass,  and  Division  ;  —  to  A,  with  nume- 
rous stamens;  1,  with  calyx  entirely  free  and  separate  from  the 
pistil  or  pistils,  thence  to  the  fourth  line  beginning  with  tiie  word 
Pistils;  thence  to  i\vi  third  of  tlie  three  subordinate  propositions, 
viz.  to  '•  Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle  " ;  to  the  second  of  the 
succeeding  couplet,  or  "  Filaments  longer  tlian  the  anther";  to  the 
second  of  the  next  couplet,  '•  Flowers  perfect,"  &c.,  and  to  the  first 
of  the  final  couplet,  "  Leaves  not  peltate  ;  petals  deciduous,"  —  which 
ends  in  "  Ranunculace/E,  34."  This  is  the  technical  name  of  the 
family,  and  the  page  where  it  is  described. 

539.  Turning  to  that  page  we  read  the  general  description  of  that 
order,  particularly  the  portion  at  the  beginning  printed  in  italics, 
which  comprises  the  more  important  points.     The  "  Synopsis  of  the 


LKSSON    .'^I.J  HOW    TO    STL'DY    PI-ANTS.  187 

Gencni"  wliicli  follows  is  siiiiihir  to,  but  more  toflitiical  than  that  f»f 
the  other,  more  elementary  book;  and  the  names  of  the  tribes  or 
natural  groups  of  genera  (;'>07)  are  inserted.  The  steps  of  analysis 
bring  the  student  to  the  Tribe  III.  llANUNCULKyE,  and  under  it  to 
the  genus  Kanl'NCUI.is.  TIh^  numlx-r  pn^fixed  to  the  name  enables 
the  ^tudent  to  turn  lorwaid  and  fnid  the  genus,  p.  40.  The  name, 
seientKic  and  popular,  is  here  followed  by  a  lull  generic  eharaetcr 
(.")20).  The  primary  sections  here  have  names :  the  plant  under 
examination  belongs  to  "§  2.  Ranunculus  proper";  and  tlienee 
is  to  be  traced,  through  the  subdivisions  *,  -»—  h—  -t—  -i— ,  ++  ++,  to 
the  ultimate  subdivision  i.,  under  which,  through  a  eompari>on  of 
characters,  the  student  reaches  the  species  R.  bulbosus,  L. 

o40.  The  L.  at  the  end  of  the  name  is  the  recognized  abbrevia- 
tion of  the  name  of  Liiuiaius,  the  botanist  who  gave  it.  Then  come 
the  common  or  English  names  ;  then  the  specific  character  ;  after  this, 
the  station  where  the  plant  grows,  and  the  region  in  which  it  occurs. 
This  is  followed  by  the  time  of  blossoming  (from  May  to  July  ); 
and  then  by  some  general  descriptive  remarks.  The  expression 
*•  Nat.  fiom  Eu."  means  that  the  species  is  a  miUiralizecl  emigrant 
from  Europe,  and  is  not  original  to  this  country.  But  all  these 
details  are  duly  explained  in  the  Preface  to  the  Manual,  which  the 
student  who  uses  that  work  will  need  to  study. 


LESSON    XXXI. 

now    TO    PTUDT    ri.ANTS:     FUUTIIKU    ILLUSTRATIONS. 

.")  II.  liKtMNMiis  should  not  be  discouraged  by  the  slow  jirogress 
they  niu<t  needs  make  in  the  first  trials.  By  perseverance  the  vari- 
ous diirurulties  will  soon  be  overcome,  and  each  successful  analysis 
will  facilitate*  the  next.  Not  only  will  a  s<M*oiid  species  of  the  same 
genus  be  known  at  a  glance,  but  eoMimonly  a  second  genus  of  the 
same  order  will  i)e  recognizecl  as  a  relative  at  sight,  by  the  family 
likeness.  Or  if  the  family  likeness  is  not  detected  at  the  first  view, 
it  will  be  seen  as  the  characters  of  the  plant  are  studied  out. 

')V2.  To  help  on  tlu^  stud<'nt  by  a  second  example,  we  will  take 
the   eonuMon    cultivated    I'Max-      Turning  to   the    Kev,   as   before,  cn 


188 


HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS. 


[lesson  31. 


p.  12,  the  student  is  led  to  ask,  first,  is  the  plant  Ph^nogamous  ov 
Flowering  ?  Of  cour.-e  it  is;  the  blossom,  with  its 
stamens  and  pistils,  answers  that  question.  Next,  to 
which  of  the  two  classes  of  Flowering  Plants  does  it 
belong  ?  If  we  judge  by  the  stem,  we  ask  whether  it 
is  exogenous  or  endogenous  (422-424).  A  section  of 
the  stem,  considerably  magnified,  given  on  page  1')], 
^"'^  we  may  here  repeat  (Fig.  362);  it  plainly  shows  a 

ring  of  wood  between  a  central  pith  and  a  bark.  It  is  therefore 
exogenous.  Moreover,  the  leaves  are  netted-veined,  though  the 
veins  are  not  conspicuous.  We  might  even  judge  from  the  embryo ; 
for  there  is  little  dili.-.ulty  in  dissecting  a  flax-seed,  and  in  finding 
that  almost  the  whole  interior  is  occupied  by  an  embryo  witli  two 
cotyledons,  much  like  that  of  an  apple-seed  (Fig.  11,  12),  and  this 
class,  as  one  of  its  name  denotes,  is  dicotyledonous.  If  we  view  tlie 
parts  of  the  blossom,  we  perceive  they  are  five  throughout  (Fig.  363, 
365),  a  number  which  occurs  in  that  class  only.  All  these  marks, 
or  as  many  of  them  as  the  student  is  able  to  verify,  show  that  the 
plant  belongs  to  Class  I.  Exogknous  or  Dicotyledonous  Plants. 

543.  To  which  subclass,  is  the  next  inquiry.  The  single  but 
several-celled  ovary  in  the  centre  of  the  flower,  enclosing  the  ovules, 
assures  us  that  it  belongs  to  the  Angiospermous  subclass,  p.  13. 

544.  To  get  a  good  idea  of  tlie  general  plan  ,of  the  flower,  before 


proceeding  farther,  cut  it  through  the  middle  lengthwise,  as  iti  Fig. 
364,  and  also  take  a  slice  across  a  flower-bud,  whicii  will  brin^  to  view 
an  arrangement  somewhat  like  that  of  Fig.  365.  Evidently  the 
blossom  is  regularly  constructed  upon  the  number  five.  It  has  a 
calyx  of  five  sepals,  a  corolla  of  five  petals,  five  stamens,  and  five 

FIG.  382.    Section  of  the  stem  of  Flax,  magnified.     333.  Summit  of  a  branch  of\he  common 
Flax,  with  two  flowers.     384.  A  flower  divided  lengthwise  and  enlarged. 


LESSON    31.]  now    TO    STCDY    PLANTS.  189 

styles,  with  their  ovaries  nil  o<)ml)iiie(l  into   one  compound  ovary. 
"We  note,  also,  that  the  several  parts  of  the  bios-         ^^^^"^"^^^^ 
soin  are  all  free  and  unconnected,  —  the  leaves    /^'^C0^''^\ 
of  the  calyx,  the  petals,  and  the  .-laincns  all  ris-  /Mr}  /^fe  frl  i 
ing  separately  one  after  another  from  the  recep-  \\{       ^jf^J      ji 
tacle  underneath  tiie  ovary;   hiit  the   lilaments,  \  yCb        Oy  J 
on   close  inspection,   may   show   a  slight   union       \/'"**''*~I^^^$/ 
among  themselves,  at  the  ha'^e.  353 

olo.  So  our  plant,  having  b  separate  petals,  is  of  the  Polypeta- 
LOLS  division  of  tiie  lirst  cla-s,  for  the  analysis  of  which  see  page  14. 

o4G.  But  it  does  not  belong  to  the  primary  division  A,  which  has 
more  than  10  stamcsns.  The  student  passes  on,  therefore,  to  the 
counterpart  division  B,  on  page  IG,  to  which  the  few  stamens,  here 
only  five,  refer  it. 

b\l.  Of  the  three  subdivisions,  with  numerals  prefixed,  only  the 
second  answers ;  for  the  calyx  is  free  from  the  ovary,  and  there  is 
only  one  ovary,  althougli  the  styles  are  five. 

548.  The  divisions  subordinate  to  this  form  a  couplet ;  and  our 
plant  agrees  with  the  second  member  of  it,  having  "  Stamens  of  the 
same  number  as  the  petals"  [5J  and  '"alternate  with  them."  The' 
division  under  this  is  a  triplet,  of  wiiich  we  take  the  third  member; 
for  the  •'  Leaves  are  not  punctate  with  [lellucid  dots."  Under  this, 
in  turn,  is  a  triplet  beginning  with  the  word  Ovary,  and  the  five,  if 
not  ten  cells,  determine  our  choice  of  the  third  member  of  it, 
"Ovary  compound."  Under  this  we  have  no  less  than  nine  choices, 
dependent  upon  the  structure  of  the  ovary,  the  number  of  ovules 
and  seeds,  &c.  But  the  5-celled  ovary  with  a  pair  of  ovules  in 
each  cell,  separated  by  a  false  partition  projecting  from  tlie  back 
(Kig.  305),  so  that  the  pod  becomes  in  fact  10-celled,  with  a  ^ol- 
itary  seed  in  each  cell,  is  described  only  in  the  ninth  and  last  of 
the  set,  p.  18.  Under  this,  again,  we  have  to  choose  among  five 
propositions  relating  to  the  seeds.  Here  tiie  fifth  —  "Seeds  and 
ovules  only  one  or  two  in  each  cell" — alone  meets  the  case. 
Under  this,  finally,  we  have  to  ciioose  from  six  lines,  beginning 
with  the  words  Tree,  Shrubs,  or  Herbs.  The  fifth  alone  agrees, 
and  leads  to  the  Flax  Family,  p.  77. 

54'J.  Tiiere  is  only  one  genus  of  it  in  this  country,  namely,  the 
Flax  genus  itself,  or  Linum.     To  determine  the  species,  look  first 

FIG.  31)5.    Cross-section  of  .-in  um'X|>aiiilcd  llowcr  of  thr  same,  (i  sort  of  Jiigmni. 


I'JO  HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  [^LESSON    31. 

at  the  three  sections,  marked  with  stars.  The  second  answers  to 
QUI  plant;  and  the  annual  root,  pointed  sepals,  and  blue  petals  deter- 
mine it  to  be  the  Commox  Flax,  Ltnum  usitatissimum. 

550.  By  the  Manual,  the  same  plant  would  be  similarly  traced, 
along  a  somewhat  different  order  of  steps,  down  to  the  genus  on 
p.  104,  and  to  the  species,  which  being  a  foreign  cultivated  one,  and 
only  by  chance  spontaneous,  is  merely  mentioned  at  the  close. 

551.  After  several  analyses  of  this  kind,  the  student  will  be  able 
to  pass  rapidly  over  most  of  these  steps  ;  should  ordinarily  re(!og- 
nize  the  class  and  the  division  at  a  glance.  Suppose  a  common  Mal- 
low to  be  the  next  subject.  Having  flowers  and  seeds,  it  is  Phasno- 
gamous.  The  netted-veined  leaves,  the  sti-ucture  of  the  stem,  and 
tlie  leaves  of  the  flower  in  fives,  refer  it  to  Class  I.  The  pistils,  of 
the  ordinary  sort,  refer  it  to  Subclass  I.  The  five  petals  refer  it  to 
the  Polypetalous  division.  Turning  to  the  Key  in  the  Field,  Forest, 
and  Garden  Botany,  and  to  the  analysis  of  that  division,  commencing 
on  p.  14,  the  numerous  stamens  fix  it  upon  A,  under  which  the 
very  first  line,  "  Stamens  monadelphous,  united  with  the  base  of 
the  corolla ;  anthers  kidney-shaped,  one-celled,"  exactly  expresses 

•the  structure  of  these  organs  in  our  plant,  which  is  thus  determined 
to  be  of  the  Mallow  Family,  —  for  which  see  page  70. 

552.  After  reading  the  character  of  the  family,  and  noting  its 
agreement  in  all  respects,  we  fix  upon  §  1,  in  which  the  anthers  are 
all  borne  at  the  top,  and  not  down  the  side  of  the  tube  of  filaments. 
We  pass  the  subdivision  with  a  single  star,  and  choose  the  alternative, 
with  two  stars,  on  account  of  the  ring  of  ovaries,  &c. ;  fix  upon  the 
division  ->— ,  on  account  of  the  stigmas  running  down  one  side  of  the 
slender  style,  instead  of  forming  a  little  head  or  blunt  tip  at  their 
apex ;  and  then  have  to  choose  among  five  genera.  The  three 
separate  bracts  outside  of  the  calyx,  the  obcordate  petals,  and  the 
fruit  determine  the  plant  to  be  a  IMalva.  Then,  referring  to  p.  71 
for  the  species,  the  small  whitish  flowers  point  to  the  first  division, 
and  a  comparison  of  the  characters  of  the  two  species  under  it, 
assures  us  that  the  plant  in  hand"  is  Malva  rotundifolia. 

553.  For  the  sake  of  an  example  in  the  Monopetalous  Division, 
we  take  a  sort  of  Morning-Glory  which  is  often  met  with  climbing 
over  shrubs  along  the  moist  banks  of  streams.  Its  netted-veined 
leaves,  the  sepals  and  the  stamens  being  five,  —  also  the  structure  of 
the  stem,  if  we  choose  to  examine  it,  and  the  embryo  with  two  leafy 


\ 


irSSO'^T    .^I.T  now    TO    STUDY    PLVNT.S.  191 

cotyledons  (;is  in  Fi;j^.  2n),  rojulily  inspected  if  we  have  seeds, — 
phovv  it  belongs  to  Class  I.  Its  pistil  refers  it  of  eourse  to  Subclass  I. 
The  corolla  being  a  short  funnel-shaped  tube,  tlieoretieally  regarded 
as  formed  of  five  pet^ils  uniled  up  to  lJ»e  very  summit  or  border,  ren- 
ders tiie  flower  a  good  illusiralion  of  tlie  MoNoi*r,TALoi;s  Division, 
the  analysis  of  which  begins  on  p,  20,  in  the  work  we  are  using. 

o54.  The  calyx  free  from  thc^  ovary  excludes  it  from  the  section 
A,  and  refers  it  to  section  B.  This  is  subdivided,  in  the  first  place, 
by  the  number  of  the  stamens,  and  theii-  position  as  respects  the 
lobes  of  the  c<irolla.  Now,  as  the  petals  of  the  corolla  in  this  flower 
are  united  up  to  the  very  bonier,  the  student  may  at  first  be  puzzled 
to  tell  how  many  lobes  it  should  have,  or,  in  other  w<)r(l<,  how  many 
petals  enter  into  its  conipo-ition.  But  the  five  leaves  of  the  calvx 
■would  lead  ont;  to  expect  a  i-omlia  of  five  pai-ts  al«o.  And,  althongli 
tlwre  are  here  i-eally  no  lobes  or  notclics  to  be  seen,  yet  the  five 
plaits  of  the  corolla  answer  to  the  notches,  and  sliow  it  to  consist  of 
fiv(!  petals  perfectly  united.  Since  the  stamens  are  of  the  same 
number  as  the  ])laits  of  the  corolla,  and  are  j)laced  before  them  (as 
may  be  best  seen  by  sjdilting  down  the  corolla  on  one  side  and 
spreading  it  out  flat),  it  follows  that  they  alternate  with  the  lobes  or 
petals;  therefore  our  j)lant  falls  under  the  third  sulxlivision  :  "Sta- 
mens as  many  as  the  lobes  or  parts  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with 
them."  This  subdivides  by  the  pistils.  Our  plant,  having  a  i)istil 
with  two  stigmas  and  two  ceils  to  the  ovary,  must  be  referred  to  the 
fifth  and  last  category  :  "  Pistil  one,  with  a  single  c(mipound  ovary," 
&c.  "We  are  then  directed  to  the  stamens,  which  here  are  "plaiidy 
borne  on  the  corolla  "  ;  next  to  the  leaves,  which  are  on  tht;  stem 
(not  all  at  the  i-oot),  also  alternate,  without  stipules;  the  stamens 
.0,  and  the  ovary  2-ceIIe(l,  —  all  of  which  accords  with  the  seventh 
of  the  succeeding  propositions,  and  with  no  other.  The  middle  one 
alone  under  this  agrees  as  to  the  ovary  and  seed-,  and  all  is  confirmed 
by  the  twining  stem.     It  is  the  Conv(»lvl'm:s  Family,  p.  2G2. 

5.">").  The  proper  Convolvulus  Family  has  green  foliage,  as  has 
our  plant.  Its  style  is  single  and  entire,  as  in  §  1.  Its  calyx  has  a 
pair  of  lai-g(^  h-afy  bracts,  as  in  the  sulxlivision  with  two  stars.  So 
we  reach  the  genus  Calystkc.ia,  or  Bijactkd  Bixdwi'.i.o. 

556.  Under  tlii-^  cenu>  two  species  are  deserilx'd  :  the  twining  sti'tn. 
and  the  other  particulars  <ifonr  plant,  direct  us  to  the  first  C.  si.niM, 
which  in  England  is  nameil  llr.ixiK  Bindwi'.kd.  and  here  is  one 
of  the  various  Conv olvulaccoii-  plants  known  a-  >h)UM.N<;-(  Ji.oitv. 


192 


HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS. 


[lksson  '3-^. 


LESSON   XXXII. 


HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS:     FURTHKU    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


557.  The  foregoing  illustrations  have  all  been  of  the  first  or  Ex- 
ogenous class.  We  will  take  one  from  the  other  class,  and  investi- 
gate it  by  the  Manual. 

558.  It  shall  be  a  rather  common  plant  of  our  woods  in  spring, 
the  Three-leaved  Nightshade,  or  Birthroot.  AVith  specimens  in 
hand,  and  the  Manual  open  at  the  Analytical  Key,  p.  21,  seeing 
that  the  plant  is  of  the  Phagnogamous  series,  we  proceed  to  deter- 
mine the  cla<s.  The  netted-veined  leaves  would  seem  to  refer  the 
plant  to  the  first  class;  while  the  blossom  (Fig,  3GG,  3G7),  con- 
structed on   the  number  three,  naturally  directs  us  to  the  second 

class,  in  which  this  number  almost 
universally  prevails.  Here  the  stu- 
dent will  be  somewhat  puzzled.  If 
the  seeds  were  ripe,  they  might  be 
examined,  to  see  whether  the  embryo 
has  one  cotyhidon  only,  or  a  pair. 
But  the  seeds  are  not  to  be  had  in 
spring,  and  if  they  were,  the  embryo 
would  not  readily  be  made  out.  We 
35S  must  judge,  therefore,  by  the  structure 

of  the  stem.  Is  it  exogenous  or  endogenous  ?  If  we  cut  the  stem 
through,  or  take  otF  a  thin  slice  crosswise  and  lengthwise,  we  shall 
perceive  that  thu  woody  matter  in  it  consists  of 
■^^  ^v  a  number  of  threads,  interspersed  throughout 
/^  '"  \  the  soft  cellular  part  without  regularity,  and  not 
(  <0^¥^  I  collected  into  a  ring  or  layer.  In  fact,  it  is  just 
like  the  Corn-stalk  (Fig.  351),  except  that  the 
woody  threads  are  fewer.  It  is  therefore  endo- 
genous (422);  and  this  decides  the  question  in 
favor  of  Class  II.  Monocotyledonous  or  En- 
J)OGi:nous  Plants  (page  30),  notwithstanding  the  branching  veins 
of  the  leaves.      For  ntnihcr  this  character,  nor  the  number  of  parts  in 


ITG.  333.   FJov.cr  of  Trillium  orectum,  viewed  from  above.     367.    Diagram  of  the  same,  a 
crosB-.seotion  of  tho  unoi^ened  blossom,  showing  the  number  and  arrangement  of  parts. 


i.KssoN   32.]  now    ro  srinv   im.ant.s  193 

the  bloji.-oin,  holds  good  universally,  while  the  plan  of  tlie  stem 
does. 

5J9.  The  single  flower  of  our  plant  with  distinct  calyx  and  corolla 
takes  us  over  the  Spadieeous  to  the  Pktaloidkols  Diviision  : 
the  Petaloideous  Division  of  Endogens  there  begins  on  p.  28. 
These  parts  being  free  from  and  beneath  the  ovary,  refer  us  to  the 
thirtl  subdivision,  viz  :  "3.  Perianth  ivliolly  free  from  the  ovari/." 

559".  The  pistil  is  next  to  be  considered  :  it  accoi-ds  with  the  third 
of  the  tri|)let:  "Pistil  one,  compound  (cells  or  jilacenlae  3)  ;  anthers 
2-celled."  Under  this  follows  a  triplet,  of  which  the  initial  word  is 
'•Perianth":  our  choice  falls  upon  the  first,  as  there  is  nothing 
"glumaceous"  about  this  flower. 

560.  The  succeeding  triplet  relates  to  the  stamens;  here  6,  so 
we  take  the  first  alternative.  The  next  refers  to  mode  and  place  of 
growth :  our  plant  is  "  Terrestrial,  and  not  rush-like."  The  ne.xt 
again  to  the  perianth  :  the  second  number  of  the  triplet :  "  Perianth 
of  3  foliaceous  and  green  sepals,  and  3  colored  withering-persistent 
petals"  (as  would  be  seen  after  Howering-time),  brings  us  to  a  par- 
ticular group  in  the  great  Lily  family,  or  Liliacic.e,  p.  520. 

5GI.  Reading  over  the  family  character,  and  collating  the  five 
tribes  comprised,  we  perceive  that  our  plant  belongs  to  the  group, 
quite  peculiar  among  Liliaceous  plants,  here  ranked  as  Tribe  L 
TuiLLiDKyE,  the  Trillium  tribe.  And  the  next  step,  leading  to  a 
choice  between  two  genera,  determines  the  genus  to  be  Trillium. 

562.  Turning  to  this,  on  p.  522,  and  reading  the  full  description 
of  it,  we  proceed  to  the  easy  task  of  ascertaining  the  species.  The 
"flower  is  raised  on  a  peduncle,"  as  in  §  2.  This  peduncle  is  slender 
and  nearly  erect,  and  all  the  other  particulars  accord  with  the  sub- 
division marked  by  a  single  star.  And,  finally,  the  ovate,  acutish, 
widely-spreading,  dark  dull-purple  petals  mark  the  species  as  the 
PuupLii  BiuTiiuooT,  Trillium  kkkctum,  L. 

503.  By  the  Field,  Forest,  and  Garden  Botany,  the  analysis  is 
similar,  only  more  simple.  The  details  need  not  be  particularly 
recapitulated. 

5G4.  The  student  residing  west  of  New  Ktigland  will  also  be 
likely  to  find  another  species,  with  similar  foliage,  but  with  larger, 
pure  white,  and  obovate  petals,  turning  rose-color  when  about  to 
fiide.  This  will  at  once  be  identified  as  T.  yrandifturum.  And 
towards  the  north,  in  cold  and  damp  woods  or  swamps,  a  smaller 
17 


194  HOW    TO    STUDY    I^LANTS.  [lKSSON    32. 

species  will  be  met  with,  having  dull-green  and  petioled  leaves 
rounded  at  the  base,  and  rather  narrow,  wavy,  white  petals,  marked 
with  pink  or  purple  stripes  at  the  base :  this  the  student  will  refer 
to  T.  crythrocarpum.  But  the  species  principally  found  in  the  east- 
ern parts  of  the  country  has  a  short  peduncle  recurved  under  the 
leaves,  so  as  nearly  lo  conceal  the  much  less  handsome,  dull  white 
flower :  this,  it  will  be  seen,  is  T.  cernimm,  the  Nodding  TriJUum 
or  Wake  Robin. 

565,  Whenever  the  student  has  fairly  studied  out  one  species  of 
a  genus,  he  will  be  likely  to  know  the  others  when  he  sees  thera. 
And  when  plants  of  another  genus  of  the  same  order  are  met  with, 
the  order  may  generally  be  recognized  at  a  glance,  from  the  family 
resemblance.  For  instance,  having  first  become  acquainted  with  the 
Convolvulus  family  in  the  genus  Calystegia  (555),  we  recognize  it 
at  once  in  the  common  Morning-Glory,  and  in  the  Cypress-Vine, 
and  even  in  the  Dodder,  although  these  belong  to  as  many  different 
genera.  Having  examined  the  common  Mallow  (552),  we  immedi- 
ately recognize  tlie  Mallow  family  (Malvacece)  in  the  Marsh-Mallow, 
spfiringly  naturalized  along  tlie  coast,  in  the  Glade  Mallow,  and  the 
Indian  Mallow,  in  tlie  Hibiscus  or  Rose-Mallow,  and  so  of  the  rest : 
for  the  relationship  is  manifest  in  their  general  appearance,  and  in 
the  whole  structure  of  the  flowers,  if  not  of  the  foliage  also. 

5 06.  So  the  study  of  one  plant  leads  naturally  and  easily  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  whole  order  or  family  of  plants  it  belongs  to:  — 
which  is  a  great  advantage,  and  a  vast  saving  of  labor.  For, 
although  we  have  about  one  hundred  and  thirty  orders  of  Flowering 
Plants  represented  in  our  Botany  of  the  Northern  States  by  about 
2,540  species,  yet  half  of  these  species  belong  to  nine  or  ten  of  these 
orders;  and  more  than  four  fifths  of  the  species  belong  to  forty  of 
the  orders.  One  or  two  hundred  species,  therefore,  well  examined, 
might  give  a  good  general  idea  of  our  whole  botany.  And  students 
who  will  patiently  and  thoroughly  study  out  twenty  or  thirty  well- 
chosen  examples  will  afterwards  experience  little  difficulty  in  determin- 
ing any  of  our  Flowering  Plants  and  Ferns,  and  will  find  the  pleasure 
of  the  pursuit  largely  to  increase  with  their  increasing  knowledge. 

5G7.  And  the  interest  will  be  greatly  enhanced  as  the  student, 
rising  to  higher  and  wider  views,  begins  to  discern  the  System  of 
Botany,  or,  in  other  words,  comprehends  more  and  more  oi' the  Plan 
of  the  Creator  in  the  Vegetable  Kingdom. 


LESSON  33.]  NATUKAL    SYSTEM.  19»5 


LESSON   XXXIII. 

nOTAMCAI,    SYSTEMS. 

.'")G8.  Natural  System.  The  S>/sfr>n  of  Botany  consists  of  tlm  orders 
or  fanulies,  duly  arranged  under  their  classes,  and  having  the  tribes, 
the  genera,  and  the  species  arranged  in  them  according  to  their  re- 
lationships. This,  when  properly  carried  out,  is  tlie  Natural  Si/stem  ; 
because  it  is  intended  to  express,  as  well  as  we  are  able,  the  various 
degrees  of  relationship  among  plants,  as  presented  in  nature;  —  to 
rank  those  species,  those  genera,  &;c.  next  to  each  other  in  the  classi- 
fication which  are  really  most  alike  in  all  respects,  or,  in  other  words, 
which  are  constructed  nio-;t  nearly  on  the  same  particidar  plan. 

.'iGO.  Now  this  word  plan  of  course  supposes  a  jflaiiner,  —  an  in- 
telligent mind  working  according  to  a  system  :  it  is  this  system, 
tiierefore,  which  the  botanist  is  endeavoring  as  far  as  he  can  to 
exhibit  in  a  classitication.  In  it  we  humbly  attempt  to  learn  some- 
thing of  the  plan  of  the  Creator  in  this  department  of  Nature. 

570.  So  there  can  be  otdy  one  natural  system  of  Botany,  if  by  the 
term  we  mean  the  plan  according  to  which  the  vegetable  creation 
was  called  into  being,  with  all  its  grades  and  diversities  among  the 
species,  as  well  of  past  as  of  the  present  time.  But  there  may  be 
numy  natural  systems,  if  we  mean  the  attempts  of  men  to  interpret 
and  express  the  plan  of  the  vegetable  creation,  —  systems  which  will 
vary  with  our  advancing  knowledge,  and  with  the  judgment  and 
skill  of  different  botanists,  —  and  which  must  all  be  very  imperfect. 
They  will  all  bear  the  impress  of  individual  minds,  and  be  shaped 
by  the  current  philosophy  of  the  age.  But  the  endeavor  always  is 
to  make  til  '  classification  a  reflection  of  Nature,  as  far  as  any  system 
can  l)e  which  has  to  be  expressed  in  a  series  of  definite  propositions, 
and  have  its  divisions  and  subdivisions  following  eacii  other  in  some 
single  fixed  order.* 


*  Tlic  best  classification  inn-t  f.iil  tn  jrivo  moir  flian  an  imir^rfi-ct  and  ron- 
si(kM-aI)Iy  distorted  refloction.  nnt  merely  of  tlic  plan  of  ereation,  liut  even  of  our 
knowledge  of  it.  It  is  often  oliii;,'ed  to  make  arbitrary  divisions  \v1k'r>  Nature 
shows  only  transitions,  and  to  consider  frenera,  &e.  as  etjual  units,  or  irniups  of 
C(juallj  related  sperics,  wLile  in  faet  tlicy  may  be  very  unequal,  —  to  assume,  ou 


196  BOTANICAL    SYSTEMS.  [LESSON  33. 

571.  The  Natural  System,  as  we  receive  it,  and  as  to  that  portion 
of  it  which  is  represented  in  the  botany  of  our  country,  is  hiid  before 
the  student  in  the  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States. 
The  orders,  however,  still  require  to  be  grouped,  according  to  their 
natural  relationships,  into  a  considerable  number  of  great  groups 
(or  alliances)  ;  but  this  caimot  yet  be  done  throughout  in  any  easy 
way.  So  we  have  merely  arranged  them  somewhat  after  a  custom- 
ary order,  and  have  given,  in  the  Artificial  Key,  a  contrivance  for 
enabling  the  student  easily  to  find  the  natural  order  of  any  plant. 
This  is  a  sort  of 

572.  Artificial  Classification.  The  object  of  an  artificial  classifica- 
tion is  merely  to  furnish  a  convenient  method  of  finding  out  the  name 
and  place  of  a  plant.  It  makes  no  attempt  at  arranging  plants  ac- 
cording to  their  relationships,  but  serves  as  a  kind  of  dictionary.  It 
distributes  plants  according  to  some  one  peculiarity  or  set  of  pecu- 
liarities (just  as  a  dictionary  distributes  words  ac(!ording  to  their 
first  letters),  disregarding  all  other  considerations. 

573.  At  present  we  need  an  artificial  classification  in  Botany 
only  as  a  Key  to  the  Natural  Orders, —  as  an  aid  in  referring  an 
unknown  plant  to  its  proper  family  ;  and  for  this  it  is  very  needful  to 
the  student.  Formerly,  when  the  orders  themselves  were  not  clearly 
made  out,  an  artificial  classification  was  required  to  lead  the  student 
down  to  the  genus.  Two  such  classifications  were  long  in  vogue. 
First,  that  of  Tournefort,  founded  mainly  on  the  leaves  of  the  fiower, 
the  calyx  and  corolla :  this  was  the  prevalent  system  throughout  the 
first  half  of  the  eighteenth  century ;  but  it  has  long  since  gone  by. 
It  was  succeeded  by  the  well-known  artificial  system  of  Linna?us, 
which  has  been  used  until  lately ;  and  which  it  is  still  worth  while 
to  give  some  account  of. 

574.  The  Artificial  System  of  Linna;us  was  founded  on  the  stamens 

and  pistils.  It  consists  of  twenty-four  classes,  and  of  a  variable 
number  of  orders,  which  were  to  take  the  place  temporarily  of  the 
natural  classes  and  orders  ;  the  genera  being  the  same  under  all 
classifications. 


paper  at  least,  a  strictly  definite  limitation  of  p:enera,  of  tribes,  and  of  orders, 
althou^^h  observation  shows  so  much  blending  here  and  there  of  natural  groups, 
sufficiently  distinct  on  the  wliole,  as  to  warrant  us  in  assuming  the  likeliliood 
that  the  Creator's  plan  is  one  of  gradation,  not  nf  ile finite  limitution,e\en  perhaps 
-o  the  species  themsolves. 


LESSON  o."^).]  AUTIKICIAL    SYSTICM    OK    I,I\\.r.IS. 


197 


57.").  Tlu;  twenty-four  rkisses  of  Linnaeus  wito  loiindii]  upon 
somtahinfij  about  the  stamens.  The  following  is  an  analysis  of 
tlieni.  The  first  great  division  is  into  two  great  series,  the  Phec- 
7Wffainoiis  iwul  the  Cnfptogamous,\\\(i  same  as  in  the  Natural  System, 
The  first  of  these  is  divided  into  those  fiowers  whieh  have  the  sta- 
mens in  the  same  flower  with  the  pistils,  and  those  which  liave  not  ; 
and  these  again  are  subdivided,  iis  is  sliowii  in  the  Ibilowing  tabular 
view. 

Scries  I.  ni.EXOnA^riA  ;  plants  M-it.h  stamens  iiul  pirtils,  i.  c.  witli  real 
flowers. 
1,  Stamens  in  (lie  same  flower  as  tlie  pistils  ; 
*  Not  united  witl>  tlieni, 
4-   Nor  with  one  another. 

*♦  Of  equal  lenf^tli  if  cither  G  or  4  in  nnmher. 


One  to  each  flower, 

Class  1. 

MoNANRniA. 

Two       " 

2. 

DiANDKIA. 

Three     " 

3. 

TllIANUniA. 

Four      " 

4. 

Tetkandria. 

Five       " 

5. 

Pentandria. 

Six        " 

6. 

Hexanuria. 

Seven     " 

7. 

IIeptaxdria. 

Ei-ht     " 

8. 

Octandria. 

Nine       " 

9. 

Enneandria. 

Ten       " 

10. 

Decandria. 

Eleven  to  nineteen  to  each  flower, 

11. 

DODECANDRIA. 

Twenty  or  more  inserted  on 

the  caly> 

L, 

12. 

Icosandria. 

"             "             "         on 

the  reccji 

itacle, 

,    13. 

rOLVANDRIA. 

++  ++  Of  unequal  lenirth  and  either  4  or  6 

Four,  2  lonj;  and  2  shorter. 

14. 

DinVNAMIA. 

Six,  4  long  and  2  shorter, 

15. 

Tetradvxamia 

H-    ■*-   United  with  each  other. 

By  their  filaments, 

Into  one  set  or  tuhc, 

16. 

MONADET.IMIIA. 

Into  two  sets, 

17. 

DlADELPHIA. 

Into  three  or  more  sets, 

18. 

POLYADELPIIIA 

By  their  anthers  into  a  ring. 

10. 

SVXGENESIA. 

♦  *  United  with  the  jjistil. 

20. 

GVXANDRIA. 

!.   Stamens  and  pistils  in  se])arate  flowers. 

Of  the  same  individuaU, 

21. 

MoNfTCIA. 

Of  different  individuals, 

22. 

Dkecia. 

Some  flowers  perfect,  others  staminatc 

or 

pistillate  cither  in  the  same  or 

■  in  different 

individuals, 

23. 

PoLYGAMIA. 

Series  II.     CRYPTO(;.\MIA.      No 

stamens 

and 

pistils,  therefore  no  i)roper  flowers, 

24. 

Crvi'togamia. 

17 


198 


ARTIFICIAL    SYSTEM    OF    LINN^US.  [lESSON  33. 


576.  The  names  of  these  classes  are  all  compounded  of  Greek 
words.  The  first  eleven  consist  of  the  Greek  numerals,  in  succes- 
sion, from  1  to  11,  combined  with  andria,  which  here  denotes  sta- 
mens ;  —  e.  g.  Monandria,  with  one  stamen  ;  and  so  on.  The  11th 
has  the  numeral  for  twelve  stamens,  although  it  includes  all  which 
have  from  eleven  to  nineteen  stamens,  numbers  which  rarely  occur. 
The  12th  means  "  with  tvrenty  stamens,"  but  takes  in  any  higher 
number,  although  only  when  the  stamens  are  borne  on  the  calyx. 
The  13th  means  "  with  many  stamens,"  but  it  takes  only  those 
with  the  stamens  borne  on  the  receptacle.  The  14th  means  "two 
gtamens  powerful,"  the  shorter  pair  being  supposed  to  be  weaker ; 
the  loth,  "four  powerful,"  for  the  same  reason.  The  names  of  the 
next  three  classes  are  compounded  of  adelphia,  brotlierhood,  and 
the  Greek  words  for  one,  two,  and  many  (^Monadelphia,  Diadelphia, 
and  Pohjadelphid) .  The  19th  means  "united  in  one  household." 
The  20th  is  compounded  of  the  words  for  stamens  and  pistils  united. 
The  21st  and  22d  are  composed  of  the  word  meaning  house  and  the 
numerals  one,  or  single,  and  two :  Moncecia,  in  one  house,  Dioecia, 
in  two  houses.  The  23d  is  fancifully  formed  of  the  words  meaning 
plurality  and  marriage,  from  which  the  English  word  polygamy  is 
derived.  The  24th  is  from  two  words  meaning  concealed  nuptials, 
and  is  opposed  to  all  the  rest,  which  are  called  Phcenogamous,  be- 
cause their  stamens  and  pistils,  or  parts  of  fructification,  are  evident. 

577.  Having  established  the  classes  of  his  system  on  the  stamens, 
Linnieus  proceeded  to  divide  them  into  orders  by  marks  taken  from 
the  pistils,  for  those  of  the  first  thirteen  classes.  These  orders  de- 
pend on  the  number  of  the  pistils,  or  rather  on  the  number  of  styles, 
or  of  stigmas  when  thei-e  are  no  styles,  and  they  are  named,  like  the 
classes,  by  Gre<-k  numerals,  prefixed  to  gynia,  which  means  pistil. 
Thus,  flowers  of  these  thirteen  classes  with 

One  style  or  sessile  stiiTma  belong  to  Order  1. 

Two  styles  or  sessile  stigmas,  to 

Three  " 

Four  "  " 

Five 

Six  "  " 

Seven  "  " 

Eight 

Nine 

Ten 

Eleven  or  twelve  " 

More  than  twelve  " 


-  1. 

MONOGYNIA. 

2. 

DiGYXIA. 

3. 

Tkigynia. 

4. 

Tetragynia. 

5. 

Pentagynia. 

6. 

Hexagynia. 

7. 

Heptagynia. 

8. 

OCTOGYNIA. 

9. 

Evneagynia. 

10. 

Decagynia. 

11. 

Dodecagynia. 

13. 

POLYGYNIA. 

LESSON  31.  ]  HOW    TO    COLLECT    SI'FXIMENS.  199 

578.  The  orders  of  the  romainin{»  classes  are  founded  on  various 
consi(h!rations,  some  on  the  nature  of  tlie  fruit,  others  on  the  number 
and  j)osition  of  the  stamens.  But  there  is  no  need  to  enumerate 
them  here,  nor  farther  to  illustrate  the  Liiina3an  Artificial  Classifi- 
cation. For  as  a  system  it  has  gone  entirely  out  of  use  ;  and  a.s  a 
Key  to  the  Natural  Orders  it  is  not  so  convenient,  nor  by  any  meana 
so  certain,  as  a  proper  Artificial  Key,  prepared  for  the  purpose,  such 
OS  we  have  been  using  in  the  preceding  Lessons. 


LESSON   XXXIV. 

now     TO    COLLECT    SPECIMENS    AND    MAKE    AN    HERBARIUM. 

579.  For  Collecling  Specimens  the  needful  things  are  a  large  knife, 
strong  enough  to  be  used  lor  digging  up  bulbs,  small  root.stocks, 
and  the  like,  as  well  as  for  cutting  woody  branches ;  and  a  botanical 
box,  or  a  portfolio,  for  holding  specimens  which  are  to  be  carried  to 
any  distance. 

580.  It  is  well  to  have  both.  The  botanical  box  is  most  useful 
for  holding  specimens  which  are  to  be  examined  fresh.  It  is  made 
of  tin,  in  shape  like  a  candle-box,  only  flatter,  or  the  smaller  sizes 
like  an  English  sandwich-case ;  the  lid  opening  for  nearly  the 
whole  length  of  one  side  of  the  box.  Any  portable  tin  box  of  con- 
venient size,  and  capable  of  holding  specimens  a  foot  or  fifteen  inches 
long,  will  answer  the  purpose.  The  box  should  shut  close,  so  that 
the  specimens  may  not  wilt :  then  it  will  keep  leafy  branches  and 
most  flowers  perfectly  fresh  for  a  day  or  two,  especially  if  slightly 
moistened. 

581.  The  portfolio  should  be  a  pretty  strong  one.  from  a  foot  to 
twenty  inches  long,  and  from  nine  to  eleven  inches  wide,  and  fasten- 
ing with  tape,  or  (which  is  better)  by  a  leathern  strap  and  buckle  at 
the  side.  It  should  contain  a  quantity  of  sheets  of  thin  and  smooth, 
unsized  paper;  the  poorest  printing-paper  and  grocers'  tea-paper 
are  very  good  for  the  purpose.  The  specimens  a^^  soon  as  gathered 
are  to  be  separately  laid  in  a  folded  sheet,  and  kept  under  moderate 
pressure  in  the  close<l  portfolio. 


200  HOW    TO    PRESERVE    SPECIMENS,  [lESSON  34. 

582.  Botanical  specimens  should  be  either  in  flower  or  in  fruit. 
In  the  case  of  herbs,  the  same  specimen  will  often  exhibit  the  two ; 
and  both  should  by  all  means  be  secured  whenever  it  is  possible. 
Of  small  herbs,  especially  annuals,  the  whole  plant,  root  and  all, 
should  be  taken  for  a  specimen.  Of  larger  ones  branches  will  suf- 
fice, with  some  of  the  leaves  from  near  the  root.-  Enough  of  the 
root  or  subterranean  part  of  the  plant  should  be  collected  to  show 
whether  the  plant  is  an  annual,  biennial,  or  perennial.  Thick  roots, 
bulbs,  tubers,  or  branches  of  specimens  intended  to  be  preserved, 
should  be  thinned  with  a  knife,  or  cut  into  slices  lengthwise. 

583.  For  drying  Specimens  a  good  supply  of  soft  and  unsized  paper 
—  the  more  bibulous  the  better  —  is  wanted;  and  some  convenient 
means  of  applying  pressure.  All  that  is  requisite  to  make  good  dried 
botanical  specimens  h,  to  dry  them  as  rapidly  as  possible  between 
many  thicknesses  of  paper  to  absorb  their  moisture,  under  as  much 
pressure  as  can  be  given  without  crushing  the  more  delicate  parts. 
This  pressure  may  be  given  by  a  botanical  press,  of  which  various 
forms  have  been  contrived  ;  or  by  weights  placed  upon  a  board,  — 
from  forty  to  eighty  or  a  hundred  pounds,  according  to  the  quantity 
of  specimens  drying  at  the  time.  For  use  while  travelling,  a  good 
portable  press  may  be  made  of  thick  binders'  boards  for  the  sides, 
holding  the  drying  paper,  and  the  pressure  may  be  applied  by  a 
cord,  or,  much  better,  by  strong  straps  Avith  buckles. 

584.  For  drying  paper,  the  softer  and  smoother  sorts  of  cheap 
wrapping-paper  answer  very  well.  This  paper  may  be  made  up 
into  driers,  each  of  a  dozen  sheets  or  less,  according  to  the  thickness, 
lightly  stitched  together.  Specimens  to  be  dried  should  be  put  into 
the  press  as  soon  as  possible  after  gathering.  If  collected  in  a  port- 
folio, the  more  delicate  plants  should  not  be  disturbed,  but  the  sheets 
that  hold  them  should  one  by  one  be  transferred  from  the  portfolio 
to  the  press.  Specimens  brought  home  in  the  botanical  box  must 
be  laid  in  a  folded  sheet  of  the  same  thin,  smooth,  and  soft  paper 
used  in  the  portfolio  ;  and  these  sheets  are  to  hold  the  plants  until 
they  are  dry.  They  are  to  be  at  once  laid  in  between  the  driers, 
and  the  whole  put  under  pressure.  Every  day  (or  at  first  even 
twice  a  day  would  be  Avell)  the  specimens,  left  undisturbed  in  their 
sheets,  are  to  be  shifted  into  well-dried  fresh  driers,  and  the  pressure 
renewed.  Avhile  the  moist  sheets  are  spread  out  to  drj',  that  they  may 
take  their  turn  again  at  the  next  shifting.  This  course  must  be 
continued  until  the  specimens  are  no  longer  moist  to  the  touch,  — 


LESSON  34.]  AND    FOIOI    AN    IIKRBAIUUM.  201 

wliich  for  most  plants  requires  about  a  week  ;  tlion  tlify  may  bo 
-traiisrerred  to  the  sheets  of  pa[)er  in  which  they  arc  tu  be  iJicscrvcd. 
If  a  great  abundance  of  drying-paper  is  used,  it  is  not  necessary 
to  change  the  siii>ets  every  day,  after  the  first  day  or  two. 

o>S5.  Ilcrbarilllll.  Tiie  botanist's  collection  of  dried  specimens, 
ticketed  witli  their  names,  place,  and  time  of  collection,  and  sys- 
tematically arranged  under  their  genera,  orders,  &;c.,  forms  a  J/or- 
tiis  Siccus  or  Herbarium.  It  comprises  not  only  the  specimens 
which  the  proprietor  has  himself  collected,  but  those  which  he  ac- 
quires through  friendly  exchanges  with  distant  botanists,  or  in  other 
ways.  The  specimens  of  an  herbarium  may  be  kept  in  folded  sheets 
of  neat,  and  rather  thick,  white  paper ;  or  they  may  be  fastened  on 
half-sheets  of  such  paper,  either  by  slips  of  gummed  pa[)er,  or  by 
glue  applied  to  the  specimens  themselves.  Each  sheet  shoidd  be 
api)ropriated  to  one  si)ecies  ;  two  or  more  different  plants  should 
never  be  attached  to  the  same  sheet.  The  generic  and  specific 
name  of  the  plant  should  be  added  to  the  lower  right-hand  corner, 
either  written  on  the  sheet,  or  on  a  ticket  pasted  down  at  that  corner; 
and  the  time  of  collection,  the  locality,  the  color  of  the  flowers,  and 
any  other  information  which  the  specimens  themselves  do  not  afford, 
should  be  duly  recorded  upon  the  sheet  or  the  ticket.  The  sheets 
of  the  herbarium  should  all  be  of  exactly  the  same  dimensions.  Tlie 
herbarium  of  Linnaeus  is  on  paper  of  the  common  foolscap  size,  about 
eleven  inches  long  and  seven  wide.  But  tiiis  is  too  small  for  an 
herbarium  of  any  magnitude.  Sixteen  and  a  half  inches  by  ten 
and  a  half,  or  eleven  and  a  half  inches,  is  an  approved  size. 

58G.  The  sheets  containing  the  species  of  each  genus  are  to  be 
placed  in  genus-covers,  made  of  a  full  sheet  of  thick,  colored  paper 
(such  as  the  strongest  Manilla-hemp  paper),  which  fold  to  the  same 
dimensions  as  the  species-sheet ;  and  the  name  of  the  genus  is  to  be 
written  on  one  of  the  lower  corners.  Tliese  are  to  be  arranged 
under  the  orders  to  which  they  belong,  and  the  whole  kept  in  closed 
cases  or  cabinets,  either  laid  flat  in  compartments,  like  large  "pigeon- 
holes," or  else  i)laced  in  thick  portfolios,  arranged  like  folio  volumes, 
and  having  the  names  of  thy  orders  lettered  on  the  back. 


S&F— 10 


i 


i 


GLOSSARY 


DICTIONARY    OF    TERMS   USED   IN   DESCRIB- 
INO    PLANTS, 

COMBINED    WITH    AN    INDEX. 


A,  at  the  bcginnin;^  of  words  of  Greek  derivation,  commonly  signifies  a  negatire, 
or  the  absence  of  somethuig ;  as  apetalous,  without  petals ;  aphyllous,  leaf- 
less, &c.  If  the  word  begins  with  a  vowel,  the  prefix  is  an ;  as  awanther- 
ous,  destitute  of  anther. 

Ahnonniil:  contrary  to  the  usuiil  or  the  natural  structure. 

Ahorkjinal:  original  in  the  strictest  sense;  same  as  iiuligenous. 

Abortive:  imperfectly  formed,  or  rudimentary,  as  one  of  the  stamens  in  fig.  195 
and  three  of  them  in  fig.  19G,  p.  95. 

Abortion:  the  imperfect  formation,  or  non-formation,  of  some  part. 

AbriijU:  suddenly  terminating;  as,  for  instaiu'C, 

Ahruptlii  pinnule:  pinnate  without  an  odd  leaflet  at  the  end;  fig.  128,  p.  65. 

Acanlescent  {(icaulis)  :  apparently  stemless  ;  the  projier  stem,  bearing  the  leaves 
and  Howers,  being  very  short  or  subterranean,  as  in  Bloodroot,  and  most 
Violets;  p.  3G. 

Acce'ssori/:  something  additional ;  as  Acccsson/  buds,  p.  26. 

Accrescent:  growing  larger  after  floWering,  as  the  calyx  of  Physalis. 

Acciiinbmt :  lying  against  a  thing.  The  cotyledoi\s  arc  aceumbent  when  they 
lie  with  their  edges  against  the  radicle. 

Acprosc:  needle-shaped,  as  the  leaves  of  Pines ;  fig.  140,  p.  72. 

Acetnhnliform :  saucer-shaped. 

Acheniiim  (plural  achenia)  :  a  one-seeded,  seed-like  fruit;  (ig.  28G,  p.  129 

Achlami/droun  (flower)  :  without  floral  envelopes;  as  Li/.ard's-tail,  p.  90.  fig.  18U. 

Acicular:  needle-shaped  ;  more  slender  than  acerose. 

Acinmiform :  scymitar-shaped,  like  some  bean-pods. 

Acines:  the  separate  grains  of  a  fruit,  such  as  the  raspberry;  ilg.  289. 

Acorn:  the  nut  of  the  Oak  :  fig.  299,  p.  130. 

Acoli/lciloiions .-  destitute  of  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves. 

Acrdr/cnoiis :  growing  from  the  apex,  as  the  stems  of  Ferns  nnd  ^fo«;os. 

Acro(/enx,  or  Acroycnous  Plunts:  the  higher  Cryptoganious  plants,  such  a* 
Ferns,  &c.,  p.  172. 


204  GLOSSARY. 

Aculeate:  armed  with  prickles,  i.  e.  aculci ;  as  the  Rose  and  Brier. 

Aciileolute :  armed  with  small  prickles,  or  sliglitly  prickly. 

Acuminate:  taper-pointed,  as  the  leaf  in  fig.  97  and  fig.  103. 

Acute:  merely  sharp-pointed,  or  ending  in  a  point  less  than  a  right  angle. 

Adelphous  (stamens)  :  joined  in  a  fraternity  (addplda)  :  see  monadelphous  and 
diadelphous. 

Adherent:  sticking  to,  or,  more  commonly,  growing  fast  to  another  body  ;  p.  104. 

Adnate:  growing  fas.t  to ;  it  means  bo'.n  adherent.  Tlie  anther  is  adnate  when 
fixed  by  its  whole  length  to  the  filament  or  its  prolongation,  as  in  Tulip- 
tree,  fig.  233. 

AJpressed,  or  oppressed:  brought  into  contact,  but  not  united. 

Adscendmt,  ascendent,  or  ascendinrj :  rising  gradually  upwards. 

Adsimjent,  or  assurgent :  same  as  ascending. 

Adventitious :  out  of  the  proper  or  usual  place;  e.  g.  Adcentitious  buds,  p.  2G,  27. 

Adventive:  applied  to  foreign  plants  accidentally  or  sparingly  spontaneous  in  a 
country,  but  hardly  to  be  called  naturalized. 

Equilateral :  equal-sided  ;  opposed  to  oblique. 

Estivation :  the  arrangement  of  parts  in  a  flower-bud,  p.  108. 

Air-cells  or  Air-passages  :  spaces  in  the  tissue  of  leaves  and  some  stems,  p.  143. 

Air-Plants,  p.  34. 

Akenium,  or  akene.     See  achenium. 

Ala  (plural  ate) :  a  wing;  the  sidivpetals  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla,  p.  105, 
fig.  218,  w. 

Alahdstrum :  a  flower-bud. 

Alar:  situated  in  the  forks  of  a  stem. 

Alaie :  winged,  as  the  seeds  of  Trumpet-Creeper  (fig.  316)  the  fruit  of  the  Maple, 
Elm  (fig.  301),  &c. 

Albescent :  whitish,  or  turning  white. 

Absorption,  p.  168. 

Albumen  of  the  seed  :  nourishing  matter  stored  up  with  the  embryo,  but  not 
within  it;  p.  1.5,  136. 

Albumen,  a  vegetable  product;  a  form  of  proteine,  p.  165. 

Albuminous  (seeds)  :  furnished  with  albumen;  as  the  seeds  of  Indian  corn  (fig.  38, 
39),  of  Buckwheat  (fig  326),  &c. 

Alburnum:  young  wood,  sap-wood,  p    153. 

Alpine :  belonging  to  high  mountains  above  the  limit  of  forests. 

Alle'rnate  (leaves):  one  after  another,  p.  24,  71.  Petals  are  alternate  ivith  the 
sepals,  or  stamens  with  the  petals,  when  they  stand  over  the  intervals  be- 
tween them,  p.  93. 

Alveolate:  honeycomb-like,  as  the  receptacle  of  the  Cotton-Thistle. 

Anient:  a  catkin,  p.  81.     Amentaceous:  catkin-like,  or  catkin-bearing. 

Amorphous:  shapeless;  without  any  definite  form. 

Amphigdstrium  (plural  amphigastria)  :  a  peculiar  stipule-like  leaf  of  ccrtair 
Liverworts 

Amphifr-npous  or  Am tih it ropal  ovules  or  seeds,  p.  123,  fig.  272. 

Ample'cfant:  embracinnf.     Amplexicaul  (leaves) :  clasping  the  stem  by  the  base. 

Amp'illdceoHs :  swpllinsr  nut  like  a  bottle  or  bladder. 

Amylaceous :  composed  of  starch,  or  starch-like. 


GLOSSAUY.  20i> 

Andnl/terous :  without  anthers.     Andnlhons :  destitute  of  flowers  ;  flowerlcss. 

Aiidstoniosinij :  foriuin;;  a  iiet-woriv  (anuslomosis),  as  tlie  veins  of  leaves. 

Aiidlmjioiis  or  Aiidtivjial  ovules  or  seeds  ;  p.  12.3,  (i;;.  273. 

Anci/tiud  (aiicfjis)  :  two-edj^ed,  as  tlie  stem  of  Blne-t-yed  Grass. 

Aiuliucliiin  :  a  name  for  the  stamens  taken  tofjetlier 

Aiulniifi/iiotis :  having  botli  staminato  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  chistcf 

or  iiilloreseenec,  as  many  speeies  of  Carex. 
Androp/iore:  a  eolumu  of  united  stamens,  as  in  a  Mallow  ;  or  the  support  on 

whieli  stamens  are  raised. 
Aii/rdctiiose :  bent  hither  and  thither,  as  tlie  anthers  of  the  Sciiia>li,  See. 
Aiu/iosperma-,  Angiospe'rmous  Plants:  with  their  seeds  formed  in  an  ovary  or  peri- 

earp,  p.  183. 
Amjular  direiyence  of  leaves,  p.  72. 
Aninnd  (])lant)  :  flowering  and  fruiting  the  year  it  is  raised  from  the  seed,  and 

then  dying,  p   21. 
Aninditr:  in  the  form  of  a  ring,  or  forming  a  circle. 
Aumdate :  marked  hy  rings  ;  or  furnished  with  an 
Anmdus,  or  ring,  like  that  of  the  spore-ease  of  most  Ferns    (Manual  Bot.  N. 

States,  plate  9,  fig.  2)  ■  in  Mosses  it  is  a  ring  of  cells  placed  between  the 

mouth  of  the  spore-case  and  the  lid,  in  many  speeies. 
AnlL-rior,  in  tiie  blossom,  is  the  part  next  the  bract,  i.  e.  external : — while  the 

j)osterior  side  is  that  next  the  axis  of  inflorcseenee.     Thus,  in  the  Pea,  &e. 

the  keel  is  anterior,  and  the  standard  poxlerior. 
Anther:  the  essential  part  of  the  stamen,  which  contains  the  pollen  ;  p.  86,  113. 
Ant/ieruliuin  (plural  antheridia) :    the  organ  in  Mosses,  &c.  which  answers  to 

the  anther  of  Flowering  plants. 
Antherifivous :  anther-bearing. 

Anlhe'sis :  the  period  or  the  act  of  the  expansion  of  a  flower 
Ant/iocdrpous  (fruits)  :  same  as  multiple  fruits  ;  p.  133. 
Anticous:  same  as  anterior. 
Antrdrse:  directed  upwards  or  forwards. 
Ape'talons:  destitute  of  jjetals  ;  p.  90,  fig.  179. 
Ap/iff/loiis  :  destitute  of  leaves,  at  least  of  foliage. 
Apical :  belonging  to  the  apex  or  point. 
Apictdate:  pointletted  ;  tij)ped  with  a  short  and  abrupt  point. 
Apocdr/ious  (pistils) :  when  the  several  pistils  of  the  same  flower  are  separate, 

as  in  a  Buttercup,  Sedum  (fig.  168),  &c. 
AixSplti/sis :  any  irregidar  swelling;  the  enlargement  at  the  base  of  the  sporc- 

casc  of  the  Umbrella-Moss  (Manual,  plate  4),  &c. 
Ap/iendin/e  •  any  superadded  part 
Apprndtiulatp :  provided  witii  appendages. 
Ajipressed:  where    branches    are    close   pressed  to   tho   stem,   or    leaves    to    tlio 

branch,  &c. 
Apterous :  wingless. 
Aquatic:  living  or  growing  in  water:  applied  to  ])lants  whether  growing  uiulcr 

water,  or  witii  all  but  the  base  raised  out  of  it. 
Ardchnoid:  cobwebl)y  ;  clothed  with,  or  consisting  of,  soft  downy  fibres. 
Aii)drcou$,  Arborescent :  tix'e-like,  in  size  or  form  ;  p.  36. 
18 


206  GLOtJSAUV. 

Ardipgdninm  (])liiral  archctjonia)  :  the  organ  in  Mosses,  &c.,  which  is  analogous 
10  the  pistil  of  Flowering  Plants.  - 

Arcuate:  hent  or  curved  like  a  bow. 

Are'olate:  marked  out  into  little  spaces  or  areoke. 

Aril/ate  (seeds)  •  furnished  with  an 

A)-il  or  Arillus :  a  fleshy  growth  forming  a  false  coat  or  appendage  to  a  seed; 
p.  135,  fig.  318. 

Aristate:  awned.  i.  e.  furnished  with  an  arista,  like  tlie  beard  of  Barley,  &c. 

Aristulate:  diminutive  of  the  last;  short-awned. 

A rrow-s/iaped  or  A irow-headed:  same  as  sagittate;  p.  59,  fig.  95. 

Articulated:  jointed  ;  furnished  with  joints  or  articulations,  where  it  separates  oi 
inclines  to  do  so.     Articulated  leaves,  p.  G4. 

Artificial  Classification,  p.  196. 

Ascending  (stems,  &c.),  p.  37  ,  (seeds  or  ovules),  p.  122. 

Aspergilliform  :  shaped  like  the  brush  used  to  sprinkle  holy  water;  as  the  stigma» 
of  many  Grasses. 

Assimilation,  p.  162. 

Assurgent:  same  as  ascending,  p.  37. 

Atropous  or  Atropal  (ovules) :  same  as  orthotropous. 

Anriculate:  furnished  with  auricles  or  ear-like  appendages,  p.  59. 

Awl-shaped:  sharp-pointed  from  a  broader  base,  p.  68. 

Awn:  the  bristle  or  beard  of  Barley,  Oats,  &c. ;  or  any  similar  bristle-like  ap- 
pendage. 

Awned:  furnished  with  an  awn  or  long  bristle-sliaped  tip. 

Axil:  the  angle  on  the  upper  side  between  a  leaf  and  the  stem,  p.  20. 

Axile:  belonging  to  the  axis,  or  occupying  the  axis  ;  p.  119,  &c. 

Axillary  (buds,  &c.)  :  occurring  in  an  axil,  p  21,  77,  &c. 

Axis :  the  central  line  of  any  body  ;  the  organ  round  which  others  are  attached ; 
the  root  and  stem.     Ascending  Axis,  p.  9.     Descending  Axis^  p.  9. 

Baccate:  berry-like,  of  a  pulpy  nature  like  a  berry  (in  Latin  hacca)  ;  p.  127. 

Barbate :  bearded  ;  bearing  tufts,  spots,  or  lines  of  hairs. 

Barbed :  furnished  with  a  barb  or  double  hook ;  as  the  apex  of  the  bristle  on  the 
fruit  of  Echinospermum  (Stickseed),  &c. 

Barbel/ate:  said  of  the  bristles  of  the  pappus  of  some  Compositai  (species  of 
Liatris,  &c  ),  when  beset  with  short,  stiff  hairs,  longer  than  when  denticulate, 
but  shorter  than  when  plumose. 

Barbdlulate  :  diminutive  of  barbcllate. 

Bark:  the  covering  of  a  stem  outside  of  the  wood,  p.  150,  152. 

Basal :  belonging  or  attaclied  to  tlie 

Base:  that  extremity  of  any  organ  by  which  it  is  attaclied  to  its  support. 

Bast,  Bastfibres,  p.  147. 

Beaked:  ending  in  a  prolonged  narrow  tip. 

Bearded :  see  barbate.  Beard  is  sometimes  used  pojiularly  for  awn,  more  com- 
monly for  long  or  stiff  hairs  of  any  sort. 

Bell-shaped :  of  the"^shape  of  a  bell,  as  the  corolla  of  Harebell,  fig.  207,  p.  102. 

Beirj/  :  a  fruit  pulpy  or  juicy  throughout,  as  a  grape;  p.  127. 

Bi-  (or  Bis),  in  compound  words  :  twice;  as 


GLOSSARY.  207 

Biartfoitlate :  twice  jointed,  or  two-jointed  ;  scpnniting  into  two  pieces. 

Biattriculate :  iiaviiig  two  cars,  as  tiie  leaf  in  H^.  96. 

Bicutlose:  liaviuj:;  two  callosities  or  harder  spots. 

Dicdiinctle :  two-kccled,  as  tlie  upper  palea  of  Grasses. 

Dicii>ital  (Biceps)  :  two-headed  ;  dividing  into  two  parts  at  the  top  or  bottom. 

Bicdiijmjiite :  twice  paired,  as  when  a  petiole  forks  twice. 

Bide'nlate:  having  two  teeth  (not  twice  or  doubly  dentate). 

Biennial:   of  two  years'   continuance;   springing  from    the  seed   one  season, 

flowering  and  dying  the  next ;  p.  21. 
Bifuiioiis :  two-ranked  ;  arranged  in  two  rows. 

Bifid:  two-clefl  to  about  the  middle,  as  the  petals  of  Mouse-ear  Chickwced. 
Bljolidate:  a  compound  leaf  of  two  leaflets;  p.  66. 
Bifurcate:  twice  forked  ;  or,  more  commonly,  forked  into  two  branches. 
Bijngate:  bearing  two  pairs  (of  leaflets,  &c.). 
Bilabiate:  two-lipped,  as  the  corolla  of  sage.  &c  ,  p.  105,  fig.  209. 
Bildinellate :  of  two  plates  {lamella),  as  the  stigma  of  JMinmlus. 
Biliiljed :  the  same  as  two-lobed. 
Bildcular :  two-celled;  as  most  anthers,  the  pod  of  Fo.xglcvc,  most  Saxifrages 

(fig.  234),  &c. 
Binale :  in  couples,  two  together. 
Bipartite:  the  Latin  fonu  of  two-parted  ;  p.  62. 
Bipinnate  (leaf)  :  twice  pinnate  ;  p.  66,  fig.  130. 
Bipinndtijid :   twice  pinnatifid,  p.  64 ;  that  is,  pinnatifid  with  the  lobes  again 

pinnatifid. 
Biplkute :  twice  folded  together. 

Bise'rial,  or  Biseriale :  occupying  two  rows,  one  within  the  other. 
Biserrate:  doubly  serrate,  as  wlien  the  teeth  of  a  leaf,  &c.  are  themselves  serrate. 
Bile'rnate:  twice  ternate  ;  i.  e.  principal  divisions  3,  each  bcaiing  3  leaflets,  &c. 
Bladder!/:  thin  and  inflated,  like  the  calyx  of  Silcne  inflata. 
.B/(K/e  of  a  leaf:  its  expanded  jwrtion  ;  p  54. 

Boat-shaped :  concave  within  and  keeled  without,  in  shape  like  a  small  boat. 
Brdchiate:    with  opposite   branches   at  right  angles   to   each   other,  as   in   tha 

Maple  and  Lilac. 
Bract  (Latin,  braclea).    Bracts,  in  general,  are  the  leaves  of  an  inflorescence, 

more  or  less  dirt"erent  fiom  ordinary  leaves.     Specially,  the  bract  is  the 

small  leaf  or  scale  from  the  axil  of  which  a  flower  or  its  pedicel  proceeds; 

p.  78 ;  and  a 
Bractltt  {hracteola)  is  a  bract  seated  on  the  pedicel  or  flower-stalk ;  p.  78,  fig.  156. 
Branch,  p.  20,  36. 

Bristles :  stiff",  sharp  hairs,  or  any  very  slender  bodies  of  similar  appearance. 
Bristli/:  beset  with  bristles. 
BriLth-sluifycd :  see  aspeniilliform. 

Bryoloijij :  that  part  of  Botany  which  relates  to  Mosses. 
Bud:  a  branch  in  its  earliest  or  undeveloped  slate  ;  p.  20. 
Bud-sctiles,  p.  22,  50. 

Bulb :  a  leaf-bud  with  fleshy  scales,  usnally  subtciranean  ;  p.  45,  fig.  73. 
Bulbi/irous :  bearing  or  producing  bulbs. 
Btilbose  or  bulboiv  :  bulb-like  in  shape,  &.c. 


208  GLOSSARY. 

Bidblets:  small  bulbs,  borne  above  ground,  as  on  tiie  stems  of  the  bulb-bearing 
Lily  and  on  the  fronds  of  Cistopteris  bulbifera  and  some  other  Ferns;  p.  46. 
Bulb-scales,   p.  50. 
Bullate:  appearing  as  if  blistered  or  bladdery  (from  bulla,  a  bubble). 

Caducous :  dropping  off  very  early,  compared  with  other  parts ;  as  the  calyx  in 

the  Poppy  Family,  falling  when  the  flower  opens. 
Ccespitose,  or  Ce'spitose :  growing  in  turf-like  patches  or  tufts,  like  most  sedges,  &c. 
Culcurate:  furnished  with  a  spur  [calcur),  as  the  flower  of  Larkspur,  fig.  183, 

and  Violet,  fig.  181. 
Culce'olute  or  Cdlceiform :  slipper-shaped,  like  one  petal  of  the  Lady's  Slipper. 
Cdl/ose :  hardened  ;  or  furnished  with  callosities  or  thickened  spots. 
Cdlycine :  belonging  to  the  calyx. 
Calyculate :  furnished  with  an  outer  accessory  calyx  [calyculus)  or  set  of  bracts 

looking  like  a  calyx,  as  in  true  Pinks. 
Calyptra :  the  hood  or  veil  of  the  capsule  of  a  Moss  :  Manual,  p.  607,  t&c. 
Calyptriform :  shaped  like  a  calyptra  or  candle-extinguisher. 
Calyx:  the  outer  set  of  the  floral  envelopes  or  leaves  of  the  flower ;  p.  85. 
Cambium  and  Cambium-layer,  p.  154. 
Cumpdnulatt:  bell-shaped;  p.  102,  fig.  207. 
Cumpyldti-opous,  or  Campyldtropal ;  curved  ovules  and  seeds  of  a  particular  sort ; 

p.  123,  fig.  271. 
Canipylospe'rmous :  applied  to  fruits  of  Umbellifcrre  when  the  seed  is  curved  in 

at  the  edges,  forming  a  groove  down  the  inner  face  ;  as  in  Sweet  Cicely. 
Catiaficulate :  channelled,  or  witli  a  deep  longitudinal  groove. 
Cdncillale:  latticed,  resembling  lattice-work. 
Canescent:  grayish-white;  hoary,  usually  because  the  surface  is  covered  with 

fine  white  hairs.     Incanous  is  whiter  still. 
Capilldceons,  Cdpillary :  hair-like  in  shape  ;  as  fine  as  hair  or  slender  bristles. 
Cdpitate :  having  a  globular  ape.x,  like  the  head  on  a  pin  ;  as  the  stigma  of 

Cherry,  fig.  213;  or  forming  a  head,  like  tiie  flower-cluster  of  Button-bush, 

fig.  161. 
Ca pit  dilate:  diminutive  of  capitate ;  as  the  stigmas  of  fig.  255. 
Capitulum   (a  little  head)  :   a   close  rounded   dense  cluster  or  head  of  sessile 

flowers;  p.  80,  fig.  161. 
Capre'olate:  bearing  tendrils  (from  capreolus,  a  tendril). 
Capsule:  a  pod;  any  dry  dehiscent  seed-vessel;  p.  131,  fig.  305,  306. 
Cdpsular:  relating  to,  or  like  a  capsule. 
Carina:  a  keel;  the  two  anterior  petals  of  a  papilionaceous  flower,  wliich  aro 

combined  to  form  a  body  shaped  somewhat  like  the  Ivcel  (or  rather  the 

prow)  of  a  vessel;  p.  105,  fig.  218,  k. 
Cdrinate:  keeled;  furnished  with  a  sharp  ridge  or  projection  on  the  lower  side. 
Caridpsis,  or  Carydpsis:  the  one-seeded  fniit  or  grain  of  Grasses,  &c.,  p.  351. 
Cdnicous:  flesh-colored  ;  pale  red. 
Cdrnose:  fleshy  in  texture. 
Carpel,  or  Carpidium :  a  simple  pistil,  or  one  of  the  parts  or  leaves  of  which  a 

compound  pistil  is  composed  ;  p.  117. 
Cdrpellary :  pertaining  to  a  carpel.  


GLOSSARY.  iQ9t 

Carpolofji/:  thnt  department  of  Botany  wliicli  relates  to  fruits. 

CdifK>/)/iorc :  tlic  stalk  or  support  of  a  fruit  or  pistil  within   the  flower;  as  in 

fi-.  27G-278. 
Citrli/u'/iiioiis,  or  C<irlil(ii;inious :  firm  ami  ton^xli,  like  cartila;:c,  in  texture. 
Cuntnclc:  an  cxereseenre  at  the  sc-ar  of  some  seeds  ;  as  those  of  Tolvgala. 
Ciiiiincultile  :  furnished  with  a  eariuulc. 

Gin/o/i/ii/lldrcoiia:  pink-like  :  ap|)lie(l  to  a  corolla  of  .'}  long-clawed  petals  ;  fig.  200. 
Culkin  :  a  scaly  deciduous  spike  of  llowers,  an  anient ;  j).  81. 
Cdudiite :  tailed,  or  tail-pointed. 

Candex:  a  sort  of  trunk,  such  as  that  of  Palms  ;  an  upright  rootstock  ;  p.  37. 
Caulescent:  having  an  obvious  stem  ;  p.  36. 
Cinilicle:  a  little  stem,  or  rudimentary  stem;  p.  6. 
Caiiline:  of  or  belonging  to  a  stem  {aiiilis,  in  Latin),  p.  3G. 
Cell  (diminutive  Cellule) :  the  cavity  of  an  anther,  ovary,  &.C.,  p.  1 13,  119  ;  one  of 

the  elements  or  vesicles  of  which  plants  arc  composed  ;  p.  140,  142. 
Cellular  <(ssi(e  of  plants  ;  p.  142.     Cellular  Bark,  \^.  152. 
Cellulose,  p.  159. 
Cenlrifuijul  (inflorescence)  :  produced  or  cx|)!iii(liiig  in  succession  from  the  centre 

outwards;  p.  82.     The  radicle  is  centrifugal,  when  it  points  away  horn  the 

centre  of  the  fruit. 
Centripetal:  the  opposite  of  centrifugal ;  p.  79,  83. 
Cereal:  belonging  to  corn,  or  corn-plants. 
Ce'rnuous:  nodding  ;  the  summit  more  or  less  inclining. 
Chuff:  small  membranous  scales  or  bracts  on  the  i-eeeptadc  of  Compositaj ;  the 

glumes,  &c.  of  Grasses. 
Chaffy:  furnislied  with  chaff,  or  of  the  texture  of  cliaflf. 
Clutldza  :  that  ])art  of  the  ovule  where  all  the  parts  grow  together;  p.  122. 
Channelled:  hollowed  out  like  a  gutter;  same  as  canaliculate. 
Cliaracter :  a  phrase  expressing  the  essential  marks  of  a  species,  genus,  &c. 

which  distinguish  it  from  all  others ;    p.  180. 
Chartdceous :  of  the  texture  of  paper  or  parcliment. 
Chlorojihi/ll :  the  green  grains  in  the  cells  of  the  leaf,  and  of  other  parts  exposed 

to  the  light,  which  give  to  herbage  its  green  color;  p.  155. 
Chrdmule:  coloring  matter  in  plants,  esj)e(ially  when  not  green,  or  when  liquid. 
Cicatrix:  the  scar  left  by  tlie  fall  of  a  leaf  or  other  organ. 
Ciliate:  beset  on  the  margin  with  a  fringe  of  cilia,  i.  e.  of  hairs  or  bristles,  like 

the  eyelashes  fringing  the  eyelids,  whence  the  name 
Cinereous,  or  Cinerdecous :  ash-grayish  ;  of  the  color  of  ashes. 
Circinnle:  rolled  inwards  from  the  top,  like  a  crosier,  as  the  shoots  of  Ferns; 

p.  76,  fig.  154;  the  flower-clusters  of  lleliotrwpe,  &c. 
Circuuisrissile,  or   Circumcissile :  divided  by  a  circular  line  round  the  sides,   as 

the  pods  of  Purslane,  Plantain,  &c. ;  p.  133,  fig.  298,  311. 
Circumscription  :  the  general  outline  of  a  thing. 
Cirrhf/erous,  or  Cirrhose:  furnislied  with  a  tendril  (Latin,  rlrrhus)  ;  ns  the  Grape. 

vine.     Cirrho<;e  also  means  resembling  or  coiling  like  tendrils,  as  tlic  leaf- 
stalks of  Virgin 's-bowcr  ;  p.  37. 
Clivis,  p   175,  177. 
Classijication,  p    173. 

18* 


210  GLOSSARY. 

Cldthrate  :  latticed  ;  same  as  cancellatc. 

C/dccite :  club-sliapcd  ;  sli-nder  below  and  thickened  upwards. 

Ciaio:  the  narrow  or  stalk-like  base  of  some  petals,  as  of  Pinks ;  p.  102,  fig.  200. 

CUmhing :  rising  by  clinging  to  otlier  objects;  p.  37. 

Club-shaped :  sec  clavate. 

Chisti-red :  leaves,  flowers,  &c.  aggregated  or  collected  into  a  bunch 

C/i/pente :  buckler-shaped. 

Cocidunate  :  same  as  connate  ;  i.  e.  united. 

Coale'scent :  growing  together. 

CodrcUtte  :  contracted  or  brought  close  together. 

Coated  Bulbs,  p.  46. 

Cobwebby :  same  as  arachnoid ;  bearing  hairs  like  cobwebs  or  gossamer. 

Coccus  (plural  cocci) :  anciently  a  bei-ry ;  now  mostly  used  to  denote  the  cai-pels 

of  a  dry  fruit  which  are  separable  from  each  other,  as  of  Euphorbia. 
Cochlediiform :   spoon-shaped. 
Cdchleate :  coiled  or  shaped  like  a  snail-shell. 

Calospcrmous  :  ap]jlied  to  those  fruits  of  Umbellifera;  which  have  the  seed  hol- 
lowed on  the  inner  face,  by  the  curving  inwards  of  the  top  and  bottom  ;  as  in 

Coriander. 
Coherent,  ill  Botany,  is  usually  the  same  as  connate;  p.  104. 
Collect  ire  fruits,  p.  133. 

Colluni  or  Collar  :  the  neck  or  line  of  junction  between  the  stem  and  the  root. 
Columella  :  the  axis  to  which  the  carpels  of  a  compound  pistil  are  often  attached, 

as  in  Geranium  (fig.  278),  or  which  is  left  when  a  pod  opens,  as  in  Azalea 

and  Rliododcndron. 
Column :  the  united  stamens,  as  in  Mallow,  or  the  stamens  and  pistils  united  into 

one  body,  as  in  the  Orchis  fiimily,  fig.  226. 
Columnar :  shaped  like  a  column  or  pillar. 

Coma :  a  tuft  of  any  sort  (literally,  a  head  of  hair) ;  p.  135,  fig.  317. 
Cdmose:  tufted  ;  bearing  a  tuft  of  hairs,  as  the  seeds  of  Milkweed  ;  fig.  317. 
Cdmmissure  :  the  line  of  junction  of  two  carpels,  as  in  the  fruit  of  Umbelliferas, 

such  as  Parsnip,  Cai-away,  &c. 
Common:  used  as  "general,"  in  contradistinction  to  '"partial  ";  e.  g.  "common 

involucre,"  p.  81. 
Cdmplanate :  flattened. 

Compound  leaf.  p.  64.      Compound  pistil,  p.  118.      Compound  umbel,  &c.,  p.  81. 
Complete  (flower),  p.  89. 
Complicate  :  folded  upon  itself. 
Compressed :  flattened  on  two  opposite  sides. 
Condiiplicate :  folded  ujion  itself  length^vise,  as  are  the  leaves  of  IMagnolia  in  the 

bud,  p.  76. 
Cone:  the  fruit  of  the  Pine  famil/  ;  p.  133,  fig.  314. 
Cdnflnent :  blended  together  ;  or  the  same  as  coherent. 
Conformed :  similar  to  anotlier  thing  it  is  associated  with  or  compared  to;  oi 

closely  fitted  to  it,  as  the  skin  to  the  kernel  of  a  seed. 
Confje'sted,  Comjldmerate  :  crowded  together. 
Cdnjuijate  :  coupled  ;  in  single  pairs. 
Connate :  united  or  grown  together  from  the  first. 


GLOSSARY.  211 

Conn^rtifr,  Cnnnrrtivum  :  tliP  part  of  the  anther  eonnceting  its  two  cells  ;  p.  113. 

Connicent:  eonver;xiii<j;,  or  l)r(>u;j:ht  close  to;j;etlier. 

Consolidated  forms  of  ve<;etation,  p.  47. 

Continuous :  tiic  reverse  of  interrupted  or  articulated. 

Contorted:  twisted  together.     Contorted  (estivation  :  same  as  convolute ;  p.  109. 

Contortuplicale :  twisted  hack  upon  itself. 

Contracted:  cither  naiTowcd  or  shortened. 

Contrary:  turned  in  an  ojjpositc  direction  to  another  organ  or  part  with  which 
it  is  compared. 

Cdnvo/ute :  rolled  up  Icnjrfliwise,  as  the  leaves  of  the  Plum  in  vernation  ;  p.  70, 
fig.  151.     In  a;.stivafion,  same  as  contorted;  \).  109. 

Cordate:  heart-shaped  ;  ]).  5S,  fig.  90,  99. 

Coriaceous:  rcsemhling  leather  in  texture. 

Corky:  of  the  texture  of  cork.     Corky  layer  of  bark,  p.  152. 

Corm,  Cormus :  a  solid  hull),  like  that  of  Crociis ;  p.  44,  fig.  71,  72. 

Ctirneous :  of  the  consistence   or  appearance  of  horn,  as   the   albumen  of  tho 
seed  of  the  Date,  Coffee,  &c. 

Corniculate :  furnished  with  a  small  horn  or  spur. 

Cormile:  horned  ;  hearing  a  horn-like  projection  or  appendage. 

Corolla :  the  leaves  of  the  flower  within  the  calyx  ;  p.  86. 

Corolldceous,  Coralline :  like  or  belonging  to  a  corolla. 

Cordna :  a  coronet  or  crown  ;  an  appendage  at  the  top  of  the  claw  of  some 
petals,  as   Silenc  and   Soapwort,  tig.  200,  or  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla  of 
Hound's-Tongue,  &c. 
Cordnate  :  crowned  ;  furnished  witli  a  crown. 
Cortical:  belonging  to  the  bark  {coiiex). 

Cdrymh:  a  sort  of  tiat  or  convex  flower-cluster  ;  p.  79,  fig.  158. 
Corymhdse :  ap])roaching  the  form  of  a   corymb,    or  branched   in    that   way ; 

asranged  in  corymbs. 
Costa  :  a  rib ;  the  midrib  of  a  leaf,  &c.     Costate:  ribbed. 
Cotyle'dons  :  the  first  leaves  of  the  embryo  ;  p.  6,  137. 
Crate'rifonn  :  goblet-shaped  ;  broadly  cup-shaped. 

Creepimj  (stems)  :  growing  flat  on  or  beneath  the  ground  and  rooting;  p.  37. 
Cremocarp :  a  half-fruit,  or  one  of  the  two  carpels  of  Umbellifera;. 
Crenate,  or  Crenelied :  the  edge  scalloped  into  rounded  teeth  ;  p.  62,  fig.  114. 
Crested,  or  Cristate :  bcai-ing  any  elevated  appendage  like  a  crest. 
Criliroxe  :  pierced  like  a  sieve  with  small  apertures. 
Crinite  :  bearded  with  long  hairs,  &c. 
Crown :  see  corona. 

Crowniny :  borne  on  the  apex  of  anything. 

Cruciate,  or  Cruciform:  cross-shaped,  as  the  four  spreading  petals  of  the  Mus- 
tard (fig   187),  and  all  the  flowers  of  that  family. 
Crustaceous :  hard,  and  brittle  in  texture  ;  crust-like. 
Cryj>ldi/amous,  or  Cry/itoyamic :  relating  to  Cn'ptogamia ;  p.  172,  197. 
Cuctillate:  hooded,  or  hood-shaped,  rolled  uj)  like  a  cornet  of  jiaper,  or  a  hood 

{cucutlus),  as  the  spathe  of  Inilian  Turnip,  fig,  162. 
Culm  :  a  straw  ;  the  stem  of  (Jrasses  and  Sedges. 
Cuneate,  Cuneiform  :  wedge-shai)ed  ;  |i.  58,  fig.  94. 


212  GLOSSARY. 

Ci(p-sh(ipf>d:  same  as  cyatliiform,  or  near  it. 

Cujiule  :  a  little  cup  ;  the  cup  to  the  acorn  of  the  Oak,  p.  130,  fig.  299. 

Cdpulute:  provided  with  a  cupulc. 

Cuspidate  :  tipped  with  a  sharp  and  stiff  point. 

Cut:  same  as  incised,  or  applied  generally  to  any  .sharp  and  deep  division. 

Cuticle :  the  skin  of  plants,  or  more  strictly  Us  c.xtenial  pellicle. 

Cydlhiform  :  in  the  shape  of  a  cup,  or  particularly  of  a  wine-glass. 

Cycle:  one  complete  turn  of  a  spire,  or  a  circle ;  p.  73. 

Cyclical,  rolled  up  circularly,  or  coiled  into  a  complete  circle. 

Cycldsis:  the  circulation  in  closed  cells,  p.  167. 

Cylindmccous :  approaching  to  the 

Cylindrical  form;  as  that  of  steins,  &c.,  which  are  round,  and  gradually  if  at  all 

tapering. 
Cymbtrform,  ot  Cymhiform  :  same  as  boat-sliapcd. 
Cyme:  a  cluster  of  centrifugal  inflorescence,  p  82,  fig.  165,  167. 
Cymose :  furnished  with  cymes,  or  like  a  cyme. 

Deca-  (in  composition  of  words  of  Greek  derivation)  :  ten  ;  as 
Dccdfjynous :  with  10  pistils  or  styles.     Dccdndwus  :  with  10  stamens. 
Deciduous:  falling  off,  or  subject  to  fall,  said  of  leaves  which  fall  in  autumn, 

and  of  a  calyx  and  corolla  which  fall  before  tlie  fruit  forms. 
Declined :  turned  to  one  side,  or  downwards,  as  the  stamens  of  Azalea  nudiflora. 
Decompound :  several  times  compounded  or  divided  ;  p  67,  fig.  138. 
Decumbent:  reclined  on  the  ground,  the  summit  tending  to  rise;  p.  37. 
Decurrent  (leaves) :  prolonged  on  the  stem  beneath  the  insertion,  as  in  Thistles. 
Decussate:  arranged  in  pairs  Which  successively  cross  each  other;  fig.  147. 
Definite :  when  of  a  uniform  number,  and  not  above  twelve  or  so. 
Dejlexed:  bent  downwards. 

Deflorate:  past  the  flowering  state,  as  an  anther  after  it  has  discharged  its  pollen. 
Dehiscence:  the  mode  in  which  an  anther  or  a  pod  regularly  bursts  or  splits 

open ;  p.  132. 
Dehiscent :  opening  by  regular  dehiscence. 

Deliquescent :  branching  off  so  that  the  stem  is  lost  in  the  branches,  p.  25. 
Deltoid:  of  a  triangular  shape,  like  the  Greek  capital  A. 
Demersed:  growing  below  the  surface  of  water. 
Dendroid,  Dendritic :  tree-like  in  form  or  appearance. 
Dentate:  toothed  (from  the  Latin  dens,  a  tooth),  p.  61,  fig.  113. 
Denticulate :  furnished  with  denticulations,  or  very  small  teeth  :  diminutive  of 

the  last. 
Depauperate  (impoverished  or  starved) :  below  the  natural  size. 
Depressed:  flattened,  or  as  if  pressed  down  from  above  ;  flattened  vertically. 
Descending  :  tending  gradually  downwards. 
Determinate  Inflorescence,  p.  81,  83. 
Dextrorse  :  turned  to  the  right  hand. 
Di-  (in  Greek  compounds)  :  two,  as 

Dia'delphoHS  (stamens)  :  united  by  their  filaments  in  two  sets;  p.  Ill,  fig.  227. 
Didndrous :  having  two  stamens,  p.  112. 
Diagnosis .  a  short  distinguishing  character,  or  descriptive  phrase. 


OLOSSARTi  ^18 

Didphnrtous:  transparent  or  trani?liircnt. 

DicltlamyiUous  (Howcr) :  liaviiig  both  calyx  and  corolla. 

Dichiitoinons :  two-forkcil. 

Diclinous :  having  tiie  stamens  in  one  flower,   tlic  pistils    in  anoihcr ;   p.   89, 

fij,'.  176,  177. 
Dicdccoiis  (fruit) :  splittinjj  into  two  cocri,  or  doscil  carj)(ls. 
Dlcoti/leUvnous  (cmliryo)  :  iiavini;  a  jtair  of  cotyledons  ;  p.  IG,  1.37. 
Diroli/hdoiioiis  Plants,  p.  150,  182. 
Di((i/iiwus :  twin. 
Dklynamous  (stamens) ;  liavinp  four  stamens  in  two  pairs,  one  pair  shorter  than 

the  other,  as  in  fig.  194,  195. 
Diffuse:  spreading  widely  and  irregularly. 
Diijilate  (fingered)  :  where  the  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf  are  all  borne  on  the 

apex  of  tiie  petiole;  p.  G5,  fig.  129. 
Diiji/nous  (flower)  :  having  two  pistils  or  styles,  p.  IIG. 
Dimerous :  made  up  of  two  parts,  or  its  organs  in  twos. 
Dimidiate:  halved;  as  where  a  leaf  or  leaflet  has  only  one  side  developed,  or  a 

stamen  has  only  one  lobe  or  cell ;  (ig.  239. 
Dimorphous :  of  two  forms. 
Diacious,  or  Diou-ous :  where  the  stamens  and  pistils  arc  in  separate  flowers  on 

different  plants  ;  p.  89. 
Dipe'iiilous :  of  two  petals.     Diplnjllous:  two-leaved.     Dipterous:  two-winged. 
Disciform  or  Disk-shnjted :  flat  and  circular,  like  a  disk  or  cpioit. 
Disk:  the  face  of  any  flat  body;  the  central  j)art  of  a  head  of  flowers,  like  the 

Sunflower,   or   Coreopsis  (fig.  224),  as  opposed  to  the  ray  or  margin;  a 

fleshy  expansion  of  the  receptacle  of  a  flower  ;  p.  125. 
Dissected :  cut  deeply  into  many  lobes  or  divisions. 
Dissepiments :  the  partitions  of  an  ovary  or  a  fruit ;  p.  119. 
Distichous  :  two-ranked  ;  p.  7."3. 
Distinct:  uncombined  with  each  other  ;  p.  102. 
Divaricate:  straddling;  very  widely  divergent. 
Divided  (leaves,  &c.)  :  cut  into  divisions  extending  about  to  the  base  or  the  mid 

rib;  p.  G2,  fig.  125. 
Dodeca-  (in  Greek  compounds) :  twelve;  as 
DodecdippioHS :  with  twelve  pistils  or  styles. 
Dodecandrous :  with  twelve  stamens. 
Dolahrif^rm :   axe-shn])cd. 

i/orscd:  pertaining  to  the  b.ick  (dorsum)  of  an  organ. 
Dorsal  Snture,  p.  117. 
Dolttd  Ducts,  p.  148. 

Double  Flowers,  so  called  :  where  the  jx-tals  are  multiplied  unduly;  p.  85,  98. 
Doivny :  clothed  with  a  coat  of  soft  and  short  hairs. 
Drupe:  a  stone-fruit ;  p.  128,  fig.  285. 
Drupaceous:  like  or  pertaining  to  a  drui)e. 
Ducts:  the  so-called  vessels  of  plants ;  p.  14G,  148. 
Dumose:  bu«hy,  or  relating  to  bushes. 
Duramen:  the  heart-wood,  p.  153. 
Dwarf:  i-cmarkal)ly  low  in  stature. 


214  GLOSSARY. 

E-,  or  Ex-,  at  the  beginning  of  compound  words,  means  destitute  of ;  as  ecostate, 
without  a  rib  or  midrib ;  exalbuininotts,  without  albumen,  &c. 

Eared:  see  auriculate;  p.  59,  fig.  96. 

Ehrdcteate ;  destitute  of  l)racts. 

EcJiinate;  armed  with  prickles  (like  a  hedgehog).    jE'c/iuiu/ate ;  a  diminutive  of  it. 

Edentate :  toothless. 

Effete :  past  bearing,  &c. ;  said  of  anthers  wliich  have  discharged  their  pollen. 

Eglandulose :  destitute  of  glands. 

Eldters  :  threads  mixed  with  the  spores  of  Liverworts.     (Manual,  p.  682.) 

Ellipsoidal :  approaching  an  elliptical  figure. 

Elliptical :  oval  or  oblong,  with  the  ends  regularly  rounded  ;  p.  58,  fig.  88. 

Emdrginate  :  notched  at  the  summit ;  p.  60,  fig.  108. 

Embryo:  the  rudimentary  undeveloped  plantlet  in  a  seed;  p.  6,  fig.  9,  12,  26, 
31  -37,  &c.,  and  p.  136.     Embn/o-sac,  p.  139. 

Emersed :  raised  out  of  water. 

Endecdijynoiis :  with  eleven  pistils  or  styles.    Endccdndrous  :  with  eleven  stamens- 

Endocarp  :  the  inner  layer  of  a  pericarp  or  fruit ;  p.  128. 

Endochrome  :  the  coloring  m.atter  of  Alga;  and  the  like. 

End&jemus  Stems,  p.  1 50.     Endogenous  Plants,  p.  1 50. 

Endosmose  :  p.  1 68. 

Endosperm  :  another  name  for  the  albumen  of  a  seed. 

Endostome :  the  orifice  in  the  inner  coat  of  an  ovule. 

Ennea- :  nine.     Ennedgynous  :  with  nine  petals  or  styles. 

Ennedndrous :  Avith  nine  stamens. 

Ensifonn  :  sword-shaped  ;  as  the  leaves  of  Iris,  fig.  134. 

Entire:  the  margins  not  at  all  toothed,  notched,  or  divided,  but  even  ;  p.  61. 

Ephemeral :  lasting  for  a  day  or  less,  as  the  corolla  of  Purslane,  &c. 

Epi-,  in  composition  :  upon  ;  as 

Epicarp  :  the  outermost  layer  of  a  fruit ;  p.  128. 

Epidermal:  relating  to  the  Epidermis,  or  the  skin  of  a  plant;  p.  152,  155. 

Epigaons :  growing  on  the  earth,  or  close  to  the  ground. 

Epigynous:  upon  the  ovary  ;  p.  105,  111. 

Epipe'talo'is:  borne  on  the  petals  or  the  corolla. 

Epiphyllous :  borne  on  a  leaf. 

Epiphyte :  a  plant  growing  on  another  plant,  but  not  nourished  by  it ;  p.  34. 

Epiphytic  or  Epiphytal :  relating  to  Epiphytes;  p.  34. 

Epispenn  :  the  skin  or  coat  of  a  seed,  especially  the  outer  coat. 

Equal:  same  as  regular ;  or  of  the  same  number  or  length,  as  the  case  may  be, 
of  the  body  it  is  compared  with. 

Equally  pinnate  :  same  as  abruptly  pinnate  ;  p.  65. 

Equitant  (riding  straddle)  ;  p.  68,  fig.  133,  134. 

Erose:  eroded,  as  if  gnawed. 

Erdstrate:  not  beaked. 

Essential  Organs  of  the  flower,  p   85. 

Est  i  rat  ion  :  sec  a'stiration . 

Etiolated:  blanclied  by  excluding  the  light,  as  the  stalks  of  Celery. 

Em-green :  holding  the  leaves  over  winter  and  until  new  ones  appear,  or  longen 

Exalbumimus  (stied)  :  destitute  of  albumen  ;  p.  136. 


r.LOSSAUY.  215 

Eralrrrnt :  ninningj  out,  as  wlion  a  niidril)  projects  beyond  tlic  npex  of  a  Ica^ 

or  a  trunk  is  continued  to  tlie  very  top  of  a  tree. 
Exhalation,  p.  150,  1G9. 

Er&jenous  Stems,  p.  150.     Exopnions  Plants,  p.  182. 
Exostome :  the  oriliec  in  the  outer  coat  of  the  ovule ;  p.  122. 
Exphnuite :  spread  or  flattened  out. 

Ersei-ted:  protruding,'  out  of,  as  the  stamens  out  of  the  corolla  of  fig.  201. 
Exulipulate :  destitute  of  stipules. 
Extra-axillari/ :  said  of  a  l)raneli  or  bud  a  little  out  of  the  a.xil  ;  a,s  the  upper 

accessory  buds  of  the  Butternut,  p  27,  fif^.  52. 
Extrdrse:  turned  outwards;  the  anther  is  extiorsc  when  fastened  to  the  filamcni 

on  the  side  next  the  pistil,  and  opening  on  the  outer  side,  as  in  Iris  ;  p.  113. 

Falcate :  scythe-shaped  ;  a  flat  body  curved,  its  edges  parallel. 

Family:  p.  176. 

Farinaceous :  mealy  in  texture.     Farinose  :  covered  with  a  mealy  powder. 

Fdsciate:  banded  ;  also  applied  to  monstrous  stems  which  grow  flat. 

Fascicle :  a  do.sc  cluster  ;  p.  8.'5. 

Fascicled,  Fasciculated:  growing  in  a  binidle  or  tuft,  as  the  leaves  of  Pino 
and  Larch  (fig   139,  140),  the  roots  of  Tieony  and  Daiilia,  fig.  60. 

Fasliijiate :  close,  parallel,  and  upright,  as  the  branches  of  t,ombardy  Poplar. 

Fanx  (plural,  /<iHcp.s)  :  the  throat  of  a  calyx,  corolla,  &c. 

Fare'olate,  Fdvose:  honeycombed;  same  as  a/iWa^e. 

Fealhcr-vtined :  where  the  veins  of  a  leaf  spring  from  along  the  sides  of  a  mid- 
rib ;  p.  57,  fig.  86  -  94. 

Female  (flowers)  :  with  pistils  and  no  stamens. 

Fenestrate :  pierced  with  one  or  more  large  holes,  like  windows. 

Ferrugineous,  or  Ferruginous :  resembling  iron-inist ;  red-grayish. 

Fertile:  fruit-bearing,  or  capai)le  of  producing  fruit;  also  said  of  anthers  when 
they  produce  good  pollen. 

Fertilization  :  the  process  by  which  pollen  causes  the  embryo  to  be  formed. 

Fibre,  p.  145.     Fihroiis :  containing  much  fibre,  or  composed  of  fibres. 

Fibrillose:  formed  of  small  lil)res. 

Fibrine,  p.  165. 

Fiddle-shaped :  obovate  with  a  deep  recess  on  each  side. 

Filament:  the  Stalk  of  a  stamen;  p.  86,  fig.  170,  a;  also  any  slender  thread- 
shaped  appendage. 

Filamcnlose,  or  Filamentons  :  bearing  or  formed  of  slender  threads. 

Filiform  :  thread-shaped  ;  long,  slender,  and  cylindrical. 

Fimbriate:  fringed;  furnished  with  fringes  (/fm^/wr). 

Fislular  or  F'sIiiIds,-:  hollow  and  cylindrical,  as  the  leaves  of  the  Onion. 

Flabdili/urm  or  Fbibcllale :  fan-slKiped  ;  iiroiid,  munded  at  the  summit,  and  nar- 
rowed at  the  base. 

Fldijfllate,  or  FIdi/i'llifiirm  {  long,  narrow,  and  flexible,  like  the  thong  of  a  whip- 
or  like  the  runners  (  flai/ella)  of  the  Sfrawbirry. 

Flavescent :  yellowish,  or  turning  yellow. 

Flf.tlii/  :  com|)osed  of  firm  pulp  or  flesh. 

Fleshy  Plants,  p.  47. 


1 


216  GLOSSARY. 

FldxAiose,  or  Fle'xmus:  bending  gently  in  opposite  directions,  in  a  zigzag  way. 

Flodtiiuj :  swimming  on  the  surface  of  water. 

Fldccose :  composed,  or  beai-ing  tufts,  of  woolly  or  long  and  soft  hairs. 

Flora   (the   goddess   of  flowers):  the  plants  of  a   country   or  district,  taken 

together,  or  a  work  systematically  describing  them ;  p.  3. 
Floral:  relating  to  the  blossom. 

Floral  Envelopes  :  the  leaves  of  the  flower ;  p.  85,  99. 
Floret:  a  diminutive  flower;  one  of  the  flowers  of  a  head  (or  of  the  so-called 

compound  flower)  of  Composita;,  p.  106. 
Flower :  the  whole  organs  of  reproduction  of  Phajnogamous  plants  ;  p.  84. 
Flower-bud:  an  unopened  flower. 

Flowering  Plants,  p.  177.     Flowc.rless  Plants,  p.  172,  177. 
FoUdceous:  belonging  to,  or  of  the  texture  or  nature  of,  a  leaf  (folium). 
Fdliose :  leafy ;  aliounding  in  leaves. 
Fdliolate:  relating  to  or  bearing  leaflets  (fullola). 

Follicle:  a  simple  pod,  opening  down  tlic  inner  suture  ;  p.  131,  fig.  302. 
Follicular :  resembling  or  belonging  to  a  follicle. 
Food  of  Plants,  p.  160. 

Foramen :  a  hole  or  orifice,  as  that  of  the  ovule  ;  p.  122. 
Fornix:  little  arched  scales  in  the  throat  of  some  corollas,  as  of  Comfrey. 
Fornicate:  over-arched,  or  arching  over. 
Fdreate:  deeply  pitted.     Fove'olate:  diminutive  of /oi-eate. 
Free:  not  united  with  any  other  parts  of  a  dift'erent  sort ;  p.  103. 
Fringed :  the  margin  beset  with  slender  appendages,  bristles,  &c. 
Frond :  what  answers  to  leaves  in  Ferns  ;  the  stem  and  leaves  fused  into  one 

body,  as  in  Duckweed  and  many  Liverworts,  &c. 
Frondescence :  the  bursting  into  leaf. 

Frdndose:  frond-bearing  ;  like  a  frond  :  or  sometimes  used  for  leafy. 
Fructification:  the  state  of  fruiting.     Organs  of,  p.  76. 
Fruit:  the  matured  ovary  and  all  it  contains  or  is  connected  with  ;  p.  126. 
Frute'scent:  .somewhat  shrubby  ;  becoming  a  shrub  (frutex). 
Fruticulose:  like  a  small  shrub.     Fniticose:  shrubby;  p.  36. 
Fugacious  :  soon  falling  off  or  perishing. 
Fulvous :  tawny  ;  dull  yellow  with  gray. 
Funiculus:  the  stalk  of  a  seed  or  ovule;  p.  122. 
Funnel-form,   or   Funnel-shaped:   expanding   gradually  upwards,  like  a  funnel 

or  tunnel ;  p.  102. 
Furcate :  forked. 

Furfurdceous :  covered  with  bran-like  fine  scurf. 
Furrowed:  marked  by  longitudinal  channels  or  grooves. 
Fuscous:  deep  gray-brown. 
Fusifyrm :  spindle-shaped  ;  p.  32. 

Gdleate:  shaped  like  a  helmet  (galea) ;  as  the  upper  sepal  of  the  Monkshood, 

fig.  185,  and  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  of  Dcad-Nettle,  fig.  209. 
Gnnwpe'tnlous:  of  united  petals  ;  same  as  nwnopetalois,  and  a  better  word  ;  p.  102. 
Gamophyllons :  formed  of  united  leaves.     Gamose'pahus :  formed  of  united  sepals. 
Gelatine,  p.  165. 


.      OLOSSARY.  £17 

Geminate:  twin  ;  in  pairs;  as  tlic  flowers  of  Linnica. 

Gemma  :  a  luul. 

Gemmation:  tlie  state  fif  luidilinf;,  or  flic  arranfjrenifnt- of  parts  in  the  i)ud. 

Gimmnle :  a  small  luid  ;  tla-  inids  of  Mosses  ;  the  phiinule,  p.  6. 

Geniculate:  bent  alHuptly,  like  a  knee  (ijenu),  as  many  stems. 

Genus:  a  kind  ;  a  rank  above  speeies  ;  p.  175,  176. 

Generic  Names,  p.  178.      Generic  Character,  p.  181. 

Geajrap/iiral  Botani/ :  the  study  of  plants  in  their  <};cni.napliiral  relations,  p.  3. 

Germ:  a  f:ro\vin<^  jjoint ;  a  yomii^;  iuid;  sometimes  the  same  as  emi)ryo  ;  p.  1.36. 

Germen :  tlie  old  name  for  ovary. 

Germination :  the  develoi)ment  of  a  plantlot  from  the  seed  ;  p.  5,  137. 

Giblnns:  more  tumid*  at  one  plaee  or  on  one  side  tiian  the  other. 

Glnltrate:  hccomini^  glabrous  witli  a<;e,  or  almost  glabrous. 

Glabrous:  smooth,  i.  e.  having  no  hairs,  bristles,  or  other  pubcscentv. 

Ghuliate:  sword-shajied  ;  as  the  leaves  of  Iris,  (ig.  134. 

Glands:  small  cellular  organs  which  .secrete  oily  or  aromatic  or  other  products: 
they  are  sometimes  sunk  in  the  leaves  or  rind,  as  in  the  Orange,  Prickly 
Ash,  &c  ;  sometimes  on  the  surface  as  small  projections ;  sometimes  raised 
on  hairs  or  bristles  (glandular  hairs,  S,-c.),  as  in  the  Sweetbricr  and  Sua- 
dew.  The  name  is  also  given  to  any  small  swellings,  &c.,  whether  they 
.  secrete  anytiiing  or  not. 

Glandular,  Glaiidulose :  furnished  with  glands,  or  gland-like. 

Glans  ( Gland)  :  the  acorn  or  mast  of  Oak  and  similar  fruits. 

Glaucescenl:  slightly  glaucous,  or  bluish-gray. 

Glaucous:  covered  with  a  bloom,  viz.  with  a  fine  white  powder  that  rubs  off,  like 
that  on  a  fresh  plum,  or  a  cabbage-leaf. 

Glol>ose:  spherical  in  form,  or  nearly  so.     Globular:  nearly  globose. 

Glochidiale  (hairs  or  bristles):  barbed;  tipped  with  barbs,  or  with  a  double 
hooked  ]>oint. 

Gldmerate :  closely  aggregated  into  a  dense  duster. 

GIdmerule:  a  dense  head-like  cluster;  p.  83. 

Glossolotjij :  the  department  of  Botany  in  which  technical  terms  arc  explained. 

Glumaccous :  glume-like,  or  glumc-bcaring. 

Glume:  G'umes  arc  the  husks  or  floral  coverings  of  Grasses,  or,  particulailj, 
the  outer  husks  or  bracts  of  each  sj)ikelet.    (Manual,  p.  535  ) 

Glnmelles:  the  inher  husks,  or  pale.-c,  of  Grasses. 

Gluten:  a  vegetable  product  containing  nitrogen  ;  p.  105. 

Granular:  composed  cff  grains.      Granule:  a  small  grain. 

(howth,  p    138. 

Grumous  or  Grumosr :  formed  of  coarse  clustered  grains. 

Gittlale:  spotted,  as  if  by  drops  of  something  colored. 

Gi/mnordr/>ons :  naked-fruited. 

Gifmnosjx'rmnus :  naked-seeded;  p.  121. 

Gymnospennce,  or  Gi/mnospennous  Plants,  p.  194  ;  Manual,  p.  xxiii. 

Gi/nu'ndrnns :  with  stamens  borne  on,  i.  c.  united  with,  the  pistil ;  ]>.  Ill,  fig.  226. 

Gijuu;ctum :  a  name  for  the  pistils  of  a  flower  taken  altogether. 

Gi/nolxise :  a  particular  recc|)tacle  or  support  of  the  ])istils,  or  of  the  carpels  of 
a  compound  ovary,  as  in  Geranium,  fig.  277,  278. 
19 


2]  8  GLOSSARY.      . 

Gynophore:  a  stalk  raising  a  pistil  above  the  stamens,  as  in  the  Cleome  Family, 

p.  276. 
Gyrale :  coiled  in  a  circle  :  same  as  circinate. 
Gyrose:  strongly  bent  to  and  fro. 

Hdh'it :  the  general  aspect  of  a  plant,  or  its  mode  of  growth. 

Iluhitat :  the  situation  in  which  a  plant  grows  in  a  wild  state. 

Hairs:  hair-like  projections  or  appendages  of  the  surface  of  plants. 

Hairy :  beset  with  hairs,  especially  longish  ones. 

Halberd-shaped,  or  Halberd-headed :  see  hastate. 

Halved:  when  appearing  as  if  one  half  of  the  body  were  cut  away. 

Hamate  or  Hamose :  hooked  ;  the  end  of  a  slender  body  bent  round. 

Hdmulose  :  bearing  a  small  hook  ;  a  diminutive  of  the  last. 

Hastate  ov  Hastlle :  shaped  like  a  halberd;  furnished  with  a  spreading  lobe  on 

each  side  at  the  base  ;  p.  59,  fig.  97. 
Heart-shaped :  of  the  shape  of  a  heart  as  commonly  painted  ;  p.  .58,  fig.  90. 
Heart-wood:  the  older  or  matured  wood  of  exogenous  trees;  p.  153. 
Helicoid:  coiled  like  a  Ac-fe  or  snail-shell. 

Helmet:  the  upper  sepal  of  Monkshood  in  this  shape,  fig.  185,  &c. 
Hemi-  (in  compounds  from  the  Greek) :  half;  e.  g.  Hemispherical,  &c. 
He'micarp:  half-fruit,  or  one  carpel  of  an  Umbelliferous  plant. 
Hemilropous  or  Heniitropul  (ovule  or  seed):  nearly  same  us amphitropous,  p.  123. 
Hepta-  (in  words  of  Greek  origin) :  seven;  as, 
Heptdgynous :  with  seven  pistils  or  styles. 

Heptdmerous:  its  parts  in  sevens.     Heptdndrous:  having  seven  stamens. 
Herb,  p.  20. 

Herbaceous:  of  the  texture  of  common  herbage  ;  not  woody  ;  p.  36. 
Herbarium:  the  botanist's  arranged  collection  of  dried  plants;  p.  201. 
Hermaphrodite  (flower) :  having  both  stamens  and  pistils  in  the  same  blossom  ; 

same  as  perfect;  p.  89. 
Heterocdrpous :  bearing  fi'uit  of  two  sorts  or  shapes,  as  in  Amphicarprea. 
Heterorjcttwits :  bearing  two  or  more  sorts  of  flowers  as  to  their  stamens  and 

pistils  ;  as  in  Aster,  Daisy,  and  Coreopsis. 
Heteromdrphous :  of  two  or  more  shapes. 

He.terdtropous,  or  Heterdtropal  (ovule)  :  the  same  as  amphitropous ;  p.  123. 
Hexa-  (in  Greek  compounds) :  six;  as 

Hexd(jonal:  six-angled.     Hexdrjynous :  with  six  pistils  or  styles. 
Hexdmerous:  its  parts  in  sixes.     Hexdndrous:  with  six  stamens. 
Hexdpterous :  six-winged. 
Hilar:  belonging  to  the  hilum. 

Hilum  :  the  scar  of  the  seed  ;  its  place  of  attachment ;  p.  122,  135. 
Hippocr^piform:  horseshoe-shaped. 
Hirsute :  hairy  with  stiffish  or  beard-like  hairs. 

Hispid:  bristly;  beset  with  stiff  hairs.     Hispfdulous  is  a  diminutive  of  it. 
Hoary  :  grayish-white  ;  see  canescent^  &c. 

Homdfjamous :  a  head  or  cluster  with  flowers  all  of  one  kind,  as  in  Eupatorium. 
Hommjeneous :  uniform  in  nature  ;  all  of  one  kind. 
Homomdilons  (leaves,  &c.) :  originating  all  round  a  stem,  but  all  bent  or  curred 

round  to  one  side. 


GLOSS  AKT.  219 

TTomomrirpIioiix :  nil  of  one  shape. 

lI<>in6lrojioits  or  I/oiiidtro/Hil  (ciiiliryo) :  cunTfl  with  the  seed;  ctin'ed  one  '.vay- 

JIiMxl:  sanio  as  A<//«(<  or  (/o/ra.     Iltxxled:  liood-sliaped  ;  see  cucullate. 

Jlookcd:  same  as  liumatc. 

Horn:  a  spur  or  some  simihir  appcndaj^e.     Ilormj:  of  the  texture  of  horn. 

Jlortus  Siccus:  an  liorbariiun,  or  collection  of  dried  plants;  p.  201. 

Ilniiilfitse :  spread  over  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

Jli/dllne:  transparent,  or  partly  so. 

Ilyhrid:  a  cross-breed  between  two  allied  species. 

JIi/pocrutcnYonii :  salver-shaped;  p.  101,  fig.  202,  208. 

JIif/H>;/wtin:   produced  underground. 

Jli/l'dji/nous :  inserted  under  the  pistil;  p.  10.1,  fig.  212. 

Tcosdndrous :  having  12  or  more  stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

Imbricate,  Imhricaled,  Imbricative:  overlapping  one  another,  like  tiles  or  shingles 
on  a  roof,  as  the  scales  of  the  involucre  of  Zinnia,  &e.,  or  the  bud-scales  of 
Horsechcsnut  (fig.  48)  and  Hickory  (fig.  49).  In  aestivation,  where  some 
leaves  of  tlic  calyx  or  corolla  arc  overlapped  on  both  sides  by  others  ;  p.  109. 

Immarrjimite :  destitute  of  a  rim  or  border. 

Lnmersid:  growing  wholly  under  water. 

Imixiri -pinnate:  pinnate  with  a  single  leaflet  at  the  apex  ;  p.  G.j,  fig.  12G. 

Jniper/'d  Jloicers:  wanting  either  stamens  or  pistils  ;  p.  89. 

Imupiiluteral:  unequal-sided,  as  the  leaf  of  a  Begonia. 

Jucanous:  hoary  with  white  pubescence. 

Incisrd :  cut  rather  deeply  and  irregularly  ;  p.  62. 

Inchtd&l:  enclosed ;  when  the  part  in  question  docs  not  project  beyond  another. 

Iiicomphtp  Flower :  wanting  calyx  or  corolla ;  p.  90. 

Iiicrassati  d:  thickened. 

Incumhint:  leaning  or  resting  upon:  the  cotyledons  arc  incumbent  wlicn  tho 
back  of  one  of  them  lies  against  the  radicle ;  the  anthers  are  incumbent 
when  turned  or  looking  inwards,  p.  113. 

Incurved:  gradually  curving  inwards. 

Indefinite:  not  uniform  in  number,  or  too  numerous  to  mention  (over  12). 

Indijinite  or  Indiivnninale  Injlorescence :  p.  77. 

Indehiscent :  not  splitting  open  ;  i.  c.  not  dehiscent ;  p.  127. 

Indi'/rnottx :  native  to  the  country. 

IndiridmU:  p.  173. 

Indtiplicale :  with  the  edges  turned  inwards;  p.  100. 

Indiisliini:  the  shield  or  covering  of  a  fiuit-dot  of  a  Feni.      (Manual,  p   .^)88  ) 

Inferior:  growing  below  some  other  organ  ;  p.  104,  121. 

Injlatrd:  turgid  and  bladdery. 

Inflexcd:  bent  inwards. 

Lijlorescince:  the  arrangement  of  flowers  on  the  stem;  p.  70. 

Infra-<txillurij :  situated  beneath  the  axil. 

In/iindiliuli/orm  ov  lo/nndtbiilar :  funnel-shu))('d  ;  ]>.  102,  fig.  100. 

Innate  (anther);  attached  by  its  base  to  the  very  apex  i)f  the  filament;  p.  113. 

Liiioviitlon:  an  incomplete  young  shoot,  cs))ccially  in  Mosses. 

Inorjanic  Constituents,  p.  IGO. 


220  GLOSSARY, 

Insertion :  the  place  or  the  mode  of  attachment  of  an  organ  to  its  support ;  p.  72. 

Intercellular  Passa(jes  or  Spaces,  p.  143,  fig.  341. 

Iiitei-node :  the  part  of  a  stem  between  two  nodes  ;  p.  42. 

Inteiruptedly  pinnate:  pinnate  with  small  leaflets  intermixed  with  larger  ones, 

as  in  Water  Avens. 
IntrafoUaccons  (stipules,  &c.) :  placed  between  the  leaf  or  petiole  and  the  stem. 
Introrse:  turned  or  facing  inwards,  i.  e.  towards  the  axis  of  the  flower;  p.  113. 
Inverse  or  Inverted:  where  the  apex  is  in  the  direction  op]30site  to  that  of  the 

organ  it  is  compared  witli. 
involucel :  a  partial  or  small  involucre  ;  p.  81. 
InvoJucellate:  furnished  with  an  involucel. 
Involucrute :  furnished  with  an  involucre. 

involucre :  a  whorl  or  set  of  bracts  around  a  flower,  umbel,  or  head  ;  p.  79. 
involute,  in  vernation,  p.  76  :  rolled  inwards  from  the  edges. 
Irregular  Flowers,  p.  91. 

Jointed:  separate  or  separable  at  one  or  more  places  into  pieces ;  p.  64,  &c. 

Keel:  a  projecting  ridge  on  a  surface,  like  the  keel  of  a  boat;  the  two  anterior 

petals  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla;  p.  10.5,  fig.  217,  218,  k. 
Keeled:  furnished  with  a  keel  or  sharp  longitudinal  ridge. 
Kernel  of  the  ovule  and  seed,  p.  122,  136. 
Kidney-shaped:  resembling  the  outline  of  a  kidney;  p.  .59,  fig.  100. 

Lahcllum:  the  odd  petal  in  the  Orchis  Family. 

Labiate:  same  as  bilabiate  or  two-lipped  ;  p.  105. 

Laciniate:  slashed;  cut  into  deep  narrow  lobes  (called  lacinicc). 

Lactescent :  producing  milky  juice,  as  does  the  Milkweed,  &c. 

Ldcunose:  full  of  holes  or  gaps. 

Lcevifjcite:  smooth  as  if  polished. 

Lamellar  or  Lamellate:  consisting  of  flat  plates  (lamella;). 

Lamina  :  a  plate  or  blade  :  the  blade  of  a  leaf,  &c.,  p   54. 

Lanate :  woolly ;  clothed  with  long  and  soft  entangled  hairs. 

Lanceolate :  lance-shaped  ;  p.  58,  fig.  86. 

Lanuf/inous :  cottony  or  woolly. 

Latent  buds :  concealed  or  undeveloped  buds  ;  p.  26,  27. 

Lateral:  belonging  to  the  side. 

Latex:  the  milky  juice,  &c.  of  plants. 

Lax:  loose  in  texture,  or  sparse;  the  opposite  of  crowded. 

Leaf,  p.  49.     Leaf-buds,  p.  20,  27. 

Leaflet:  one  of  the  divisions  or  blades  of  a  compound  leaf;  p.  64. 

Leaf-like:  same  ns  foliaceous. 

Leathery  :  of  about  the  consistence  of  leather ;  coriaceous. 

Legume:  a  simple  pod,  dehiscent  into  two  pieces,  like  that  of  the  Pea,  p.  131, 

fig.  303  ;  the  fruit  of  the  Pea  Family  [Leguminosce),  of  whatever  shape. 
Legumine,  p.  1 65. 

Leguminous:  belonging  to  legumes,  or  to  the  Leguminous  Family. 
Lenticular:  lens-shaped;  i.  e.  flattish  and  convex  on  both  sides. 


GLOSS  ART.  221 

T.e'pul(*f. :  loprotiR  ;  cnvcrpd  witli  sciirfv  scales. 

/>(7«'/-;  tlu;  iiiiUT,  lilimii-;  Iwrk  of  Kx();,'cni)us  jilants ;  p.  152. 

Liijw'oua,  or  Llijiinxr :  wooily  in  tcxtuir. 

Llijulate:  furnished  with  a  lii^^ile  ;  p.  lOG. 

Lujulv:  the  strap-sliaped  eorolhi  in    many  Composita;,  p.   106,  fi<r.   220;  tho 

little  membranous  append.ifjc  at  the  summit  of  the  Icaf-shcaths  of  most 

Grasses. 
Limb:  the  Itlade  ot  a  leaf,  petal,  Sec. ;  )).  .'34,  102. 
I.imnr:  narrow  and  Hat,  the  margins  parallel;  p.  58,  fig.  85. 
Liniiite:  marked  with  i)arallel  lines.     Limolate:  marked  with  miimte  lines. 
Liiii/itlale,  Liiii/nif'onn  :  tongne-shajjed. 
Liji :  the  ])r4ncipal  lobes  of  a  bihihiatc  corolla  or  calyx,  p.  105;  the  odd  and 

peculiar  petal  in  tho  Orchis  Family. 
fjohe:  any  ])rojection  or  division  (especially  a  rounded  one)  of  a  leaf,  &c. 
Ijoce'llus  (plural  locdii) :  a  small  cell,  or  compartment  of  a  cell,  of  an  ovary  or 

anther. 
lAicnlar :  relating  to  tiie  cell  or  coni]iartinpnt  (IockIii.i)  of  an  ovary,  &c. 
Lociilici'chil  (deiiiscence) :  sj)litting  down  through  the  middle  of  tiic  back  of  each 

cell  ;  p   1.52,  fig  305. 
T^ocusta :  a  name  for  tlic  spikelet  of  Grasses. 

Ldmeiit:  a  pod  which  separates  transversely  into  joints ;  p.  131,  fig.  304. 
Lomentdaous :  pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  loment. 
Ldiate:  thong-shaped. 

Luiinle:  crcscent-sjiaped.     Lnmihite:  diminutive  of /(/h«/c. 

Lynite:  lyre-sliapcd  ;  a  pinnatifid  leaf  of  an  obovate  or  spatulate  outline,  the 
end-lobe  large  and  roundish,  and  the  lower  lobes  small,  as  in  Winter- 
Cress  and  Radish,  fig.  59. 

Mace:  the  aril  of  the  Nutmeg;  p.  135. 

Mdcii/ate :  spotted  or  blotched. 

Male  (flowers) :  having  stamens  but  no  pistil. 

Mdmmose:  breast-shaped. 

Marcescent:  withering  without  falling  ofi". 

Man/innl:  belonging  to  the  edge  or  margin. 

M(iri/i)utle :  margined,  with  an  edge  different  from  tlie  rest. 

Masked :  see  personaic. 

Median  :  belonging  to  the  middle. 

Medullarfi:  belonging  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  pith  (mediilln)  ;  pithy. 

MeflnUarij  Riiifs:  the  silver-grain  of  wood;  p.  151. 

Mediillari/  Shealli:  a  set  of  ducts  just  aroun<l  the  pith  ;  p.  151. 

Membranacinim  or  }fi'iii})iaiwHH:  of  tiie  ftxture  of  membrane  ;  thin  and  more  or 

less  translucent. 
Menifcoid :  cresccnt-shnped. 

M^iiairp:  one  carpel  of  the  fruit  of  an  Umbelliferous  plant. 
Merismntic:  sepanUins:  into  parts  by  the  fonnatiun  of  partitions  within. 
Me'socarp:  the  middle  part  of  a  pericar]),  when  that  is  distinguishable  into  three 

layers;  p.  128. 
Mesophlmum  :  the  middle  or  green  bark. 
19* 


222  GLOSSART, 

Micropyle:  the  closed  orifice  of  the  seed  ;  p.  135. 

Midrib:  the  middle  or  main  rib  of  a  leaf;  p.  55. 

Milk-Vessels :  p.  148. 

Miniate :  vcrmilion-coloi-ed. 

Mitriform :  mitre-shaped  ;  in  the  form  of  a  peaked  cap. 

Monadeljihous :  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  one  set;  p.  111. 

Mondndrous  (flower)  :  kaving  only  one  stamen;  p.  112. 

Monilifonn :  necklace-shaped ;  a  cylindrical  body  contracted  at  intervals. 

Monochlamydeous :  having  only  one  floral  envelope,  i.  e.  calyx  but  no  corolla,  as 

Anemone,  fig.  179,  and  Castor-oil  Plant,  fig.  178. 
Monocotijle'donous  (embryo)  :  wrth  only  one  cotyledon;  p.  16,  137. 
Monocofi/ledonoits  Plants,  p.  150,  192. 

Monrjecioiis,  or  Monoicous  (flower)  :  having  stamens  or  pistils  only ;  p.  90. 
Moiid(ji/noHs  (flower)  :  having  only  one  pistil,  or  one  style;  p.  116. 
Monope'lalom  (flower)  :  with  the  corolla  of  one  piece;  p.  101. 
Mono/ iliijl Ions:  one-leaved,  or  of  one  piece  ;  p.  102. 
Monose'/ia/oiis :  a  calyx  of  one  piece;  i.  e.  with  the  sepals  united  into  one  body; 

p.  101. 
Monospermous :  one-seeded. 

Monstrosity :  an  unnatural  deviation  from  the  usual  stracture  or  form. 
Morpholo(/y:  the  department  of  botany  which  treats  of  tiie  forms  which  an  organ 

(say  a  leaf)  may  assume;  p  28. 
Mucronate:  tipped  with  an  abrupt  short  point  (mucro)  ;  p.  60,  fig.  111. 
Mucrdnulate:  tipped  with  a  minute  abrupt  point;  a  diminutive  of  the  last. 
Multi-,  in  composition  :  many  ;  as 

Multangidar :  many-angled.     Multicipital :  many-headed,  &c. 
Multifarions :  in  many  rows  or  ranks.     Miiltifid:  many-cleft;  p.  62. 
Multildcular :  many-celled.     Multise'rial:  in  many  rows. 
Multiple  Fruits,  p.  133. 
Mdricate:  beset  with  short  and  hard  points. 
Muriform :  wall-like  ;  resembling  courses  of  bricks  in  a  wall. 
Muscology :  the  part  of  descriptive  botany  which  treats  of  Mosses  (i.  e.  Musci). 
Mdticous :  pointless  ;  beardless  ;  unarmed. 
Myceiium  :  the  spawn  of  Fungi ;  i.  e.  the  filaments  from  which  Mushrooms,  &c. 

originate. 

Ndpiform:  turnip-shaped;  p.  31,  fig.  57. 

Natural  System:  p.  195. 

Naturalized :  introduced  from  a  foreign  country,  but  growing  perfectly  wild  and 

propagating  freely  by  seed. 
Navicular:  boat-shaped,  like  the  glumes'of  mo.st  Grasses. 
Necklace-shaped :  looking  like  a  string  of  beads  ;  see  moniliform. 
Nectar :  the  honey.  &c.  secreted  by  glands,  or  by  any  part  of  the  corolla. 
Nectariferous :  honey-bearing  ;  or  having  a  nectary. 
Nectary:  the  old  name  for  petals  and  other  parts  of  the  flower  when  of  unusual 

shape,  especially  when  hone3'-bearing.     So  the  hollow  spur-sliaped  petals  of 

Columliine   were  called  nectaries;  also  the  curious  long-clawed  petals  of 

Monkshood,  fig.  186,  &c. 


GLOSSAUY.  228 

Needlr-ahaprd :  lonp,  sicndor,  and  ri^iil,  like  the  loaves  of  Pinos  ;  p.  GR,  fljr-  140. 
Nerrc:  a  name  for  tlie  rilts  or  veins  of  leaves,  when  sinipU^  and  panillel  ;  j).  56. 
Nerred:  furnished  witli  nerves,  or  sinipk"  and  ])arallel  rihs  or  veins  ;  p.  5f),  fij;.  84. 
Keltnl-ninnl :  furnislied  witli  brancliin;.;  veins  forming  network;  ]).  .50,  fi;;.  8.3. 
Noihl'iiifj  (hi  Latin  form,  NiitanI)  :  bendiiij;  so  that  the  summit  lian^^s  downward.' 
Node:  a  knot ;  the  "joints  "  of  a  stem,  or  the  part  whence  a  leaf  or  a  pair  of 

leaves  sjjrinfjs  ;  p.  40. 
NiUhse:  knotty  or  knobby.     Nddnloxr :  furnislied  witli  little  knobs  or  knots. 
Normal :  aeeordlnj^  to  rule  ;  the  pattern  or  natural  way  accordiuf^  to  some  law. 
Notalc:  marked  with  spots  or  lines  of  a  different  color. 
Nncamentatxoits :  relatin<^  to  or  resembling  a  small  nut. 
Niiciform  :  nut-shaped  or  nut-like.     Nucule  :  a  small  nut. 
Nucleus:  the  kernel  of  an  ovule  (p.  122)  or  seed  (|).  136)  of  a  cell ;  p.  140. 
Nut :   a  hard,  mostly  one-seeded  indehisccnt  fruit ;  as  a  chestnut,  butternut, 

acorn;  p.  1.30,  fig.  299. 
Nutlet :  a  little  nut ;  or  the  stone  of  a  drupe. 

Oh-  (meaning  over  against)  :  when  prefixed  to  words,  signifies  inversion;  as, 

Obi-omprcssal :  fiattencd  the  opposite  of  the  usual  way. 

Olicdrdalc:  heart-shaped  with  the  broad  and  notched  end  at  the  apex  instead  of 

the  base;  p.  60,  fig.  109. 
Ohldnceolatc:  lance-shaped  with  the  tapering  point  downwards  ;  p.  58,  fig.  91. 
Ohll(ju(' :  applied  to  leaves,  &c.  means  unequal-sided. 
Obion;/:  from  two  to  four  times  as  long  as  broad,  and  more  or  less  elliptical 

in  outline ;  p.  58,  fig.  87. 
Ohdriite:  inversely  ovate,  the  broad  end  upward  ;  p.  58,  fig.  9.3. 
Olituse:  blunt,  or  round  at  the  end  ;  p.  GO,  fig.  105. 
Obverse:  same  as  inverse. 
Obcolute  (in  the  bud)  :  when  the  margins  of  one  leaf  alternately  overlap  those  of 

the  ojijiositc  one. 
Ochrcatc:  fumished  with  ochreir  (boots),  or  stipules  in  the  form  of  sheaths;  as 

in  Polygonum,  p.  69,  fig.  1.37. 
Ochrulnirous :  yellowish-white;  dull  cream-color. 
Octo-,  eight,  enters  into  the  composition  of 
Octwijinons :  with  eight  pistils  or  styles. 

Ov.ldmerous :  its  parts  in  eights.     Ortdndrous :  Avith  eight  stamens,  &c. 
Offset :  short  branches  next  the  ground  which  take  root ;  p.  38. 
Oite-ribhcd,  One-nvrvid,  &e.  :  furnished  with  only  a  single  rib,  &c.,  &c. 
Ofxique,  api)lied  to  a  surface,  means  dull,  not  shining. 

Ojie'rcuUite :  furnished  with  a  lid  or  cover  (o/urculum),  as  the  capsules  of  Mosses. 
Opjiosile:  said  of  leaves  and  branches  when  on  opposite  sides  of  the  stem  from 

each  other  (i.  c.  in  pairs) ;  p.  23,  71.     Stamens  arc  opposite  the  petals,  &c. 

when  they  stand  before  them. 
OrUcnhir,  Orbiculatf :  circular  in  outline  or  nearly  so;  p.  58. 
Onjnn:  any   member  of  the   jibint,  as  a  leaf,  a  stamen,  &c. ;  p.  1. 
Ortjans  of  Viijilnllott,  j).  7  ;  of  /!r/>rndiiri;on,  p.  77. 
Oiymtized,  On/diilr:  p.  1,  158,  159,  162. 
Onjanic  Constituents,  p.  160.      Organic  Structure,  p.  142. 


224  GLOSSARY. 

Orthdiropous  or  Oiihdtropal  (o'iiilc  or  seed)  :  p.  122,  135,  fig.  270,  274. 
Osseous :  of  a  bony  texture. 
Oral:  broadly  elliptical;  p.  88. 

Ocunj :  tiiat  part  of  the  pistil  containing  the  ovules  or  future  seeds  ;  p.  86,  116. 
Ocate :  shaped  like  an  egg  with  the  broader  end  downwards,  or,  in  plane  sur- 
faces, such  as  leaves,  like  the  section  of  an  egg  lengthwise ;  p.  .58,  fig.  89. 
Oroid:  ovate  or  oval  in  a  solid  form. 
Ocule:  the  body  which  is  destined  to  become  a  seed  ;  p.  86,  116,  122. 

Pcdca  (plural  palece)  :  chaff;  the  inner  husks  of  Grasses  ;  the  chaff  or  bracts  on 
the  receptacle  of  many  Coniposita;,  as  Coreopsis,  fig.  220,  and  Sunflower. 

Paleaceous  :  furnished  with  chaff,  or  chaffy  in  texture. 

Palmate :  when  leaflets  or  the  divisions  of  a  leaf  all  spread  from  the  apex  of  the 
petiole,  like  the  hand  with  the  outspread  fingers  ;  p.  167,  fig.  129,  &c. 

Palmately  (veined,  lobed,  &c.)  :  in  a  palmate  manner;  p.  57,  63,  65. 

Panddriform  :  fiddle-shaped  (which  see). 

Panicle :  an  open  cluster ;  like  a  raceme,  but  more  or  less  compound ;  p.  81, 
fig.  163. 

Panicled,  Paniculate :  arranged  in  panicles,  or  like  a  panicle. 

Papery :  of  about  the  consistence  of  letter-paper. 

Papdionaceoiis :  butterfly-shaped ;  applied  to  such  a  corolla  as  that  of  the  Pea 
and  the  Locust-tree;  p.  105,  fig.  217. 

Papilla  {plural  pa pdke) :  little  nipple-shaped  protuberances. 

Papillate,  Papillose:  covered  with  papilla;. 

Pappus :  thistle-down.  The  down  crowning  the  achenium  of  the  Thistle,  and 
other  Composita?,  represents  the  calyx ;  so  the  scales,  teeth,  chaff,  as  well 
as  bristles,  or  whatever  takes  the  place  of  the  calyx  in  this  family,  are  called 
the  pappus;  fig.  292-296,  p.  130. 

Parallel-veined,  or  nen-ed  (leaves)  :  p.  55,  56. 

Pardpliyses:  jointed  filaments  mixed  with  the  anthcridia  of  Mosses.  (Manual, 
p.  607.) 

Parenchyma :  soft  cellular  tissue  of  plants,  like  the  green  pulp  of  leaves. 

Parietal  (placentie,  &c.)  :  attached  to  the  walls  (parietes)  of  the  ovaiy  or  pen- 
carp ;  p.  119,  120. 

Parted:  separated  or  cleft  into  parts  almost  to  the  base;  p.  62. 

Partial  involucre,  same  as  an  inrolucel :  partial  petiole,  a  division  of  a  main  leaf- 
stalk or  the  stalk  of  a  leaflet :  partial  peduncle,  a  branch  of  a  peduncle  :  par- 
tial umlml,  an  umbellet,  p.  81. 

Patent:  spreading;  open.     Patulous:  moderately  spreading. 

Pauci;  in  composition  :  few  ;  as  pauciflorous,  few-flowered,  &c. 

Pear-shaped :  solid  obovate,  the  shape  of  a  pear. 

Pectinate :  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  divided  into  naiTow  and  close  divisions,  like 
the  teeth  of  a  comb. 

Pedate :  like  a  bird's  foot ;  palmate  or  palmately  cleft,  with  the  side  divisions 
again  cleft,  as  in  Viola  pedata,  &c. 

Pedately  cleft,  lobed,  &c.  :  cut  in  a  pedate  way. 

Pe'direl :  the  stalk  of  each  particular  flower  of  a  cluster;  p.  78,  fig.  156. 

Pe'dicellate,  Pe'dicdled:  fui-nished  with  a  pedicel. 


GLOSSARY.  225 

Peduncle:  a  flower-stnlk,  whether  of  a  sinf,'Io  flower  or  of  a  flower-cluster;  p.  78. 

Pc'iluiided,  Pedtlnntltite. :  furnished  with  u  peduncle. 

Ftltute:  shield-shai)ed  :  siiid  of  a  leaf,  whatever  its  shape,  when  the  petiole  '\% 

attached  to  tlic  lower  side,  somewhere  within  the  mari^in  ;  p.  59,  fi;,'.  102,  178. 
Pendent:  lianfrinf;.     Poudnlous :  somewhat  han^in;:  or  droopin<j. 
Pendilhtti' :  tipped  with  a  tuft  of  line  hairs,  like  a  painter's  pencil  ;  as  the  sti<^- 

mas  of  some  Grasses. 
Pettta-  (in  words  of  Grcek  composition) :  five  ;  as 
Pentdijipious  :  with  five  pistils  or  styles  ;  p.  UG. 
Pentdimrous :  with  its  parts  in  fives,  or  on  the  plan  of  five. 
Pentdndioas  :  having  five  stamens  ;  p.  112.     Pentdstichous  :  in  five  ranks. 
Pepo:  a  fruit  like  the  Melon  and  Cueumher;  p.  128. 
Perennial :  lasting  from  year  to  year  ;  p.  21. 
Perfict  (flower) :   having  hoth  stamens  and  pistils  ;  p.  89. 
Perfdiidle:  passing  through  the  leaf,  in  appearance  ;  p.  G7,  fig.  131,  132. 
Pe'ifurate:  pierced  with  holes,  or  with  transparent  dots  resembling  hgles,  as  an 

Orange-leaf. 
P<frktnlh  :  the  leaves  of  the  flower  generally,  es)iccially  when  we  cannot  readily 

distinguish  them  into  calyx  and  corolla;  p.  S.'j. 
Pericarp  :  the  ripened  ovary  ;  the  walls  of  the  fruit ,  p.  127. 
Pcricdrpic :  helonging  to  the  pericarp, 

Periclucth:  the  cluster  of  peculiar  leaves  at  the  base  of  the  fruit-stalk  of  Jlosses. 
PcrichceAial :  helonging  to  the  pcrichrcth. 
Perifjdnitim,  P<ri;/oiie :  same  a^  perianth. 
Periijijidnm  :  bodies  around  the  pistil  ;  applied  to  the  closed  cup  or  bottle-shapod 

body  which  encloses  the  ovary  of  Sedges,  and  to  the  bristles,  little  scales, 

&e.  of  the  flowers  of  some  other  Cyperacea;. 
Pert'r/i/nous :  the  petals  and  stamens  borne  on  the  calyx  ;  p.  104,  111. 
Peripheric:  around  the  outside,  or  peri])hery,  of  any  organ. 
Pe'risperm:  a  name  for  the  albumen  of  a  seed  (p.  l.'^fi). 
Peristome:  the  fringe  of  teeth,  &c.  around  the  orifice  of  tlic  capsule  of  Mosses. 

(Manual,  p.  607  ) 
Persistent :  remaining  beyond  the  period  when  such  parts  commonly  fall,  as  the 

leaves  of  evergreens,  and  the  calyx,  &e.  of  such  flowds  as  remain  during 

the  growth  of  the  fruit. 
Personate:  maskcil  ;  a  bilabiate  corolla  with  a  ])rojection,  or ^jr'/i^/c  ii'  the  tI:roat, 

as  of  the  Snapdragon  ;  p.  lOG,  fig.  210,  21 1. 
Petal:  a  leaf  of  the  corolla;  p.  85. 
Pi'tidoid :  petal-like  ;   resembling  or  colored  like  petals. 
Peliole:  a  footstalk  of  a  leaf;  a  Icaf-sfalk,  p.  54. 
Pctioled,  Petiolate:  furnished  with  a  ])etiole. 

Petidlidate :  said  of  a  leaflet  when  nii.sed  on  its  own  partial  leafstalk. 
Pha-no'/anioiif^,  or  Phancr&iamous :  plants  hearing  flowers  and  producing  seeds: 

same  as  Flowering  Plants;  p.  177,  182. 
Phi/Uodium  (plural  phijUodia)  :  a  leaf  where  the  blade  is  a  dilated  jietiole,  as  in 

New  Holland  Acacia.s  ;  p.  C9. 
Plii/ilotd.ris,  or  Phi/l/ola.ri/ :  the  arrangement  of  leaves  on  the  stem  ;  p.  71. 
PhysioiiMjical  Botani/,  Phi/aiolofji/,  j).  3. 
S&F— U 


226  GLOSSARY. 

Phyton  :  a  name  used  to  designate  the  pieces  wliich  by  their  repetition  make  up 

a  plant,  theoretically,  viz.  a  joint  of  stem  with  its  leaf  or  pair  of  leaves. 
Piliftrous:  bearing  a  slender  bristle  or  hair  (pilitm),  or  beset  with  hairs. 
Pilose:  hairy  ;  clothed  with  soft  slender  hairs. 

Pinna  :  a  primary  branch  of  the  petiole  of  a  bipinnate  or  tripinnate  leaf,  as  fig. 
130,  p.  66. 

Pinnule  :  a  secondary  branch  of  the  petiole  of  a  bipinnate  or  tripinnate  leaf ;  p.  66. 

Pinnate  ( leaf )  :  when  the  leaflets  are  arranged  along  the  sides  of  a  common  pe- 
tiole ;  p.  65,  fig.  126-128. 

Pinnately  lobed,  clejl,  parted,  divided,  &c.,  p.  63. 

Pinndtijid:  same  as  pinnately  cleft;  p.  63,  fig.  119. 

Pistil:  the  seed-bearing  organ  of  the  flower  ;  p.  86,  116. 

Pistillidium :  the  body  which  in  Mosses,  Liverworts,  &c.  answers  to  the  pistil. 

Pitchers,  p.  51,  fig.  79,  80. 

Pith:  the  cellular  centre  of  an  exogenous  stem  ;  p.  150,  151. 

Pitted :  having  small  depressions  or  pits  on  the  surfiice,  as  many  seeds. 

Placenta :  the  surface  or  part  of  the  ovary  to  which  the  ovules  are  attached  ; 
p.  118. 

Plaited  (in  the  bud) ;  p.  76,  fig.  150 ;  p.  110,  fig.  225. 

Plane:  flat,  outspread. 

Plicate :  same  as  plaited. 

Plumose:  feathery;  when  any  slender  body  (such  as  a  bristle  of  a  pappus)  is 
beset  with  hairs  along  its  sides,  like  the  plumes  or  the  beard  on  a  feather. 

Plumule  :  the  little  bud  or  first  shoot  of  a  germinating  plantlet  above  the  cotyle-. 
dons  ;  p.  6,  fig.  5  ;  p.  137. 

Pluri-,  in  composition  :  many  or  several ;  as 

Plurifoliolate:  with  several  leaflets  ;  p.  66. 

Pod:  specially  a  legume,  p.  131 ;  also  applied  to  any  sort  of  capsule. 

Pddosperm :  the  stalk  of  a  seed. 

Pointless:  destitute  of  any  pointed  tip,  such  as  a  mucro,  awn,  acuminmtion,  &c. 

Pollen:  the  fertilizing  powder  of  the  anther;  p.  86,  114. 

Pollen-mass :  applied  to  the  pollen  when  the  grains  all  cohere  into  a  mass,  as  in 
Milkweed  and  Orchis. 

Poly-  (in  compound  words  of  Greek  origin)  :  same  as  multi-  in  those  of  Latin 
origin,  viz.  many  ;  as 

Polyadelphous :  having  the  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  several  bun- 
dles ;  p.  112. 

Polydndrous :  with  numerous  (more  than  20)  stamens  (inserted  on  the  recep- 
tacle) ;  p.  112. 

Polycotyle'donous :  having  many  (more  than  two)  cotyledons,  as  Pines;   p.  17, 
137,  fig.  45,  46. 

Polygamous  :  having  some  perfect  and  some  separated  flowers,  on  the  same  or  on 
diff'erent  individuals,  as  the  Ked  Maple. 

Pohjijonal :  many-angled. 

Pohjgynous :  with  many  pistils  or  styles;  p.  116. 

Polymerous :  formed  of  many  parts  of  each  set. 

Polymorphous  :  of  several  or  varying  forms. 

Polype'talous  :  when  the  petals  are  distinct  or  separate  (whether  few  or  many )  ; 
p.  103. 


GLOSSAUY.  227 

Polyphjllous :  mnny-lcftvcd  ;  formed  of  several  distinct  pieces,  as  the  calyx  of 

Seduin,  n-;.  108,  Flax,  fi;;.  174,  &e. 
Poli/xejHilous :  same  as  tlie  last  wiieii  applied  to  the  calyx  ;  p.  103. 
Pol lispermous :  many-scedt  il. 

Pome:  the  apple,  ))ear,  and  similar  lleshy  fruits  ;  p.  128. 
Porous:  full  of  holes  or  pores. 

Pouch  :  the  siliele  or  short  ])od,  as  of  Shepherd's  Purse  ;  p.  133. 
Pnrjlordtton  :  same  as  a  stiiation ;  p.  108. 
Pnv foliation:  s&mo  an, vernation  ;  p.  75. 
Pnvimirse:  endinjj  abruptly,  as  if  bitten  off. 

Prickles  :  sharp  elevations  of  the  bark,  coming  off  with  it,  as  of  the  Rose ;  p.  39. 
PricUl/ :  bearing  prickles,  or  sharp  projections  like  them. 
Primine:  the  outer  coat  of  the  covering  of  the  ovule  ;  p.  124. 
Priiiidrdial :  earliest  formed  ;  primordial  leaves  arc  tiic  first  after  the  cotyledons. 
Prismatic :  prism-shajied  ;  having  tiirce  or  more  angles  bounding  flat  or  hollowed 

sides. 
Process :  any  projection  from  the  surface  or  edge  of  a  body. 
Procumbent :  trailing  on  the  ground  ;  p.  37. 
Produced :  extended  or  projecting,  as  tiie  upper  sepal  of  a  Larkspur  is  produced 

above  into  a  spur ;  p.  91,  fig.  183. 
PnUfi-rous  (literally,  bearing  offspring)  •   where  a  new  branch   rises  from  an 

older  one,  or  one  head  or  cluster  of  flowers  out  of  another,  as  in  Filago 

Germanica,  &c. 
Prostrate  :  lying  flat  on  the  ground. 

Prdleiiie:  a  vegetable  product  containing  nitrogen  ;  p.  165. 
Protoplasm  :  the  soft  nitrogenous  lining  or  contents  of  cells  ,  p.  165. 
Pruinose,  Pruinate:  frosted  ;  covered  with  a  powder  iike  hoar-frost. 
Puhe'rulent :  covered  with  fine  and  short,  almost  imperceptible  down. 
Pube'scent:  hairy  or  downy,  especially  with  fine  and  soft  hairs  ov  pubescence. 
Pulve'rulent ,  or  Pulveraccous  :  dusted  ;  covered  with  line  powder,  or  what  looks 

like  such. 
Piilcinate :  cushioned,  or  shaped  like  a  cushion. 
Punctate :  dotted,  eitiier  with  minute  holes  or  what  look  as  such  (as  tiic  leaves  of 

St.  John's-wort  and  the  Orange),  or  with  minute  projecting  dots. 
Pungent :  very  hard,  and  sharp-pointed  ;  j)rickly-pointed. 
Putumen:  the  stone  of  a  drupe,  or  the  shell  of  a  nut ;  p.  128. 
Pyramidal :  shaped  like  a  pyramid. 

Pi/rene,  Pip-^na:  a  seed-like  nutlet  or  stone  of  a  small  drupe. 
Pi/xis,  Pyxulium :  a  jjod  opening  round  horizontally  by  a  lid  ;  p.  133,  fig.  293,  311.  ' 

Quadri;  in  words  of  Latin  origin  •.  four ;  as 

Quadrdnrjular :  four-angled      Qmdrifoliate :  four-leaved. 

Qnddrijid:  four-deft;   p    62. 

Quate'rnate     in  fours.     Quinate  :  in  fives. 

Quinctinnial:  in  a  quincunx  ;  when  the  parts  in  a-stivation  arc  five,  two  of  them 

outside,  two  inside,  and  one  half  out  and  half  in,  as  showii  in  the  calvx, 

fig.  224. 
Quintuple  :  five-fold. 


228  GLOSSARY. 

Race:  a  marked  variety  which  may  be  perpetuated  from  seed  ;  p.  174. 
Raceme:  a  flower-cluster,  witli  one-flowered  pedicels  arranged  along  the  sides  of 

a  general  peduncle  ;  p.  78,  fig.  156. 
Racemose :  bearing  racemes,  or  raceme-like. 
Rachis :  sec  7-hacIiis. 
Radial:  belonging  to  the  ray. 

Radiate,  or  Radiant:  furnished  with  ray-flowers  ;  p.  107. 
Radical:  belonging  to  the  root,  or  apparently  coming  from  the  root. 
Rddicant :  rooting,  taking  root  on  or  above  the  ground,  like  the  stems  of  Trum- 
pet-Creeper and  Poison-Ivy. 
Rddicels:  little  roots  or  rootlets. 
Radicle :  the  stem-part  of  the  embryo,  the  lower  end  of  which  forms  the  root ;  p. 

6,  fig.  4,  &e. ;  p.  137. 
Ramcal:  belonging  to  a  branch.     Ramose:  full  of  branches  (rown'). 
Rdmiilose:  full  of  branchlets  (ramuli). 
Raphe :  see  rhaphe. 
Ray :  the  marginal  flowers  of  a  head  (as  of  Coreopsis,  p.  107,  fig.  219)  or  cluster 

(as  of  Hydrangea,  fig.  167),  when  difl'ercnt  from  the  rest,  especially  when 

ligulatc,  and  diverging  (like  rays  or  sunbeams) ;  the  branches  of  an  umbel, 

which  diverge  from  a  centre ;  p.  79. 
Receptacle:  the  axis  or  support  of  a  flower;  p.  86,  124;  the  common  axis  or 

support  of  a  head  of  flowers  ;  fig.  230. 
Reclined :  turned  or  curved  downwards  ;  nearly  recumbent. 
Recurved:  curved  outwards  or  backwards. 

Reduplicate,  (in  iEstivation)  :  valvate  with  the  margins  turned  outwards,  p.  109. 
Reflexed :  bent  outwards  or  backwards. 

Refracted:  bent  suddenly,  so  as  to  appear  broken  at  the  bend. 
Regidar :  all  the  parts  similar;  p.  89. 
Re'niform:  kidney-shaped  ;  p.  58,  fig.  100. 
Repdnd :  wavy-margined;  p.  62,  fig.  115 
Repent:  creeping,  i.  e.  prostrate  and  rooting  underneath. 
Re'phim :  the  persistent  frame  of  some  pods  (as  of  Prickly  Poppy  and  Cress), 

after  the  valves  fall  away. 
Reproduction,  organs  of:  all  that  pertains  to  the  flower  and  fruit;  p.  76. 
Resiipinate:  inverted,  or  appearing  as  if  upside  down,  or  reversed. 
Reticulated :  the  veins  forming  network,  as  in  fig.  50,  83. 
Retroflexed :  bent  backwards  ;  same  as  re  flexed. 
Retuse :  blunted ;  the  apex  not  only  obtuse,  but  somewhat  indented  ;   p.  60, 

fig.  107. 
Re'volufe :  rolled  backwards,  as  the  margins  of  many  leaves  ;  p.  76. 
Rhachis  (the  backbone)  :  the  axis  of  a  spike,  or  other  body  ;  p.  78. 
Rhaphe :  the  continuation  of  the  seed-stalk  along  the  side  of  an  anatropous  ovule 

(p.  123)  or  seed  ;   fig.  273,  r,  319  and  320,  b. 
Rhdphidcs :  crystals,  especially  needle-shaped  ones,  in  the  tissues  of  plants. 
Rhizdma  :  a  rootstock  ;  p.  40,  fig.  64  -  67. 

Rhombic :  in  the  shape  of  a  rhomb.     Rhomboidal :  approaching  that  shape. 
Rib :  the  principal  piece,  or  one  of  the  principal  pieces,  of  the  framework  of  a 

leaf,  p.  55  ;  or  any  similar  elevated  line  along  a  body 


GT.OSSAUT. 


229 


Ring :  an  clastic  band  on  tlic  sporc-citscs  of  Ferns.     (Manual,  p.  587,  plate  9, 

Jlingent :  {^riuning  ;  gajjing  oi)cn  ;  p.  102,  fig.  209. 

Jioot,  p.  28. 

Jioot-huirs,  p.  31,  149. 

Rootlets  :  small  roots,  or  root-branches  ;  p.  29. 

Rootstock :  root-like  trunks  or  portions  of  stems  on  or  under  ground  ;  p.  40. 

Rostwfous :  arranged  like  the  petals  of  a  rose. 

Roslellate:  bearing  a  small  beak  (rostellum). 

Rdstrate :  bearing  a  beak  {>-ostritin)  or  a  pixilonged  appendage. 

Rdsulate:  in  a  regular  cluster  of  spreading  leaves,  resembling  a  full  or  double 

rose,  as  the  leaves  of  Ilouseleek,  &c. 
Ratate:  \vhcel-shaped  :  p.  101,  fig.  204,  20.5. 
Rotund :  rounded  or  rouiulish  in  outline. 

Riidimentari/  :  imperfectly  develojted,  or  in  an  early  state  of  development. 
Rwjose  :  wrinkled,  roughened  with  wrinkles. 
Ruminated  (albumen)  :  penetrated  with  irregular  channels  or  portions  filled  with 

softer  matter,  as  a  nutmeg. 
Riincinate :  coarsely  saw-toothed  or  cut,  tlie  pointed  teeth  turned  towards  the 

base  of  the  leaf,  as  the  leaf  of  a  Dandelion. 
Runner :  a  slender  and  prostrate  branch,  rooting  at  the  end,  or  at  the  joints,  as 

of  a  Strawberry,  p.  38. 

Sac :  any  closed  membrane,  or  a  deep  pursc-shapcd  cavity. 

Sdi/ittate :  arrowhead-shaped  ;  p.  59,  fig.  95. 

Salcer-shaped,  or  Sidver-fonn  :  with  a  border  spreading  at  right  angles  to  a  slen- 
der tube,  as  the  corolla  of  Phlox,  p.  101,  fig.  208,  202. 

Samara:  a  wing-fruit,  or  key,  as  of  i\Iaple,  p.  5,  fig.  1,  Ash,  p.  131,  fig.  300,  and 
Elm,  fig.  301. 

Sdmaroid:  like  a  samara  or  key -fruit. 

iSap:  the  juices  of  plants  generally.  Ascending  or  crude  »;ap;  p.  161,  168. 
Elaborated  sap,  that  which  has  been  digested  or  assimilated  bv  the  plaHt ; 
p.  162,  169. 

Sdrcocarp :  the  fleshy  ])art  of  a  stone-fruit,  ]).  128. 

Sannentdccous :  bearing  long  and  flexible  twigs  {sarments),  cither  spreadin";  or 
procumbent. 

Saw-toothed :  see  serrate. 

Scabrous  :  rough  or  harsh  to  the  touch. 

Scaldrijhrm  :  with  cmss-bands,  resembling  the  steps  of  a  ladder. 

Scales  :  of  buds,  p.  22,  50  ;  of  bulbs,  &c.,  p.  40,  46,  50. 

Scalg :  furnished  witii  scales,  or  scale-like  in  texture  ;  p.  46,  &c. 

Scandrnt :  climbing  ;  p.  37. 

Scape:  a  peduncle  rising  from  the  ground,  or  near  it,  as  of  the  stemless  Violets, 
the  Bloodroot,  &c. 

Scdpiform  :  scape-like. 

Scar  of  the  seed,  p.  135.     Lraf-scars,  p.  21. 

Scdrious  or  Scariose  :  thin,  dry,  and  membranous. 

ScM/orm:    resembling  sawdust. 
20 


230  GLOSSARY. 

Scdrpioid  or  Scorpioidal :  curv^ed  or  circinate  at  the  end,  like  the  tail  of  a  scor- 
pion, as  tlie  inflorescence  of  Heliotrope. 

Scrobiciilate  :  pitted  ;  excavated  into  shallow  pits. 

Scurf,  Scurjiness :  minute  scales  on  the  surface  of  many  leaves,  as  of  Goosefoot, 
Buffalo-beny,  &c. 

Scutate:  buckler-shaped. 

Scuteilate,  or  Scute'lUform  :  saucer-shaped  or  platter-shaped. 

Se'cund :  one-sided ;  i.  e.  where  flowers,  leaves,  &c.  are  all  turned  to  one  side. 

Secundine  :  the  inner  coat  of  the  ovule  ;  p.  124. 

Seed,  p.  134.     Seed-coats,  p.  134.     Seed-vessel,  p.  127. 

Segment :  a  subdivision  or  lobe  of  any  cleft  body. 

Segregate  :  separated  from  each  other. 

Semi-  (in  compound  words  of  Latin  origin)  :  half;  as 

Semi-adherent,  as  the  calyx  or  ovary  of  Purslane,  fig.  214.  Semicordate:  half- 
heart-shaped.     Semilunar:  like  a  half-moon.     Semiovate  :  half-ovate,  &c. 

Seminal :  relating  to  the  seed.     Seminifeivus :  seed-bearing. 

Sempervirent :  evergreen. 

Sepal :  a  leaf  or  division  of  the  calyx  ;  p.  85. 

Se'paloid :  sepal-like.     Sepaline  :  relating  to  the  sepals. 

Separated  Flowers:  those  having  stamens  or  pistils  only;  p.  89. 

Septate:  divided  by  partitions  {septa). 

Se'ptenate :  with  parts  in  sevens. 

Septicidal:  where  a  pod  in  dehiscence  splits  through  the  partitions,  dividing 
each  into  two  layers  ;   p.  132,  fig.  306. 

Septiferous:  bearing  the  partition. 

Septifragnl :  where  the  valves  of  a  pod  in  deliiscence  break  away  from  the  par- 
titions ;  p.  132. 

Septum  (plural  septa)  :  a  partition,  as  of  a  pod,  &c. 

Se'rial,  or  Seriate :  in  rows  ;  as  biserial,  in  two  rows,  &c. 

Sericeous :  silky  ;  clothed  with  satiny  pubescence. 

Serotinous :  happening  late  in  the  season. 

Serrate,  or  Serrated:  the  margin  cut  into  teeth  (serratures)  pointing  forwards,- 
p.  61,  fig.  112. 

Serrulate :  same  as  the  last,  but  with  fine  teeth. 

Sessile :  sitting  ;  without  any  stalk,  as  a  leaf  destitute  of  petiole,  or  an  anther 
destitute  of  filament. 

Seta :  a  bristle,  or  a  slender  body  or  appendage  resembling  a  bristle. 

Setaceous:  bristle-like.     Stftiform  :  bristle-shaped. 

Setigerous :  bearing  bristles.     Setose:  beset  with  bristles  or  bristly  hairs. 

Sex:  six;  in  composition.     Sexangular :  six-angled,  &c. 

Sheath  :  the  base  of  such  leaves  as  those  of  Grasses,  which  are 

Sheathing  :  wrapped  round  the  stem. 

Shield-shaped :  same  as  scutate,  or  as  peltate,  p.  59. 

Shrub,  p.  21. 

Sigmoid:  curved  in  two  directions,  like  the  letter  S,  or  the  Greek  sigma. 

Slliciilose:  bearing  a  silicle,  or  a  fruit  resembling  it. 

Stlicle:  a  pouch,  or  short  pod  of  the  Cress  Family;  p.  133. 

Silique:  a  longer  pod  of  the  Cress  Family  ;  p.  133,  fig.  310. 


GLOSSAKT.  231 

Siliquose  :  bcarin<]f  siliqups  or  pods  wliicli  resemble  siliques. 
Silki/:  glossy  with  a  coat  of  line  mid  soft,  close-pressed,  struiglit  liairs. 
Silrer-tjrain  of  wooil ,  p.  151. 

Silveiy:  shining  white  or  hluisli-gray,  usually  from  a  silky  pubescence. 
Simple :  of  one  piece ;  opposed  to  coinjtoiiinl. 
Sinistrorse.:  turned  to  tiie  left. 

Sinuate:  strongly  wavy  ;  with  the  margin  alternately  bowed  inwards  and  oat- 
wards;   p.  62,  tig.  116. 
Sinus :  a  recess  or  bay  ;  the  re-entering  angle  or  space  between  two  IoIkjs  or  pro- 
jections. 
Sleep  of  Plants  (so  called),  j).  170. 
Soliolt/erotis :  bearing  shoots  from  near  the  ground. 
Solitari/ :  single  ;  not  associated  with  others. 
Sorus  (plural  soil) :  the  j)roper  name  of  a  fruit-dot  of  Ferns. 
S/Kidix:  a  fleshy  spike  of  flowers  ;  p.  80,  fig.  162. 
S/Hithaceons :  resembling  or  furnished  with  a 
Sjyathe:  a  bract  which  inwraps  an  inflorescence;  p.  80,  fig.  162. 
Spdttilale,  or  S/>athulale :  shaped  like  a  spatula;  p.  58,  fig.  92. 
Special  Moremenis,  p.  170. 
S/yxies,  p.  173. 

S/)eclJic  Cliaractcr,  p.  181.     Specific  Names,  p.  179. 
Spicate:  belonging  to  or  disposed  in  a  spike. 
Spiciform :  in  shape  resembling  a  spike. 

Spike :  an  inflorescence  like  a  raceme,  only  the  flowers  are  sessile  ;  p.  80,  fig.  160. 
Spikelet:  a  small  or  a  secondary  spike  ;  the  inflorescence  of  Grasses. 
Sjiine:  a  thorn  ;  p.  39. 

Spindle-shajKcl  •  tapering  to  each  end,  like  a  radish  ;  p.  31,  fig.  59. 
Spinesrent :  tipped  by  or  degenerating  into  a  thorn.  ' 

Spinose,  or  Spinl/iroiis:  thorny. 

S/iiral  arrantjement  of  leaves,  p.  72.     Spiral  vessels  or  ducts,  p.  148. 
Sfwrdngia,  or  Spdrocarps :  spore-cases  of  Ferns,  Mosses,  &c. 
Sjmre:  a  body  resulting  from  the  fructification  of  Cryptogamous  plants,  in  them 

taking  the  place  of  a  seed. 
Spdrule:  same  as  a  spore,  or  a  small  sjiore. 
Spur:  any  projecting  ap])cndagc  of  the  flower,  looking  like  a  sjiur,  as  that  of 

Larkspur,  fig.   183. 
Spiamate,  Si/iiamose,  or  Squamaceons :  furnished  with  scales  (squama'). 
Sqnamifllate  or  Spidnmlose :  furnished  with  little  scales  (squamellce  or  squamulce). 
Sqttdmiform :  shaped  like  a  scale. 
Sqiuirrose:  wliere  scales,  leaves,  or  any  appendages,  are  spreading  widely  from 

the  axis  on  which  they  arc  thickly  .set. 
Squdrrulose:  diminutive  of  squarrvse ;  slightly  squarrose. 
Stalk:  the  stem,  petiole,  peduncle,  &c.,  as  the  case  may  be. 
Stamen,  p.  86,  111. 

Staminate:  fnniisbed  with  stamens;  p.  89.     Slnminenl:  relating  to  the  stamens. 
Slamimitliiim :  an  abortive  stamen,  or  other  body  resembling  a  sterile  stamen. 
Standard:  the  upper  petal  of  a  pa])ilionaccons  corolla  ;  p.  105,  fig.  217,  218,  *. 
Starch:  a  well-known  vegetable  product;  p.  163. 


232  GLOSSARY. 

Station :  the  particular  place,  or  kind  of  situation,  in  which  a  plant  naturally 

occurs. 
Stellate,  Stellular:  starry  or  star-like;  where  several  similar  parts  spread  out 

from  a  common  centre,  like  a  star. 
Stem,  p.  36,  &c. 

Stemless :  destitute  or  apparently  destitute  of  stem. 
Sterile :  barren  or  imperfect ;  p.  89. 

Stigma :  the  part  of  tlic  pistil  which  receives  the  pollen  ;  p  87. 
Sliijmdtic,  or  Stigmatose :  belonging  to  the  stigma. 
Stipe  (Latin  stijics)  ■  the  stalk  of  a  pistil,  &c.,  when  it  has  any  ;  the  stem  of  a 

Mushroom. 
Slipel :  a  stipule  of  a  leaflet,  as  of  tiic  Bean,  &c. 
Stipellate:  furnished  with  stipels,   as  the  Bean  and  some  other   Leguminous 

plants. 
Stipitate:  furnished  with  a  stipe,  as  the  pistil  of  Cleome,  fig.  276. 
Stipulate :  furnished  with  stipules. 

Stipules :  the  appendages  one  each  side  of  the  base  of  certain  leaves ;  p.  69. 
Stolons:  trailing  or  reclined  and  rooting  shoots  ;  p.  37. 
Stoloniferous :  producing  stolons. 

Stomate  (Latin  xtoma,  plural  stomata) :  the  breathing-pores  of  leaves,  &c. ;  p.  l.^-e. 
Strap-shaped:  long,  flat,  and  narrow;  p.  106. 
Striate,  or  Striated:   marked   with   slender   longitudinal  grooves   or  ciiannds 

(Latin  strice). 
Strict :  close  and  narrow  ;  straight  and  narrow. 

Striyillose,  Sirvjose :  beset  with  stout  and  appressed,  scale-like  or  rigid  bristles. 
Strohildceotis :  relating  to,  or  resembling  a 
Str6hile:  a  multiple  fruit  in  the  form  of  a  cone  or  head,  as  that  of  the  Hop  and 

of  the  Pine;  fig.  314,  p.  133. 
Strdphiole:  same  as  caruncle.     Strophiolate :  furnished  with  a  strophiole. 
Struma:  a  wen  ;  a  swelling  or  protuberance  of  any  organ. 
Sl//le :  a  part  of  the  pistil  which  bears  the  stigma  ;  p.  86. 
Sti/lopddium :  an  epigynous  disk,  or  an  enlargement  at  tlie  base  of  the  style, 

found  in  Umbelliferous  and  some  other  plants. 
Sub-,  as  a  prefix :  about,  nearly,  somewhat ;  as  suhcordate,  slightly  cordate :  fuh- 

serrate,  slightly  serrate  :  suhaxillary ,  just  beneath  the  axil,  &c.,  &c. 
Siiberose:  corky  or  cork-like  in  texture. 
Subclass,  p.  177,  183.     Snhorder,  p.  176.     Suhtrihe,  p.  177. 
Subulate :  awl-shaped  ;   tapering  from  a  broadish  or  thickish  base  to  a  sharp 

point ;  p.  68. 
Succulent :  juicy  or  pulpy. 

Suckers:  shoots  from  subterranean  branches;  p.  37. 
Snffrute'scevl :  slightly  siu'ubby  or  woody  at  the  base  only  ;  p.  36. 
Sugar,  p.  163. 

Sulcate:  grooved  longitudinally  with  deep  furrows. 
Supernumerari/  Buds:  p.  26. 

Supe'rvolute :  plaited  and  convolute  in  bud  ;  p   110,  fig.  225. 
Supra-a.rillari/ :  borne  above  the  axil,  as  some  buds  :  p.  26,  fig.  52. 
Supra-decompound:  many  times  comnounded  or  divided. 


GLOSSARY.  233 

Siircuhse:  producing  suckers,  or  slioots  resembling  them. 

Suspended:  liiinging  down.     Suspended   ovules   or  seeds  hang  from   the   very 

summit  of  the  cell  which  contains  tiicm  ;  p.  \22,  fig.  209. 
Siilitral:  belonging  or  relating  to  a  suture. 

Suture:  the  line  of  junction  of  contiguous  ])arts  grown  together;   p.  117. 
Swoid-shiiiied :  vertical  leaves  with   acute  parallel  edges,   tapering   alx)vo  to   i\ 

point ;  as  those  of  Iris,  fig.  13.3. 
Sijmmetriml  Flower:  similar  in  the  number  of  parts  of  each  set;  p.  89. 
Si/ndiitherous,  or  Si/mjencsious:  where  stamens  arc  united  by  their  anthers;  p.  112, 

fig.  229. 
Syncdr/mts  (fruit  or  pistil)  :  comi)Oscd  of  several  carpels  consolidated  into  one. 
Sptem,  p.  195. 
Systematic  Botany:  the  study  of  i)lants  after  their  kinds;  p.  3. 

Taper-pointed:  same  as  acuminnte ;  p.  60,  fig.  10.3. 

Tap-root :  a  root  with  a  stout  tai)eriiig  body  ;  p.  .32. 

Tawny:  dull  yellowish,  with  a  tinge  of  brown. 

Tuxdnomi/:  the  part  of  Botany  which  treats  of  classification. 

Tei/men:  a  name  for  the  inner  seod-coat. 

TendrU:  a  thread-shaped  body  used  for  climbing,  p.  3S :  it  is  either  a  branch, 

as  in  Virginia  Creeper,  fig.  62  ;  or  a  part  of  a  leaf,  as  in  Pea  and  Vetch. 

fig.  127. 
Terete:  long  and  round ;  same  as  cylindrical,  only  it  may  taper. 
Terminal :  borne  at,  or  belonging  to,  the  extremity  or  summit. 
Terminoloijii :  the  part  of  the  science  which  treats  of  technical  terms ;  same  as 

(■//oS.SYi/o////. 

Ttfrnate:  in  threes;  p.  66.     Ternntely :  in  a  tcrnate  way. 

Testa:  the  outer  (and  usually  the  harder)  coat  or  shell  of  the  seed;  p.  134. 

Telra-  (in  words  of  Greek  composition)  :  (bur;  as, 

Tetracdccous :  of  four  cocci  or  carpels. 

Tetradijnamous :  where  a  flower  has  six  stamens,  two  of  them  shorter  than  th« 

other  four,  as  in  Mustard,  p.  92,  112,  fig.  188. 
Tetrdijonal:  four-angled.      Telrdt/ynons :  with  four  pistils  or  styles  ;  p.  116. 
Tetrdmerons :  with  its  parts  or  sets  in  fours. 
TetrdndroHs:  with  four  stamens ;  ]).  112. 
T/ieca:  a  case  ;  the  cells  or  lobes  of  the  anther. 
T/iorn :  sec  spine ;  p.  39. 
Thread-shaped:  slender  and  round,  or  roundish  like  a  thread  :  as  the  filament  of 

stamens  generally. 
Thivat:  the  opening  or  gorge  of  a  monojietalons  corolla,  &c.,  where  the  border 

and  the  tube  join,  and  a  little  below. 
T/iyrsf  or  Thyrsus:  a  compact  nnd  pyramidal  panicle;  p.  81. 
Tiimentose :  clothed  with  matted  woolly  hairs  (lomenhim). 
Tomjiie-shaped :  long,  flat,  but  thiekish,  and  blunt. 
Toothed:  furnished   with  teeth  or  short  projections  of  any  sort  on  the  mar<:in, 

used  especially  when  these  are  sharj),  like  saw-teeth,  and  do  not  point  for 

wards;  p.  61,  fig.  113. 
Top-shaped:  shaped  like  a  to]i,  or  a  cone  with  its  noe.x  downwards. 
20* 


234  GLOSSARY. 

7 arose,  Tdntlose:  knobby  ;  where  a  cylindrical  body  is  swollen  at  intervals. 

Turns:  the  receptacle  of  the  flower;  p.  86,  124. 

Tree,  p.  21. 

'J'ri-,  in  composition  :  three ;  as 

Triude'ljihous:  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  three  bundles;  p.  112. 

Tridndrous :  where  the  flower  has  three  stamens  ;  p.  112. 

Tribe,  p.  176. 

Triclidtomous  :  three-forked.     Tricdccoits :  of  three  cocci  or  roundish  carpels. 

Tricolor:  having  three  colors.     Tricdslute:  having  three  ribs. 

IViaispidute :  three-pointed.     Tride'ntate:  three-toothed. 

Triennial:  lasting  for  three  years. 

Trifdrious :  in  three  vertical  rows  ;  looking  three  ways. 

Trijid:  three-cleft;  p.  62. 

Trifdliaie:  three-leaved.     Trifdliolate  :  of  three  leaflets  ;  p.  66. 

Trifurcate:  three-forked.     Trvjonoits :  three-angled,  or  triangular. 

Tn'i/ijiions :  M'ith  three  pistils  or  styles;  p.  116.     Triju^ate :  in  three  pairs  (jugi)- 

Trilubed,  or  Trilobate :  three-lobed  ;  p.  62. 

Trildcular:  three-celled,  as  the  pistils  or  pods  in  fig.  225-227. 

Trimerous:  with  its  pai-ts  in  threes,  as  Trillium,  fig.  189. 

Tririervale :  three-nerved,  or  with  three  slender  ribs. 

Tridcious :  wliere  there  are  three  sorts  of  flowers  on  the  same  or  different  indi- 
viduals ;  as  in  Eed  Maple. 

Tripdrtible :  separable  into  three  pieces.     Tripartite  :  three-parted  ;  p.  62. 

Trijie'luloiis :  having  three  petals  ;  as  in  fig.  189. 

Triphyllous:  three-leaved  ;  composed  of  three  pieces. 

Tripiiinate:  thrice  pinnate  ;  p.  66.     Tripinndtifid :  thrice  pinnatcly  cleft ;  p.  64. 

Triple-ribbed,  Triple-nerved,  &c. :  where  a  midiib  branches  into  three  near  the 
base  of  the  leaf,  as  in  Sunflower. 

Trique'trous :  sharply  three-angled  ;  and  especially  with  the  sides  concave,  like  a 
bayonet. 

Trise'rial,  or  Triseriate:  in  three  rows,  under  each  other. 

Tristichoiis :  in  three  longitudinal  or  perpendicular  ranks. 

Tristigmdtic,  or  Trisliffmatose:  having  tliree  stigmas. 

Trisdlcute :  three-grooved. 

Trite'rnate:  three  times  ternate  ;  p.  67. 

Trivial  Name :  the  specific  name. 

Trochlear :  pulley-shaped. 

Truiiipef-shaped:  tubular,  enlarged  at  or  towards  the  summit,  as  the  corolla  ot 
Trumpet-Creeper. 

Tnmcafe:'  as  if  cut  off  at  the  top  ;  p.  60,  fig.  106. 

Tube,  p.  102. 

Trunk:  the  main  stem  or  general  body  of  a  stcjn  or  tree. 

Tuber:  a  thickened  portion  of  a  subterranean  stem  or  branch,  proviiled  with  ej-ce 
(buds)  on  the  sides  ;  as  a  potato,  p  43,  fig.  68. 

Tubercle:  a  small  excrescence. 

Tubercled,  or  Tuhercitlate :  bearing  excrescences  or  ])imples. 

Tuberous :  resembling  a  tuber.     Tuberiferoiis  :  bearing  tubers. 

Tubular :  hollow  and  of  an  elongated  form ;  hollowed  like  a  pipe. 


GLOSSART.  -235 

Tumid:  swollen;  somewhat  inflated. 

Tunicate :  coated  ;  invested  with  layers,  as  an  onion  ;  p.  46. 

Turbinate:  top-shaped.     Turgid:  thick  as  if  swollen. 

Turio  (plural  turimea)  :  young  shoots  or  suckers  springing  out  of  tlic  ground  ;  ns 

Asparagus-shoots. 
Turnip-sliaped :  broader  than  higli,  narrowed  below  ;  p.  32,  fig.  .'37. 

Tivin:  in  i)airs  [SQa  yeminale),  as  the  llowers  of  Linna;a 
Tifininrj :  ascending  by  coiling  round  a  support,  like  the  Hop  ;  p.  37. 
Typical :  well  expressing  the  characteristics  of  a  species,  genus,  &c 

l/iiihrl:  tlic  nmlirella-likc  form  of  inflorescence  ;  p.  79,  fig.  159. 

Umhdlate :  in  umbels.     Umbelliferous :  bearing  umbels. 

Umbellet :  a  secondary  or  partial  umbel;  p.  81. 

Uiiihilicate:  depressed  in  the  centre,  like  the  ends  of  an  apple. 

Umbonate:  bossed  ;  furnished  with  a  low,  rounded  jjrojection  like  a  boss  (umbo')- 

Umbrdculiform  ;  umbrella-shaped,  like  a  Mushroom,  or  the  top  of  the  style  of 

Sarracenia. 
Unarmed :  destitute  of  spines,  prickles,  and  the  like. 
Uncinate:  hook-shaped  ;  hooked  over  at  the  end. 
Under-shrub :  partially  shrubby,  or  a  very  low  shrub. 
Undulate :  wavy,  or  wavy -margined  ;  p.  62. 

Unequal! u  pinnate  :  pinnate  with  an  odd  number  of  leaflets;  p.  6.5. 
Unguiculate:  furnished  with  a  claw  (unguis)  ;  p.  102,  i.  e.  a  narrow  base,  as  the 

petals  of  a  Rose,  where  the  claw  is  very  short,  and  those  of  Pinks  (fig.  200), 

where  the  claw  is  very  long. 
Uni-,  in  compound  words  :  one  ;  as 
Unijldrous :  one-flowered.     Unifoliate :  onc-leavcd. 
Unifollolate:  of  one  leaflet;  p.  66.      Unijugate  :  of  one  pair. 
Unildbiate:  one-lipped.      Unilateral:  one-sided. 

Unildcular:  one-celled,  as  the  pistil  in  fig.  261,  and  tlic  anther  in  fig.  238,  239. 
Unidvulate:  having  only  one  ovule,  as  in  fig.  213,  and  fig.  267-269. 
Unis<frial :  in  one  horizontal  row. 

Unisexual:  having  stamens  or  pistils  only,  as  in  Moonseed,  fig.  176,  177,  &e. 
Univalved:  a  pod  of  only  one  piece  after  dehiscence,  as  fig.  253. 
Urce'olate :  urn-shaped. 

Utricle:  a  small,  thin-walled,  one-seeded  fruit,  as  of  Goosefoot ;  p.  130,  fig.  350. 
Utricular :  like  a  small  bladder. 

Vdginate:   sheathed,  surrounded  by  a  sheath  (vagina). 

Valve:  one  of  the  pieces  (or  doors)  into  wliich  a  dehiscent  pod,  or  any  similar 

body,  splits;  p.  131,  114. 
Valvate,  Valvular :  opening  by  valves.      Valvate  in  iEStivation,  p.  109. 
Variety,  p.  174,  177. 

Vdfcular:  containing  vessels,  or  consisting  of  vessels,  such  as  ducts  ;  p.  146,  148, 
Vaulted:  arched  ;  same  as  fornicate. 
Vegetable  Pligsiologg,  p.  3. 

Veil:  the  calyptra  of  Mosses.     (Manual,  p.  607  ) 
Veins:  the  small  ribs  or  branches  of  the  framework  of  leaves,  &c. ;  p.  5."). 


236  GLOSSART. 

Veined,  Veiny:  furnished  with  evident  veins.      Veinless :  destitute  of  veins. 

Veinlets  :  the  smaller  ramifications  of  veins. 

Velate:  furnished  with  a  veil. 

Velutinous  :  velvety  to  the  touch. 

Venation  :  tlie  veining  of  leaves,  &c. ;  p.  5.5. 

Venose :  veiny  ;  furnished  with  conspicuous  veins. 

Ventral:  belonging  to  that  side  of  a  simple  pistil,  or  other  organ,  which  looks 

towards  the  axis  or  centre  of  the  flower  ;  the  opposite  of  dorsal ;  as  the 
Ventral  Suture,  p.  117. 

Ve'nlricose :  inflated  or  swelled  out  on  one  side. 
Ve'nulose :  furnished  with  veinlets. 
Vermicular :  shaped  like  worms. 

Vernation :  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  in  the  bud  ;  p.  75. 
Ve'rnicose:  the  surface  appearing  as  if  varnished. 
V&rucose:  warty  ;  beset  with  little  projections  like  warts. 
Versatile:  attached  by  one  point,  so  that. It  may  swing  to  and  fro,  as  the  anthers 

of  the  Lily  and  Evening  Primrose ;  p.  113,  fig.  234. 
Vei-tex :  same  as  the  apex. 

Ve'rtical:  upright;  perpendicular  to  the  horizon,  lengthwise. 
Ve'rticil:  a  whorl ;  p   71.      Verticillate :  whorled ;  p.  71,  75,  fig.  148 
Ve'sicle :  a  little  bladder.     Embryonal  Vesicle,  p.  139.      Vesicular :  bladdery. 
Vessels:  ducts,  &c. ;  p.  146,  148. 
Ve'xillary,  Vexillar :  relating  to  the 

Vexillum:  the  standard  of  a  papilionaceous  flower;  p.  105,  fig.  218,  f. 
Villose:  shaggy  with  long  and  soft  hairs  (villosity.) 

Vimineous:  producing  slender  twigs,  such  as  those  used  for  wicker-work. 
Vine:  any  trailing  or  climbing  stem;  as  a  Grape-vine. 
Vire'scent,   Viridescent:  greenish;  turning  green. 
Virgate:  wand-shaped,  as  a  long,  straight,  and  slender  twig. 
Viscous,  Viscid:  having  a  glutinous  surface. 
Vitta  (plural  vitta) :  the  oil-tubes  of  the  fruit  of  Umbelliferse. 
Voluble:  twining,  as  the  stem  of  Hops  and  Beans  ;  p.  37. 

Wavy :  the  surface  or  margin  alternately  convex  and  concave  ;  p.  62. 

Wary :  resembling  beeswax  in  texture  or  appearance. 

Wedge-shaped:  broad  above,  and  tapering  by  straight  lines  to  a  narrow  basC) 

p.  58,  fig.  94. 
Wheel-shaped:  see  rotate;  p.  102,  fig.  204,  205. 
Whorl,   Whorled:  when  leaves,  &c.  are  arranged  in  a  circle  round  the  stem, 

p.  71,  75,  fig.  148. 
Wing:  any  membranous  expansion.     Wings  of  papilionaceous  flowers,  p.  105. 
Winged:  furnished  with  a  wing;  as  the  fruit  of  Ash  and  Elm,  fig.  300,  301. 
Wood,  p.  145.      Woody :  of  the  texture  or  consisting  of  wood 
Woody  Fibre,  or  Wood-Gils.  p.  146. 
Woolly:  clothed  with  long  and  entangled  soft  hairs ;  as  the  leaves  of  Mullein. 


BOTANY 


THE  NORTHERN   UNITED  STATES, 


MAN  UAL 


THE     BOTANY 


THE  NORTHERN  UNITED  STATES. 

INCLUDING   THE  DISTRICT  EAST   OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI    AND 
NORTH    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA    AND    TENNESSEE, 

ARRANGED    ACCORDING    TO    THE    NATURAL    SYSTEM." 


By    ASA     GRAY, 

FISHKR    PROFESSOR   OF   NATURAL    HISTORY    IN    HARVARD   UNIVERSITY. 


JJfftt)    HDftion. 

EIGHTH    ISSUE. 


WITH    TWENTY    PLATES, 

ILLUSTRATING    THE    SEDGES,    GRASSES,    FERNS,    ETC. 


IVISON,  BLAKEMAN,  TATLOR  &  CO 

NEW   YORK   AND   CHICAGO. 

1877. 


liitered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1867,  by 

IVISON,    PHINNEY,    ELAKEMAN,    &    CO., 

in  the 'Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  tlie  United  States  for  the  Southern  District  of 

New  York. 


JOHN    TORREY,    LL.D. 

Almost  twenty  years  have  passed  since  the   first   edition  of  this 

work  was  dedicated  to  you,  —  more  than  thirty,  since,  as  your  pupil, 

I    began  to   enjoy   the   advantage  of  being  associated  with   you    in 

botanical  pursuits,   and   in  a  lasting   friendship.      The  flow  of  time 

has   only   deepened  the  sense   of  gratitude    due    to    you    from  your 

attached  friend, 

ASA    GRAY. 
Cambridge,  May  30,  1867. 


NOTE. 

In  the  present  issue  many  small  corrections,  typographical  and  other, 
have  been  made  throughout  the  volume,  as  well  as  more  considerable 
alterations  on  pages  479,  480,  564  ;  an  omission  of  the  proper  acknowl- 
edgment for  the  article  on  Sparganium  is  supplied  on  page  481  ;  and 
additional  species,  with  a  few  more  extended  emendations,  are  given  on 
pages  679-682. 

Cambridge,  January  30,  1868. 


CONTENTS. 


Explanation  of  Signs  used  in  this  Work  . 
Explanation  of  Abbreviation  of  Authors'  Names 

Preface        .        .        .        

Analytical  Key  to  the  Orders         .... 
FLORA.  —  Ph/enogamous  or  Flowering  Plants  . 
Dicotyledonous  or  Exogenous  Plants 
Angiospermous,  Polypetalous 
Monopetalous 
Apetalous 
Gymnospermous  Plants .... 


Monocotyledonous  or  Endogenous  Plants 
Cryptogamous  or  Flowerless  Plants.    . 
Acrogenous  Plants  (Equisetaceae,  Ferns,  &c.) 


Addenda 


Index      

Explanation  of  the  Plates 


Page 
8 

9 

11 

21 

33 

33 

33 

202 

403 

468 

475 
653 
653 
679 

683 
697 


SIGNS    USED    IN    THIS    WORK. 


(1)  An  annual  plant. 

(D  A  biennial  plant 

H.  A  perennial  plant. 
?  A  mark  of  doubt. 
!  A  mark  of  affirmation  or  authentication. 

These  signs  are,  however,  very  rarely  employed  in  this  volum". 

1°,  2',  3".  To  save  space,  the  sign  of  degrees  (°)  is  used  for  feet ;  of  min- 
utes ('),  for  inches  ;  of  seconds  ("),  for  lines,  —  the  (English)  line  being  the 
twelfth  part  of  an  inch. 

The  dash  -  between  two  figures,  as  "  5  -  10,"  means  from  5  to  50,  &c. 


PRINCIPAL   ABBREVIATIONS 


OF   THE   NAMES   OF   AUTHORS    CITED   IN   THIS   VOLUME. 


Adans. 

=  Adanson. 

Gmel.         = 

Gmclin. 

Ait. 

Alton. 

Good. 

Goodetiough. 

All. 

Alliouc. 

Grev. 

Greville. 

Anders. 

Andcrsson. 

Griseb. 

Grisebach. 

Andr. 

Andrews. 

Gronov. 

Gronovius. 

Am. 

Arnott. 

Hartm. 

Ilartniann. 

Aubl. 

Aublct. 

Hoffni. 

Hoffmann. 

Bart. 

Barton. 

}Ioi>k. 

W.  J.  Hooker. 

Bartl. 

Bartlin^. 

■Ilook.f.  (Jilhts)  J.  D.  Hooker. 

Beauv. 

Palisot  de  Bcauvois. 

Iloniem. 

Hornemann. 

Benth. 

Bentham. 

Ilnds. 

Undson. 

Bemh. 

Bernhardi. 

H.  B.  K. 

Humboldt,  Bonpland,  & 

Bleb. 

Bicberstein. 

Jacq. 

Jacquin.             [Kunth. 

Biijel. 

Bipclow. 

Juss. 

JUSSIEU. 

Boiss. 

Boissicr. 

A.  Juss. 

Adricn  Jussieu. 

Bong. 

Bongard. 

L.  or  Linn. 

LiXN.EUS. 

Borkh. 

Bork  Hansen. 

Lag. 

Lagasea. 

Brong. 

Brongniart. 

Lam. 

Lamarck. 

Cass. 

Cassini. 

Lamb. 

Lambert. 

C(iv. 

Cavanillcs. 

Ledeb. 

Lcdebour. 

Chapm. 

Chapman. 

L'Her. 

L'Heritier. 

Chav. 

Cliavannes. 

Lehm. 

Lchmann. 

DarUmjt. 

Uarlini,'ton. 

Lesqx. 

Lesqucreux. 

DC. 

De  Candolle. 

Leslih. 

Lestibudois. 

A.  DC. 

Alphonse  Do  Candolle. 

Lindl. 

Lindley. 

Desf. 

Dcsfontaines. 

Lodd. 

Loddiges. 

Dew. 

Dewey. 

Lour. 

Loureiro. 

DiU. 

Dillenius. 

Mart. 

Martins. 

Desv. 

Desvaux. 

Mich. 

Miclicli. 

Dougl. 

Donglas. 

Michx. 

Michanx  (the  elder). 

Ehrh. 

Elirliart. 

Mlrltr.  / 

F.  A.  Miclianx  (the 

Ell. 

Elliott. 

Mill.. 

Miller.       [younger.) 

Endl. 

Endlichcr. 

Mitch. 

Mitchell. 

Em/elin. 

Enfrelmann. 

MM. 

Muhlenberg. 

Flsch. 

Fischer. 

Nees, 

Nees  von  Esenbeck. 

Gcertn. 

Gairtner. 

Nutt. 

Nuttall. 

10 


PRINCIPAL    ABBREVIATIONS. 


Pnv.           = 

Pa von. 

Sleud.        = 

Stcudel. 

Pers. 

Persoon. 

Sullio. 

Sullivant. 

Pink. 

Plukenet. 

Tliunb. 

Thunberg. 

Plum. 

Plumier. 

Ton: 

Torrcy. 

Poir. 

Poiret. 

Torr.  ^-  Gr. 

Torrcy  and  Gray. 

It.  Br. 

Robert  Bbown. 

Tourn. 

Tournefort. 

Raf. 

Kafincsque. 

Trautv. 

Trautvetter. 

lieichenb. 

Kcic'henbach. 

Trev. 

Treviranus. 

Rich. 

Richard. 

Trin. 

Trinius. 

Richards. 

Richardson. 

Tuckerm. 

Tuckerman. 

Rcem. 

Rcemer. 

Tiircz. 

Turczaninow. 

Rottb. 

RottboU. 

Vuill. 

Vaillant. 

Salisb. 

Salisbury. 

Vent. 

Ventenat. 

Schk. 

Schkuhr. 

nil. 

Villars. 

Schlecht. 

Schlechtendal. 

Wahl. 

Wahlenberg. 

Schrad. 

Schrader. 

Walp. 

Walpers. 

Sclireb. 

Schreber. 

Walt. 

Walter. 

Schult. 

Schultes. 

Wancjh. 

Wangcnheim. 

Sclav,  or  Schicein 

.  Schweinitz. 

Wedd. 

Weddell. 

Scop. 

Scopoli. 

tVilld. 

Willdenow. 

Ser. 

Seringe. 

With. 

Withering. 

Soland. 

Solander. 

Wulf. 

Wulfen. 

Spreng. 

Sprengel. 

Zucc. 

Zuccarini. 

preface: 


This  work  is  designed  as  a  compendious  Flora  of  the  Northern 
portion  of  the  United  States,  for  tlie  use  of  students  and  of  practical 
botanists. 

The  first  edition  (published  in  1848)  was  hastily  prepared  to  sup- 
ply a  pressing  want.  Its  plan,  having  been  generally  approved,  has 
not  been  altered,  although  the  work  has  been  to  a  great  extent  twice 
rewritten,  and  the  geographical  range  extended.  The  second  edition, 
much  altcied,  appeared  in  1856.  The  third  and  fourth  were  merely 
revised  upon  the  stereotype  plates,  and  i-ome  pages  added,  especially 
to  the  latter. 

Tlie  Garden  Botany,  an  Introduction  to  a  Knowledge  of  the 
Common  Cultivated  Plants,  which  was  prefixed  to  this  fourth  edition 
in  1863,  is  excluded  from  the  present  edition,  and  is  to  be  incor- 
porated into  a  simpler  and  more  elementary  work,  but  of  wider 
scope,  designed  especially  for  school  instruction,  and  for  those  inter- 
ested in  cultivation,  —  entitled  Field,  Forest,  and  Garden  Botany. 

In  the  present  edition  it  has  been  found  also  expedient  to  remand 
to  a  supplementai-y  volume  the  Jifosses  and  Livericorts,  so  carefully 
and  generously  elaborated  for  the  i)revious  editions  of  this  work  by 
my  friend,  Wm.  S.  Sullivaxt,  Esq.  It  is  hoped  that  the  Liclienes, 
if  not  all  the  other  orders  of  the  Lower  Cryptogamia,  may  be  added 
to  this  supplementary  volume,  so  that  our  students  may  extend 
their  studies  into  these  more  recondite  and  ditheuU  departments  of 
Botany.* 

*  The  followinp  important  aids,  moreover,  are  already  j^oviiled,  viz.  The 
Jronri*  Miisroriim,  or  Figures  ami  /ItKcnjilioiis  of  must  of  those  .Uosstis  peculiar  to 


12  PREFACE. 

Six  plates,  illustrating  the  genera  of  the  Cyperacece  or  Sedge 
Familj',  are  now  added  to  the  eight  which  illustrate  the  Graminece 
or  Grasses,  and  the  six  which  illustrate  the  Filices  or  Ferns  and 
their  allies  :  all  are  from  original  drawings  by  Mr.  Isaac  Sprague  ; 
and  they  should  rerfder  the  study  of  these  families  comparatively 
easy,  even  to  the  beginner. 

In  other  respects  the  changes  in  this  edition  are  only  in  details, 
and  such  as  the  progress  of  botanical  knowledge,-  and  the  longer 
experience  of  the  author  and  his  associates  or  correspondents  in 
teaching,  have  seemed  to  render  necessary  or  advisable. 

I  am  newly  indebted  to  Dr.  George  Engelmann,  of  St.  Louis, 
for  a  revision  of  the  account  of  Cuscuta  and  Sagittaria,  &c.,  formerly 
prepared  by  him,  and  for  the  complete  re-elaboration  of  the  genera 
Callltriche,  Euphorbia,  Pl/ius,  Juncus,  and  Isoetes.  I  have  also  to 
express  my  special  acknowledgments  to  my  friends,  Dr.  J.  W. 
KoBBiNS,  of  Uxbridge,  Massachusetts,  who  contributed  the  whole 
article  on  the  difficult  genus  Potamogeton  ;  —  to  Mr.  Coe  F.  Austix, 
of  Closter,  New  Jersey,  who  furnished  that  on  the  Lemnacece  ;  —  and 
to  Prof.  Daniel  Cady  Eaton,  of  Yale  College,  who  has  entirely 
re-elaborated  the  Ferns  for  the  present  edition.  The  Salicacece  and 
the  genus  Carex,  as  is  well  known,  were  contributed  to  the  first 
edition  by  my  old  friend  and  associate,  John  Carey,  Esq.,  now  of 
London.     Deprived  of  his  further  and  important  assistance,  I  have 

Eastern  North  America  ivJiich  have  not  hem  heretofore  fgured,  by  "Wm.  S.  Sdlli- 
VANT,  LL.  D.     Imp.  8vo,  with  129  copper-plates. 

Musci-Boreali-Ami-ricana,  sivc  Specimina  Exslccata,  etc.  —  A  seroiid  and  en- 
larged edition  of  the  arranged  collection  of  Mosses  of  the  United  States,  pub- 
lislied  by  Messrs.  Sullivant  and  Lksquereux,  of  which  the  first  issue  was 
noticed  in  the  preface  to  former  editions  of  the  Manual.  The  present  edhion 
comprises  536  species  or  varieties  of  Mosses,  and  is  supplied  by  Mr.  Leo  Les- 
quereux,  of  Columbus,  Ohio,  for  $35  in  gold,  or  £7  sterling. 

Lichmes  Ersiccali,  by  Professor  Edward  Ttickerman,  of  Amherst  College; 
—  of  which  four  vols,  (small  4to)  have  already  been  issued  A  small  volume  on 
the  Genera  of  North  American  Lichenes  is  now  in  preparation  by  the  same  author. 

Nereis  Boreuli-Anwicana,  —  an  account  of  the  Marine  AlgiB  of  tbe  United 
States,  by  the  late  Professor  Wm.  IT.  Harvky,  a  large  quarto  volume  with  fifty 
colored  plates,  —  published  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 


PRKFACE.  13 

myself  revised  these  articles  as  well  as  I  could,  in  advance  of  the 
publication  of  Andersson's  work  on  the  Salicacete  in  the  forthcoming 
volume  of  l)e  CandoUc's  Prodromu.-,  and  of  the  posthumous  volume 
of  the  late  Dr.  Boott's  Illustrations  of  Car  ex.  In  the  latter  genus, 
however,  I  have  been  essentially  aided  by  William  Boott,  Es(|., 
of  Boston,  and  S.  T.  Olnk-Y,  Esq.,  of  Providence,  who  have  made 
the  Carices  a  special  study.  To  render  due  acknowledgments  to 
the  correspondents  who  have  contributed  to  the  value  of  the  Manual 
by  the  communication  of  specimens,  notes,  and  corrections,  would 
require  me  to  enumerate  all  the  cultivators  and  numerous  amateurs 
of  botany  in  this  country.  In  special  instances  their  names  will  be 
found  scattered  throughout  the  pages  of  the  work.  The  necessity 
of  economizing  space  to  the  utmost,  so  as  to  keep  the  volume  within 
the  dimensions  of  a  manual,  alone  has  debarred  me  from  fuller 
citations  of  the  names  of  collectors  and  of  particular  stations  of  rare 
or  local  plants.  For  the  same  reason  I  have  generally  omitted 
synonymes,  except  in  case  of  some  original  or  recent  changes  in 
noraenclatuie. 

There  is  abundant  reason,  I  doubt  not,  for  me  to  renew  the  re- 
quest that  those  who  use  this  book  will  kindly  furnish  information 
of  all  corrections  or  additions  that  may  appear  to  be  necessary,  so 
that  it  may  be  made  more  accurate  and  complete  hereafter,  and 
maintain  the  high  character  which  it  has  earned. 

Some  explanations  are  needful  in  respect  to  details  of  typography, 
reference,  and  arrangement. 

GEOGRAniicAL  LIMITATION.  DISTRIBUTION,  &c.  As  is  Stated 
on  the  title-page,  this  work  is  intended  to  comprise  the  plants  which 
grow  spontaneously  in  the  United  States  north  of  North  Carolina 
and  Tennessee  and  east  of  the  Mississippi.  A  Flora  of  the  whole 
national  domain,  upon  a  similar  plan  (the  issue  of  wliich  I  may  now 
hope  will  not  be  delayed  many  years  longer),  would  be  much  too 
bulky  and  expensive  for  the  main  purf>ose  which  this  Manual  fulfils. 


14  PREFACE. 

For  its  purpose,  the  present  geographical  limitation  is,  on  the 
whole,  the  best,  —  especially  since  the  botany  of  the  States  south  of 
our  district  has  been  so  well  provided  for  by  my  friend  Dr.  Chap- 
man's Flora  of  the  Southern  States,  issued  by  the  same  publishers. 
The  southern  boundary  here  adopted  coincides  better  than  any  other 
geographical  line  with  the  natural  division  between  the  cooler-tem- 
perate and  the  warm-temperate  vegetation  of  the  United  States ; 
very  few  characteristically  Southern  plants  occurring  north  of  it, 
and  those  only  on  the  low  coast  of  Virginia,  in  the  Dismal  Swamp, 
&c.  Our  western  limit,  also,  while  it  includes  a  considerable  prairie 
vegetation,  excludes  nearly  all  the  plants  peculiar  to  the  great  West- 
ern woodless  plains,  which  approach  our  bordei'S  in  Iowa  and  Mis- 
souri. Our  northern  boundary,  being  that  of  the  United  States, 
varies  through  about  five  degrees  of  latitude,  and  nearly  embraces 
Canada  proper  on  the  east  and  on  the  west,  so  that  nearly  all  the 
plants  of  Canada  East  on  this  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  as  well 
as  those  of  the  deep  peninsula  of  Canada  "West,  will  be  found  in 
this  volume.* 

I  have  here  endeavored  to  indicate,  briefly  and  generally,  the  dis- 
trict in  which  each  species  occurs,  or  'm  which  it  most  abounds,  in 
the  following  manner  :  1.  When  the  principal  area  of  a  species  is 
southward  rather  than  northward,  I  generally  give  first  its  northern 
limit,  so  far  as  known  to  me,  if  within  the  United  States,  and  then 
its  southern  limit  if  within  our  boundaries,  or  add  that  it  extends 
southward,  meaning  thereby  that  the  species  in  question  occurs  in 
the  States  south  of  Virginia  or  Kentucky.  Thus  Magnolia  gla^ica, 
p.  49,  a  prevailingly  Southern  species,  but  wliich  is  sparingly  found  as 
far  north  as  Massachusetts,  is  recorded  as  growing  "  near  Cape  Ann 
and  New  York  southward,  near  the  coa^t "  ;  M.  acuminata,  "  W. 
New  York  to  Ohio  and  southward,"  &c.   While  in  species  of  northern 

*  For  the  geographical  statistics  of  our  botany,  sec  three  articles  in  The 
American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  Second  Series,  Yol.  XXII.  and  Vol.  XXIII. 
1856-57. 


PRKFACE.  15 

range,  the  southern  limits  are  mentioned ;  as  Anemone  Pennsylvan- 
ica,  ♦'  W.  New  EngUmd  to  Illinois  and  northwestward."  And  so 
of  Western  plants ;  e.  g.  Isopyruin  bilernutinn,  p.  44,  "  Ohio  to 
Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  westward";  Amorpha  canescens,  p.  130, 
"Michigan  to  Wisconsin  and  southwestward."  But  this  rule  has  not 
always  heen  closely  adhered  to.  2.  AVhcre  no  habitat  or  range  is 
mentioned,  the  species  is  supposed  to  be  diffused  over  our  whole 
area,  or  nearly  so,  and  usually  beyond  it.  3.  AVhen  the  species  is 
quite  local  or  rare,  the  special  habitat  is  given  ;  e.  g.  Veslcaria 
Shortii,  p.  73,  and  Alyssum  Lescurii,  p.  72  ;  Sidlivantia  Ohionis, 
p.  1G9,  &,c.  Except  in  such  cases,  or  when  the  known  geographical 
range  of  a  species  has  been  recently  extended,  the  want  of  space  has 
generally  demanded  the  omission  of  particular  stations,  which  are  so 
appropriately  given  in  local  Floras  and  in  more  detailed  works,  but 
for  which  there  is  no  room  in  a  manual  like  this. 

For  the  same  reason,  I  could  not  here  undertake  to  specify  the 
range  of  those  species  which  extend  beyond  the  geographical  limits 
of  this  work,  or  beyond  the  United  States.  Nevertheless,  to  facili- 
tate the  comparison  of  our  American  flora  with  that  of  Europe,  I 
have  appended  the  mark  (Eu.)  to  those  species  which  are  indi- 
genous to  both. 

Distinction  betaveen  Introduced  and  Indigenous  Spe- 
cies. Foreign  plants  which  have  become  denizens  of  the  soil  have 
to  be  described  along  with  the  genuine  indigenous  members  of  our 
flora ;  but  the  introduced  species  are  distinguished  by  the  specific 
name  being  printed  in  a  different  type,  namely,  in  small  capitals,* 
while  the  names  of  the  indigenous  species  are  in  iieavier,  antique 
letter-t  Moreover,  the  country  from  which  they  came  is  specified 
(mostly  Europe),  as  well  as  the  nature  of  the  denizenship.  That  is, 
following  the  suggestions  of  M.  Alphonse  De  Candolle,  I  have  clas- 
sified our  introduced  plants  as  well  as   I  could  into  two  sorts,  the 

*  For  example,  uiukr  Kanuuculus,  R.  ulmiosls,  ackis,  &c.,  p.  43. 
t  For  exaaijile,  R.  repens,  on  the  baine  page. 


16  PREFACE. 

thoroughly  naturalized,  and  the  advenlive  ;  the  first  comprising  those 
species  which  have  made  themselves  perfectly  at  home  in  this  coun- 
try, propagating  themselves  freely  by  seed  beyond  the  limits  of 
cultivated  grounds ;  the  second,  those  which  are  only  locally  spon- 
taneous, and  perhaps  precarious,  or  which  are  spontaneous  only  in 
cultivated  fields,  ai'ound  dwellings,  or  in  manured  soil,  and  which, 
still  directly  or  indirectly  dependent  upon  civilized  man,  would 
probably  soon  disappear  if  he  were  to  abandon  the  country.  (I 
here  rank  with  the  adventive  plants  those  weeds  of  cultivation  which 
De  Candolle  terms  plants  cultivated  without  or  against  man's  will.) 
Accordingly  the  species  naturalized  from  Europe  are  indicated,  at 
the  close  of  the  paragraph,  by  the  phrase  "  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  "  :  those 
adventive,  or  less  established,  by  the  phrase  "  (Adv.  from  Eu.),"  &c. 
Distinction  of  Grade  of  Varieties.  Vain  is  the  attempt 
to  draw  an  absolute  line  between  varieties  and  species.  Yet  in  sys- 
tematic works  the  distinction  has  to  be  made  absolute,  and  each  par- 
ticular form  to  be  regarded  as  a  species  or  a  variety,  according  to 
the  botanist's  best  judgment.  Varieties,  too,  exhibit  all  degrees  of 
distinctness.  Such  as  are  marked  and  definite  enough  to  require 
names  are  distinguished  here  into  two  sorts,  according  to  their  grade: 
1.  Those  which,  I  think,  cannot  be  doubted  to  be  varieties  of  the 
species  they  are  referred  to,  have  the  name  printed  in  small  capi- 
tals.* These  varieties  make  part  of  the  common  paragraph.  2.  Those 
so  distinct  and  peculiar  that  they  have  been,  or  readily  may  be, 
taken  for  species,  and  are  some  of  them  not  unlikely  to  establish  the 
claim :  of  these  the  name  is  printed  in  the  same  type  as  that  of  the 
species ;  and  they  are  allowed  the  distinction  of  a  separate  para- 
graph,! —  except  where  the  variety  itself  is  the  only  form  in  the 
country,  as  in  the  first  species  of  Anemone.  J 

*  As,  for  instance,  the  three  varieties  of  Lespedeza  violacea,  p.  137,  viz.  diver- 
gens,  6ES8ILIFOLIA,  and  ANGusTiFOLiA.  See  also,  under  Eanunculus  Tlam- 
mula,  var.  intermedius,  p.  41. 

t  As,  Var.  reptans,  of  the  above-mentioned  species. 

X  A.  patens,  L.,  var.  Nuttalliana,  p.  36. 


PREFACK.  17 

Accentuation  of  Names.  As  :i  f^uidc  to  correct  pronunciation 
of  botanical  names  (in  wliicii  great  carelessness  prevails),  I  have 
marked  the  accented  syllable  ;  and  have  also  (following  Loudon's 
convenient  mode)  indicated  what  is  called  the  long  sound  of  the 
vowel  by  tiie  grave  (')  and  the  short  sound  by  the  acute  (')  accent- 
mark. 

Indication  of  Prominent  Characters  is  made  by  the  use 
of  Italic  type,  for  the  leading  distinctions  of  the  orders,  and  for  those 
points  in  the  specific  descriptions  by  which  two  or  more  species  of 
the  same  division  may  be  most  readily  or  surely  discriminated,  — 
the  latter  a  i)lan  adopted  from  Koch's  Flora  Gennanica. 

Tiie  ready  discrimination  of  the  genera  is  provided  for  by  a 
Synopsis,  in  small  type,  of  the  leading  characters  of  all  the  genera, 
■when  more  than  two,  under  each  order.  In  this  the  genera  are  an- 
alytically disposed  under  tlieir  proper  sub-orders,  tribes,  or  other  such 
natural  groups,  of  whatever  rank,  properly  characterized  ;  and  tiien, 
to  save  room,  all  these  subordinal  or  tribal  names  and  characters 
are  left  out  of  the  body  of  the  order,  the  genera  following  each  other 
without  a  break. 

Whenever  a  genus  comprises  several  species,  pains  have  been 
taken  to  render  important  differences  conspicuous,  and  to  abridge  the 
labor  of  analysis,  by  proper  grouping,  and  when  needed  by  a  series 
of  rightly  subordinated  divisions  and  subdivisions.  Divisions  of  the 
highest  raidi,  or  Subgenera,  have  the  sectional  mark  {i)  followed  by 
the  subgeneric  name.*  Those  less  important  are  indicated  by  the  §, 
without  a  name  ;  subsections  or  divisions  of  lower  grade  are  marked 
by  stars  (  ♦  );  their  divisions,  if  any,  by  the  -»- ,  and  theirs  again 
by  the  ++  ,  «S:c. 

Having  in  view  the  needs  of  students  rather  than  of  learned  bot- 
anists, I  have  tliroughout  endeavored  to  smooth  the  beginner's  way 
by  discarding  many  an  uimecessary  tecimical  word  or  phrase,  aud 

*  As  §  1.  .ATRAGENK,  uudor  Clematis,  p.  35,  ami  §  I.  PULSATILLA, 

under  Anemone,  p.  36. 

^  L&M— '21 


18  PREFACE. 

by  casting  the  language  somewhat  in  a  vernacular  mould,  —  perhaps 
at  some  sacriiice  of  brevity,  but  not,  I  trust,  of  the  precision  for 
which  botanical  language  is  distinguished. 

Arrangement  of  the  Orders.  The  Natural  Orders  ai-e  dis- 
posed in  a  series  wliioh  nearly  corresponds,  in  a  general  way,  with 
De  Candolle's  arrangement  (varied  somewhat  more  in  this  edition, 
to  come  nearer  to  tliat  adopted  thus  far  in  Bentham  and  Hook- 
er's new  Genera  Plantarum),  beginning  with  the  highest  chiss  and 
ending  with  the  lowest ;  and  commencing  this  first  and  far  the  larg- 
est class  (of  Dicotyledonous  or  Exogenous  Plants)  with  those  orders 
in  which  the  flowers  are  mostly  provided  with  double  floral  envel, 
opes,  viz.  with  both  calyx  and  corolla,  and  in  which  the  corolla 
consists  of  separate  petals  (the  Polypetalous  division)  ;  beginning 
this  series  with  those  orders  in  which  the  several  organs  of  the 
flower  are  most  distinct  and  separate  (Jiypogynous),  and  proceeding 
to  those  which  have  the  parts  most  combined  among  themselves  and 
consolidated  with  each  other  {perigyyious  and  epigynous)  ;  then  fol- 
low those  with  the  petals  combined  into  a  monopetalous  corolla  (the 
Monopetalous  division  ;  and  finally,  those  destitute  of  a  corolla  or 
destitute  of  all  floral  envelopes  (the  Apetaloiis  division).  The  class 
of  Alonocotyledonous  or  Endogenous  Plants  opens  with  orders  ex- 
hibiting one  form  of  simplilied  flowers,  passes  to  those  with  the  or- 
gans most  combined  and  consolidated,  then  to  those  less  combined  by 
adnation  of  parts,  and  closes  with  other  simplified  and  reduced  forms. 
Tlie  present  problem  in  Botany  is  to  group  the  numerous  Natural 
Orders  in  each  class  into  nalural  alliances.  But  this  has  not  yet 
been  done  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  available  to  the  ordinary  stu- 
dent. I  do  not  here  attempt,  therefore,  to  group  the  oiders  naturally, 
but  let  them  follow  one  another  in  what  seems  to  be  on  the  whole 
a  natural  and  manageable  sequence.     And,  by  means  of  an  artificial 

Analytical  Key  to  the  Orders  (p.  21),  I  enable  the  student 
to  refer  readily  to  its  proper  order  any  of  our  plants,  upon  taking 
the  pains  to  ascertain  the  structure  of  its  flowers,  and  sometiraco  of 


ruKFAon.  19 

llic  fruit,  and  following  out  a  series  of  c.isy  step-^  in  the  analysis. 
This  key  is  founded  upon  the  most  obvious  distinctions  which  will 
well  answer  ilw.  puipo>e,  and  is  so  contrived  as  to  provide  for  all  the 
exceptional  in>iances  and  variant  cases  I  could  think  of.  I  ,-hall  he 
disappointed  if  the  attentive  student  is  not  able  by  it  to  refer  to  its 
proper  order  any  to  him  unknown  plant  of  the  Northern  States  of 
which  he  has  flowering  specimens  in  hand.  Referring  to  the  Order 
which  the  Key  leads  him  to,  the  student  will  find  its  most  distinctive 
points* — which  he  has  chiefly  to  consider,  —  brought  together  and 
printed  in  italics  in  the  first  sent(;nce  of  the  ordinal  description,  and 
thus  can  verify  his  results. 

The  Synopsis  which  follows  will  then  lead  him  to  the  genus,  to  be 
verified  in  turn  by  the  full  generic  description  in  its  place ;  and  the 
progress  thence  to  the  species,  when  there  are  several  to  clioose 
from,  is  facilitated  by  the  arrangement  under  divisions  and  sub- 
divisions, as  already  explained. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  Key  directs  the  inquirer  to  ascertain, 
first,  the  Class  of  the  plant  under  consideration,  —  which,  even  with- 
out the  seeds,  is  revealed  at  once  by  the  plan  of  the  stem,  as  seen  in 
a  cross-section,  and  usually  by  the  veining  of  the  leaves,  and  is 
commonly  conlirmed  by  the  numerical  plan  of  the  flower;  —  then, 
if  of  the  first  class,  the  sub-class  is  at  once  determined  by  the  pi-til, 
whether  of  the  ordinary  kind,  or  an  open  scale  bearing  naked  ovules. 
If  the  former,  then  the  choice  between  the  three  divisions  is  de- 
termined by  the  presence  or  absence  of  the  petals,  and  whether 
separate  or  united.  Each  division  is  subdivided  by  equally  obvious 
characters,  as,  p.  21,  first  the  number  of  stamens,  then,  whether  the 
calyx  is  free  from  or  connected  with  the  surface  of  the  ovary. 
And,  finally,  a  series  of  successively  subordinated  j)ropositions, — 
each  set  more  indented  upon  the  page  than  the  preceding,  leads 
to  the  name  of  the  order  sought  for,  followed  by  the  number  of 
the  page  upon  which  that  order  is  described  in  the  body  of  the 
work. 


20  PREFACE. 

More  particular  instructions  for  the  use  of  this  book  in  the  study 
of  our  plants  are  here  superfiuous;  as  these,  as  well  as  the  needful' 
preliminary  knowledge,  will  be  acquired  from  the  author's  Introduc- 
tion to  Structural  and  Systematic  Botany  {Botanical  Text-Book),  or 
from  the  simpler  First  Lessons  in  Botany,  —  one  or  the  other  of 
which  must  needs  be  previously  studied,  and  be  the  inseparable 
companion  of  The  Manual. 


ANALYTICAL    KEY 

TO   THE    ORDKRS    OF   ALL   TIIH   PLANTS   DKSCRIBLD   IX   THIS   WORK. 

Skuies  I.  riLENOGAMOUS  on  FLOWERING  PLANTS,  thuse 
producing  real  flowers  and  seeds. 

Class  L    DICOTYLEDONOUS  on  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Stems  formed  of  bark,  wood,  and  pith ;  the  wood  forming  a  zone 
between  the  other  two,  ami  increasing,  when  the  stem  continues  from 
year  to  year,  by  the  annual  addition  of  a  new  layer  to  the  outside, 
ne.xt  the  bark.  Leaves  netted-veined.  Embryo  witli  a  pair  of  opposite 
cotyledons,  or  in  Subclass  IL  often  three  or  more  in  a  wliorl.  Parts  of 
the  (lower  mostly  in  fours  or  fives. 

Subclass  L  ANGIOSPEll^LE.  Pistil  consisting  of  a  closed  ovary 
■which  contains  the  ovules  and  the  seeds. 

Division  L     POLYPETALOUS:  the  calyx  and  corolla  both  present ; 
the  latter  of  licpnrate  petals. 

A.     Stanmis  numerous,  at  least  more  than  10,  and  more  than  twice  the  se/>als. 
1,    Calyx  entire} y  free  and  si^parate  from  thf.  pistil  or  pistils. 
Pistils  numerous  but  cohering  over  each  other  in  a  solid  Fuse 

mass  on  an  clonjijated  receptacle.        .         .         .       Magxoi.iace.e,  48 
Pistils  numerous,  separate,  liut  concealed  in  a  holluw  rccc])t:icle. 

Leaves  opposite,  entire  :  no  stipules.    .         .         .  CALvrANTUACE.i:,  162 

Leaves  alternate,  widi  stipules Kosa,  in  Kosace.k,  UG 

Pistils  several,  immersed  in  hollows  of  the  upper  surface 

of  a  large  top-shaped  receptacle.        Nclumhium,  in  Nvjirn.KACE.E,  .'>4 
IMstils  more  than  one,  separate,  not  enclosed  in  the  receptacle. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx,  distinct Eosacl.k,  14G 

Stamens  united  with  the  base  of  the  petals,  monadelijlious.      Malvaci;.!:,  "JS 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle. 
Filaments  much  shorter  than  the  anther  ;  trees.        .         .     Axoxace.t;,  50 
Filaments  longer  than  the  anther. 

Flowers  diarious  :  twiners  with  alternate  leaves.     Memsi>ei:mace.e,  'i\ 
Flowers  i)erfeet :  if  clind)ers,  the  leaves  o))|josite. 

Leaves  not  peltate  :  ])ctals  deciduous.         .         .     TiAXt  xcllace.i:,  34 
Leaves  peltate  :  petals  persistent.  Brasenia,  in  NYiirujiACE.t,  f)* 


Tl  ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

Pistils  scvcral-lobcd,  the  ovaries  united  below  the  niiiklle.  Resedace^e,  76 

Pistils  several,  their  ovaries  cohering  in  a  ring  around  an  axis.    Malvace.e,  98 
Pistils  strictly  one  as  to  the  ovary :  the  styles  or  stigmas  may  be  several. 

Leaves  punctate  under  a  lens  with  tyansparent  dots.  HvPEKifACEiE,  83 

Leaves  not  punctate  with  transparent  dots. 

Ovary  simple,  1 -celled,  2-ovuled Rosacea,  146 

Ovary  simple,  1-celled,  with  one  p^ietal  many-ovulcd  placenta. 

Leaves  2 -  3-ternately  compound  or  dissected.  Kanonculace^,  34 

Leaves  peltate,  simply  lobed.  Podophyllum,  in  Berbkkidace.k,  52 

Ovary  comijound,  1-celled,  with  a  central  placenta.       Portulacace.e,  97 
Ovary  compound,  1-celled,  with  2  or  more  parietal  placenta;. 

Calyx  caducous.     Juice  milky  or  colored.       .         .     Papaverace^,  58 

Calyx  deciduous,  of  4  sepals CAPPARiDAeE-E,  75 

Calyx  persistent,  of  3  or  5  sepals Cistaceje,  80 

Ovary  compound,  several-celled. 
Calyx  valvate  in  the  bud,  and 
Persistent:  stamens  monadelphous  :  anthers  1-celled.    Malvace-e,  98 

Deciduous  :  anthers  2-celled Tiliace^b,  103 

Calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent. 

Shrubs  :  stamens  borne  on  the  base  of  the  petals.   Camelliace/E,  103 
Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs  :  ovules  many, 

On  5  placentte  in  the  axis.        .         .         .  Sarraceniace^,  57 

On  the  8 -24  partitions.        ....         Nymph^ace.e,  54 

2.   Cnhjx  more  or  Jess  coherent  with  the  surface  of  the  {compound)  orary. 

Ovary  10-30-celled :  ovules  many,  on  the  partitions  :  aquatic.  NrMPiiiEACEiE,  54 

Ovary  10-celled:  cells  1-ovuled.      .        .        .    Amelanchier,  in  Rosacea,  146 

Ovary  2-5-celled., 

Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules Pomcre,  in  Rosace-t;,  146 

Leaves  opposite,  without  stipules.          Philadclphus,  in  Saxifragace.t:,  1G3 
Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules Styracace.e,  .309 

Ovary  one-celled,  with  the  ovules  parietal. 

Fleshy  plants  with  no  true  foliage  :  petals  many.         .         .    Cactace^e,  184 
Rough-leaved  plants:  petals  5  or  10 Loasace^,  184 

Ovary  one-celled,  with  the  ovules  rising  from  the  base.         Portulacace.e,  97 

B«     Stamens  of  (lie  same  nnmher  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them. 
Pistils  3  -  6,  separate.    Flowers  dioecious.    "Woody  vines.    Mexisperiiace.e,  .51 
Pistil  only  one. 

Ovary  one-celled  :  anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves.       Berberidace.e,  52 
Ovary  one-celled  :  anthers  not  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 

Style  and  stigma  one  :  ovules  more  than  one.         .  Primulace^,  313 

Style  one  :  stigmas  3  :  sepals  2  :  ovules  several.  Portulacaceje,  97 

Styles  5  :  ovule  and  seed  only  one.         .         .         .    Plumbaginace^,  312 
Ovary  2  -  4-celled. 

Calyx-lobes  minute  or  obsolete :  petals  valvate.     .         .         Vitace.e,  112 
Calyx  4-5-cleft,  valvate  in  the  bud  :  petals  im'olute.       Rhamxace.e,  113 


ANALYTICAL    KF.Y.  21} 

C     Sldincns  not  more  ihiin  twice  as  mnny  ns  the  pclah,  when  of  just  the  numher  of 

the  fH'titls  t/uH  altcniale  with  thun. 

1.    Cu/i/T  free /loin  the  oran/,  i.  e.  the  ovurij  whollij  superior. 

•  Ocavies  2  or  more,  se/iurate. 

Stamens  united  witli  eiuli  otlier  and  with  a  laryc  and 

tliiek  stigma  eomnion  to  the  t>vo  ovaries.  Asclepiadacea:,  394 

Stamens  unconnected,  on  the  reeiptaele,  free  IVoni  tlie  calyx. 

Leaves  punctate  with  puihicid  dots.    .....        Rutace.e,  109 

Leaves  not  ijellutid-puiutate. 

Tree,  with  piniuite  leaves.       .         .  Ailantlius,  in  Simaiu  itA<-i;.i:,  1 10 

Low  shrul)  with  pinnate  leaves.  Zanthurliiza,  in  Kanu.nciii.ace.k,  .'J4 

Herbs,  not  llesliy IIaxuxcl'i.ace.e,  34 

llerhs,  witli  thick  lleshy  leaves.  ....    Cuassiilack.k,  171 

Stanu-ns  unconnected,  inscrteil  on  the  calyx, 
Just  twice  as  many  as  tlie  pistils  (Hower  symmetrical).      CuASSULACEiE,  171 
Not  just  the  number  or  twice  the  number  of  the  ])istils. 

Leaves  without  stipules S.vxiruACACEyT:,  163 

Leaves  with  stipules IIosacea;,  146 

*    *    Ovaries  2  -  .5,  somctchat  united  at  the  base,  separate  above. 

Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  dots Rutace.e,  109 

Leaves  not  pclluiid-punctate. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  opposite  leaves.        .         .         .         .   Sapindacb.e,  116 
Terrestrial  herbs  :  the  carpels  fewer  than  the  petals.        Saxifkagace.*;,  163 

*  *  *  Ovaries  or  lobes  ofovarij  3  to  .5,  ivilli  arommon  style.         GEitANiACEi;,  105 
*   *    *    *    Ovarij  onlj  one,  and 
•t-  Simple,  xcith  one  parietal  placenta.       LEr.iJiiNo.s.E,  123 
■(-  -t-  Comjioiind,  as  shoirn  hij  the  number  of  cells,  placenta',  sti/les,  or  slii/mas. 

Ovary  one-celled. 

Corolla  irregular :  petals  4  :  stamens  f).        .         .         .  Fu.mariace^,  60 

Corolla  irregular:  petals  and  stamens  .').         .         .         .  Violace.f.,  76 

Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so. 

Ovule  solitary  :  slirulis  or  trees  :  stigmas  3.  ANA(-AUi>iArE.E,  111 

Ovules  solitary  or  few  :  herbs.      .         .     Some  anomalous  Cuucifer^,  62 
Ovules  more  than  one,  in  the  centre  or  bottom  of  the  cell. 

Petals  not  inserted  (m  the  calyx.        .         .         .     CAHYoriiYLLAOE^,  87 
Petals  on  the  throat  of  a  hell-shaped  or  tubular  calyx.  Lytiikace.*;,  182 
Ovules  several  or  nn\ny.  on  two  or  more  parietal  j)laccnta;. 

Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  ami  dark  dots.  IlYi'ERiCACEiE,  83 

Leaves  beset  with  reddish  gland-tipi)ed  bristles.  Duo.SEUArE.i:,  82 

Leaves  neither  jiunctate  nor  bristly-glandular. 

Scjmls  ."i,  very  nnecpial  or  only  3.  .  .        Cistace.e,  80 

Se])als  and  petals  4  :  stamens  0.  Anomalous  Cki  <  nEit.E,  62 

Sepals  and  petals  ."i  :  stamens  5  or  10. 

Ovary  and  stamens  raised  on  a  stalk.     .        Passhi-okaik-e,  185 
Ovary  sessile.  SA.\iiKA(JACEiK,  163 


24  ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

Ovarj  2  -  several-celled. 
Flowers  in-egular. 

Anthers  opening  at  the  top, 

Six  or  eight  and  1-celled  :  ovary  2-cclIed.     .         .       Poltgalace^,  120 
Ten  and  2-celled  :  ovary  5-celled.     .         .      Rhodora,  in  Eeicace/E,  286 
Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

Stamens  12  and  petals  6  on  the  throat  of  a  tubu- 
lar inflated  or  gibbous  calyx.  Cuphea,  in  Lttiirace.*:,  183 
Stamens  5  -  8  or  10,  and  petals  Jiypogynous,  or  nearly  so. 

Ovary  3-celled Sapixdace/E,  IIG 

Ovary  5-celled.         .         .         .       Impatiens,  &c.  in  Geraniaue.e,  105 
Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. 

Stamens  neither  just  as  many  nor  twice  as  many  as  petals, 

Triadelphous  :  petals  5 Hypericace.e,  83 

Tetradynamous  (or  rarely  only  2  or  4)  :  petals  4: 

pungent  herbs Crucifer.e,  G2 

Distinct  and  fewer  than  the  4  petals.       .         .         .        Oleace.e,  400 
Distinct  and  more  numerous  than  the  petals.      .       Sapikdace.e,  116 
Stamens  just  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 
Ovules  and  seeds  only  1  or  2  in  each  cell. 
Herbs :  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Euphorbiace.e,  430 

Herbs:  flowers  perfect  and  symmetrical. 
Cells  of  the  ovary  as  many  as  the  sepals,  &c.     Geraniace/E,  105 
Cells  of  the  ovary  (divided)  twice  as  many  as 

the  styles,  sepals,  &c LiNACEiE,  104 

Shrubs  or  trees. 
Leaves  3-foliolate,  pellucid-punctate.        Ptclea,  in  Rutace^e,  109 
Leaves  palmately  veined  :  fruit  2-winged.  Sapindace/E,  116 

Leaves  pinnatcly  veined,  simple,  not  punctate. 
Calyx  not  minute :  pod  colored,  dehiscent : 

seeds  enclosed  in  a  pulpy  aril.  Celastrace^,  115 

Calyx  minute  :  fruit  a  berry-like  drupe.      Aquifoliace^,  305 
Ovules  (and  usually  seeds)  several  or  many  in  each  cell. 

Stipules  between  the  opposite  and  simple  leaves.      Elatinace^e,  86 
Stipules  between  the  opposite  and  compound  leaves 

(but  they  are  caducous).    Staphylea,  in  SAPiNDACii.E,  116 
Stipules  none  when  the  leaves  are  opposite. 
Stamens  5,  monadelphous  in  a  10-toothed  tube 

or  cup  :  leaves  simple,  all  radical.  Galacine^,  303 

Stamens  10,  monadelphous  at  the  base.     Leaf- 
lets 3,  inversely  heart-shaped.  Oxalis  in  Geraniace.e,  105 
Stamens  distinct,  free  from  the  calyx. 

Style  1,  undivided. Ericaceae,  286 

Styles  2-5,  separate.  .         .         .     Caryopiiyllace.e,  87 

Stamens  distinct,  inserted  on  the  calyx. 
Styles  2  (or  3),  or  splitting  into  2  in  fruit.    Saxifragace^,  163 
Style  1  :  pod  in  the  calyx,  1-celled  at  maturity.  Lythkace^,  182 


ANAI.TriCAL    KKY.  25 

2.    Cah/r-tul>e  adherent  to  the  ovary,  at  least  to  its  lower  half. 

Tendril-beaiin;;  and  often  succulent  herbs.       .         ,         .  CuciriuuTAA.!;,  18G 
Not  tendiil-bearin;;. 

Ovules  and  seeds  more  than  one  in  each  cell. 

Ovary  1 -celled,  many-ovulcd  from  the  base.      .         .  Portulacace.e,  97 

Ovary  l<elled,  with  2  or  3  i)arietal  plaeentaj.        .  Saxifkacjace.*:,  163 
Ovary  2 -several-celled. 

Anthers  opening  by  pores  at  the  apex  :  style  1.  Melasto.mack.k,  181 
Anthers  not  opening  by  jwres. 

Stamens  on  a  flat  disk  which  covers  the  ovary.  Celastrace.e,  115 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  caly.x, 

Eight  or  four  (rarely  five)  :  style  1.       .        .  Onagrace^,  176 

Five  or  ten:  styles  2-3,  distinct.        .         .  Sa.\ifragace>e,  1G3 
0\nilcs  and  seeds  only  one  in  each  cell. 

Stamens  10  or  5  (instead  of  many),  —  rarely  in  Crataegus,  in  Uosace.e,  146 

Stamens  2  or  8  ;  style  I  :  stigma  2-4-lobed  :  herbs.  O.nagkace^,  176 
Stamens  4  or  8  :  aquatics  :  styles  or  sessile  stigmas  4.      Halorage^,  174 

Stamens  8  :  styles  2  :  shrub Hamamelace.e,  173 

Stamens  4  :  style  and  stigma  1  :  chiefly  shrubs.  Cornace.e,  199 
Stamens  5  :  flowers  in  umbels,  or  rarely  in  heads. 

Fmit  dry,  splitting  in  two  at  maturity  :  styles  2.  Umbellifer.e,  187 

Fruit  berry-like  :  styles  2-5,  separate,  or  united.  Akaliace^e,  198 


Divisiox  II.     MONOPETALOUS  :  calyx  and  corolla  both  present ;  the 
latter  with  its  petals  united  more  or  less  into  one  piece. 

A.  Stamens  more  numerons  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Ovary  1 -celled  with  one  parietal  placenta.  ,  .  .  LKGrMixos.E,  123 
Ovary  1-cclled,  with  2  parietal  placenta;.  Adlumia,  &c.  in  Fumariace.e,  60 
Ovary  1 -celled  with  the  ovules  at  the  centre  or  base.  Styracace.k,  309 

Ovary  2-eelled  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell.  .  .  Polygalace.e,  120 
Ovary  3 -many-celled. 

Stamens  free  or  nearly  free  from  the  corolla  :  style  single.       Ericace^,  286 
Stamens  free  from  the  corolla:  styles  5.  Oxalis,  in  Geraniace^,  105 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  or  tube  of  the  corolla. 

Filaments  monadeli)lions  :  anthers  1-celled,  kidney-shaped.   JIai.vace.e,  98 
Filaments  1  -5-adelphous  at  base:  anthers  2-celled. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary Cameli.iace.e,  103 

Calyx  coherent  with  the  ovary  or  with  its  base.     .      Styracace.e,  309 
Filaments  wholly  distinct :  calyx  free,  persistent.  .        .    Euexace.e,  303 

B.    Stamens  (  fertile  ones)  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  them. 

Ovary  5-celled  :  corolla  api)endaged  with  scales  inside.  Sapotace.e,  308 

Ovary  1-celled  :  pod  several  -  many-seeded  :  style  1.     .  Piu.mi:i,aci;.i:,  313 

Ovarv  1-cclled  :  uuiclc  1-secdcd:  styles  5.        .         .         PLUMBAOiNACEiE,  312 


2G  ANALYTICAL    KET. 

C.     Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them,  or  fewer. 

1.    Ovary  adherent  tojhe  cali/r-tuhe  ( inferior) . 

Tendril-bearing  herbs  :  anthers  often  united.        .         .        Cucurbitace.t3,  186 
Tendrils  none. 

Stamens  united  by  their  anthers  into  a  ring  or  tube. 

Flowers  in  an  involucrate  head Composit.e,  215 

Flowers  separate,  not  involueratc:  corolla  irregular.         Lobeliace.i;,  282 
Stamens  separate,  free  from  the  corolla  or  nearly  so,  as 

many  as  its  lobes  :  stipules  none  :  juice  milky.  Campanulace.e,  285 
Stamens  separate,  inserted  on  the  corolla. 

One  to  three,  always  fewer  than  lobes  of  the  corolla.    Valerianace/t;,  213 
Four  or  five  :  leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 

Flowers  in  a  dense  head,  with  an  involucre  :  no  stipules.  Dipsace.e,  215 
Flowers  if  in  heads  not  involucrate. 

Leaves  whorled  and  without  stipules.                J     _         Rubiace^,  208 
Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  and  with  stipules.  ) 
Leaves   opposite   without  stipules    (but   some- 
times with  appendages  to  the  petioles  imitat- 
ing them) Capkifoliace^,  202 

2.    Ovarij  free  from  the  calyx  (supa-ior). 
*    Corolla  irregular:  stamens  (with  anthers)  4  and  didynamous,  or  only  2. 
Ovules  and  seeds  solitary  in  the  (1-4)  cells. 

•    Ovary  4-lobed,  the  style  rising  from  between  the  lobes.  Labiat.e,  .341 

Ovary  not  lobed,  the  style  from  its  apex.      .         .         .       Vekbenace.i;,  339 
Ovules  numerous  or  at  least  as  many  as  2  in  each  cell. 
Ovary  and  pod  1 -celled, 

With  a  free  central  placenta  :  stamens  2  :  aquatics.     Lentibulace.e,  317 
With  2  or  more  parietal  very  many-seeded  placentte  : 

stamens  4 Oeobanciiace.e,  322 

Ovary  and  fruit  more  or  less  4  -  5-cellcd.    Martynia,  /        -n     .,^^., ,  ^^  ^   gon 
Ovary  and  pod  2-celled,  but  the  2  placentae  parietal.  ) 
Ovary  and  pod  2-celled :  placentJe  in  the  axis. 

Seeds  rarely  few,  not  on  hooks,  with  albumen.       SckophulariacExE,  324 
Seeds  few,  borne  on  hook-like  or  other  projections 

of  the  placentte  :  no  albumen.        .         .         .       AcANXiiACEiE,  338 

*   *    Corolla  someichat  irregular  :  stamens  [idth  anthers)  5. 

Stamens  free  from  the  corolla :  anthers  with  their  cells 

opening  by  a  hole  or  chink  at  the  top.       Azalea,  in  Ericace^,  286 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla. 

Ovary  deeply  4-lobed  around  the  style.  FA'hium,  in  Boeragixace.e,  350 

Ovary  not  lobed  :  ])od  many-seeded. 

Filaments  or  some  of  them  woolly.    Verbascum,  Scrophulariace.is,  324 
Filaments  not  woolly Hyoscyamus,  Solanace.k,  380 


ANALYTIC. \l,    KKV.  27 

*    *    ♦    Corolla  rif/ular. 

•»-  Stamens  as  matiij  as-tlw  lobes  of  the  roroUa. 

Ovaries  2,  sci)ar:itf  ;   tlifir 

Styles  and  stigmas  also  wholly  separate.  Dichoiulra,  in  Coxvor.virLACE.'E,  374 
Stigmas  and  sometimes  styles  united  into  one. 

Filaments  distinct  :  jiollen  in  onlinary  grains.    .         .     Apocynace^,  392 
Filaments  monadeljilioiis  :  jM^llen  in  nnisses.    .         .    Asclki'Iadace^,  394 
Ovary  one,  Init  deeply  4-lol)ed  around  the  style. 

Leaves  alternate Borkaginace^,  300 

Leaves  opposite.    ' Mentha,  in  Lai!Iat.«,  341 

Ovary  one  :  pod  2-lobcd  or  2-horncd  at  the  summit.        .         Logaxiace.e,  391 
Ovary  one,  not  divided  nor  deeply  lohed, 

One-eelled,  with  ovules  parietal  or  on  2  parietal  placentic. 

Leaves  (or  in  .Menyantlies  three  leaflets)  entire.      .         Gkntianace.c,  ."584 
Leaves  toothed,  lohed  or  pinnately  eompound.         IIyduoi-uvllace.e,  367 
Two-  to  ten-eelled. 

Leafless  parasitic  twining  plants.  Cuseuta,  in  CoxvolVllace.i:,  374 

Leaves  op])osite,  their  l)ascs  or  petioles  conneeted 

by  stipules  or  a  stipular  line  .        .         .         .  Logaxiaci;.e,  391 
Leaves  when  ojjpositc  without  stipules. 

Stamens  free  from  the  corolla  or  nearly  so  :  style  1 .  Eimcace.e,  286 

Stamens  almost  free  from  the  corolla  ;  style  none.    Aql-h-oliace.ic,  305 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  tuhc  of  the  corolla. 

Four  :  jwd  2-celled,  cireiimcissile.  .  .  Pi.antaginace.b,  310 
Four:  ovary  2  -  4-ei;lled :  ovules  solitary.  .  Verbenace.*:,  3:39 
F'ive  or  rarely  more. 

Fruit  of  two  or  four  .>;eeil-like  nutlets.  .        Borraginack^,  360 

Fruit  a  few-seeded  pod. 

Style  3-cleft :  seeds  small.       .         .         .        Poi.emomace.'e,  370 
Style  single  or  2-eleft,  or  again  2-eleft :  seeds 

large,  only  one  or  two  in  a  cell.    .     Convoi.vilaoe.k,  374 
Fruit  a  very  many-seeded  jxjd  or  herry. 

Styles  2.       .         .         .         Ilydrolca,  in  IIvdropiiyllace.e,  367 
Style  single Solanacejj,  380 

■*-  H-  Slaimns  fuccr  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Stamens  4,  didynamous. 

Ovary  2-eelleil  ;   the  cells  several-seeded.         .         .         .     AcAXTirACE.F.,  338 

Ovary  2-4-eelled;  the  cells  1 -seeded.         .         .         .         Verhknack.i-:,  .339 
Stamens  only  2  with  anthers  :  ovary  4-1oIhi1.    .  Lycopus,  in  Lauiat.!:,  342 

Stamens  2,  rarely  3  :  ovary  2-eelKd. 

Low  herbs  :  corolla  .scarious,  withering  on  t\w  pod.       I'i.axtacinace.e,  310 

Herbs  :  corolla  rotate,  or  somewhat  funnelforni,  and* 

slightly  irregular.    .         .  Veronica,  in  ScRoi-nri.AKiArE.K,  324 

Shrubs  or  trees  :  corolla  perfectly  regular.  .         ."        .         .      Oi-EACEJi,  400 


2»  ANALYTICAL    KKY. 

Division  III.     APETALOUS:  corolla  (and  sometimes  calyx)  wanting. 

A«     Flowers  not  in  catkins. 
1.    Ovary  or  its  cells  containing  many  ovules. 

Ovary  and  pod  inferior  (i.  c.  calyx-tube  adherent  to  tlie  ovary), 

Six-celled:  stamens  6 -12.  ....         AKiSTOLOCniACEiE,  403 

Four-celled:  stamens  4 Ludwigia,  in  Oxagkace.i;,  176 

One-celled,  with  parietal  placentae.    Chrysosplenium,  in  Saxxfkagace^,.  163 

Ovary  and  pod  wholly  naked  (there  being  no  calyx), 

Two-celled,  2-heaked  :  flowers  capitate  :  tree.        .         .    Hamamelace^,  173 

.    Two-celled,  many-ribbed  :  aquatic  herb.  .         .         Podostemace^,  429 

Ovary  and  pod  superior,  i.  e.  free  from  the  calyx, 

Five-celled  and  5-beaked,  opening  across  the  beaks,  which 

fall  off  at  maturity  :  stamens  10.     Penthorum,  in  Crassulace^,  171 

Three -5-celled,  opening  round  the  middle.    Sesuvium,  in  Portulacace^,  97 

Three-celled  and  3-valvcd.         .         .         Mollugo,  in  Caryopiiyllace^e,  87 

Two-celled  or  one-celled  :  placenta  central. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  or  tube  of  the  calyx.         Lytiirace.e,  182 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle  or  the  base  of  the  calyx, 

Alternate  with  the  5  sepals.  .         .         Glaux,  in  Primulace.e,  313 

Opposite  the  sepals  when  of  the  same  number.      Caryophyllace>e,  87 

One-celled,  with  one  parietal  placenta.  )  ^ 

^       .      „  .      •      ,  >  .         .         .         Eanunculace^,  34 

Ovaries  2  or  more,  separate,  simple.         ) 

2.    Ovary  or  its  cells  containing  only  1  or  2,  jrarly  3  or  4,  ovules. 

#    Pistils  more  than  one,  and  distinct  or  nearly  so. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx.     Leaves  with  stipules.     .         .     Rosace.e,  146 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle. 
Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  dots.        .         Zanthoxylum,  in  Rctace.e,  109 
Leaves  not  dotted. 

Calyx  present,  and  usually  colored  or  petal-like.  Ranuncueace.b,  34 

Calyx  absent.    Flowers  entirely  naked,  perfect,  spiked.     Saururace.e,  42) 

*   *    Pistil  one,  either  simple  or  compound. 

Ovary  partly  inferior,  the  calyx  coherent  to  its  lower  half, 

2-celled  :  styles  2  :  stamens  many.        .         .         .     Hamamelace.e,  173 
Ovary  wholly  inferior  (in  perfect  or  pistillate  flowers). 
Aquatic  herbs  :  ovary  3-4  celled,  or  (Hippuris)  1-celled.      Halorage.e,  174 
Woody  plants  :  style  or  stigma  one,  entire  :  ovary  1-celled. 

Stigma  running  down  one  side  of  the  style.  Nyssa,  in  Cornace,i;,  199 

Stigma  terminal,  with  or  without  a  style. 
Parasitic  on  the  branches  of  trees  :  anthers  sessile.    Loranthace.e,  426 
Not  parasitic  above  ground  :  anthers  on  filaments.       Santalace.??,  425 


ANALYTICAL    KKY.  29 

Ovary  really  free  from  tlie  calyx,  but  permanently  invested  by  its 
tube,  or  the  base  of  it,  so  as  to  seem  inferior. 
Shrubs,  with  siurfv  leaves  :  flowers  mostly  diceeious.         El.kagnaci:.«,  424 
Herbs  :  with  the  ealyx  colored  like  a  corolla. 

Leaves  opposite,  simple.  .....     Nyctaginace.e,  404 

Leaves  alternate,  piiniate Poterium,  in  Rosacea;,  146 

Ovary  plainly  free  from  the  ealyx,  which  is  sometimes  waiitin;,'. 
Stipules  (oclirea^)  sheathinj,'  the  stem  at  the  nodes. 

Tree  :  tlie  calyx  none  :  tlowers  monu;cious,  in  heads.      Pi-ATANAricK,  446 
Herbs:  the  calyx  jiresent  and  commonly  petal-like.       Polyoo.nacl.k,  414 
Stipules  not  sheathing  the  stem,  or  none. 
Aipiatie  herbs,  submersed  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  whorled  and  dissected  :  style  single.        CERAToriiYi.i.ACK.T;,  427 
Leaves  opposite,  entire  :  styles  2  :  ovary  4-cellcd.  Cali-ituiciiacici:,  427 
Not  acjuatics,  herbs. 

Ovary  10-celled:  berry  10-sccded.  .  .  .  riiYxoLACCACK^v,  405 
Ovary  3-  (rarely  1  -  2-)  celled  :  juice  usually  milky.  Eui'iioBBiACiiiE,  430 
Ovary  one-celled  :  juice  not  milky. 

Style,  if  any,  and  stigma  only  one  :  leaves  simple  : 

no  scarious  bracts  around  the  flowers.      .         .     Urticace^.,  440 
Style  or  stigmas  2  or  3  :  embryo  coiled  or  curved. 
Stipules  not  scarious  ;  leaves  palmately  cleft  or 

palmately  compound.         .  Cannabinea;,  in  Urticace^,  44C 

Stipules  scarious.     .         .  Illocebrea!,  in  Caryophyllace.*:,  SJ 

Stipules  and  scarious  bracts  none  :  stamens  inserted  high  up 

on  the  tube  of  the  calyx.      Selcranthus,  in  Caryoi'IIYLLACE.e,  87 
Stipules  none  :  but  flowers  with  scarious  bracts.  Amakan'tace;e,  411 
Stipules  and  scarious  bracts  none       .         .     Cuenopodiace.i:,  405 
Shrubs  or  trees. 
Ovules  a  pair  in  each  cell  of  the  ovarj'. 

Fruit  2-celled,  a  double  samara.  Accrinea?,  in  Sapindace.t:,  116 

Fruit  a  1-celled  and  1 -seeded  samara  or  a  drupe.  Oleace.i:,  40tt 

Ovules  single  in  each  cell  of  the 

Three -nine-celled  ovary  :    leaves  hcatb-likc.     .       Empetrace.i:,  440 
Three-celled  ovary  :  leaves  broad.  .         .         .     Riiamxace.e,  ll.*) 

One-  two-celled  ovary  :  styles  or  stigmas  2-cleft.         Ui;ticace.k,  440 
One-celled  ovary  :  style  and  stigma  single  and  entire. 

Anthers  opening  longitudinally     .         .         .     TuvMr.i.EACE.E,  424 
Anihers  opening  by  uplifted  valves.  .         .  .         Laiuace.e,  422 

B.     Flowers  {monacioiis  or  diwcioiis)  one  or  both  sorts  in  calkins. 

1.    Only  one  sort  of  Jlowers  in  catkins  or  catkin-like  heads. 

"Fertile  flowers  in  a  short  catkin,  head,  or  strobile.      .         .       Urticace.e,  440 
Fertile  flowers  single  or  clustered  :  sterile  ones  in  slender  catkins. 

Leaves  pinnate  :  fertile  flowers  and  fruit  naked.  .       Jcglandaoe.e,  447 

Leaves  simple  ;  fertile  flowers  I  -3  in  an  involucre  or  cup.  CuPULiFKRJi,  449 


30  ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

2.    Both  sterile  and  fertile  flowers  in  catkins  or  catkin-like  heads. 
Ovary  and  pod  2-cclled,  many-seeded.        Liquidambar,  in  Hamamelace^,  173 
Ovary  and  pod  1 -celled,  many-seeded;  seeds  furnished  with 

a  downy  tuft  at  one  end.  .....     SALiCACEiE,  461 

Ovary  1  -2-eellcd,  only  one  ovule  in  each  cell :  fruit  1-seeded. 
Parasitic  on  trees  :  fruit  a  berry.  ....     Lokanthace.e,  426 

Trees  or  shrubs,  not  parasitic. 

Calyx  regular,  in  the  fertile  flower  succulent  in  fruit.         UnTiCACEiE,  440 
Calyx  none,  or  rudimentary  and  scale-like. 

Style  and  stigma  one,  simple  :  tiie  flowers  in  heads.     PLATANACEiE,  446 
Styles  or  long  stigmas  2. 
Fertile  flowers  2  or  3  under  each  scale  of  the  catkin.    Betulace.e,  458 
Fertile  flowers  single  under  each  scale :  nutlets 

naked,  waxy-coated  or  drupe-like.        .         .         .  Mykicace.e,  457 

Fertile  flowers  in  pairs  at  each  scale,  each  in  a  mem- 
branous sac  or  with  leafy  bractlets.   Carpineaj,  in  Cupulifer.e,  449 

Subclass  II.  GYMNOSPEllM.E.  Pistil  an  open  scale  or  altered 
leaf,  bearing  naked  ovules  on  its  margin  or  its  upper  surlace,  or  in  Taxus 
entirely  wanting.     Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

Represented  in  the  Northern  United  States  only  by  the  order   Conifers,  468 


Class  II.  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  or  ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Stems  with  the  wood  collected  into  separate  bundles  or  threads,  which 
are  irregularly  dispersed  throughout  the  whole  diameter,  leaving  no  dis- 
tinct pith  in  the  centre ;  not  forming  annual  layers.  (A  transverse 
slice  of  the  stern  therefore  exhibits  the  woody  threads  as  dots  scattered 
throughout  the  cellular  tissue.)  Leaves  mostly  parallel-veined  (occasion- 
ally more  or  less  reticulated).  Embryo  with  a  single  cotyledon,  and  the 
first  leaves  in  germination  alternate.  Parts  of  the  flower  generally  in 
threes,  never  in  fives. 

4.  Spadiceocs  Division.  Flotm-s  arjrjrcrjnfrd  on  a  spadix  or  fleshy  nrlK,  or 
sometimes  scattered,  destitute  of  ralijr  and  rorol/a  [fxcrptiinj  some  Araccjc  and 
Naiadaceoe,  where,  however,  they  are  on  a  spadix),  and  also  icilltont  glumes 
(husky  scales).     Leaves  sometimes  with  mttcd  veins. 

Little  floating  aquatics,  with  no  distinction  of  stem  and  foliage.  Lemnace^,  478 

Immersed  aquatics,  branching  and  leafy.        ....     NAiDACEiE,  482 

lieed-like  or  Flag-like  marsh  herbs,  with  linear  and  sessile 
nerved  leaves  :  flowers  in  spikes  or  heads. 
Flowers  monoecious,  and  quite  destitute  of  fli;ral  envelopes.     Typiiace.e,  480 
Flowers  perfect,  on  a  lateral  spadix  :   .s(])als  6.     Acorus,  y 

Terrestrial  or  marsh  plants  :  leaves  mostly  with  a  distinct  ^  Arace.'e,  475 

netted-veined  blade,  pctiolcd.  ) 


ANALYTICAL    KKV.  SI 

B>  Petaloideocs  Division.  Flowers  not  cof/ectrd  on  a  spndir.  furnished  with 
Jloral  envelopes  (jierianl/i)  answering  to  calyx  or  to  both  ciilij.c  and  corolla,  either 
herhictous  or  colored  and  /ittal-ll/ce. 

1.    Perianth  adherent  to  the  whole  surface  of  the  ovary. 
Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  rcfriilar. 

i\(iuiitics:  ovules  luul  seeds  several  or  numerous.    IlYDHociiAinnACE.T:,  494 
Twiners  :  ovules  and  seeds  one  or  two  in  eaeli  till.  DioscouEACKyE,  513 

Flowers  perfect :  ovules  and  seeds  usually  numerous. 

Stamens  only  one  or  two  :  llower  irregular,  gynandrous.  Okciiidace.k,  497 

Stamens  three. 

Anthers  introrsc,  ojjcning  t^ansve^scly^         .         .       Biismaxniace-k,  490 

Anthers  introrse  or  versatile,  opening  lengthwise.       II.lmodokali:.!:,  514 

Anthers  extror.^e,  opening  lengthwise.      ....     Ikidaci;.!:,  515 

Stamens  G  :  flowers  usually  on  a  seajje  from  a  hull).     A.mauvli.idacI';.!;,  512 

2.    Perianth  adherent  only  to  the  base  or  lower  half  of  the  ovary. 
Perianth  woolly  or  roughish-mealy  :  the  leaves  equitant.    H/i:mou()kaci;.e.  514 
Perianth  smooth  :  the  leaves  gras.s-like.       Stcnanthium,  &e.,  in  Lii.iACK.ii,  520 

3.    Perianth  wholly  free  from  the  ovary. 
Pistils  numerous  or  few  in  a  head  or  ring.        .         .         .  Alismace^,  490 

Pistil  one  :  anthers  1-eelL'd  :  flowers dia-eious.    Tendril-hearing.  S.milace^,  518 
Pistil  one,  compound  (cells  or  placentie  mo^tly  3)  :  anthers  2-eelled. 
Perianth  not  glumaccous  or  chaffy  :  flowers  not  in  dense  heads. 
Stamens  6  (in  one  Sinilacina  4),  similar  and  ])erfeet. 

Scurfy-leaved  epijihyte  :  seeds  hairy-tufted.    .         .    Euo.meliace.e,  515 
liush-like  marsh-herhs  :  carpels  separating  closed  from  the 

axis  :  seed  without  alhumen.  Trigloehin,  in  Ai.is.iiace.e,  490 

Terrestrial,  not  rush-like  :  seeds  with  albumen. 

Perianth  of  similar  divisions  or  lobes,  mostly  colored.  ^ 

Perianth  of  3  foliaceous  and  green  sepals  and  .3  col-  [-   Lii.iace.e,  520 

orcd  withering-persistent  petals.  Trillium  in) 

Perianth  of  3  persistent  green  sepals,  and  3  I'phemc- 

ral  deli<|ue.scent  petals  .....  (^om.melynace.e,  546 
Stamens  6,  dissimilar,  or  only  three  with  perfect  anthers. 
Perianth    of  3    herbaceous    sepals    and    3    uiu'(iual 

and  ephemeral  ])etals.  ....     CoMMF.i.YNArK.E,  540 

Perianth  tubular,  0-lobed P().NTi;i)i;uiAri;.i:,  544 

Stamens  3,  >imilar.     Moss-like  .aquatic.     Mayaca,  under  Xyimdace.*:,  547 
Perianth  wholly  glumaccous,  of  0  similar  divisions.    Rushes.  Ji'ncace.e,  536 
I'erianth  partly  glumaceous  or  ehafl-like:  flowers  in  very 
(h'li.sc  heads.     Rush-like  or  aquatic. 
Flowers  jierfect :  inner  perianth  of  three  yellow  petals  : 
jierfect  stamens  and  jdumo.xe  sterile  (ilaments  each 
3  :  pod  1  celled,  many-.seedcd  on  3  pjirietal  ])laecnta'.  Xvridace.e,  547 
Flowers   moutecious  or  dia-eious,  whitish-bearded  :  sta- 
mens 4  or  3  :  pod  2-3  celled,  2-  3-seeded.    Lkiocalloxace.e,  .549 


32  ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

C.     Glujiaceous  Division.     Flowers  destitute  of  any  proper  perianth,  except 
sometimes  small  scales  or  bristles,  but  covered  by  glumes,  j.  e  husk-like  or  scale- 
like bracts. 
Glume  a  single  scale-like  bract  with  a  flower  in  its  axil.      .      Cvperace^,  .5.50 
Glumes  in  pairs,  of  two  sorts Gramine^,  602 

Series  II.     CRYPTOGMIOUS    or  FLOWERLESS    PLANTS : 

those  destitute  of  stamens  and  pistils,  in  fructification  producing  spores 
instead  of  seeds. 

Class  III.     ACROGENOUS  PLANTS. 
Plants  -with  a  stem  containing  woody  tissue  and  vessels,  as  does  the 
foliage  when  there  is  any  (in  the  form  of  veins). 
Fructification  of  several  spore-cases  borne  on  the  under 

side  of  the  shield-shaped  stalked  scales  of  a  terminal 

spike  or  cone.    Leaves  none,  except  a  whorl  of  teelh 

at  each  joint  of  the  stem. Equisetace^,  G.'iS 

Fructification  borne  on  the  leaves  (fronds),  commonly  on 

their  backs  or  margins Filices,  6.5.') 

Fructification  of  spore-cases  in  the  axil  of  simple  leaves 

or  bracts. Ltcopodiace^,  672 

Fructification  on  the  branches  or  petioles.  .        .      Htdroptekiues,  677 


BOTANY 


NORTHERN  UNITED  STATES. 


SERIES  I 


PII^NOGAJVIPUS   OR  FLOWERING  PLANTS. 

Vegetables  bearing  i)ro{)cr  flowers,  that  is,  liaving  sta- 
mens and  pistils,  and  producing  seeds,  -wlucli  contain  an 
embryo. 

Class    L    DICOTYLEDONOUS    or    EXOGE- 
NOUS   PLANTS. 

Stems  formed  of  bark,  wood,  and  pith  ;  the  wood  forming 
a  layer  between  the  otiier  two,  increasing,  when  the  stem 
continues  from  year  to  year,  by  the  annual  addition  of  a 
n^w  layer  to  the  outside,  next  the  bark.  Leaves  netted- 
vcined.  Embryo  with  a  pair  of  opposite  cotyledons,  or 
rarely  several  in  a  whorl.  Flowers  having  their  parts 
usually  in  fives  or  fours. 

Subclass  I.     AXGIOSPERM^. 

Pistil  consisting  of  a  clo-ctl  ovary,  whidi  contains  the  ovules  tind 
forms  the  fruit.     Cotyledons  only  two. 
3 


34  RANUNCULACE^.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 


Division  I.     POLYPETALOUS   EXOGENOUS   PLANTS. 

Floral  envelopes  consisting  of  both  calyx  and  corolla ;  the  petals 
not  united  with  each  other.  (Several  genera  or  species  .belonging  to 
Polypetalous  Orders  are  destitute  of  petals.) 

Order  1.     RANU]¥CIJL.ACE^.     (Crowfoot  Family.) 

Herbs  or  woody  climbers,  rarely  undershrubs,  with  a  colorless  acrid  juice, 
polypetalous,  or  apetalous  with  the  calyx  often  colored  like  a  corolla,  hypogy- 
nous ;  the  sepals,  petals,  numerous  stamens,  and  many  or  few  {rarely  sin- 
gle) pistils  all  distinct  and  unconnected.  —  Flowers  regular  or  irregular. 
Sepals  3-15.  Petals  3-15,  or  wanting.  Stamens  indefinite,  rarely  i'tiw : 
anthers  short.  Fruits  either  dry  pods,  or  seed-like  (achenia),  or  beiTi*?s. 
Seeds  anatropous  (when  solitary  and  suspended  the  rhaphe  dorsal),  with 
fleshy  albumen  and  a  minute  embryo.  —  Stipules  none.  Leaves  often 
dissected,  their  stalks  dilated  at  the  base.  (A  large  family,  mostly  of 
acrid  plants,  some  of  them  acrid-narcotic  poisons.) 

Synopsis  of  the  Genera. 

Tribe  I.  CliEMATIDE^.  Sepals  valvate  in  the  bud,  or  iwith  the  edges  bent  inwards. 
Petals  none,  or  small.  Achenia  numerous,  tailed  with  the  feathery  or  hairy  styles.  Seeds 
solitary,  suspended.  —  Leaves  all  opposite. 

1.  Clematis.     Climbing  by  the  leafstalks,  or  erect  herbs. 

Tribe  II.  AIVEMOIVE^.  Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  none  or  very  small 
and  stamen-like.  Achenia  numerous  or  several.  Seed  solitary.  —  Stem-leaves  often  op- 
posite or  wliurled,  forming  an  involucre. 

*  Seed  suspended.     Sepals  4  -  20. 

2.  Anemone.      Achenia  numerous,  in  a  head,  pointed  or  tailed,  not  ribbed  nor  inflated. 

Involucre  leaf-like  and  remote  from  the  flower 

3.  Hepatica.      Achenia  several,   not   ribbed.     Involucre  close  to  the  flower,  of  3  simple 

leaves,  and  resembling  a  calyx. 

4.  Tlialictrum.     Achenia  4-10,  ribbed,   grooved,  or  inflated.     Involucre  none,   or  leaf- 

like, and  remote  from  the  flowers. 

#  »  Seed  erect.     S3pals  3-5,  caducous. 

5.  Trautvelteria.     Achenia  inflated  and  4-angled.    Involucre  none. 

Tribe  III.  RAIVTNCUL.E.E.  Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  evident,  often 
with  a  scale  or  pore  inside.     Achenia  numerous      Seed  solitary. 

6.  Ranunculus.     Sepals  not  appendaged.     Achenia  in  a  head.     Seed  erect. 

7.  Myosurus.     Sepals  spurred  at  the  base.     Achenia  in  a  long  spike.     Seed  suspended. 
Tribe  IV.      IIELIjEBORIIVEjE.      Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous,  rarely 

persistent,  petal-like.  Pet^ils  (nf claries  of  the  early  botanists)  tubular,  irregular,  or  2- 
lipped,  often  none.  Pods  (follicles)  few,  rarely  single,  few  -  several-seeded.  —  Leaves  all 
alternate. 

*  Flower  regular.     Pods  several-seeded.     Herbs. 

8.  Isopyrum.     Petals  none  (in  our  species).     Pods  few.     Leaves  compound. 
14.  Caltita.     Petals  none.    Pods  several.     Leaves  kidney-shaped,  undivided. 


UANUNCULACKvK.       (CUOWFOOT    FAMILY.)  35 

10.  Trollilia.     Petals  many,  minute  ami  stamen-like,  hollowed  near  tlie  biise.     Pods  8 -15, 

sessile.     Leaves  palmiitely  divMed. 

11.  Coplis.      Petals  5.-C,  small,  liollowe<l  at  the  apex.      Pods  3-7,  long-stalked.     Sepals 

ilioiiludiis.     Li'aves  trifuliolate. 

12.  Ilrllfborus.     Petals  8-10,  small,  tubular,  2-lipped.     Pods  several,  sessile.     Sepals  5, 

pcrsistfiit,  turning  green  with  age. 

13.  Aqullcgla.     Petals  5,  spur-shaped,  longer  than  the  5  deciduous  se])als.     Pods  5 

•  •  Flower  unsymmetrical  and  irregular.     Puds  sevcral-Sfeded. 

14.  Delphinium.     Upi)er  sepal  spurred.     Petals  4,  of  two  forms;  the  upper  pair  with 

long  spurs,  enclosed  in  the  spur  of  the  caly.\. 

15.  Acoiiit  uiii.     I'pper  sepal  h<K>ded,  covering  the  two  long-clawed  small  petals. 

*  •  *  Flower  symmetrical.     Pods  ripening  only  one  seed.     Shrubby. 

16.  Zaiitliui-liizu.      Petals  5,  small,  2-lobe(l,  with  claws.      Stamens  5-10.     Flowers  in 

drooping  cumpouiid  racemes. 
Tribe  V.     CIMICIFUGKjE.    Sepals  imbricated,  falling' off  as  the  flower  opens.     Pet- 
als small  and  Hat,  or   none.      Pistils  1- several.      Fruit  a  2  -  several-seeded  pixl  or  berry. 
All  the  loaves  alternate. 

17.  Hyilrastis.      Flower  solitary.      Pistils  several  in  a  head,  becoming  berries  in  fruit,  2- 

seeded.     Leaves  simple,  lobcd.     Petals  none. 
IS.  Actaca.     Flowers  in  a  single 'short  raceme.     Pistil  single,  forming  a  many-seeded  berry. 

lA'aves  2  -  3-ternately  compound.    Petals  manifest,  but  small. 
19.  Ciiiiicifiiga.     Flowers  in  long  spiked  racemes.     Pistils  1-8,  in  fruit  forming  dry  and 

several-seeded  pods.     Leaves  2 -3-ternately  compound. 

1.    CLEMATIS,    L.        Virgin's-Roweu. 

Sepals  4,  or  rarely  more,  colored,  the  valvatc  margin.s  turned  inwards  in  the 
bud.  Petals  none,  or  small.  Aehcnia  numerous  in  a  head,  bearin-.^  the  persist- 
ent styles  as  naked,  hairy,  or  jilumosc  tails. —  Perennial  herbs  or  vines,  mostly 
ft  little  woody,  and  climbinjj  by  the  bendino;  or  clas])ino;  of  the  leafstalks,  rarely 
low  and  erect.  Leaves  opjjosite.  ( KXruiaTis,  a  name  of  Dioseorides  for  a  climb- 
ing plant  with  long  and  lithe  branches.) 
§  1.    ATIiAGKXE,  L.     Some  of  the  outer  Jilamcnts  cnkurjcd  and  qradnall  if  passing 

into  small  spatiilute  petals :  peduncles  bearing  sinyle  larye  Jhivers :  the  thin  sepals 

widely  spmidiny. 

1.  C.  verticill^ris,  DC.  "Woody-stemmed  climber,  almost  glabrous; 
leaves  trifoliolate,  with  slender  common  and  partial  petioles;  leaflets  ovate  or 
slightly  heart-shaped,  jwinted,  entire,  or  on  sterile  stems  1  -3-toothed  or  lobed  ; 
flower  blnish-purple,  2'-3'  acro-^s ;  tails  of  the  fruit  plumose.  ( Atragenc  Amer- 
icana, Sims.)  —  Rocky  j)laces  in  moimtainous  districts,  Maine  and  Western 
New  England  to  Virginia,  Wisconsin,  and  northwestward:  rare.  May. — A 
pair  of  leaves  with  a  j)cdnncle  between  them,  devclo|)ed  in  spring  from  each  of 
the  oi)i)ositc  buds,  gives  the  appearance  of  a  whorl,  whence  the  specific  name. 

§  2.    CLEMATIS  projier.     Prtals  entirely  wanting. 

*  Peduncles  bearing  single  large  nodding  Jlowers :  calyx  leathery :  anthers  linear. 

■*-  Stem  low,  enrt  and  mostly  .>iimple:  caly.r  silky  outside,  greenish. 

2.  C.  OChroletlca,  Ait.  Leaves  simple  and  entire,  ovate  or  sometimes 
3-lobed,  almost  .•fissile,  silky  beneath  ;  tails  of  the  fruit  very  plumose.  —  Copses^ 
L(mg  Island,  Staten  Island  (/>;•.  Allin),  Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia:  rare. 
May. 


36  RANUNCULACE^.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

■t-  •»-  Stents  ch'mhl)i(j :  leai-es  pinnate :  cali/x  {and  foliage)  glabrous  or  piiherulent. 

3.  C  Viorna,  L.  (Leather-flower.)  Calyx  ovate  and  at  length  bell- 
shaped  ;  the  purplish  sepals  very  thick  and  leathery,  tipped  with  short  recurred jmints  ; 
the  long  tails  of  ihe  fndt  very  plumose ;  leaflets  3-7,  ovate  or  oblong,  sometimes 
slightly  cordate,  2-3-lobcd  or  entire;  uppermost  leaves  often  simple.  —  Kich 
soil,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  southward.     May -Aug. 

4.  C.  Pitcheri,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Calyxbell-shapcd ;  the  dull  purplish  sepals 
with  narrow  and  slighdy  margined  recurved  points ;  tails  of  the  fruit  Jiliform  and 
barely  pubescent ;  leaflets  3-9,  ovate  or  somewhat  cordate,  entire  or  3-lobed,  much 
reticulated;  uppermost  leaves  often  simple.  —  Illinois  on  the  Mississippi,  and 
southward.     June. 

5.  C.  cylindrioa,  Sims.  Calyx  cylindraceous  below,  the  upper  half  of 
the  bluish-purple  sepals  dilated  and  widely  spreading,  with  broad  and  wavy  thin 
margins ;  tails  of  the  fruit  silky ;  leaflets  .5  -  9,  thin,  varying  from  oblong-ovate 
to  lanceolate,  entire  or  3  -  5-parted.  —  Virginia  near  Norfolk,  and  southward. 
May  -  Aug. 

*  *  Flowers  in  panicled clustej-s,  polygamo-dicecious :  sepals  thin:  anthers  oblong. 

6.  C.  Virginiana,  L.  (Common  Virgin's-Bower.)  Smooth;  leaves 
bearing  3  ovate  acute  leaflets,  which  are  cut  or  lobed,  and  somewhat  heart-shaped 
at  the  base ;  tails  of  the  fruit  plumose.  —  River-banks,  &c.,  common ;  climbing 
over  shrubs.  July,  August.  —  The  axillary  peduncles  bear  clusters  of  numerous 
white  flowers  (sepals  obovate,  spreading) ;  the  fertile  succeeded  in  autumn  by  the 
conspicuous  feathery  tails  of  the  fruit. 

2.    ANEMONE,    L,        Anemone.     Wind-flower. 

Sepals  few  or  many,  petal-like.  Petals  none,  or  in  No.  1  resembling  abortive 
stamens.  Achenia  pointed  or  tailed,  flattened,  not  ribbed.  Seed  suspended. — 
Perennial  herbs  with  radical  leaves ;  those  of  the  stem  2  or  3  together,  oppo- 
site or  whorled,  and  forming  an  involucre  remote  from  the  flower.  (Name  from 
fivffios,  the  wind,  because  the  flower  was  thought  to  open  only  when  the  wind 
blows.) 

§  1.  PULSATfLLA,  Tourn.  Carpels  numerous  in  a  head,  with  long  and  hairy 
styles  which  in  fruit  form  feathery  tails,  as  in  Clematis  :  flower  large,  usually  with 
some  glandular  bodies  like  abortive  stamens  answering  to  petals,  but  minute  or 
indistinct. 

1.  A.  patens,  L.,  var.  Nuttalliana.  (Pasque-flower.)  Villous  with 
long  silky  haii's  ;  flower  erect,  developed  before  the  leaves ;  which  are  ternately 
divided,  the  lateral  divisions  2-parted,  the  middle  one  stalked  and  3-parted, 
the  segments  deeply  once  or  twice  cleft  into  narrowly  linear  and  acute  lobes ; 
lobes  of  the  involucre  like  those  of  the  leaves,  at  the  base  all  united  into  a  shal- 
low cup;  sepals  5-7,  purplish  or  whitish  (1'-  I2"  long),  spreading  when  in  full 
anthesis.  (A.  Nuttalliana,  DC.  Pulsatilla  Nuttalliana,  ed.  2.  P.  patens,  var. 
Wolfgangiana,  Trautv.) — Prairies,  Illinois  {Bebb),  Wisconsin  (Lnpham),  thence 
northward  and  westward.  March -April. — A  span  high.  Tail  of  carpels  2' 
long.     (Eu.  Siberia.) 


RANUXCULACK.f:.       (CUOWFOOT    FAMILY.)  37 

§  2.    Caq)el.i  ven/  numerous  in  n  drnsr  hcdd,  ti/i/nil  irilli  shorl  and  nearly  naled  styles, 

thirkli/  dollied  witU  nri/  loiiij  and  inutlnl  u-ool  irlirn  ripe. 

♦  Low  or  slender  plants,  somewhat  pubescent,  alirai/s  simple-stemmed,  with  a  mostly 

sessile.  2-'3-leaved  iniolucre far  below  thejiower. 

2.  A.  Carolini^na,  Walt.  (Cakolina  xVnkmone.)  Stem  3'-6'  high 
from  a  roiiiul  tiil>tr;  mot-lenvcs  once  or  twice  3-parted  or  cleft;  involucre  3- 
parted,  its  wcdj,a'-t;hai)ctl  divisions  3-(lcft ;  sepals  10-20,  oblong-linear,  purjilc  or 
whitish;  head  of  fruit  oblong. — Illinois  {O.Everett,  J.  W.  Powell,  M.  S.  Bebb, 
I'J.  Hall,  T.  J.  Utile,  &c.)  and  soiitliwurd.  Ma}'.  Ajjparently  passes  into  the 
South  American  A.  decapctala. 

3.  A.  parvifldra,  Michx.  (Small-flowekeu  a.)  Stem  3'- 12'  high 
from  a  slender  rootstock  ;  root-leaves  3-parted,  their  broadly  wedge-shaped  divis- 
ions crenate-incised  or  lobed  ;  involucre  2-3-leavcd;  se]xils  5  or  6,  oval,  white; 
head  of  fruit  globular.  —  Lake  Superior,  northward  and  westward.  May,  June. 
«  *  Taller,  commonly  branching  above  or  producing  two  or  more  peduncles:  sejKils 

5-8,  silLy  or  downy  beneath  (4"  -  6"  long),  oval  or  oblong. 

4.  A.  multiflda,  DC.  (Many-cleft  A.)  Silky-hairy  (6'- 12'  high); 
principal  involucre  2-3-lcaved,  bearing  one  naked  and  one  or  two  2-leaved  pe- 
duncles ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  short-petioled,  similar  to  the  root-leaves,  twice  or 
thrice  3-partcd  and  cleft,  their  divisions  linear ;  sepals  5-8,  obtuse,  red,  sometimes 
greenish-yellow  or  whitish  ;  head  of  fruit  spherical  or  oval.  —  Rocks,  Western  Ver- 
mont and  Northern  New  York,  Lake  Superior,  &c. :  rare.     June. 

5.  A.  cylindrica,  Gray.  (Long-fruited  A.)  Slender  (2°  high), 
clothed  with  silky  hairs;  flowers  2-G,  on  very  long  and  upright  naked  pcdun- 
cles;  leaves  of  the  involucre  long-pet ioled,  twice  or  thrice  as  many  as  the  flower- 
stalks,  3-tlivided ;  their  divisions  wedge-sliaixjd,  the  lateral  2-parted,  the  middle 
one  3-cleft ;  lobes  cut  and  toothed  at  the  apex ;  sejxils  5,  rather  obtuse,  greenish- 
white;  hfiid  of  fruit  cylindrical  (1'  long).  —  Sandy  or  dry  woods,  Massachusetts 
and  Rhode  Island  to  Illinois  and  northwestward.  May.  —  Peduncles  7'- 12' 
long,  all  appearing  together  from  the  same  involucre,  and  naked  throughout, 
or  sometimes  ])art  of  them  with  involiicels,  as  in  the  next. 

6.  A.  Virginikna,  L.  (Viugiman  A.)  Hairy;  principal  involucre  3- 
leaved  ;  the  leaves  long-pet  ioled,  3-parted  ;  their  divisions  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed, 
cut-serrate,  the  lateral  2-parted,  the  middle  3-eleft ;  peduncles  elongated,  the 
earliest  naked,  the  others  with  a  2-leaved  involucel  at  the  middle;  sepals  5, acute, 
greenish  (in  one  variety  white  and  obtuse) ;  head  of  fruit  oval  or  olilong.  —  Woods 
and  meadows;  common.  June- August. — Plant  2°-3°  high;  the  upright 
peduncles  6' -12'  long.  In  this  and  the  next  species  the  first  flowerstalk  is 
leafless;  but  from  the  same  involucre  soon  proceed  one  or  two  lateral  ones, 
which  arc  2-leaved  at  the  middle  ;  these  partial  involucres  in  turn  giving  rise  to 
similar  peduncles,  thus  producing  a  succession  of  flowers  through  the  summer. 

§  3.    Car/i'ls  frinr,  the  acltinia  and  the  short  slender  styles  merily  pubescent. 

7.  A.  Pennsylvdnica,  L.  (Penxsylvaman  A.)  Hairy,  rather  low; 
Involucres  s<ssilc ;  the  primary  ones  3-leaved,  bearing  a  naked  peduncle,  and  soon 
a  pair  of  branches  or  peduncles  with  a  2-leavcd  involucre  at  the  middle,  which 
branch  similarly  in  turn;  their  leaves  broadly  wedge-shaped,  3-cleft,  cut  and 


38  RANUNCULACE.E.       (CUOWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

toothed;  radical  leaves  5-7-parted  or  cleft;  sepals  5,  obovate,  white  (6" -9" 
long) ;  head  of  fruit  spherical;  the  carpels  flat,  orbicular.  —  W.  New  England 
to  Illinois  and  northwestward.     June  -  Aug. 

8.  A.  nemorbsa,  L.  (Wind-flower.  Wood  A.)  Low,  smoothish; 
stem  perfectly  simple,  from  a  filiform  rootstock,  slender,  leafless,  except  the  in- 
volucre of  3  lung-pet ioled  trifoliolale  leaves,  their  leaflets  wedge-shaped  or  oblong, 
and  toothed  or  cut,  or  the  lateral  ones  (var.  quinquefolia)  2-parted ;  a  simi- 
lar radical  leaf  in  sterile  plants  solitary  from  the  rootstock ;  peduncle  not  longer 
than  the  involucre  :  sepals  4-7,  oval,  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  purple  out- 
side; carpels  only  15-20,  oblong,  with  a  hooked  beak.  —  ]\Iargin  of  woods. 
April,  May.  —  A  delicate  vernal  species;  the  flower  1'  broad.     (Eu.) 

3.     HEPATICA,     Dill.        Liver-leaf.     Hepatica. 

Involucre  simple  and  3-leaved,  very  close  to  the  flower,  so  as  to  resemble  a 
calyx;  otherwise  as  in  Anemone  (of  which  this  genus  should  strictly  be  viewed 
as  only  a  section). — Leaves  all  radical,  heart-shaped  and  3-lobed,  thickish  and 
persistent  through  the  winter,  the  new  ones  appearing  later  than  the  flowers, 
wiiich  are  single,  on  hairy  scapes.  (Name  from  a  fancied  resemblance  to  the 
liver  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves.) 

1.  H.  triloba,  Chaix.  (Eound-lobed  Hepatica.)  Leaves  with  3  ovate 
obtuse  or  rounded  lobes ;  those  of  the  involucre  also  obtuse.  —  Woods ;  common 
eastward  ;  flowering  soon  after  the  snow  leaves  the  ground  in  spring.  Sepals 
6-9,  blue,  purplish,  or  nearly  white.  Achenia  several,  in  a  small  loose  head, 
ovate-oblong,  pointed,  hairy.     (En.) 

2.  H.  acutiloba,  DC.  (Siiarp-lobed  Hepatica.)  Leaves  with  3  ovate 
and  pointed  lolies,  or  sometimes  5-lobcd ;  those  of  the  involucre  acute  or  acut- 
jsh.  —  Woods,  Vermont  and  New  York  to  Wisconsin.  Sepals  7-12,  pale  pur- 
ple, pink,  or  nearly  white.     Perhaps  runs  into  the  other. 

4.     THALICTRUM,     Tourn.        Meadow-Rce. 

Sepals  4  or  more,  petal-like   or  greenish.      Petals  none.      Achenia  4-15, 
grooved  or  ribbed,  or  else  inflated.     Seed  suspended.  —  Perennials,  with  2-3- 
ternately  compound  leaves,  the  divisions  and  the  leaflets  stalked.     Flowers  in 
corymbs  or  panicles,  often  polygamous  or  diojcious.      (Derivation  obscure.) 
§  1.    SYNDESMON,  HofFm.     Betiveen  Thalictrum  and  Anemone,  having  all 
its  stem-leaves  in  the  form  of  an  involucre  at  the  top,  and  the  stamens  shorter  than 
the  5-10  tvhite  and  conspicuous  sepals;  but  the  stigma  depressed-truncate,  and 
the  ovoid  sessile  carpels  terete,  mang-utigled,  icith  deep  internudiate  grooves :  flow- 
ers perfect. 

1.  T.  anemonoldes,  Michx.  (Rce-Anemone.)  Glabrous;  stem  and 
slender  petiole  of  radical  leaf  (a  span  high)  rising  from  a  cluster  of  thickened 
tuberous  roots ;  the  latter  2  -  3-ternately  compound ;  leaflets  roundish,  somewhat 
3-lobed  at  the  end,  cordate  at  the  base,  long-petiolulate,  those  of  the  2 -3-leaved 
1  -2-ternate  involucre  similar  ;  flowers  several  in  an  uml)el ;  sepals  oval  {h'  long, 
rarely  pinkish)   not   early  deciduous.  —  Woods,   common,  flowering    in    early 


RANUNCULACEiE.       (CUOWFOOT    FAMILY.)  31) 

spring,  along  witli  and  ronsi(lor:il)Iy  iTscnil)ling  Anemone  ncmorosa.  Karely 
the  sejials  arc  ;il()l)eil  like  tlie  Icallcts. 

§2.    Leaves  alt irimte  along  the  strm:  no  tm-olnrre :  roots  Jihrous :  Jlowers  compara- 
tiielif  small  and  numerous,  imiiicled :  sepals  4  or  5,  usualli/ J'allint/  early. 

*  Flowers  di(erioiis  or  sotnetirnes  ]>olijg(nnoiis.  in  ample  panicles :  jVaments  slender : 

stiymas  elomjated,  linear  or  subulate,  mostly  unilulaul:  arhenia   sciisile  or  short- 
it  ijiitule,  (iroiil,  poiiitid,  slronrjli/  several-auffled  and  (jroored. 

2.  T.  dioicum,  L.  (Eauly  Mkauow-Ri-k.)  Smooth  and  pale  or  glau- 
cous, l°-2°  high;  leares  all  with  ijeneral  jH-tioks;  leajhls  droopimj,  rounded  and 
3-7-Iobcd;  flowers  purplish  and  greenish;  the  yello\vish  antiiers  linear,  mu- 
cronate,  drooping  on  Jine  capilUtrij  jilaincuts.  —  Koeky  woods,  &e. ;  eonimon. 
April,  May. 

3.  T.  purpur^SCens,  L.  (Pcrplisii  ]\I.)  Taller  (2° -4°  high,  the 
stem  usually  pur|)lisli)  ;  stem-leaves  sessile  (without  general  petiole)  or  nearly  so; 
leaflets  roundish  or  ohlong  and  more  or  less  S-lohed,  thiekish,  pale  and  usually 
minutely  puheseent  heneath,  the  margin  mostly  revolutc  and  the  reining  con- 
spicuous;  panicles  eomjjound  ;  _/7()((V';-s  (sepals,  filaments,  &c.)  greenish  and  ]>ur- 
plish ;  anthers  linear  or  ohlong-linear,  mucronulate,  drooping  on  capillary  fila- 
ments which  are  manifestly  broadened  at  the  summit.  (T.  Virginianum  clatius, 
&c.,  Aforis.  T.  rugiisum,  .4//.  ?  T.  pid)escens,  Pwr.s-A.  T.  rcvoUitum,  Z>C'.)  — 
Dry  uplands  and  rocky  hills,  S.  New  England  to  Michigan,  Illinois  and  south- 
ward. May,  June.  —  Sometimes  nearly  glabrous  throughout,  often  minutely 
pubescent,  and  in 

Var.  ceriferum,  C.  F.  Austin,  niss.,  with  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves, 
sepals,  and  mostly  the  fruit  thickly  beset  with  waxy  atoms.  Plant  olten  grow- 
ing with  the  other,  and  exhaling  a  peculiar  odor. 

4.  T.  Corntlti,  L.  (Tall  M.)  Smooth  or  obscurely  pubescent,  4° -8° 
high;  slem-leai-es  sessile ;  leaflets  nearly  as  in  the  last,  but  usually  thinner  and 
less  revolute  and  veiny  and  the  lobes  more  acute;  panicles  very  compound; 
/lowers  white,  the  fertile  ones  with  some  stamens ;  anthers  not  drooping,  small,  ob- 
long, blunt,  the  irhite  ^filaments  decidedly  thickened  tipwards.  (T.  rugosum, 
Pursh.,  DC.  T.  corynellum,  />C.)  —  Wet  meadows  and  along  rivulets,  com- 
mon, especially  eastward.     July-  Sept. 

*  «  Flowers  all  jier feet,  corymhed ;  the  Jilamenis  strongly  rluh-slutped  or  inflated  under 

the  small  and  short  anther:  stigma  short  and  unilateral :  arhenia  long-slipitate. 
.5.    T.  clavatum,  DC.      Size  and  appearance  of  No.  2,  but  leaves  only 
twice  ternate  ;  flowers  white  and  fewer ;  aebenia  .'i  -  10,  flat,  somewhat  cresceiit- 
shajK-d,  ta]K-ring  into  the  slender  stipe.  —  Mountains  of  S.  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.    June. 

5.  TRAUTVETTERIA,     Fischer  &  Meyer.         False  BionANE. 
Sepals  .3 -5,   usually  4,  concave,   petal-like,   very  caducous.      Petals   none. 

Achenia  numerous,  in  a  head,  membrainiceous,  compresse(l-4-angled  anil  in- 
flated. Seed  erect.  —  A  iierennial  herb,  with  palmately-lobed  leaves,  all  alter- 
nate, and  corymbose  white  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Prof.  Truutveiler,  u  Russiaa 
botanist.) 


40  RANUNCDLACE^.       ( CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

1.  T.  palmata,  Fischer  &  Meyer.  (Cimicifuga  palmata,  i/(c^T.)  Woods, 
along  streams,  Virginia  and  Kentucky  along  the  mountains  :  also  sparingly  in 
Ohio  and  Illinois.  July,  Aug.  —  Root-leaves  large,  5  -  9-lobed  ;  the  lobes 
toothed  and  cut.     Stems  2° -3°  high. 


6.    RANUNCULUS,    L.        Crowfoot.    Buttercup. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  flat,  with  a  little  pit  or  scale  at  the  base  inside.  Achenia 
numerous,  in  a  head,  mostly  flattened,  pointed  ;  the  seed  erect.  —  Annuals  or 
perennials  :  stem-leaves  alternate.  Flowers  solitary  or  somewhat  corymbed, 
yellow,  rarely  white.  (Sepals  and  petals  rarely  only  3,  the  latter  often  more 
than  .5.  Stamens  occasionally  few  in  number.)  —  (A  Latin  name  for  a  little 
frog  ;  applied  by  Pliny  to  these  plants,  the  aquatic  sjjecies  growing  where  frogs 
abound.) 

§  1 .  BATRACHIUM,  DC.  —  Petals  luith  a  spot  or  naked  pit  at  the  base,  white, 
or  only  the  claw  yellow :  achenia  marr/inless,  transversely  ivrinJded:  aquatic  peren- 
nials, with  the  immersed  foliage  repeatedly  dissected  {mostly  by  threes)  into  capil- 
lary divisions :  peduncles  1-Jlowered. 

1.  R.  divaricatus,  Schrank.  (Stiff  Water-Crowfoot.)  Leaves  all 
under  water  and  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  divisions  and  subdivisions  short, 
spreading  in  one  roundish  plane,  rigid,  keeping  their  form  without  collapsing  when 
withdrawn  from  the  water.  (R.  circinatus,  iiibtltorp.) — Ponds  and  slow  streams, 
northward  and  westward,  much  rarer  than  the  next.     June -Aug.    (Eu.) 

2.  R.  aquatilis,  L.,  var.  triehophyllus,  Chaix.  (Common  White 
Water-Ckowfoot.)  Leaves  all  under  water  and  mostly  petioled,  their  capil- 
lary divisions  and  subdivisions  rather  long  and  soft,  usually  collapsing  more  or  less 
ivhen  ivilhdrawn  from  the  water.  —  Common,  especially  in  slow-flowing  waters. 
June -Aug.     (Eu.) 

Var.  heterophyllus,  DC.      (Floating  W.)      Uppermost  leaves  floating, 

rounded  and  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  wedge-shaped.     (II.  aquatilis,  Bigel,  ed.  3.)  — 

Roxbury  and  Newton,  near  Boston,  Bigelow ;  but  not  met  with  for  many  years : 

was  possibly  introduced  from  Europe,  where  this  form  is  common. 

§  2.    RANUNC/ULUS  proper.     Petals  with  a  little  scale  at  the  base  {yellow). 

*  Achenia  .smooth. 

■f-  Aquatic,  perennial :  immersed  leaves  f  I iformly  disserted,  as  in  the  preceding. 

3.  R.  multifldus,  Pursh.  (Yellow  Water-Crowfoot.)  Stems 
floating  or  immersed,  with  the  leaves  all  repeatedly  3-forked  into  long  filiform 
divisions,  or  sometimes  creeping  in  the  mud,  the  emersed  leaves  with  shorter 
and  linear  or  wedge-shaped  divisions,  or  else  kidney-shaped  and  sparingly 
lobcd  or  toothed;  flower  deep  bright  yellow,  j'-l'  in  diameter;  petals  5-8, 
much  larger  than  the  calyx  ;  carpels  in  a  roimd  head,  pointed  with  a  straight 
beak.  (R.  lacustris,  Beck  ^-  Tracy,  and  R.  Purshii,  Richards,  both  in  the  year 
1823.  R.  Gmelini,  DC.  (1818)  is  an  older  name,  belonging  to  a  small  north- 
ern form  of  the  species;  but  R.  multifidus,  Pursh,  is  the  oldest,  1814,  and 
apparently  free  for  use.)  E.  New  England  to  S.  Penn.,  Illinois,  and  northward. 
May -July.  —  Out  of  water  it  is  often  pubescent,  especially  in 


ranuncl'lacka;.     (ciu>\vi-o()t  family.)  41 

Vnr.  terr^Stris,  wliioh  differs  from  the  ordinary  emerset!   forms  by  the 
stems  nseciidin;;  from  the  hiisc  and  paiiicuhitcly  scvcral-Howercd  at  tlie  summit, 
wlierc  tlie  leaves  are  reduced  to  ol)lou'r  or  hnear  bracts  ;  no  immersed  dissected 
leaves.  —  Ann  ArJjor,  Miehij^an,  on  muddy  banks,  Miss  Clark-. 
t-  -t-   Ttirestrial  but  (jioivinfl  in   verij  wet  plnns,  f/lahroiis  or  ticarly  so :  root  fiercn- 

niid :  Imrcs  all  entire  or  ixire/i/  loot/ied,  all  or  else  oil  but  the  lowest  lauceolute  or 

limar;  niri>,ls  fortiii,i;;  a  i/Miular  head.      (Si'EAKWOKT.) 

4.  R.  alismsef'blius,  (ieycr.  (Water  Plantain  SrEAUwour.)  Stems 
hollow,  asoeiidiiij,'(  1°- 2°  liijfh),  often  rootin;r  from  the  lower  joints ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  the  lowest  ol)ion<;,  mostly  denticulate  (.J'-.^' lonjr),  contracted 
into  a  nuirjiined  petiole  which  ex])ands  into  a  membranaceous  claspiuf;  base ; 
jK'tals  5-7,  brifriit  yellow,  much  lonj^-r  than  the  calyx  (.3" -4"  loufr)  ;  carpels 
Jl'ttliiud,  lan/p,  j>oiiit(d  with  a  lowj  and  straii/hl  narrow  subulate  beak:  —  Common, 
esjKxially  northward.  June-Auf^. —  Intermediate  in  appearance  between  K. 
Flammula  and  Lingua,  and  has  been  confounded  with  both,  but  most  resembles 
the  latter. 

5.  R,  Flammula,  L.  (Smai.leu  SrEAinvoRX.)  Stem  reclining  or 
ascending,  rooting  below  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lowest  oblong- 
lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  mostly  petioled  (l'-2'  long)  ;  petals  5-7,  much 
longer  than  the  caly.x,  bright  yellow  ;  carpels  Jiattish  but  tunpd,  mucronale  with 
a  short  abrupt  jioiut. —  Shore  of  L.  Ontario  and  northward:  rare,  and  only  a 
small  form  (var.  intekmedh;s)  met  with  in  this  country,  a  span  high,  with 
flowers  ;J"  in  diameter,  passing  into 

A'ar.  r6ptans.  (C'uEiii»iNG  S.)  Small,  slender,  t\\c  filiform  crecpimj  stems 
rootiixj  at  all  the  joints  (3'- 6' long;  leaves  linear,  spatulate,  or  oblong  (i'-l' 
long). —  Gravelly  or  sandy  shores  and  inimdated  banks;  very  common  north- 
ward.    June -Sept.     (Kii.) 

0.  R.  oblongifdlius,  Kll.  Stem  erect  or  ascending,  often  pubescent 
below,  slender  (1°  high),  dij/hseli/  branched  alxtre  and  many-flowered ;  It-ares  ser- 
rnte  or  dniticniale  :  the  lower  long-petioled,  ovate  or  oblong  (^'- 1^' long)  ;  the 
up])ermost  linear;  flowers  3" -5"  broail ;  petals  5,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx, 
bright  yellow  ;  stamens  numerous  ;  carj>els  minute,  almost  globular,  tipped  with  a 
very  snuill  sessile  stigma.  (R.  pusillus,  var.  Turr.  <$•  Gr.  Fl.  R.  Texensis, 
Kiii/elni.)     Wet  prairies,  Salem,  Illinois   DelJi,  and  in  S.  States.     June. 

7.  R.  pusillus,  Poir.  Stem  ascending,  weak,  loosely  branching  (G'-18' 
long) ;  leares  entire  or  obscurely  denticulate  ;  the  lowest  round-ovate  or  heart- 
shaped  (^'  long),  long-petioled,  the  upper  oblong  or  lanceolate  (1'-  1^'  long)  ; 
flowers  very  small;  fielals  1  - .'),  yellowish,  scarcely  excerdiny  the  cah/r  and  the  .'? - 
10  stamens  ;  carpels  very  lurgid,  tipped  with  a  minute  se.'^sile  stignui.  —  Wet 
places,  S.  New  York  and  .xouthward  along  the  coast.     June- Aug. 

••-•«-■«-  Ternslrial,  with  annual  root,  spreadiny  by  ninuers,  ylabious:  Unns  all 
rounded  and  undirideil  but  coarsely  crcnate :  carjie/s  in  fruit  forminy  an  oliouy 
head. 

8.  R.  Cymbaliria,  Pur-^h.  (Sea-side  Cuowfoot.)  Flowering  stems 
leafless  (3'-6' high),  1 -7-flowered  ;  leaves  clustered  at  the  root  and  on  the 
joints  of  the  long  rooting  runners,  roundish-heart-shaped  or  kidncy-shupcd, 

L  &  M— 22 


42  RANUNCULACE^.       (CROAVFOOT    FAMILY.) 

rather  fleshy,  lonp;-petioled  ;  petals  5  -  8  ;  carpels  striate  on  the  sides.  —  Sandy 
shores,  from  New  Jersey  northward,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes  to  Illinois  and 
westward  :  also  at  salt  ^jmn-fs.     June-  Aug. 

M-  ^-  -t-  -1-  Teirestriul,  but  o/ien  in  wet  pldccs :  root  perennial :  some  or  all  of  the 

letires  cleft  or  dividtd. 

++  Root-leaves  not  divided  to  the  vtri/  hase. 

9.     R.    I'llOmboideuS,    Goldie.       Dwarf,    hairij  ;    root-leaves   roundish   or 

rhovibic-ovate.,  rarely  suhcordate,  toothed  or  crenatc ;  lowest  stem-leaves  similar 

or  3  -  5-lobe(l ;  the  upper  3  -  5-parted,  almost  sessile,  the  lobes  linear ;  carpels 

orbicular  with  a  minute  beak,  in  a  spherical  head ;  petals  lanje,  exceeding  the  calyx. 

(Also  R.   brevicaulis  &  ovalis,  Hook.)  —  Prairies,  Michigan  to  Illinois  and 

northward.     April,  May.  —  Stems  3'-  6'  high,  sometimes  not  longer  than  the 

root-leaves.     Flower  deep  yellow,  as  large  as  in  No.  14. 

10.  R,  abortivus,  L.  (Small-floweked  C.)  Glabrous  and  very 
s/nooth ;  primary  root-leaves  round  heart-shaped  or  kidney-form,  barely  crenate, 
the  succeeding  ones  often  3-lobcd  or  3-parted  ;  those  of  the  stem  and  branches 
3  -  5-parted  or  divided,  subsessile ;  their  divisions  oblong  or  narrowly  wedge- 
form,  mostly  toothed ;  carpels  in  a  ylobuktr  head,  mucronute  icith  a  minute  curved 
beak ;  petals  shorter  than  the  reflex/ d  calyx.  —  Shady  hillsides  and  along  brooks, 
common.  April -June.  —  Stem  erect,  6' -2°  high,  at  length  branched  above, 
the  pale  yellow  flowers  very  small  in  proportion. 

Var.  mieranthus.  Pubescent ;  root-leaves  seldom  at  all  heart-shaped, 
some  of  them  3-parted  or  3-divided ;  divisions  of  the  upper  stem-leaves  more 
linear  and  entire;  peduncles  more  slender.  (R.  micrantiius,  iV«/<.)  —  Massa- 
chusetts (near  Boston,  C.  J.  Sprcigue),  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  westward. 

11.  R.  sceleratus,  L.  (Cursed  C.)  Smooth  and  glabrous ;  root-leaves 
3-l'jbed,  rounded  ;  lower  stem-leaves  3-parted,  the  lobes  obtusely  cut  and  toothed, 
the  uppermost  almost  sessile,  with  the  lobes  oblong-linear  and  nearly  entire ; 
carpels  barely  mucronulate,  very  numerous,  in  oblong  or  cylindrical  heads ;  petals 
scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx. —  Wet  ditches  :  appearing  as  if  introduced.  June- 
Aug.  —  Stem  thick  and  hollow,  1°  high.  Leaves  thickish.  Juice  acrid  and 
blistering.     Flowers  small,  pale  yellow.     (Eu. ) 

12.  R.  recurvatUS,  Poir.  (Hooked  C.)  Hirsute  ;  leaves  of  the  root  and 
stem  nearly  alike,  long-petioh'd,  d<eply  3-clef},  large  ;  the  lobes  broadly  wedge- 
shaped,  2  -  3-cleft,  cut  and  toothed  towards  the  apex  ;  carpels  in  a  globular  head, 
flat  and  margined,  conspicuously  beaked  by  the  long  and  recurved  hooked  styles; 
}>etals  shorter  than  the  reflexed  calyx,  pale.  —  Woods,  common.  May,  June. — 
Stem  10-2°  high. 

++  ++  .1//  the  leaves  ternately  divided  to  the  very  base,  or  compound,  and  the  divisions 

cleft  or  cut:  acheniaflat. 

a.  Head  of  carpels  oblong :  petals  jiale,  not  exceeding  the  calyx. 

13.  R.  Pennsylvanieus,  L.  (Brlstly  C.)  Hirsute  with  rough 
spreading  bristly  hairs ;  stem  stout,  erect ;  divisions  of  the  leaves  stalked, 
somewhat  ovate,  unequally  3-cleft,  sharply  cut  and  toothed,  acute ;  carpels 
pointed  with  a  sharp  straight  beak.  —  Wet  places,  common.  June -Aug. — 
A  coarse  plant,  2° -3°  high,  with  inconspicuous  flowers. 


RANUNCULACE^.       (CROWFOOT    FAAIILY.)  43 

b.  Head  of  cariyels  glohulnr ;  petals  bright  yellow,  much  larger  than  the  cnlgx. 

14.  R.  fascicularis,  Mulil.  (Early  C.)  Low,  pubescent  with  close- 
pressed  silky  hairs  ;  rout  a  duster  of  thickctud  flexliy  Jibres ;  radical  leaves  appear- 
ing iiiuriiite,  the  long-stalked  tcrmiiiivl  division  remote  from  the  sessile  lateral 
ones,  itself  3-5-divided  or  parted  and  3-5-cleft,  the  lobes  oblong  or  linear; 
stems  ascending ;  petals  spatulate-oblong,  twice  the  length  of  the  spreading 
calyx ;  carpels  scarcely  margined,  tipped  with  a  slender  straight  or  rather  curved 
beak.  —  Koeky  hills.  April,  May.  —  Plant  5' -9'  high;  the  bright  yellow 
flower  I'  broad  :  petals  rather  distant,  the  base  scarcely  broader  than  the  scale, 
often  6  or  7. 

15.  R.  repens,  L.  (Creeping  C.)  Low,  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous; 
stems  ascending,  and  some  of  than  forming  long  runners ;  .leaves  3-divided  ;  the 
divisions  all  stalked  (or  at  least  the  terminal  one),  broadly  wedge-shaped  or 
ovate,  unequally  3-cleft  or  parted  and  variously  cut ;  peduncles  furrowed ; 
petals  obovate,  much  larger  than  the  spreading  calyx  ;  carpels  strongly  margined, 
pointed  by  a  stout  straightish  beak.  —  Moist  or  shady  places,  wet  meadows,  &c., 
May  -  Aug.  —  Extremely  variable  in  size  and  foliage,  commencing  to  flower  by 
upright  stems  in  spring  before  the  long  runners  are  formed.  Flowers  as  large 
as  those  of  No.  14,  or  often  larger.     (Eu.) 

16.  R.  BULBOsus,  L.  (Bulbous  C.  Buttercups.)  Hairy;  stem  erect 
from  a  Indb-like  base ;  radical  leaves  3-divided  ;  the  lateral  divisions  sessile,  the  ter- 
viinal  stalked  and  3-parted,  all  wedge-shaped,  cleft  and  toothed  ;  peduncles  fur- 
rowed ;  petals  round,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  much  longer  than  the  reflexed 
calyx;  carpels  tipped  with  a  very  short  beak.  — Fields;  very  abundant  only  in 
E.  New  England  ;  rare  in  the  interior.  May -July. — A  foot  high.  Leaves 
appearing  as  if  pinnate.  Petals  often  6  or  7,  deep  glossy  yellow,  the  corolla 
more  than  an  inch  broad.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

17.  R.  XcRis,  L.  (Tall  C.  or  Buttercups.)  Hairy;  stem  erect  (2° -3° 
high) ;  leaves  3-divided  ;  tlie  divisions  all  sessile  and  3-cleft  or  parted,  their  seg- 
inents  cut  into  lanceolate  or  linear  crowded  lobes ;  peduncles  not  furrowed ; 
petals  obovate,  much  longer  than  the  spreading  calyx.  —  Fields ;  common 
eastward.  June- Aug. — Plant  twice  the  height  of  the  preceding  ;  the  flower 
nearly  as  large,  but  not  so  deep  yellow.  —  The  Buttercups  are  avoided  by  cat- 
tle, on  account  of  their  very  acrid  or  even  blistering  juice,  Avhich,  however, 
being  volatile,  is  dissipated  in  drying,  when  these  plants  are  cut  with  hay. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

-X  -*  Achenia  beset  with  rough  points  or  small  pr idles  :  annuals. 

18.  R.  muric.Vtus,  L.  Nearly  glabrous;  lower  leaves  roundish  or  reni- 
ibrm,  3-lobed,  coarsely  crenate ;  the  upper  3-eleft,  wedge-form  at  the  base ; 
petals  longer  than  the  calyx ;  carpels  flat,  spiny-tuberculate  on  the  sides,  strongly 
beaked,  surrounded  with  a  wide  and  sharp  smooth  margin.  —  Eastern  Vir- 
ginia and  southward.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

19.  R.  PARViFLORUS,  L.  Hairy,  slender,  and  diffuse  ;  lower  leaves  round- 
ish-cordate, 3-clcft,  coarsely  toothed  or  cut;  the  upper  3-5-parted;  petals  not 
longer  than  the  calyx;  carpels  minutely  liispid  and  rough,  beaked,  narrowly  mar- 
gined.—  Norfolk,  Virginia,  and  southward.     (Nat.  i'rom  Eu.) 


44  RANUNCULACEiE.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

7.  MYOStTRUS,     Dill.        Mouse-tail. 

Sepals  5,  spurred  at  tlie  base.  Petals  5,  small  and  narrow,  raised  on  a  slen- 
der claw,  at  the  summit  of  which  is  a  nectariferous  hollow.  Stamens  5-20. 
Achenia  numerous,  somewhat  3-sided,  crowded  on  a  very  long  and  slender 
spike-like  receptacle  (whence  the  name,  from  /x£s,  a  moiwe,  and  ovpd,  a  tail), 
the  seed  suspended.  —  Little  annuals,  with  tufted  narrowly  linear-spatulatc 
root-leaves,  and  naked  1-flowered  scapes.     Flowers  small,  greenish. 

1.  M.  minimus,  L.  Carpels  blunt. — Alluvial  ground,  Illinois  and 
Kentucky,  thence  south  and  west;  apparently  indigenous.     (Eu.) 

8.  ISOPYRUM,    L.        (ExEMioN,  Raf.) 

Sepals  5,  petal-like,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  minute,  wanting  in  the  American 
species.  Stamens  10-40.  Pistils  3-6  or  more,  pointed  with  the  styles.  Pods 
ovate  or  oblong,  2  -  several-seeded.  —  Slender  smooth  herbs,  with  2  -  3-ternately 
compound  leaves;  the  leaflets  2-3-lobed.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal, 
white.     (Name  fi-om  'tcros,  equal,  and  nvpos,  loheat;  of  no  obvious  application.) 

1.  I.  biternatum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Petals  none;  pistils  3-6  (commonly 
4),  divaricate  in  fruit,  2-3-seeded;  seeds  even.  H. —  Moist  shady  places,  Ohio 
to  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  westward.  May.  —  Fibres  of  the  root  thickened  here 
and  there  into  little  tubers.  Aspect  and  size  of  the  plant  much  as  in  Thalictrum 
aucmouoides. 

9.     CALTHA,     L.        Marsh  Marigold. 

Sepals  5-9,  petal-like.  Petals  none.  Pistils  5-10,  with  scarcely  any  styles. 
Pods  (follicles)  compressed,  spreading,  many-seeded.  Glabrous  perennials, 
with  round  and  heart-shaped  or  kidney-form,  large,  undivided  leaves.  (Name 
from  KaXa^oy,  a  rjohlet,  in  allusion  to  the  golden  flower-cup  or  calyx.) 

1.  C.  pallistris,  L.  (Marsh  Marigold.)  Stem  hollow,  furrowed; 
leaves  round  or  kidney- shaped,  either  crenate  or  nearly  entire  ;  sepals  bi-oadly 
oval  (bright  yellow).  —  Swamps  and  wet  meadows,  common  northward.  April, 
May.  —  This  well-known  plant  is  used  as  a  pot-herb  in  spring,  when  coming 
into  flower,  under  the  name  of  Cowslips  ;  but  the  Cowslip  is  a  totally  dif- 
ferent plant,  namely,  a  species  of  Primrose.  The  Caltha  should  bear  with  us, 
as  in  England,  the  popular  name  of  Marsh  Mari<jold.     (Eu.) 

10.     TROLLITJS,    L.         Globe-flower. 

Sepals  5-15,  petal-like.  Petals  numerous,  small,  1-lipped,  the  concavity 
near  the  liase.  Stamens  and  pistils  numerous.  Pods  9  or  more,  sessile,  many- 
seeded.  —  Smooth  perennials  with  palmately  parted  and  cut  leaves,  like  Ra- 
nunculus, and  large  solitary  terminal  flowers.  (Name  thought  to  be  derived 
from  the  old  German  word  troll,  a  globe,  or  something  round.) 

1.  T.  l^XUS,  Salisl).  (Spreading  Glohe-flower.)  Sepals  5-6, 
spreading;  petals  15-25,  inconspicuous,  much  shorter  than  the  stamens. — 
Deep  swamps,  New  Hampshire  to  Delaware  and  Michigan.  May. — Flowers 
twice  the  size  of  the  common  Buttercup ;  the  sepals  spreading, -so  that  the 


RANUNCULACEyE.       (CROWFOOT    FAJWLY.)  45 

name  is  not  appropriate,  as  it  is  to  the  European  Globe  flower  of  the  gardens, 
nor  is  the  blossom  showy,  being  pale  greenish-yellow,  or  nearly  white. 

11.     COPTIS,     Salisb.        Goldthread. 

Sepals  5-7,  petal-like,  deciduous.  Tetals  5-7,  snir.ll,  elnl.-.sli;ipcd,  hollow 
at  the  apex.  Stamens  15-25.  IMstils  ;j-7,  on  skiider  .-stalks.  I'ods  diver- 
gent, membranaceous,  j)ointed  with  the  style,  4  -  8-scedcd. — Low  smooth  per- 
ennials, with  ternately  dividerl  root-leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  on  scapes. 
(Name  from  kotttw,  to  cut,  alluding  to  the  divided  leaves.) 

1.  C.  trif61ia,  Salisb.  (TiiKEE-LEAVED  Goldthread.)  Leaflets  3, 
obovate-wedge-form,  sharjjly  toothed,  obscurely  3-lobc(l  ;  scape  1 -flowered.  — 
Bogs,  abundant  northward  ;  extending  south  to  Maryland  along  the  moun- 
tains. May.  —  Koot  of  long,  bright  yellow,  bitter  fibres.  Leaves  evergreen, 
shining.     Scape  naked,  slender,  .3' -5' high.     (Eu.) 

12.    HELLEBORUS,    L.        Hellebore. 

Sepals  5,  petal-like  or  greenish,  persistent.  Petals  8-10,  ver\^  small,  tubu- 
lar, 2-lippcd.  Pistils  3- 10,  sessile,  forming  coriaceous  many-seeded  pods. — 
Perennial  herbs  of  the  Old  AVorld,  with  ample  palmate  or  pcdate  leaves,  and 
large,  solitary,  nodding,  early  vernal  flowers.  (Name  from  eXelv,  to  injure,  and 
^opd,  food,  from  their  well-known  poisonous  properties.) 

1.  H.  viRiDis,  L.  (Green  Hellebore.)  Root-leaves  glabrous,  pedatc, 
calyx  spreading,  greenish.  —  Near  Brooklyn  and  Jamaica,  Long  Island,  and 
Bucks  Co.,  Penn.,  Martindale.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

1.3.     AQUILEGIA,     Tourn.        Columbine. 

Sepals  5,  regular,  colored  like  the  petals.  Petals  5,  all  alike,  with  a  short 
spreading  lip,  produced  backwards  into  large  hollow  spurs,  much  longer  than 
the  calyx.  Pistils  5,  with  slender  styles.  Pods  erect,  many-seeded.  —  Peren- 
nials, with  2  -  3-ternately  compound  leaves,  the  leaflets  lobed.  Flowers  large 
and  showy,  terminating  the  branches.  (Name  from  aquila,  an  eagle,  from  some 
fancied  resemblance  of  the  spurs  to  talons.) 

1.  A.  Canadensis,  L.  (Wild  Columbine.)  Spurs  nearly  straight; 
stamens  and  styles  longer  than  the  ovate  sepals.  —  Rocks,  common.  April - 
June.  —  Flowers  2'  long,  scarlet,  yellow  inside  (or  rarely  all  over),  nodding,  so 
that  tiic  spurs  turn  upward,  but  the  stalk  becomes  upright  in  fruit.  —  More 
graceful  than  the 

A.  A'ulg.Xris,  L.,  the  common  Garden  Columbine,  of  Europe,  with 
hooked  spurs,  wliich  is  beginning  to  escape  from  cultivation  in  some  places. 

14.     DELPHINIUM,     Tourn.        Larkspur. 

Sepals  5,  irregular,  ])Ctal-like ;  the  upper  one  prolonged  into  a  spur  at  the 
ba.se.  Petals  4,  irregular,  the  upper  pair  continued  backwards  into  long  spurs 
which  are  enclosed  in  the  spur  of  the  calyx,  the  lower  pair  with  short  claws  : 


46  RAXUNCULACi:^.       (CnOWFOOT   FAMILY.) 

rarely  only  2  united  into  one.    Pistils  1-5,  forming  many-sccdcd  pods  in  fruit. 

—  Leaves  palmately  divided  or  cut.  Flowers  in  tcniiinal  racemes.  (Name 
from  Delphiii,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  flower,  which  is  sometimes  not 
unlike  the  classical  ligures  of  the  dolphin.) 

*  Perennials,  iiidif/i'iious  ;  piitils  3-5.  '     ■ 

1.  D.  exalt^tum,  Ait.  (Tall  LAKivSi'fR.)  Leaves  deeply  3-5-cleft; 
the  divisions  narrow  %vedgc-fonu,  diverging,  3-cleft  at  the  apex,  acute ;  racemes 
waiidltke,  paniclcd,  muny-Jloivered ;  spur  straight;  pods  .3,  erect.  — \Vu:\\  soil, 
Penn.  to  Michigan  and  southward.  July.  —  Stem  2° -5°  high.  Flowers 
purplish-blue,  downy. 

2.  D.  trieoi'ne,  INIiclix.  (Dwarf  L.)  Leaves  deeply  5-paited,  their  di- 
visions unequally  3  -  5-clcft ;  the  lobes  linear,  acutish  ;  raceme  fetv-jlowered,  loose; 
spur  straightish,  ascending;  pods  stroiuj/i/  divenjiixj.  —  W.  Penn.  to  Illinois  and 
southward.  April,  May.  —  Koot  a  tuberous  cluster.  Stem  simple,  6'- 12' 
high.     Flowers  bright  blue,  sometimes  white. 

3.  D.  aztireum,  Michx.  (Azlrk  L.)  Leaves  deeply  3-.')-parted,  the 
divisions  2-3  times  cleft ;  the  lobes  all  narrowly  linear ;  raceme  strict ;  spur  as- 
cending, usually  curved  upwards;  pods  erect.  —  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  south- 
ward. May,  June.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high,  slender,  often  softly  pubescent.  Flow- 
ers sky-blue  or  whitish. 

*  *  Annual,  introduced:  pistil  single. 

4.  D.  CoxsoLiDA,  L.  (Fikld  L.)  Leaves  dissected  into  narrow  linear 
lobes;  racemes  rather  few-flowered,  loose;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  bracts; 
petals  all  comltined  into  one  body.  —  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia,  escaped  from 
grain-fields  or  gardens;  and  sparingly  along  roadsides  farther  north.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

15.   ACONITUM,   Tourn.     Aconite.     Monkshood.     Wolfsbane. 

Sepals  5,  petal-like,  very  irregular;  the  upper  one  (helmet)  hooded  or  hel- 
met-shaped, larger  than  the  others.  Petals  2  (the  3  lower  wanting  entirely,  or 
very  minute  rudiments  among  the  stamens),  consisting  of  small  spur-shaped 
bodies  raised  on  long  claws  and  concealed  under  the  helmet.  Pistils  3-5. 
Pods  several-seeded.  Seed-coat  usually  wrinkled  or  scaly. — Perennials,  with 
palmately  cleft  or  dissected  leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles. 
(The  ancient  Greek  and  Latin  name,  said  to  be  derived  from  Arone.  in  Bithynia.) 

1.  A.  unein^tum,  L.  (Wild  Monkshood.)  Glabrous ;  s/rw  slender, 
erect,  hut  weak  and  disposed  to  climb;  Irares  deeply  3-5-lohid,  pctioled  ;  the 
lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed  ;  fl'iurrs  blue  ;  lielmH  erect,  ohtnselij  conical, 
compressed,  slijihtly  pointed  or  beaked  in  front.  —  Rich  shady  soil  along  streams, 
S.  W.  New  York,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.    June -Aug. 

2.  A.  reclin^tum,  Gray.  (Trailing  Wolfsbane.)  Glabrous ;  stems 
trailing  (3° -8°  lono) ;  haves  deejihj  3-7-clift,  petioled,  the  lower  orbicular  in 
outline;  the  divisions  wedge-form,  incised,  often  2  -  3-lobcd ;  .^oiWTs  irhite,  in 
very  loose  panicles  ;  helmet  soon  horizontal,  elongated-con ic(d,  with  a  straight  beak 
in  front.  —  Cheat  IMountain,  Virginia,  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanics.    Aug. 

—  Lower  leaves  5' -6'  wide.     Flowers  9"  long,  nearly  glabrous. 


RANUNCDLACE^.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  47 

16.  ZANTHORHIZA,     Marshall.         Shrub  Yellow-eoot.  • 

Scpnls  5,  regular,  spreading,  dcciduons.  Petals  5,  much  smaller  than  the, 
sepals,  concave  and  ohscurely  2-lobed,  raised  on  a  claw.  Stamens  5  to  10. 
Pistils  5-15,  bearing  2  pendulous  ovules.  Pods  1-secdi'd,  ohlong,  the  short 
style* becoming  dorsal  in  its  growth. — ^A  low  shrui)by  plant;  the  bark  and  the 
long  roots  deep  yellow  and  bitter.  Flowers  jjolygamous,  brown  purple,  in  com- 
pound drooping  racemes,  appearing,  along  with  the  1-2-pinnate  leaves,  from 
large  terminal  buds  in  early  spring.  (Name  compounded  of  $av66s,  yellow,  and 
pi^a,  nmt.) 

1.  Z.  apiifblia,  L'ller.  —  Sh.idy  banks  of  streams,  Sherburne,  New  York, 
Dr..  Douglass,  and  from  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania  southward.  —  Stems 
clustered,  1  °  -  2°  high.  Leaflets  cleft  and  toothed.  —  The  rootstoeks  of  this,  and 
also  of  the  next  plant,  were  used  as  a  yellow  dye  by  the  aborigines. 

17.  HYDRASTIS,     L.        Or.vngi:-koot.     Yellow  puccoon. 

Sepals  3,  petal-like,  falling  away  when  the  flower  opens.  Petals  none.  Pis- 
tils 12' or  mor-e  in  a  head,  2-ovuled  :  stigma  flat,  2-lipped.  Ovaries  becoming  a 
head'of  crimson  1  -2-seeded  berries  in  fruit. — A  low  perennial  heri),  sending 
up  in  early  spring,  from  a  thick  and  knotted  yellow  rootstock,  a  single  radical 
leaf,  and  a  simple  hairy  stem,  which  is  2-leaved  near  the  summit,  and  terminated 
by  a  single  greenish-white  flower.  (Name  perhaps  from  vbwp.,  water,  and  bpcux), 
to  act,  alluding  to  the  active  properties  of  the  juice.) 

1 .  H.  Canadensis,  L.  —  Rich  woods,  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward :  rare.  -^  Leaves  rounded,  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  5  -  7-lobed,  doubly 
serrate,  veiny,  when  full  grown  in  summer  4' -9'  wide. 

18.    KCm  MK,    L.        Baneberry. 

Sepals  4  or  5,  falling  off  when  the  flower  expands.  Petals  4  - 10,  small,  flat, 
spatulate,  on  slender  claws.  Stamens  numerous,  with  slender  white  fllaments. 
Pistil  single :  stigma  sessile,  depressed,  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry. 
Seeds  smooth,  flattened,  and  packed  horizontally  in  2  rows.  —  Perennials,  \vith 
ample  2-3-ternately  compound  leaves,  the  ovate  leaflets  sharply  cleft  and 
toothed,  and  a  short  and  thick  terminal  raceme  of  white  flowers.  (Name  from 
aKXT),  the  Elder,  from  some  resemblance  in  the  leaves.) 

1.  A.  spicata,  L.,  var.  rubra,  Michx.  (Red  Baneberry.)  Raceme 
orate;  petals  rhombic-spatulate,  much  shorter  than  the  stamens;  jwdicels  slen- 
der;  lierrifs  chprri/-rfd,  ova].  (A.  brachype'tala,  Z)C)  —  Rich  woods,  common, 
especially  northward.     April,  May.  —  Plant  2°  high.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  alba,  Bigel.  (White  Baneberry.)  Taller  and  rather  smoother 
than  the  preceding;  raceme  ohlonf] ;  jtttals  slendtr ,  mosn\y  truncate  at  the  end, 
apjiearing  to  be  transformed  stamens  ;  pedicels  thirlvned  in  fruit,  ns  large  as  the 
peduncle  and  red,  the  globular-oval  herries  while.  (A.  spicata,  var.  alba,  Mtclvc., 
and  ed.  2.  A.  pachypoda,  EU.) — Rich  woods,  flowering  a  week  or  two  later 
than  the  other,  and  more  common  westward  and  southward. — White  berries 
rarely  occur  with  slender  pedicels,  also  red  berries  with  thick  pedicels:  but 
these  arc  perhaps  the  result  of  crossing. 


48  MAGNOLIACE^.       (MAGNOLIA    FAMILY). 

19.    CIMICIFUGA,    L.        Bugbane. 

Sepals  4  or  5,  falling  off  soon  after  the  flower  expands.  Petals,  or  rather 
transformed  stamens,  1-8,  small,  on  elaws,  2-liorned  at  the  aj)cx.  Stamens  as 
in  Acta;a.  Pistils  I  -8,  Ibrming  dry  dcliiseent  jjods  in  fruit.  —  Perennials,  with 
2-.'J-ternately-divided  leaves,  the  leaflets  cut-serrate,  and  white  flowers  in  elon- 
gated wand-iike  raeemes.  (Name  from  cimcx,  a  hug,  and  J'ui/o,  to  drive  away; 
the  Siberian  species  being  used  as  abughane.) 
§  1.    MACROTYS,  Raf.     Pistil  solitary,  sometimes  2-3:  seeds  smooth,  flattened 

and  jKickcd  horizontally  in  the  pod  in  two  rows,  as  in  Aeta;a :  stiyma  broad 

and  flat. 

1.  C.  racemdsa,  Ell.  (Black  Snakekoot.)  Racemes  very  long ;  pods 
ovoid,  sessile.  —  Rich  woods,  Maine  and  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  south\yard. 
July.  —  Stem  3° -8°  high,  from  a  thick  knotted  rootstock;  the  racemes  in  fruit 
becoming  l°-3°  long. 

§  2.  CIMICIFUGA,  L.  Pistils  3  -  8  :  seeds  flattened  htn-ally,  corned  with 
chaffy  scales,  and  occupying  one  row  in  the  nienibranaceoits  jiods :  style  awl- 
shaped:  stiyma  minute. 

2.  C.  Americana,  Michx.  (American  Bugbane.)  Raeemes  slender, 
panieled  ;  ovaries  mostly  5,  glabrous;  pods  stalked,  flattened,  veiny,  6-8- 
seeded.  —  Mountains  of  Southern  Pennsylvania  and  southward  throughout 
the  Allcghanics.  Aug.  -  Sept.  —  Plant  2°  -  4°  high,  more  slender  than  the 
preceding. 


Adonis  autumxIus,  L.,  the  Pheasant's  Eye  of  Europe,  has  been  found 
growing  spontaneously  in  Western  New  York,  and  in  Kentucky. 

NiGELLA  Damasce.va,  L.,  thc  Pennel-flower,  which  otters  a  remarkable 
exception,  in  having  the  pistils  partly  united  into  a  compound  ovary,  so  as  to 
form  a  several-celled  pod,  grows  nearly  spontaneously  around  gardens. 

P.EONiA,  the  P.EONV,  of  which  P.  officinalis  is  familiar  in  gardens,  forms 
a  sixth  tribe  of  this  order,  distinguished  by  a  leafy  persistent  calyx,  and  a 
fleshy  disk  surrounding  the  base  of  the  follicular  pistils. 

OrwDER  2.     MAGWOL.IACEJE.     (Magnolia  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  the  leaf-buds  covered  by  membranous  stipules,  poly- 
petalous,  hypof/ynous,  polyandrous,  polyyynous  ;  the  calyx  and  corolla 
colored  alike,  in  three  or  more  rows  of  three,  and  imbricated  (^rarely  con- 
volute) in  the  bud.  —  Sepals  and  petals  deciduous.  Anthers  adnate. 
Pistils  many,  mostly  packed  together  and  covering  the  prolonged  re- 
ceptacle, cohering  with  each  other,  and  in  fruit  forming  a  sort  of  fleshy 
or  dry  cone.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  carpel,  anatropous :  albumen  fleshy: 
embryo  minute.  —  Leaves  alternate,  not  toothed,  marked  with  minute 
transparent  dots,  feather-veined.  Flowers  single,  large.  Bark  aromatic 
and  bitter.  —  There  are  only  two  Northern  genera,  Magnolia  and  Lirio- 
dendron. 


MAGNOLIACKuE.       (mAGXOLIA    FAMILY.)  40 

1.  MAGN6LIA,  L.  ]Magn-olia. 
Sepals  3.  Petals  C- 9.  Stamens  imbricatctl,  with  very  short  filaments,  ami 
long  anthers  opening  inwards.  Pistils  aggregated  on  the  long  receptacle  and 
coherent  in  a  mass,  together  forming  a  tleshy  and  rather  woody  cone-like  red 
fruit ;  each  carpel  at  maturity  opening  on  the  back,  from  which  the  1  or  2 
berry-like  seeds  hang  by  an  extensile  thread  composed  of  unrolled  spiral  ves- 
sels. Inner  seed-coat  bony.  —  Buds  conical,  the  coverings  formed  of  the  suc- 
cessive i)airs  of  sti])ules,  each  pair  enveloping  the  leaf  next  above,  which  is 
folded  lengthwise,  and  api)lied  straight  against  the  side  of  the  next  stipular 
sheath,  and  so  on.  (Nanitd  after  Magnol,  Professor  of  Botany  at  Montpellier 
in  the  17th  century.) 

*  Ldircs  all  sniltmd  aluiifj  the  hrnnches :  leaf-lnids  silk^/. 

1.  M.  glauca,  L.  (Small  or  Laurel  Magnolia.  Sweet  Bay.) 
Leaves  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse,  icliite  beneath ;  Jlower  globular,  ichite,  2'  long,  very 
fragrant ;  petals  broad  ;  cone  of  fruit  small,  oblong.  —  Swamps,  from  near 
Cape  Ann  and  New  York  southward,  near  the  coast;  in  Pennsylvania  as  far 
west  as  Cumberland  Co.  June -Aug. — Shrub  4° -20°  high,  with  thickish 
leaves,  which  farther  south  arc  evergreen,  and  sometimes  oblong-lanceolate. 

2.  M.  acuminata,  L.  (Cucumber-tree.)  Leaves  oblong,  pointed,  green 
and  a  little  pubescent  beneath;  Jlower  oblong  bell-shnped,  glaucous-green  tinged 
with  yellow,  2'  long;  cone  of  fruit  small,  cylindrical.  —  Rich  woods,  W.  New 
York  to  Ohio  and  southward.  May,  June.  —  Tree  60  -  90  feet  high.  Leaves 
thin,  5' -10'  long.  Fruit  2' -3'  long,  when  young  slightly  resembling  a  small 
cucumber,  whence  the  common  name. 

3.  M.  maeroph^Ua,  Michx.  (Great-le.v^ved  Magnolia.)  Leaves 
obornte-ohloni/,  rordiile  at  the  narrowed  base,  jiubescent  and  ivhite  beneath ;  flower 
open  bell-shiipcd,  white,  icitli  a  purjite  spot  at  the  base,  petals  ovate,  6'  long  ;  cone  of 
fruit  ovoid.  —  Rockcastle  and  Kentucky  Rivers,  S.  E.  Kentucky  and  south- 
ward. Occasionally  planted  farther  north.  May,  June.  —  Tree  20° -40°  high. 
Leaves  2|°-3i°  long. 

*  *  Leaves  a-owded  on  the  summit  of  the  flowering  branches  in  an  umbrella-like 
circle  :  leaf  buds  glabrous :  flowers  white,  slightlg  scented. 

4.  M.  Umbrella,  Lam.  (Umkrella-tree.j  leaves  obovate-lanceolate, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  soon  glabrous,  petals  obovate-oblong,  4' -5'  long.  (M. 
tripc'tala,  L.)  —  York  and  Lancaster  counties,  Penn.  {Prof  Porter),  to  Vir- 
ginia and  Kentucky  along  the  Alleghanies.  May.  —  A  small  tree.  Leaves 
l°-3°  long.     Fruit  rose-color,  4'- 5'  long,  ovoid-oblong. 

5.  M.  Fr^seri,  Walt.  (Ear-leaved  Umbrella-tree.)  Leaves  oblong- 
olionite  or  spalutale,  auriculate  at  the  base,  glabrous ;  petals  obovate-sj)atulate, 
with  narrow  claws,  4' long.  (M.  auriculata,  Dim.)  —  Virginia  and  Kentucky 
along  the  Alleghanies,  and  southward.  April,  ALiy.  —  Tree  30°  -  50°  high. 
Leaves  8'-  12'  long.  Flower  more  graceful  and  cone  of  fruit  smaller  tlian  in 
the  preceding. 

M.  cord.Vta,  Michx.,  the  Yellow  Cucumber-tree,  of  Georgia,  and  the 
M.  grandifl6ra,  L.,   the  Great   Laurel  Magnolia,  of  the    Southern 
States  (a  noble  tree,  remarkable  for  its  deliciously  fragrant  great  flowers,  and 
GM— 3 


50  ANONACF,^,       (cUSTARD-APPLE    FAMILY.) 

thick  evergreen  leaves,  which  arc  shining  and  deep  preen  above  and  rustj'- 
colorcd  beneath),  are  the  only  remaining  North  American  species.  The  former 
is  hardy  as  far  north  as  C^anibriclgc.  One  tree  of  the  latter  bears  the  winter 
and  blossoms  near  Pliihulcl])hia.  The  Umhrelhi-tree  attains  only  a  small  size 
in  New  England,  whore  M.  macrophylla  is  precarious. 

2.    LIRIODENDRON,    L.        Tulip-tree. 

Sepals  3,  reflexcd.  I'etids  C,  in  two  rows,  making  a  bcll-shapcd  corolla.  An- 
thers linear,  ojjcning  outwards.  Pistils  flat  and  scale-form,  long  and  narrow, 
imbricating  and  cohering  together  in  an  elongated  cone,  dry,  separating  from 
each  other  and  from  the  long  and  slender  axis  in  fruit,  and  falling  away  whole, 
like  a  samara  or  key,  indehiscent,  1  -2-seeded  in  the  small  cavity  at  the  base. 
Buds  flat,  sheathed  by  the  successive  pairs  of  flat  and  broad  stipules  joined  at 
their  edges,  the  folded  leaves  bent  down  on  the  petiole  so  that  their  apex  points 
to  the  base  of  the  bud.     (Name  from  Xlpiov,  lili/  or  tulip,  and  fieVSpor,  tree.) 

1.  L.  Tulipifei'a,  L.  — Rich  soil,  S.  New  England  to  Miciiigan,  Illi- 
nois, and  southward.  Mixy,  June. — A  most  beautiful  tree,  sometimes  140° 
high  and  8°  -  9°  in  diameter  in  the  Western  States,  where  it  is  wrongly  called 
Poplar.  Leaves  very  smooth,  with  2  lateral  lobes  near  the  base,  and  2  at  the 
apex,  which  appears  as  if  cut  off  abruptly  by  a  broad  shallow  notch.  Petals  2' 
long,  greenish-yellow  marked  with  orange.     Cone  of  fruit  3'  long. 

Order  3.     AWOIVACE.E.     (Custard-Apple  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  tcith  naked  buds  and  no  stipules,  a  calyx  of  3  sepals, 
and  a  corolla  o/G  petals  in  tivo  rows,  valoate  in  the  bud,  hypogynous,  poly- 
androus.  —  Petals  thickish.  Anthers  adnate,  opening  outwards  :  fila- 
ments very  short.  Pistils  several  or  many,  separate  or  cohering  in  a 
mai5s,  fleshy  or  pulpy  in  fruit.  Seeds  anatropous,  large,  with  a  crusta- 
ceous  seed-coat,  and  a  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  the  ruminated 
albumen.  —  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  feather-veined.  Flowers  axillary, 
solitary.  Bark,  &c.  acrid-aromatic  or  fetid.  —  A  tropical  family,  except 
one  genus  in  the  United  States,  viz. : 

1.    ASIMINA,    Adans.        North  American  Papaw. 

Petals  6,  increasing  after  the  bud  opens  ;  the  outer  set  larger  than  the  inner. 
Stamens  numerous  in  a  globular  mass.  Pistils  few,  ripening  1-4  large  and 
oblong  pulpy  several-seeded  fruits.  Seeds  horizontal,  flat,  enclosed  in  a  fleshy 
aril.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  unpleasant  odor  when  bruised ;  the  lurid 
flowers  solitary  from  the  axils  of  last  year's  leares.  (Name  from  Asiminitr,  of 
the  French  colonists.) 

1.  A.  triloba,  Dnnal.  (Common  Papaw.)  Leaves  thin,  obovate-lan- 
ceolate,  j)oiuted  ;  petals  dull-purple,  veiny,  round-ovate,  the  outer  ones  3-4 
times  as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  Banks  of  streams  in  rich  soil,  W.  New  York  and 
Penn.  to  Illinois  and  .southward.      April,  May.  —  Tree  10° -20°  high;    the 


MENISPEUMACICyE.       (MOONSEEI)    FAMILY.)  51 

young  shoots  and  cxpandinfij  leaves  clothed  with  a  nist\-  down,  soon  plahrous. 
Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  I}/  wide.  Fruits  3' -4' long,  yellowish, 
sweet  and  edihle  in  autumn. 

A.  PARViFLOKA,  a  sniallor-flowcrc'd  and  sniall-fruitcd  low  species,  probahly 
docs  not  grow  so  far  north  as  Virginia. 

Order  4.     MEIVISPEKx^IACE.i:.     (Moonseed  Family.) 

Wood//  climbers,  ivilh  palmate  or  peltate  alternate  leaves,  no  stipules ;  the 
sepals  and  petals  similar,  in  three,  or  more  rows,  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  hij- 
pogynous,  dioecious,  3  -6-gynous  ;  fruit  a  l-seeded  drupe,  with  a  large  or 
long  curved  embryo  in  scanty  albumen.  —  Flowers  small.  Stamens  several 
Ovaries  nearly  straight,  with  the  stigma  at  the  apex,  but  often  incurved 
in  fruiting,  so  that  the  seed  and  embryo  are  bent  into  a  crescent  or  ring. 
Properties  bitter-tonic  and  narcotic.  —  Chiefly  a  tropical  family  ;  there 
are  only  three  species,  belonging  to  as  many  genera,  in  the  United 
States. 

1.  Cocciilus.     Stamens,  petals,  anil  sepals  each  6.     Anthers  4-celIed. 

2.  Meiiispermuin.     Stamens  12-21,  slender.     Petals  6-S.     Anthers  4-celled. 

3.  Calycocarpuni.     Stamens  in  the  sterile  flowers  12;  in  the  fertile  flowers  6,  abortive. 

Petals  none.     Anthers  2-ceIled. 

1.    COCCULUS,    DC.        CoccuLua. 

Sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  6,  the  two  latter  short.  Anthers  4celled.  Pistils 
3  -  6  in  the  fertile  flowers  :  style  'pointed.  Drupe  and  seed  as  in  Moonseed. 
Cotyledons  narrowly  linear  and  flat.  —  Flowers  in  axillarv  racemes  or  panicles 
(An  old  name,  from  coccum,  a  berry.) 

1.    C.    Carolinus,    DC.      Minutely  pubescent  ;    leaves   downy  benea-. 
ovate  or  cordate,  entire  or  sinuate-lobed,  variable  in  shape  ;  flowers  greenish; 
the  petals  in  the- sterile  ones  auriculatc-iuflcxed  below  around  the  filaments, 
drupe  red  (as  large  as  a  small  pea).  —  Eiver-banks,  S.  Illinois,  Virginia,  and 
southward.     July,  Aug. 

2.    MENISPEEMUM,    L.        Moonseed. 

Sepals  4 -8.  Petals  6  -  8,  short.  Stamens  12-20  m  the  sterile  flowers,  as 
long  as  the  sepals  :  anthers  4-eelled.  Pistils  2-4  in  the  fertile  flowers,  raised 
on  a  short  common  receptacle:  stigma  broad  and  flat.  Drupe  globular,  the 
mark  of  the  stigma  near  the  base,  the  ovary  in  its  orowtli  after  flowering  being 
strongly  incurved,  so  that  the  (wrinkled  and  grooved)  laterally  flattened  stone 
(putamen)  takes  the  form  of  a  large  crescent  or  a  ring.  The  slender  embryo 
therefore  is  horseshoe-shaped  :  cotyledons  filiform.  —  Flowers  white,  in  axillary 
panicles.    (Name  from  ^r)vr},  vioon,  and  airep^ia,  seed.) 

1.  M.  Canad6nse,  L.  (Cwaplvn  Moonseed.)  Leaves  peltate  near 
the  edge,  3-7-anL:]ed  or  lubed.  —  Banks  of  streams;  common.  June,  July. 
Drupes  black  with  a  bloom,  ripe  in  September,  looking  like  frost  grapes. 


52  BERBERIDACE.E.   (p.AUBERRY  FAMILY.) 

3.    CAIiYCOCARPUM,    Nutt        Ccpseed. 

Sepals  G.  Petals  none.  Stamens  12  in  the  sterile  flowers,  short:  anthers 
2-celled.  Pistils  3,  spinille-shaped,  tipped  with  a  radiate  many-eleft  stigma. 
Drupe  not  incurved ;  but  the  thin  crustaeeous  putamcn  hollowed  out  like  a  cup 
on  one  side.  Embryo  foliaceous,  heart-shaped.  —  Flowers  greenish-white,  in 
long  racemose  panicles.  (Name  composed  of  kuKv^,  a  cup,  and  Kupnos,  fruit, 
from  the  shape  of  the  shell.) 

1.  C.  Ly6ni,  Xutt.  (Mcnispcrmum  Lvoni,  Piirsh.)  —  Rich  soil,  S.  Ken- 
tucky and  southward.  May.  —  Stems  climbing  to  the  tops  of  trees.  Leaves 
large,  thin,  deeply  3  -  5-lobed,  cordate  at  the  base ;  the  lobes  acuminate.  Drupe 
nn  inch  long,  globular,  greenish ;  the  shell  crested-toothed  on  the  edge  of  the 
cavity. 

Order  5.     BERBEKIDAcEtE.      (Barberry  Family.) 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  u-ith  the  sepals  and  petals  bath  hubricatcd  in  the  hud  in 
two  or  more  roivs  of  2-4  each ;  the  hypogynous  stamens  as  many  as  the 
petals  and  opposite  to  them:  anthers  openincj  by  2  valves  or  lids  hinged  at 
the  top.  (Podophyllum  is  an  exception,  and  Jefiersonia  as  respects  the 
sepals  in  one  row.)  Pistil  sinijle.  Filaments  short.  Style  short  or  none. 
Fruit  a  berry  or  a  pod.  Seeds  few  or  several,  anatropous,  with  albumen. 
Embryo  small,  except  in  Berberis.     Leaves  alternate. 

•  Petals  and  stamens  6.     Fruit  fcvr-seeded. 

1.  Berberis.     Shrubs,  with  yellow  flowers  and  wood  ;  a  pair  oT  glandular  spots  on  the  base  of 

each  petal.     Fruit  a  berry. 

2.  Cnnloiiliylluin.     Herb,  with  pxeenish  flowers:    petals  thick,   much  shorter  than  the 

sepals.    Ovary  soon  bursting  ;  the  two  seeds  left  naked. 

3.  Dipliylleia.    Herb  with  white  flowers;  petals  much  longer  than  sepals.     Berry  2-4- 

seeded. 

*#  Petals  6-9      Stamens  8-18.    Fruit  many-seeded.     Herbs. 

4.  Jeffersonia.     Petals  and  stamens  usually  8 :  anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves.     Pod 

opening  by  a  lid. 

5.  Podophyllnm.     Petals  6-9.    Stamens  12-18  :  anthers  not  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 

Fruit  a  large  beiry. 

1.     BERBERIS,     L.        Barberry. 

Sepals  6,  roundish,  with  2-6  bractlcts  outside.  Petals  6,  ol)ovate,  concave, 
with  two  glandular  spots  inside  above  the  siiort.  claw.  Stamens  6.  Stigma 
circular,  flcpresscd.  Fruit  a  1- few-seeded  berry.  Seeds  erect,  with  a  crusta- 
eeous integument.  —  Shrubs,  with  yellow  wood  and  inner  bark,  yellow  flowers 
in  drooping  racemes,  .sour  berries,  and  1  -9-foliolatc  leaves.  Stamens  irritable. 
(Derived  from  Birbenj.i,  the  Arabic  name  of  the  fruit.) 

1.  B.  vclgXrls,  L.  (Common  Barbi:rrv.)  Leaves  scattered  on  the  fresh 
shoots  of  the  sea.son,  mostly  reduced  to  sharp  triple  or  branched  spines;  from 
Avhich  the  next  season  proceed  rosettes  or  fascicles  of  obovate-oblong  closely 
bristly-toothed  leaves  (the  short  petiole  jointed!),  and  drooping  mnuy-fiowered 
racenies;  petals  entire;  berries  oliloiiy,  scarlet. — Thickets  and  waste  grounds  in 


BERBERIDACE.E.       (BARBERRY    FAJriLY.)  53 

E.  New  England,  where  it  has  become  thoroughly  wild  :  elsewhere  occasionally 
spontaneous.     May,  June.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  B.  Canadensis,  Pursh.  (American  Barberry.)  Leaves  repandly 
toothed,  the  tt'C'th  less  brLstly-pointed ;  racemes  fur-flowered :  petals  notched  at 
the  apex;  berries  oral  (otherwise  as  in  No.  1). — Alleghanies  of  Virginia  and 
southward  :  not  in  (Canada.     June.  —  Shrub  l°-3°  high. 

2.     CAXJLOPHYLLUM,     Michx.        Blue  Cohosh. 

Sepals  6,  with  3  small  bractlcts  at  the  base,  ovate-oblong.  Petals  6  thick  and 
gland-like  somewhat  kidney-shaped  or  hooded  bodies,  with  short  claws,  much 
smaller  than  the  sej)als,  one  at  the  base  of  each  of  them.  Stamens  6 :  anthers 
oblong.  Pistil  gibbous :  style  short :  stigma  minute  and  unilateral :  ovary 
bursting  soon  after  flowering  by  the  pressure  of  the  2  erect,  enlarging  seeds, 
and  withering  away  ;  the  spherical  seeds  naked  on  their  thick  seed-stalks,  look- 
ing like  dru])es  ;  the  fleshy  integument  tunii«g-  blue  :  albumen  of  the  texture 
of  horn.  —  A  perennial  glabrous  herb,  with  matted  knotty  rootstocks,  sending 
up  in  early  spring  a  simple  and  naked  stem,  terminated  by  a  small  raceme  or 
panicle  of  yellowish-green  flowers,  and  a  little  below  bearing  a  large  triternately 
compound  leaf,  without  any  common  petiole  (whence  the  name,  from  kuvKus, 
stem,  and  <^vK\ov,leaf;  the  stem  seeming  to  form  a  stalk  for  the  great  leaf). 
Leaflets  obovate  wedge-form,  2-3-lobcd. 

1.  C.  thalictroides,  Michx.  (Also  called  PArpoosE-ROOT.)  Lcontiee 
thalictroides,  L.  —  Deep  rich  woods ;  common  westward.  Ajjril,  May.  —  Stems 
jo.oio  iiiyh.  Plowers  appearing  while  the  leaf  is  yet  small.  A  smaller  biter- 
nate  leaf  often  at  the  base  of  the  panicle.  Whole  plant  glaucous  when  young, 
also  the  seeds,  which  are  as  large  as  peas. 

3.     DIPHYLLEIA,     Michx.         Umbrella-leaf. 

Sepals  6,  fugacious.  Petals  6,  oval,  flat,  larger  than  the  sepals.  Stamens  6  : 
anthers  oblong.  Ovary  oblong:  style  hardly  any  :  stigma  depressed.  Ovules 
5  or  6,  attached  to  one  side  of  the  cell  below  the  middle.  Berry  few-seeded. 
Seeds  oblong,  with  no  aril. — A  perennial  glabrous  herb,  with  thick  horizontal 
rootstocks,  sending  up  each  j-ear  either  a  huge  centrally  peltate  and  eut-lobed, 
rounded,  umbrella-like,  radical  leaf,  on  a  stout  stalk,  or  a  flowering  stem  bearing 
two  similar  (but  smaller  and  more  2-cleft)  alternate  leaves  which  are  jieltatc 
near  one  margin,  and  terminated  by  a  cyme  of  white  flowers.  (Name  composed 
of  Si's,  twice,  and  ^vXKov,  Imf.) 

1.  D.  cymbsa,  Michx.  Wet  or  springy  places,  mountains  of  Virginia 
an<l  southward.  May.  —  iUiot-leavcs  l°-2°  in  diameter,  2-cleft,  each  division 
5-7-lobed;  lobes  toothed.     Berries  blue. 

4.    JEFPERSONIA,    Barton.        Twix-le.vf. 

Sepals  4,  fugacious.  Pclnls  8,  oblong,  flat.  Stamens  8  :  anthers  oblong- 
linear,  on  slender  filaments.  Ovary  ovoid,  soon  gibbous,  pointed:  stigma  2- 
lobed.     Pod  pear-shapc<l,  opening  half-way  round  horizontally,  the  upper  part 


54  nymph.^:ace^..     (water-lily  family.) 

making  a  lid.  Seeds  many  in  several  rows  on  the  lateral  placenta,  •with  a  fleshy 
lacerate  aril  on  one  side.  —  A  perennial  frlahrons  herb,  with  matted  fihrous  roots, 
lon<;-peti()led  rout-leaves,  ])arted  into  2  half-ovate  leaflets,  and  simple  naked  1- 
flowered  scapes.     (Named  in  honor  of  T/ioiwis  Jefffisun.) 

1.  J.  diph^lla,  Pers.  —  Woods,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward. April,  May.  —  Low.  Flower  wliitc,  1'  broad:  the  parts  rarely  in  threes 
or  fives.  —  Called  Ilheumatism-root  in  some  places. 

5.     PODOPHYLLUM,     L.        May-Apple.      Maxdkake. 

riower-lmd  with  3  p-een  l)raetlcts,  mIiIcIi  early  fall  away.  Sepals  G,  fuga- 
cions.  Petals  6  or  y,  obovate.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  jietals  in  the  Hima- 
layan species,  twice  as  many  in  ours :  anthers  linear-oblong,  not  opening  by 
uplifted  valves.  Ovary  ovoid  :  stigma  sessile,  large,  thick,  and  undulate.  Frui't 
a  large  fleshy  berry.  Seeds  covering  the  very  large  lateral  placenta,  in  many 
rows,  each  seed  enc'oscd  in  a  pnlpy  aril,  all  forming  a  mass  which  fills  the  cav- 
ity of  the  Iruit.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  thick  fibrons 
roots.  Stems  2-leaved,  I-flowcred.  (Name  from  ttoCs,  afoot,  and  (/)vXXoi/,  a  leaf, 
from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  the  5-7-parted  leaf  to  the  foot  of  some  web- 
iboted  animal.) 

1.  P.  peltatunij  i--  Stamens  12-18;  leaves  5-9-partcd;  the  lobes  ob- 
long, ratlier  wedge-siiaped,  somewhat  lobed  and  toothed  at  the  apex.  —  Rich 
woods,  common.  May.  —  Flowerless  stems  terminated  by  a  large  round  7-9- 
lobed  leaf,  peltaie  in  fhc  middle  like  an  umbrella.  Flowering  stems  bearing 
two  one-sided  leaves,  with  the  stalk  fixed  near  their  inner  edge ;  the  nodding 
white  flower  from  the  fork  nearly  2'  broad.  Fruit  ovoid,  l'-2'  long,  ripe  in 
July,  sweet  and  slightly  acid,  edible.  The  leaves  and  roots  are  drastic  and 
poisonous  !  —  Found  occasionally  with  from  2  to  6  caipcls  ! 

Order  G.     NYMPILiEACEiE.     (Water-Lily  Family.) 

Aquatic  perennial  herhs^  icith  horizontal  rootstocks  and  peltate  or  sortietimes 
only  cordate  leaves  ^/looting  or  emersed ;  the  ovules  borne  on  the  sides  or  back 
{or  when  solitary  hanging  from  the  surnmil)  of  the  cells,  not  on  the  ventral 
suture ;  the  embryo  enclosed  in  a  little  bag  at  the  end  of"  the  albumen  next 
the  hilum,  except  in  Nelumbium,  which  has  no  albumen.  Radicle  hardly 
any :  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  enclosing  a  well-developed  plumule.  — 
Flowers  axillary,  solitary.  Leaves  rolled  inwards  in  vernation.  Root- 
stocks  very  obscurely  exogenous  in  structure.  —  Comprises  a  few  genera, 
which  differ  so  much  in  the  flower  and  fruit,  that,  for  the  sake  of  con- 
venient definition,  we  have  formerly  treated  as  separate  orders  the  follow- 
ing suborders : 

Suborder  I.     CAB6i?IBE.E.     (Water-Shield  Family.) 

Sepals  and  petals  each  3  or  sometimes  4,  hypogynous  and  persistent. 
Stamens  definite  (6  - 1 8).     Pistils  2-18,  free  and  distinct,  coriaceous  and 


NYjrrn.F.ACKyE.     (watku-lily  family.)  55 

indehiscent,   1  -  3-seedc(l   on   the   dorsal   sutme.  —  Stems  slender,  leafy, 
coated  with  mucilage.     Flowers  small. 

1.  Braseiiia.     Stamens  12-18  :   filaments  slender.     Leaves  all  peltate. 

SuBOKDEU  II.     ]Vli:L,lIIWB6l\l::.i:.     (Nelumbo  Family.) 

Sepals  and  petals  numerous  in  several  rows,  passing  gradually  into  each 
other,  and  with  the  indefinitely  numerous  stamens  hypogynous  and  decid- 
uous. Pistils  several,  1-ovuled,  separately  immei-sed  in  the  obconlcal  re- 
ceptacle, which  is  much  enlarged  and  broadly  top-shaped  at  maturity,  the 
imbedded  nut-like  fruits  resembling  small  acorns.  Embryo  large ;  no  al- 
bumen.—  Petioles  and  peduncles  all  from  the  tuberous  rootstock,  the  cen- 
trally peltate  leaves  and  the  flowers  large. 

2.  Nelunibiuin.     Character  of  the  Suborder. 

SuBOitDKR  III.     NYx^IPHiEACK.i:  proper.     (Water-Lily  F.) 

Sepals  4  -  G,  and  petals  numerous  in  many  rows,  pei-sistent  or  decayino- 
away,  either  hypogynous  or  variously  adnate  to  the  surface  of  the  com- 
pound 8  -  30-celled  ovary,  which  is  formed  by  the  union  of  ns  many  car- 
pels ;  the  numerous  ovules  inserted  over  the  whole  inner  face  of  the  cells, 
except  at  tb«  ventral  suture.'  Stigmas  radiate  as  in  Poppy.  Fruit  bac- 
cate, with  a  firm  rind.     Petioles  and  peduncles  from  a  thick  rootstock. 

3.  Nymph  tea.     Petals  .idnatc  to  the  ovary,  large  ;  the  stamens  on  its  summit. 

4.  Nuphar.     Petals,  very  small  and  stamen-like,  and  stamens  inserted  under  the  ovary. 

1.     BRASilNIA,     Schrcbcr.         Watkr-Shikld. 

Sepals  ,3  or  4.  rctal*  .3-4,  linear,  sessile.  Stamens  12-18:  filaments  fili- 
form: anthers  innate.  Pistils  4-18,  forming  little  eliih-shaped  indehiscent 
pods  :  stisma  linear.  Seeds  1  -  2,  pcndnlous  on  the  dorsal  suture  !  —  Rootstock 
creepino;.  Leaves  alternate,  lonff-j:(etiolcd,  centrally  peltate,  oval,  floatin.u:  on 
the  water.     Flowers  axillary,  small,  dtdl-purplc.     (Name  of  uncertain  origin.) 

1-  B.  peltkta.  Pursh.  (Hydrope'ltis  purpurea,  il//r^.r.) — Ponds  and  slow 
streams.  June  -  Aug.  —  Leaves  entire,  2'  -  .3'  across.  ( Also  a  native  of  Puget 
Sound,  Japan,  Australia,  and  Eastern  India! 

Cab6mb.\,  the  other  genus  of  the  group,  occurs  from  N.  Carolina  southward. 

2.     NELUMBIUM,    Juss.        Neixmbo.     Sacred  Bean. 

The  only  genus  of  the  suborder.  (Nehimho  is  the  Ceylonese  name  of  the  East 
Indian  species,  the  piid<-flo\ver('d  N.  spcciosum.) 

1.  N.  liiteura,  Willd.  (Yellow  Nelumbo,  or  "Wateh  CnixQUEPiN.) 
Corolla  pale  vellow ;  anthers  tipjied  with  a  slender  hooked  appendage.  —  Wa- 
ters of  the  Western  and  Southern  States ;  rare  in  the  Middle  States :  intro- 
duced into  tlic  Delaware  below  Pliiladelphia.  Near  Woodstown  and  Sussex 
Co.,  Nf.w  Jersey.  Rig  Sodus  Ray.  L.  Ontario,  and  in  the  Connecticut  near 
Lyme  ;  perhaps  introduced  there  l>y  the  aborigines.  June  -  Aug.  — ^  Leaves 
usually  raised  high  out  of  the  water,  circular  in  outline,  with  the  centre  dc- 


56  NYMPn^ACE^.       (w^ATER-Lir.Y    FAMILY.) 

pressed  or  cupped,  1°- 2°  in  diameter.  Flower  5' -10' broad.  Tubers  farina- 
ceous and  edible.  Seeds  also  eatable.  Embryo  like  that  of  Nynijjliaja  on  a 
large  scale.  Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  enclosing  a  plumule  of  1  or  2  well- 
formed  young  leaves,  enclosed  in  a  delicate  stipulc-likc  sheath. 

3.     NYMPH-ffilA,     Tourn.         WATEii-NvMrn.     Water-Lilt. 

Sepals  4,  green  outside,  nearly  free.  Petals  numerous,  in  many  rows,  the 
innermost  gradually  passing  into  stamens,  imbrieately  inserted  all  over  the 
surface  of  the  ovary.  Stamens  indefinite,  inserted  on  the  ovary,  the  outer 
with  dilated  fdaments.  Ovary  18-30-celled,  the  concave  summit  tipjied  with  a 
globular  projection  at  the  centre,  around  which  are  the  radiate  stigmas ;  these 
project  at  the  margin,  and  are  extended  into  linear  and  incurved  sterile  ap- 
pendages. Fruit  depressed-globular,  covered  with  the  bases  of  the  decayed 
petals,  maturing  underwater.  Seeds  enveloped  by  a  sac-like  aril.  —  Flowers 
white,  rose-color,  or  blue,  very  showy.  (Dedicated  by  the  Greeks  to  the  Watcr- 
Nymphs.) 

1.  N.  Odorata,  Ait.  (Sweet-scextf.i>  Water-Lily.)  Leaves  orbic- 
ular, cordate-cleft  at  the  base  to  the  petiole  (.5' -9' wide),  the  margin  entire; 
stipules  broadly  triangular  or  almost  kidney-shaped,  notched  at  the  apex,  ap- 
pressed  to  the  rootstock  ;  flower  white,  venj  sweet  scented  (often  as  much  as  5^' 
in  diameter  when  fully  expanded,  opening  early  in  the  morning,  closing  in  the 
afternoon)  ;  petals  obtuse ;  aril  much  longer  than  the  distinctly  stipitate  oblonrf 
seeds  (these  about  1|"  long;  anthers  blunt).  —  Ponds  and  still  or  slow-flowing 
water  :  common  eastward  and  southward.  June  -  Sept.  — Varies  with  ])inkisli- 
tinged  and  rarely  with  bright  pink-red  flowers  (especially  at  Barnstable,  Mass.), 
the  leaves  often  ci-imson  underneath,  —  and  in  size  by  gradations  into 

Var.  minor,  Sims  (N.  minor,  DC,  &c.),  with  leav«  only  2' -5'  and  flowers 
2'  -3'  broad.—  Shallow  water,  in  cold  bogs  and  in  sandy  soil. 

2.  N.  tuberosa,  Paine,  Cat.  PI.  Oneida,  186.5.  (TrnER-BEARiNG  W.) 
Leaves  renifonn-orbicular,  mostly  larger  (8'- 1. 5' wide)  and  more  prominently 
ribbed  than  the  last,  green  both  sides  ;  rootstock  beariiifj  numerous  spoiitaneoitshi 
detachintj  often  compound  tubers ;  flower  scentless  (or  with  a  slight  odor  as  of 
apples,  white,  never  pinkish,  4^' -9'  in  diameter,  the  petals,  as  in  N.  alba,  pro- 
portionally broader  and  blunter  than  in  No.  1 ) ;  the  fruit  more  depressed,  and 
with  fewer  but  much  larger  (i.  e.  twice  as  broad)  rjlobulur-oroid  seeds  which  when 
mature  are  barely  enclosed  by  the  aril,  and  not  stipitate.  (N.  alba,  Nult.  Got. 
N.  rcniformis,  DC.  ?  scarcely  of  Walter,  which  is  very  obscure.)  —  Lakes,  slow 
rivers,  &e.,  W.  New  York  (i'rom  Oneida  Lake,  Pniiie)  and  near  Meadville,  Pcnn. 
(  \V.  L.  Chaffin)  to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  probably  in  the  Southern  States. 
July  -  Sept. 

4.     NUPHAR,     Smith.     Yellow  Poxd-Lilt.     Spatter-Docic. 

Sepals  5,  6,  or  sometimes  more,  colored,  or  partly  green  outside,  roundish. 
Petals  numerous,  small  and  thickish,  stamen-like  or  scale-like,  inserted  with 
the  very  numerous  and  short  stamens  on  the  receptacle  under  the  ovary,  not 


SARRACENIACICyK.       (I'lTCIIKU-l'LANT    FAMILY.)  o7 

surpassing  the  disk-like  8  -24-raved  sessile  stijjma.  Fruit  ovoid,  naked,  usually 
ripening  above  water.  Aril  none. — Leaves  with  a  deep  sinus  at  the  base. 
Flowers  yellow  or  sometimes  tinged  with  jiuryjle,  produced  all  summer. 
(Noixpap  of  Dioseorides,  from  the  Kgyjitian  name.)  —  Our  various  forms  seem 
to  iuelude  only  two  species. 

1.  N.  advena,  Ait.  (Common-  Y.)  Sr/xils  G,  unrt/itd/  ;  pdah  shorter 
than  the  sttimeiis  and  resembling  them,  thick  and  fleshy,  truncate';  stigma  12- 
24-rayed ;  ovary  and  fruit  not  contracted  into  a  narrow  neck  under  the  stigma; 
tliin  submersed  leaves  seldom  appearing ;  floating  or  emersed  and  erect  leaves 
thick,  varying  from  roundish  to  ovate  or  almost  oblong  in  outline,  the  sinus 
open,  or  (var.  VARiKf;.\TrM,  Eiigelm.,  flower  often  partly  purplish)  closed  or 
narrow.  —  Very  common,  in  still  or  stagnant  water. 

2.  N.  Itlteum,  Smith.  (Sm.\ller  V.)  .SV/in/s  5,  near/ij  equal;  petnls 
longer  and  dilated  upwards;  stigma  12-16-rayed;  fruit  globular,  with  a  short 
narrow  neck ;  earlier  and  submersed  leaves  very  thin  and  delicate,  roundish, 
the  floating  ones  oval  and  usually  with  a  narrow  or  closed  sinus.  —  The  only 
specimen  seen  like  the  Euroijcan  (expanded  flowcV  fully  2'  across)  is  from 
"  Mauayunk,   7    miles  from  Philadelphia,"  in  herb.  Collins,  now  Durnnd.  (Eu.) 

Var.  ptimiluin.  (Sm.\i,l  Y.)  Flower  5' -  1'  across  when  outspread ; 
leaves  1'- 5'  long.  (N.  ])umilum, //o/yje.  N.  Kalmikna,  P«/-.v/i.) — Ponds,  N. 
England  to  Penn.  and  northward.    (Eu.) 

N.  rOLTSEP.\LfM,  Engelm.,  with  very  Uirgc  flowers  and  numerous  sepals, 
occurs  far  west. 

N.  SAGiTTiFOLiA,  Pursli,  of  N.  Carolina  and  southward,  has  narrow  and 
long  leaves.     Both  poriiaps  run  into  No.  1. 

OnDF.R  7.     SAKKACENIACE.i:.     (Pitciier-Plaxts.) 

Pohjnndrous  and  hiipngijuous  horj-plants,  with  hollow  jnlcher-fonn  or 
trumpet-shaped  leaven,  —  comprising  one  plant  in  the  mountains  of  Gui- 
ana, another  (Darlingtonia,  Torr.)  in  California,  and  the  following  genus 
in  the  Atlantic  United  States. 


1.     SARRACENIA,     Toum.        Side-saddle  Flower. 

Sepals  5,  with  .1  bn.ctlets  at  the  base,  colored,  persistent.  Petals  5,  oblonfj 
or  obovate,  incurved,  deciduous.  Stamens  numerous,  hypogynous.  Ovary 
conii)ound,  5-celled,  globose,  crowned  with  a  short  style,  which  is  expanded  at 
the  summit  into  a  very  broad  and  petal-like,  ."i-angled,  5-rayed,  umbrella-shaped 
body ;  the  5  delicate  rays  terminating  uiuler  the  angles  in  as  many  little  hooketl 
stigmas.  Capsule  with  a  granular  surface,  5-celled,  with  many-seeded  plaecntaj 
in  the  axis,  5-valved.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  small  embryo  at  the  l)ase  of 
fleshy  albumen.  —  Perennials,  yellowish-green  and  purplish  ;  the  hollow  leaves 
all  radical,  with  a  wing  on  one  side,  and  a  rounded  arching  hood  at  the  apex. 
Scape  naked,  1-flowercd  :  flower  nodding.  (Named  1)\  Tournelbrt  in  honor  of 
Dr.  Sarrazin  of  Quebec,  who  flrst  sent  our  Northern  species,  and  a  botanical 
account  of  it,  to  Europe.) 


58  PAI'AVERACE^E.        (I'OrPY    FAMILY.) 

1.  S.  purptirea,  L.  (Side-saddle  Flower.  Pitcher-Plant.  Hcn'ts- 
MAx's  Cup.)  Leaves  pitchir-shuped,  ascending,  curved,  broadly  winged;  the 
hood  erect,  open,  round  heart-shaped  ;  Jiomer  deep  purple ;  the  (iddle-shapcd 
petals  arched  over  the  (greenish-yellow)  style.  —  Varies  rarely  with  greenish- 
yellow  flowers,  and  without  puri)le  veins  in  the  foliage.  (S.  heterophylla, 
Eaton.)  —  Peat-bogs;  common  from  N.  England  to  Minnesota,  N.  Illinois,  and 
southward  east  of  the  Alleghanies.  June.  —  The  curious  leaves  arc  usually 
half  filled  with  water  and  drowned  insects  :  the  inner  face  of  the  hood  is  clothed 
with  stiff  bristles  pointing  downward.  Flower  globose,  nodding  on  a  scape  a 
foot  high  :  it  is  difficult  to  fancy  any  rcsenihlauce  between  its  shape  and  a  side- 
saddle, but  it  is  not  very  unlike  a  pillion. 

2.  S.  flava,  L.  (TiuMi'ETS.)  Ltares  lomj  (IO-30)  and  trumpft-shapcd, 
erect,  with  an  open  mouth,  the  erect  hood  rounded,  narrow  at  the  base;  wing 
almost  none  ;  .//ofcer  ijillow,  the  petals  becoming  long  and  drooping. — Bogs, 
Virginia  and  southward.     April. 

OuDF.u  8.     PAPAVERACE.E.     (Poppy  Family-.) 

Herbs  u'llh  milky  or  colored  Juice,  regular  flowers  with  the  parts  in  twos 
or  fours,  fufjdcious  sepals,  pobjandrous,  hypofjjjnous,  the  ocary  l-celled  loith 
2  or  more  parietal  placentce.  —  Sepals  2,  rarely  3-,  falling  when  the  flower 
expands.  Petals  4-12,  spreading,  imbricated  and  often  crumpled  in  the 
bud,  early  deciduous.  Stamens  rarely  as  few  as  16,  distinct.  Fruit  a 
dry  l-celled  pod  (in  the  Poppy  imperfectly  many-celled,  in  Glaucium  2- 
celled).  Seeds  numerous,  anatropous,  often  crested,  with  a  minute  embryo 
at  the  base  of  fleshy  and  oily  albumen.  —  Leaves  alternate,  without  stip- 
ules.    Peduncles  mostly  1-flowered.     Juice  narcotic  or  acrid. 

*  Ovary  incompletely  several-celled  by  the  projecting  placentas. 

1.  Papnver.      Stijrmas   united    into  a  radiate  crown  on  the  summit  of  the  ovary.      Pod 

opening  by  chiulis  or  pores.     PetJils  crumpled  in  the  nodding  flowtT-bud. 

*  ♦  Ovary  strictly  1-celleJ.     Pod  opening  by  valves,  leaving  the  2-6  filiform  parietal  placcntaj 

as  a  framework. 

•^  Petals  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals,  usually  more  or  less  crumpled  in  the  flower-bud. 

2.  Argenioue.     Stigmas  (sessile)  and  placenta  4  -  6.     Pod  and  leaves  prickly. 

3.  Slylophoriim.     Stigmas  and  |)lacenta3  3 - 4.     Style  distinct      Pod  bristly. 

4.  Clielldoiiiuin.     Stigmas  and  placentae  2.     Pod  linear,  smooth. 

—  —  Petals  4-6  times  as  many  as  the  2  sepals,  not  crumpled  in  the  erect  flower-bud. 

5.  Sauguinaria.  .  Stigma  2  gruoved.     Placentiu  2.     Petals  white. 

*  »  *  Ovary  and  elongated  pod  2-celle(l  tiy  a  spongy  partition. 

6.  Glaucium.     Stigma  2-lubed  or  2-horned.     Petals  4. 

1.     PAP  AVER,     L.        Poppy. 

Sepals  mostly  2.  Petals  niostjy  4.  Stigmas  united  in  a  flat  4-20-raye(r 
crown,  i-esting  on  the  summit  of  the  ovary  and  capsule  ;  the  latter  short  and 
turgid,  with  4-20  many-seeded  placenta;  projecting  like  imperfect  partitions, 
opening  by  as  many  pores  or  chinks  under  the  edge  of  the  stigma.  —  Herbs 


PAPAVKUACIC.E.       (I'OPPl'    FAMILY.)  59 

with  a  white  juice  ;  tlie  flower-hiuls  noddinp.     (Derivation  obscure.) — Tiircc 
annual  sjiecics  of  the  Old  World  arc  sparinjily  adventive  ;  viz. : 

1.  P.  soMxfFKiUM,  L.  (Co.MMox  I'oi'fY.)  Smooth,  {glaucous  ;  leaves 
clasping,  wavv,  incised  and  toothed  ;  pod  (jlobosc ;  corolla  mostly  white  or  pur- 
ple.—  Near  dwellin;^^s  in  some  places.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  P.  DuniLJi,  L.  (Smootii-fkuited  Coux-rori'v.)  rinnatilid  leaves 
and  the  long  stalks  brislb/ ;  pods  cliib-s/ia/)&l,  smooth;  corolla  light  scarlet. — 
Cult,  grounds,  Westchester,  Pcnn.  and  southward  :  rare.     (Adv.  from  En.) 

3.  P.  akgemT)NE,  L.  (KoLGii-FKUiTED  C.)  Smaller,  with  finer-cut 
'  leaves  and  paler  flowers  than  the  last ;  pods  club-shaped  and  bristly.  —  Waste 

grounds,  near  Philadelphia,  J//-.  Dicffcnhaiyh.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

•2.    ARGEMONE,    L.        Pnu  klv  Vowy. 

Sepals  2  or  3,  often  prickly.  Petals  4 -6.  Style  almost  none:  stigmas  3  ~ 
6,  radiate.  Pod  oblong,  prickly,  opening  by  3  -  6  valves  at  the  top.  Seeds 
crested.  —  Annuals  or  biennials,  with  prickl}'  bristles  and  yellow  juice.  Leaves 
sessile,  sinuate-lobed,  and  with  prickly  teeth,  often  blotched  witli  white.  Flower- 
buds  erect,  short-peduncled.  (Name  from  upye'/iia,  a  disease  of  the  eye,  for 
which  the  juice  was  a  supposed  remedy.) 

1.  A.  Mexic.\na,  L.  (Mexican  P.)  Flowers  yellow,  rarely  white. — 
Waste  places,  southward.     July -Oct.     (Adv.  from  trop.  Amcr.) 

3.     STYLOPHORUM,     Nutt.        Celandine  Poity. 

Sepals  2,  hairy.  Petals  4.  Style  distinct,  columnar:  stigma  2-4-lobed. 
Pods  bi-istly,  2-4-valved  to  the  base.  Seeds  conspicuously  crested. — Peren- 
nial low  herbs,  with  stems  naked  below  and  oppositely  2-leaved,  or  sometimes 
1  -  3-leaved,  and  umbellately  1  -  few-flowered  at  the  summit;  the  flower-buds 
and  the  pods  nodding.  Leaves  pinnately  parted  or  divided.  Juice  yellow. 
(Name  from  arvKos^i  style,  and  <j)ep(i),  I  bear,  indicating  one  of  the  distinctive 
characters.) 

1.  S.  dip  helium,  Nutt.  Leaves  pale  or  glaucous  beneath,  smoothish, 
dcc])ly  pinnatitid  into  5  or  7  oblong  sinuate-lobed  divisions,  and  the  root-leaves 
often  with  a  pair  of  smaller  and  distinct  leaflets ;  peduncles  equalling  the 
petioles;  flower  deep  yellow  (2' broad) ;  stigmas  3  or  4  ;  pod  oval.  —  Damp 
woods,  W.  Penn.  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  ]\Iay.  —  Foliage  and  llower 
resembling  Celandine. 

4.    CHOiJLIDONIUM,     L.        Celandine. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  16- 24.  Style  nearly  none  :  stigma  2-Iobcd. 
Pod  linear,  slender,  smootli,  2-valved,  the  valves  opening  from  the  bottom  up- 
wards. Seeds  crested  — Perennial  herb  with  brittle  stems,  saff"ron-colored  acrid 
juice,  i)innately  divided  or  2-pinnati(id  and  toothed  or  cut  leaves,  and  small  yel- 
low flowers  in  a  i)cduiiculate  undicl  ;  the  l)uds  mxlding.  (Xanie  from  _;(fXt8a)i^, 
the  Sw(dlow,  because,  according  to  DioScorides,  it  begins  to  llower  at  the  time 
the  swallows  appeal-. ) 


GO  FUMARIACEiE.       (FUMITORY    FAMILY.) 

1.  C.  Ji\jus,  L.  (Celaxdine.)  Waste  grounds  near  dwellings.  May- 
Aug.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.     SANGUINARIA,    Dill.        Blood-root. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  8-12,  spatulatc-olilong,  the  inner  narrower.  Stamens 
about  24.  Style  short;  stigma  i-groovcd.  Pod  oblong,  turgid,  1-celled,  2 
valved.  Seeds  with  a  large  ercst.  —  A  low  perennial,  with  thiek  prostrate 
rootstocks,  surcharged  with  red-orange  acrid  juice,  sending  up  in  earliest 
spring  a  rounded  palmate-lobed  leaf,  and  a  1 -flowered  naked  scape.  Flower 
white,  handsome,  the  bud  erect,  the  petals  not  crumpled.  (Name  from  the' 
color  of  the  juice. ) 

1.  S.  Canadensis,  L.  —  Open  rich  woods  ;  common.     April,  May. 

6.     GLAUCIUM,     Tourn.        IIorx-Poppv. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Style  none:  stigma  2-lobcd  or  2-horned.  Pod  verv, 
long  and  linear,  completely  2-celled  by  a  spongy  false  partition ;  seeds  crestless. 
—  Annuals  or  biennials,  with  saffron-colored  juice,  clasping  leaves,  and  solitary 
yellow  flowers.     (The  Greek  name,  y\avKiov,  from  the  glaucous  foliage.) 

1.  G.  LUTEr.M,  Scop.  Lower  leaves  jjinnatifid  ;  upper  ones  sinuate-Iobed 
and  toothed,  cordate-clasping;  pods  rough,  (6'- 10' long).  — Waste  places  S. 
E.  New  England,  Maryland,  and  Virginia;  not  common.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

Ordeu   9.     FUillARI.iCE.E.     (Fumitory  Family.) 

Delicate  smooth  herbs,  ivith  watery  Juice,  compound  dissected  leaves,  ir- 
regular  Jlowers,  icilh  4  somewhat  united  petals,  6  diadelphous  stamens,  and 
2-merous  pods  and  seeds  like  those  of  the  Poppy  Family. —  Sepals  2,  small 
and  scale-like.  Corolla  flattened,  closed ;  the  4  petals  in  two  pairs ;  the 
outer  with  spreading  tips,  and  one  or  both  of  them  spurred  or  saccate  at 
the  base  ;  the  inner  pair  narrower,  and  with  their  callous  crested  ti[)s  united 
over  the  stigma.  Stamens  in  two  sets  of  3  each,  placed  opposite  the  larger 
petals,  Iiypogynous ;  their  filaments  often  united ;  the  middle  anther  of 
each  set  2-celled,  the  lateral  ortes  1-celled.  Pod  1-celled,  either  1-seeded 
and  indehiscent,  or  several-seeded  with  2  parietal  placenta?.  —  Leaves  usu- 
ally alternate,  without  stipules.     (Slightly  bitter,  innocent  plants.) 

«  Pod  slender :   the  2  valves  separating  from  the  persistent  filiform  placentae. 

1.  Adiumin.    Corolla  heart-shaped,  persistent ;  petals  .<»11  united.     Seeds  crestless. 

2.  Dlceiitra.     Corolla  heart-shaped  or  2-spurred  at  the  base.    Seeds  crested. 

3.  Corydnlis.     Corolla  1 -spurred  at  the  base.    Seeds  crested  or  arilled. 

»  *  Pod  fleshy,  indehiscent,  globular,  1-seeded. 

4.  Funiaria.     Corolla  1 -spurred  at  the  base.    Seed  crestless. 

1.    ADLUMIA,    Raf.        Cllmblvg  Fumitory. 

Petals  all  permamntly  uiiited  in  a  cordatc-ovatc  corolla,  becoming  spongv- 
cellular  and  persistent,  enclosing  the  small,  few-seeded  pod.     Seeds  not  crested. 


FCMARIACEJE.       (FUMITOUY     FAMILY.)  Gl 

Stipfma  2-crcste(l.  Filaments  monailel|ihoiis  holow  in  a  tube  wliicli  is  afllicrcnt 
to  the  corolla,  diaileli)lious  at  tiie  sninniit.  —  A  elimhin^  biennial,  with  thrice- 
pinnate  leaves,  ciit-lolied  delicate  lealiets,  and  anjple  panicles  of  dioopinjj  white 
or  purpli>li  flowers.     (Dedicated  by  Kafines(iiie  to  Mtijor  Adluin.) 

1  A.  cirrhbsa,  Kal'.  —  Wet  woods;  common  westward.  June -Oct. — 
A  Innid.sonie  vine,  with  delicate  ioliajie,  clindtinj^-  by  the  slender  younj^  leaf- 
stalks over  lii;^h  bushes;  cultivated  lor  festoons  and  bowers  in  shaded  jtlaccs. 

2.     DICENTRA,    Bork.        Dltciimax's  Bueeches. 

Petals  slifjhtly  cohering  into  a  heart-shaped  or  2-spurrcd  corolla,  cither  decidu- 
ous or  withering-persistent.  Stigma  2-crested  and  sometimes  2-horned.  Fila- 
ments slightly  united  in  two  sets.  Pod  10-20-seeded.  Seeds  crested.  — Low, 
stemlcss  perennials  (as  to  our  wild  sjjecies)  with  ternatcly  compound  and  dis- 
sected leaves,  and  racemose  nodding  flowers.  Pedicels  2-bractcd.  (Name  from 
his,  twice,  and  Kivrpov,  a  spur ;  —  accidentally  ])rinted  Dici.y'tra  in  the  first 
instance,  which  by  an  erroneous  conjecture  was  afterwards  changed  into  I)i- 

t'LYTK.\.) 

1.  D.  Cucullkria,  DC.  (Dutchman's  Breeches.)  Scape  and  slcn- 
der-petiolcd  leaves  from  a  sort  of  (jranu/ule  bulb ;  lobes  of  the  leaves  linear;  ra- 
ceme, simple,  fcw-flowcred  ;  corolla  ivith  2  divergent  spurs  longer  than  the  pedicel ; 
crest  of  the  inner  petals  minute.  —  Kich  woods,  especially  westward.  —  A  very  deli- 
cate plant,  sending  up  in  early  spring,  from  the  cluster  of  grain-like  tubers 
crowded  together  in  the  form  of  a  scaly  bulb,  the  finely  cut  leaves  and  the  slen- 
der scape,  bearing  4-  U)  pretty,  but  odd,  white  flowers  tii)])ed  with  cream-color. 

2.  D.  Canadensis,  DC.  (Sqliukel  Coux.)  Subterranean  shoots  bear- 
ing scattered  gmni-like  tubers  (resembling  peas  or  grains  of  Indian  corn,  yellow) ; 
leaves  and  raceme  as  in  No.  1  ;  corolla  meixly  Ik  art -shaped,  the  spurs  very  short 
and  rounded  ;  crest  of  the  inner  petals  conspicuous,  projecting.  —^  Rich  woods,  Maine 
tx>  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky,  especially  northward.  April,  May.  —  Flowers 
greenish-white  tinged  with  rose,  with  the  fragrance  of  Hyacinths. 

3.  D.  eximia,  DC.  Subterranean  shoots  scaly;  divisions  and  lobes  of 
the  lea\es  broadly  oblong ;  raceme  compound,  clu.<:tered;  corolla  oblong,  2-snccate  at 
the  base;  crest  of  tlie  inner  petals  ))rojecting.  —  Kocks,  W.  New  York,  rare 
( Thomas,  Sartw(M),  and  Alleghanies  of  Virginia.  May  -  Aug.  —  Coarser-leaved 
than  the  others;  scapes  6'-  10'  high. 

3.     CORYDALIS,     Vent.        Couvdalis. 

Corolla  1-spurrcd  at  the  base  (on  the  upper  side),  deciduous.  Style  persist- 
ent. Pod  many-seeded.  Seeds  crested  or  arilled.  Flowers  Iti  racemes.  Our 
sjieeics  are  biennial,  leafy-stemmed,  and  jjale  or  glaucous.  (The  ancient  Greek 
name  for  the  Fumitory.) 

1.  C.  glatioa,  Pnrsli.  (Pale  Couydalis.)  Stem  upright ;  racemes  pan- 
idecl ;  sjiur  of  the  /lurplish  and  ijellow-tipped  corolla  very  short  and  iT)unded  ;  pods 
me/,  .slender,  elongated. — Rocky  places  :  common:  G'-2°  liigh.     May- Aug. 

2.  C.  flivula,  Uaf.  Corolla  /w//r-y,//o«-,  3" -4"  long ;  i>pur  verg  short;  tips 
of  the  outer  ptttds  pointed,  iving-crestid  on  the  back,  longer  than  the  inner;  seeds 


62  CRUCIFER^.       (mustard    FAMILY.) 

aciitclff  margined,  nij^osc-rcticulatcd  ;  nril  loose :  otliciwisc  as  in  the  next.  — 
rcnnsylvaiiia  to  Wi.sconsin  and  southward. 

3.  C.  atirea,  Willd.  (Golden  C.)  Sttms  low  or  dKcumhut;  racemes 
simple;  corolln  (joldin-i/fHoiv,  i'  Ion;;;  slightly  decurvcd  sjntr  somewhat  shorter 
than  the  pedicel,  not  half  the  len-jth  of  the  rest  of  the  tiower;  tips  of  outer  pi  tah 
blunt,  cresllfss  and  naked  on  the  back,  little  lonj,^cr  than  the  inner ;  pods  usually 
pendent;  seeds  smooth  and  even,  or  sometimes  very  minutely  reticulated,  tonjid, 
mnrqinlrss,  partly  covered  hy  the  scale-shaped  aril.  —  Kocky  places,  Vermont  to 
Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  April  -July.  —  Var.  micrAntiia,  Engelm., 
is  a  state  with  minute  spurless  flowers  (probably  fertilizcil  in  the  bud),  and 
ascending  pods,  on  very  short  pedicels.  — W.  Illinois  and  St.  Louis,  Ilittil. 

(C.  mo.\t.\na,  Engclm.,  or  perhaps  rather  C.  auuka,  var.  occidentalis, 
Engelm.,  Missouri  to  Texas  and  westward,  dift'ers  from  the  Eastern  C.  aurea  in 
the  often  ascending  spur  nearly  equalling  the  rest  of  the  dorolla  and  longer  than 
the  pedicel,  erect  or  ascending  pods,  and  seeds  lenticular  with  acutish  margin. 

—  C.  cuKVisf LiQUA,  Engehn.,  of  Southwest,  differs  from  this  in  longer  4-an- 
gular  pods  ascending  on  very  short  pedicels,  the  acute-margined  seed  mnriaite! 

—  C.  crystAllina,  Engclm.,  of  Southwest,  differs  from  this  in  the  very  broad 
but  short  wing  on  tip  of  outer  petals,  short  few-seeded  pod  covered  with  crys- 
talline vesicles,  and  sharper- margined  tubercular-reticulated  seeds.) 

4.    FUMARIA,    L.        Fl-mitory. 

Corolla  1 -spurred  at  the  base.  Style  deciduous.  Fruit  indchisccnt,  small, 
globular,  1 -seeded.  Seeds  crcstlcss.  —  Branched  and  leafy-stemmed  annuals, 
Avith  finely  dissected  compound  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  dense  racemes  or 
spikes.     (>.'ame  fromy«/««s,  smoke.) 

1.  P.  officixXlis,  L.  (Commox  Fumitory.)  Sepals  ovate-lanecolatc^, 
acute,  sharply  toothed,  narrower  and  shorter  than  the  corolla  (which  is  flesh- 
color  tipped  with  crimson);  fruit  slightly  notched. — Waste  places,  about 
dwellings.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


Order  10.     CRUCIFERJE.     (Mustard  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  a  pungent  icatery  juice  and  cruciform  tetrad ijnamous  flowers: 
fruit  a  silique  or  silicic.  —  Sepals  4,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  hypogynous, 
regular,  placed  opposite  each  other  in  pairs,  their  spreading  limbs  form- 
ing a  cross.  Stamens  G,  two  of  them  inserted  lower  down  and  shorter 
(rarely  only  4  or  2).  Pod  2-celled  by  a  thin  partition  stretched  between 
the  two  marginal  placenta?,  from  which  when  ripe  tiie  valves  separate, 
either  much  longer  than  broad  (a  sili(jue),  or  short  (a  silicic  or  pouch), 
sometimes  indehlscent  and  nut-like  (jiucumenlaceous),  or  separating  across 
into  1-seeded  joints  (lojnentaccous).  Seeds  eampylotropous,  without  albu- 
men, fdled  by  the  large  embryo,  which  is  curved  or  folded  in  various 
wavs  :  i.  e.  the  cotyledons  accumbent,  viz.  their  margins  on  one  side  aj)- 
plied  to  the  radicle,  so  that  the  cross-section  of  the  seed  appears  thus  oQ ; 


CRUCIFKK^.       (mUSTAUD    FAMILY.;  03 

or  else  incumbent,  viz.  the  back  of  one  cotyledon  applied  to  the  radicle, 
thus  c(D.  In  these  cases  the  cotyledons  are  plane ;  but  they  may  be 
Ibhicd  upon  themselves  and  round  the  radicle,  as  in  Mustard,  wliere  they 
arc  conduj)licate,  thus  o  v).  In  Leavenwortliia  alone  the  whole  embryo  is 
straight.  —  Leaves  alternate,  no  stipules.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes 
or  corymbs  :  jiediccls  rarely  bracted.  —  A  large  and  very  natural  iiimily, 
of  pungent  or  acrid,  but  not  poisonous  plants.  (Characters  of  genera 
taken  from  the  pods  and  seeds  ;  the  ilowers  being  nearly  alike  in  all.) 
I.    SlLlQl'Oy.E.     Poll  long,  a  A77i"(;ue,  opening  by  valves. 

Tribe  I.    ARABIDEJE:.      I'od  elongated  (except  in  Nasturtium).    Seeds  orbicular  or 

oval,  more  or  less  flattened.     Cotyledons  accumbent,  plane. 

*  Seeds  small  and  turgid,  seldom  half  the  breadth  of  the  turgid  pod. 

1.  Nastnrtiiini.     I'od  terete,  linear,  oblong  or  even  globular.     Flowt-rs  white  or  yellow. 

•  *  Seeds  flat  or  flattish,  scarcely  narrower  than  the  partition,  e.xcept  in  some  of  No.  5. 

2.  Leaveii^vortlila.      Pod  oblong,  flat;  the  valves  nervi-less.     Seeds  winged:   embryo 

straight  !     Flowers  white  or  purplish,  with  a  yellowish  base.     Leaves  all  nulical. 

3.  Delitaria.     I'od  Hat,  lanceolate  ;  the  valves  nerveless,  opening  elastically  from  the  base. 

Seeds  wingless,  on  broad  seedstalks.     Flowers  white  or  purple.     Stem  naked  IkjIow. 

4.  Cardniniiic.     I'od  flat,  linear  or  lanceolate;  the  valves  nerveless,  opening  elastically. 

Seeds  wingless,  on  slender  stalks.    Flowers  white  or  purple.     Stem  leafy,  at  least  below. 
5     Arabis.     Pod  linear,  elongated,  flat  or  flattish,  rarely  almost  terete  ;  the  valves  commonly 
with  a  prominent  midrib,  or  veiny,  not  opeiiiug  elastically.     Flowers  white,  whitish,  or 
purple.     Stems  leafy,  at  least  below. 

6.  Barbnrea.     Pod  linear,  more  or  less  4-sided,  the  rigid  valves  being  keeled  by  a  promi. 

nent  midrib.     Seeds  wingless.     Flowers  yellow. 
Tribe  II.     SISYMBRIE.E.      Pod  elongated.     Seeds  thick ish,  mostly  obloug.     Cotyle- 
dons incumbent,  narrow,  plane. 

7.  Krysiiiiiiin.     Pod  sharply  4-angled,  linear.     Flowers  yellow. 

8.  Sisyiiibriiini.     Pods  terete,  4- C-augled,  or  flattish.     FlDwers  white  or  yellow- 
Tribe  III.     BIlASSICE.aE.      Pod  linear  or  oblong.     Seeds  globular.      Cotyledons  in- 
cumbent and  conduplicate,  folded  round  the  radicle. 

9.  Bra!4slca  (including  Six.\pis).      Pod  beaked  or  pointed  beyond  the  end  of  the  valves, 

or  tipped  with  a  rigid  style,  nearly  terete,  or  4-sided.     Flowers  yellow  or  whitish. 

II.    SILICULOS.E.      Pod  short,  a  silicic  or  pouch,  opening  by  valves. 

Tribe  IV.     ALYSSINEi*:.     Pod  oval  or  oblong,  flattened  parallel  to  the  broad  parti- 

ticin,  or  globular.     Cotyledons  accumbent,  plane 
1.   Nasturtium.     Pod  terete  or  globular  with  many  small  seeds. 
^M|^-iiba.     Pod  flat,  oval,  oblong,  or  even  linear,  many-seeded. 
inHKyssuin.     Pod  flat,  orbicular,  '2-4-seeded. 

12.  Vesicaria.    Pod  globular-inflated,  4 -several -seeded. 

Tribe  V.     CAMELINEi^.     Pod  turgid  or  somewhat  flattened  p.irallel  with  the  broad 
partition.     Cotyledons  incumbent,  narrow. 

13.  Cauifllnn.     Pod  pear-shaped,  many-seeded  ;   style  slender.     Flowers  yellow. 

14.  .^ubulnria.     Pod  globular,  few-seeded  :  style  none.     Flowers  white. 

Tribe  VI.     I.EPIDINK.^  and  TIlI.,ASPII>EiE.      Pod  short ;    the  boat-shaped 

valves  cnniluplicate  or  much  flattened  ci>nlrary  to  the  narrow  partition.     Flowers  white. 
l.i.    ('n|t!irlla.     Pod  many-seeded,  obenrdate-tri.angular,  wingless.     Cotyledons  incumltent. 
IC.    Tlilaspi.     Pod-sevtral-seeded,  obovate  or  obcordate,  winged.     Cotyledons  accumbenL 
17.    Lepldiiini.     Pod  2-secded,  flat,  scale-shaped.     Cotyledons  incumbent  or  accumbent. 

15.  Seael>lt-ra.     Pod  2-8eeded,  didymous  ;  the  valves  rugose,  separating  at  maturity  from 

the  little  partition  as  two  closed  one-seeded  nutlets.     Cotyledous  incumbent,  narrow. 


64  CRUCIFKKJC.       (MLSTAltU    FAMILY.) 

III.    LOMENTACE-E.     Pod  articulated,  separating  across  into  joints. 

Tribe  VII.     CAKlLIXEiE.     Ct'tyledons  |>l;ine  ami  aCcumlKiit,  as  iiiTribe  1. 

19.    Cukile.     I'oU  sliDit,  •!  jointed  :   tlio  joiiiU  l-CL-Uud  ami  l-secdeil. 

Tribe  VIII.     It.-tPIIANEiE.     Ciityledoiis  coiidupliciite  and  iiicumlMint,  as  in  Tribe  3. 

2U.   Rapliaiiua.     IVl  elongated,  severul-scedod,  transversely  iiiUicoptud. 

1.     NASTURTIUM,     H.  Br.        WAXKu-CnEss. 

Pod  a  short  siliquc  or  a  silicic,  varying  from  oblong-linear  to  globular,  terete 
or  nearly  so.  Seeds  small,  turgid,  niarginless,  in  2  irregular  rows  in  each  cell 
(except  in  No.  2).  Cotyledons  accumbcnt.  —  Atiuatic  or  niarsli  plants,  with 
yellow  or  white  dowers,  and  commonly  pinnate  or  pinnatiHd  leaves,  usually 
glabrous.  (Name  from  Nusus  lortits,  a  convulsed  uosc,  alluding  lo  the  effect  of 
its  pungent  qualities.) 

§  1.  P(tuU  ich'tc,  twice  the  hiitjth  of  the.  cali/x :  {xxls  linear:  leaves  pinnate. 

1.  N.  officixXle,  R.Br.  (Tkle  WATEU-C'Ktss.)  Stems  spreading  and 
rooting;  leaflets  3- 1 1,  roundish  or  oblong,  nearly  entire;  pods  (G"- 8"  long) 
ascending  on  slender  widely  spreading  pedicels,  y. — Brooks  and  ditches; 
escaped  from  cuUivation.     (Nat.  from  En.) 

§  2.  Petals  yellow  or  yellowish,  seldom  miwh  exceeding  the  calyx :  pods  linear,  oblowj, 
or  even  ovoid  or  globular :  leaves  mostly  jdnnuiijid. 

*  Perennial  from  creeping  or  subterranean  shoots :  flowers  rather  large,  bright  yellow. 

2.  N.  svLVESTRE,  K.  Br.  (Yellow  Ckess.)  Stems  a.scending;  Icuces 
pinnate! y  jiarttd,  the  divisions  toothed  or  cut,  lanceolate  or  linear;  pods  (.^'long) 
on  slender  pedicels,  linear  and  narrow,  bringing  the  seeds  into  one  row ;  style 
very  short.  —  AVet  meadows,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia:  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  N.  sinuatum,  Nutt.  Stems  low,  diffuse;  leaves  pinnniely  cleft,  the 
short  lobes  nearly  entire,  linear-oblong;  pods  linear-oblong  (4" -G"  long),  on 
slender  pedicels  ;  style  slender.  —  Banks  of  the  Mississippi  and  westward.    June. 

*  *  Annual  or  biennial,  rarely  perennial?  with  sim/ileflbroiis  roots:  flowers  small  or 

minute,  greenish  or  yellowish  :  leaves  somewhat  lyrate. 

4.  W.  sessilifldrum,  Nutt.  Stems  erect,  rather  simple ;  leaves  obtusely 
incised  or  toutlu'd,  obovate  or  oblong ;  /?oit'M-.s  minute,  nearly  sessile;  pods  elon- 
gated-oblong (.5"  -  G"  loni:*),  thick  ;  style  very  short.  —  W.  Illinois  to  Tennessee 
and  southward.     April -June. 


N.  Obttisum,  Nutt.     Stems  much  branehcd,  diffusely  spreading;  j^fc  fl 


piniiately  jiartedvr  divided,  the  divisions  roundish  and  obtusely  toothed  or  rep: 
flowers  minute,  shoii-pedicelled ;  pods  longer  than  the  pedicels,  varying  from  lincar- 
oblong  to  short-oval ;  style  short.  —  With  No.  3  and  4. 

7.  N.  palustre,  DC  (M.\ksii  Cress.)  Stem  erect;  leaves  pinnnidy 
clffl  or  jiarled,  or  the  upper  laciniate;  the  lobes  oblong,  cut-toothed;  pedicels 
about  as  long  as  the  small  /lowers  and  mostly  longer  than  the  oblong,  ellipsoid,  or 
o\o\i\  ])ods ;  style  short. — .Wet  jjlaccs  or  in  shallow  water ;  common.  June- 
Scpt. — Flowers  only  1"-1^"  long.  Stems  \°-^°  high.  — The  typical  form 
with  oblong  pods  is  rare  (W.  New  York,  Dr.  Sartivell).  Short  pods  and  hirsute 
stems  and  leaves  are  common.  Var.  hisi-idum  (N.  hispiduin,  DC.)  is- a  form, 
with  ovoid  or  globular  pods.     (Eu.) 


CUUCirKK.Ii.       (MLoTAKi)    FAMILY.)  65 

§  3.  Petals  white,  mtirh  loiKjor  than  the  calj/.c :  fiods  oroid  or  (jlohuUtr :  Itiivcs  undicidid, 
or  the  lourr  ones  piiiiKili/id :  root  iitriunud.     ( Aniioriifia.) 

7.  N.  lactlStre,  Gray,  Gen.  111.  1,  p.  i;J2.  (Lakk  C"iu;ss.)  Aquatic; 
imiiKTsod  kavcs  1 -3-pinnatt'ly  ilissei'tud  into  nnniiTous  ciijiilliiry  divisions; 
cnuTscd  leaves  olilonj^,  entire,  serrate,  or  pinnatilid  ;  pedicels  widely  spreadin;,'; 
pods  ovoid,  oue-i-t/led,  a  link'  loin/i-r  than  the  stijle.  (N.  natans,  var.  Aincricannni, 
Gniy.  Arnioraeia  Americana,  Ant.) — Lakes  and  rivers,  N.  IC.  New  York  to 
Illinois  and  sonthwestward.     July- Aug.  —  Near  N.  anipliibiuni. 

8.  N.  AuMonXciA,  Fries.  (Hokskkadisii.)  Koot-leaves  very  large,  ob- 
long, erenate,  rarely  pinnatifid  ;  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate ;  fruiting  pedicels 
ascending;  jiods  </'obiilur  {scklom  formed);  sti/le  very  "short.  (Cochlearia  Arnio- 
raeia, L.)  —  Roots  large  and  long ;  —  a  well-known  condiment.  Escaped  from 
cidtivation  into  moist  ground.      (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.     LEAVENWORTHIA,     Torr.        Leavkxwortiiia, 

Pod  broadly  linear  or  oblong,  flat;  the  valves  nerveless,  but  minutely  reticu- 
late-veined. Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  flat,  surrounded  by  a  wing. 
Embryo  straight !  or  the  short  radicle  only  slightly  bent  in  the  direction  w  Inch 
if  continued  would  make  the  orbicular  cotyledons  accumbent. — Little  biennial 
or  hyenial  annuals,  glabrous  and  stemless,  with  lyrate  root-leaves  and  short 
one  -  few-tiowered  scapes.    (Named  in  honor  of  the  late  M.  C.  Leavenworth.) 

1.  L.  Michaiixii,  Torr.  —  On  flat  rocks  and  barrens,  S.  E.  Kentucky  and 
southwestward  :  rare.  March  -  May.  —  Scapes  2' -4'  high.  Petals  purple, 
rose  color,  or  nearly  white,  with  a  golden. yellow  or  yellowish  base,  or  rarely 
yellow  throughout?  (L.  aurca,  Torr.),  cuncate-obcordatc  or  cmarginate ;  tlic 
flowers  rather  large  for  the  size  of  the  plant. 

3.     DENTARIA,     L.        TooxinvoRx.     Pepper-root. 

Pod  lanceolate,  flat,  as  in  Cardamine,  but  broader.  Seedstalks  bfoad  and 
flat.  Cotyledons  petioled,  their  margins  somewhat  infolding  each  other. — 
Perennials,  with  long,  horizontal,  fleshy,  sometimes  interrupted,  scaly  or  toothed 
rootstocks,  of  a  pleasant  pungent  taste ;  the  simple  stems  leafless  below,  bear- 
ing 2  or  3  petioled  compound  leaves  about  the  middle,  and  terminated  by  a 
single  corymb  or  short  raceme  of  large  white  or  purple  flowers.  (Name  from 
dtns,  a  tooth.) 

1.  D.  diph^lla,  L.  T\(X)tstnrlc  loDfj  and  coiiliiiiioiis,  toothed;  stun-htiri'S  2, 
simdiir  to  the  nidiail  oiiis,  close  together,  of  .3  rliombie-ovate  coarsely  toothed 
leaflets;  ])etals  white.  —  Rich  woods,  Maine  to  Kentucky.  May.  —  Rootstocks 
5'  -10'  long,  crisp,  tasting  like  Water-Cress. 

2.  D.  maxima,  Xutt.  Rootstocfcinternipted,  foiminij  a  strintf  of  thick  toothed 
tubers;  stctn-htins  (2-7)  mostly  3  and  ulli-rmtte ;  hajlets  3,  ovate,  obtuse,  coarsely 
toothed  and  inci.sed,  often  2-3-<'left ;  petals  pi-ik.  (D.  laciniata,  var.  ^,  'J'orr. 
/ir  Or.)  —  Northern  New  York  (Watertown,  Crawe;  Utica,  Paiiv)  to  Penii. ; 
rare.     M;iy.  —  ScMoni  taller,  but  the  leaves  often  smaller,  than  in  No.  1. 

•5.    D.  heterophylla,  Nutt.     RootstocL  a  chain  of  '2  or  3  ti(irrow-ot)lon<j  and 
ohscureli]  toothed  tiili(r.i ;  slem-ltaves  2  or  3,  alternate  (rarely  opposite),  divided  into 
L  iL  M-2.J 


CG  CRrciFKR.E.     (mustaud  family.) 

3  lanceolate  or  llnear-olilong  sorneirliat  toothed  (sometimes  incised  or  2-cleft)  leaflets; 
root-leuws  of  ti  rounded  or  cntmile-orate  tiicimd  Ixijltts ;  petals  purple.  —  Peiin. 
(near  riiiladelpliia,  Dr.  Diffenbawjh)  and  Washington  {Bcbb)  to  Kentucky  and 
southward.     April,  May. 

4.  D.  lacini^ta,  Muhl.  Rootstoch  as  in  the  last ;  stem-leaves^  in  a  whorl,  3- 
paiied ;  the  led/lets  liiieiir  or  lanc(olute,  irregularly  cut  or  deft  into  prominent  nar- 
row teeth,  the  lateral  ones  (lee])ly  2-lobed  ;  root-leaves  siniilarli/  diKSecttd ;  jxtals 
pale  purple  or  nearly  white.  —  Kieh  soil  along  streams,  W.  New  England  to 
Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.     April,  May. 

5.  D.  multifida,  Muhl.  More  slender  and  delicate  than  the  last;  root- 
stock  similar  ;  n/ciu-ledres  3  or  sometimes  2,  alternate,  opposite,  or  whorled,yi/ie/y 
2 -3-tem(iteli/  divided,  or  the  subdivisions  jjarted,  ?;ito  very  narrowly  linear  lobes; 
root-leaves  similarly  3-4-ternately  divided;  flowers  (4-7)  white.  —  Southern 
Kentucky  (doubtless)  and  southward.  —  This  appears  to  pass  into  No.  4  ;  and 
all  these  species  except  the  first  probably  run  together. 

4.     CARDAMINE,    L.        Bitter  Cress. 

Pod  linear,  flattened,  usually  opening  elastically  fi-om  the  base ;  the  valves 
nerveless  and  veinless,  or  nearly  so.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  wing- 
less ;  their  stalks  slender.  Cotyledons  accumbent. — Flowers  white  or  purple. 
(A  Greek  name,  in  Dioscorides,  for  some  Cress,  from  the  cordial  or  cardiacal 
qualities.)  —  Huns  into  Dentaria  on  the  one  hand,  into  Arabis  on  the  other. 
*  Rout  perennial :  leaves  simple  or  3-foliolate. 

1.  C.  rhomboidea,  DC.  (Spuing  Cress.)  Stems  vprir/ht  from  a  tuberif- 
erous  base,  simple ;  root-leaves  round  and  rather  heart-shaped  ;  lower  stem-leaves 
ovate  or  rhombic-oblong,  somewhat  petiolcd,  the  upper  almost  lanceolate,  all 
somewhat  angled  or  sparingly  toothed;  jjods  linear-lanceolate,  pointed  with  a 
slender  style  tipped  with  a  conspicuous  stigma  ;  seeds  round-oral.  —  Wet  mead- 
ows and  springs  ;  common.     Flowers  large,  white.     April -June. 

Var.  purpurea,  Ton-.  Lower  (4'  -  6'  high),  and  slightly  pubescent ;  leaves 
rounder;  flowers  rose-purple,  appearing  earlier. — Along  streams  in  rich  soil, 
W.  New  York    and    S.   Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin  and  northward. 

2.  C.  rotundifdlia,  Miehx.  (Mountain  Watek-Ckess.)  Stemshranch- 
ing,  weak  or  decumbent,  making  long  runners ;  root  fibrous;  leaves  all  much  alike, 
roundish,  somewhat  angled,  often  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  pctioled,  the  lowest 
frecjuently  3-lol)eil  or  of  3  leaflets  ;  pods  iinear-awl-shaped,  pointed  with  the 
style;  stigma  minute;  seeds  oval-oblong.  —  Cool  shaded  springs,  Pennsylvania 
and  southward  along  the  mountains.  May,  June.  —  Leaves  with  just  the  taste 
of  the  true  \\';^t^■r-('r^'ss.     Flowers  white,  smaller  than  in  No.  1. 

3.  C.  bellidifblia,  L.  Am// (2' -3' high),  tufted;  leaves  ovate,  entire, 
or  sometimes  3-lol)ed  (4"  long),  on  long  j)etioles ;  pods  upright,  linear ;  sti/le 
nearly  none. — Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains  and  Katahdin,  Maine 
(./.  \V.  Chickering).  July.  —  Flowers  1-5,  white.  Pods  1'  long,  turgid,  the 
convex  valves  1-nen'ed.     (Ku.) 

*  *  Root  perennial :  leaves  pinnate :  flowers  shoioy. 

4.  C.  prat6nsis,  L.     (Cuckoo  Flower.)     Stem  ascending  from  a  short 


CRUCIFKR.E.       (mustard    FAMILY.)  G7 

rootstock,  simple  ;  leaflets  7-1.3,  those  of  tiic  lower  leaves  rounded  and  stalked ; 
of  the  upper  ones  oMoufj;  or  linear,  entire,  or  slifilitly  anj^lcd-toothed ;  petals 
(white  or  rose-color)  thrice  the  leuf^th  of  the  calyx.  -^  Wet  places  and  bogs, 
Vermont  to  New  Jersey,  Wisconsin,  and  northward  :  rare.     May.     (Eu.) 
*  *  *  Root  mosthj  hiemufil  or  annmil :  leaves  pinnate:  Jlotcrrs  small,  white. 

5.  C.  hirstlta,  L.  (Small  Bitter  Cress.)  Beset  with  scattered  hairs, 
or  glabrous  ;  stems  (3'-  12'  iiij;h)  erect  or  a.--cen(ling  from  the  sjjreadin;^-  cluster 
of  root-leaves ;  tiieir  leaflets  rounded,  those  of  the  upjier  leaves  oblong  or  linear 
and  often  confluent,  all  either  toothed,  angled,  or  entire;  pods  linear,  slender, 
erect  or  ascending  in  line  with  the  pedicel;  style  very  short  or  almost  none. 
(C.  rennsylvanica,  Muhl. ;  usually  tallci-  and  more  leafy-stemmed  than  the  true 
European  C.  hirsuta,  the  stamens  always  6,  and  the  pods  less  erect.)  —  Wet 
places:  common.     May -July.     (Eu.) 

Var.  sylv^tica  (C.  sylvatica,  Link.,  C.  Virginica,  Michx.)  grows  in  drier 
places,  is  more  slender,  and  has  pods  more  erect  than  their  ascending  or  spread- 
ing pedicels,  the  style  evident.  —  Commoner  southward.     (Eu.) 

5.    ABABIS,     L.        Rock  Cress. 

Pod  linear,  flattened ;  the  valves  plane  or  convex,  more  or  less  l-ncrved  in 
the  middle,  or  longitudinally  veiny.  Seeds  usually  margined  or  winged.  Coty- 
ledons accumbent.  —  Leaves  seldom  divided.  Piowers  white  or  purple.  (Name 
from  the  country,  Arabia.     See  Linn.  Phil.  Bot.  §  235.) 

§  I .  Seeds  in  one  row  in  each  cell,  being  nearly  us  broad  as  the  partition. 
*  Low,  chiijly  biennials,  diffuse  or  spreading  from  the  base. 

1.  A.  Ludovici^na,  Meyer.  Nearly  glabrous,  often  annual;  leaves  all 
pinnatclj  parted  into  ol)long  or  linear  few-toothed  or  entire  divisions,  those  of 
the  lower  leaves  numerous ;  flowers  small,  white ;  pods  rather  broadly  linear 
and  spreading,  flat ;  seeds  wing-margined.  (Cardamine  Ludo viciaua, //oo/j.)  — 
Open  grounds,  Virginia  ?  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

2.  A.  lyrata,  L.  Hoot  biennial ;  plant  mostly  glabrous,  except  the  Igrate- 
pinmitijid  root-leans,  stem-leaves  scattered,  spatidate  or  linear  with  a  tapering 
base,  sparingly  toothed  or  entire  ;  petals  white,  much  longer  than  the  yellowish 
calyx  ;  pods  long  and  slender,  flat,  ascending  or  spreading  ;  the  seeds  margin- 
less. —  On  rocks.  New  England  to  Kentucky  along  the  mountains,  Minnesota 
and  northward.     April  -July.  —  Radicle  sometimes  obliijue,  or  even  dorsal. 

A.  Tii.vLiXxA,  L.,  resembles  the  last,  but  the  root-leaves  are  hardly  if  at  all 
lyratc,  the  stem  more  strict,  flowers  smaller,  and  the  cotyledons  uniformly  in- 
cumbent ;  so  it  is  refeiTcd  to  Sisymbrium,  p.  70. 

3.  A.  petraea,  Lam.  Root  perennial,  mnltiripitnl :  leaves  sparingly  pinna- 
tifid-toothed  or  incised,  sometimes  entire;  petals  rose-color  or  nearly  white;  pods 
shorti-r  and  less  flat  than  in  A.  lyrata :  otherwise  similar.  —  Rocks,  L.  Superior? 
Wilioughby  Mountain,  Vermont,  //.  Mann. 

4.  A.  dent^ta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Roughish-pubescent,  slender  (10-20 
high) ;  liaves  oblong,  very  obtuse,  unequally  and  sharply  toothed;  those  of  the 
stem  numerous,  halj'rlasping  and  f(v<d  at  the  ba.sc,  of  the  root  broader  and 
tapering  into  a  short  petiole;  petals  (whitish),  scarcely  exceeding  the  caly.x. 


63  CRuciFF.u^.     (mustard  family.) 

pods  icidchj  sprendincj,  rerji  slender,  short-stalked ;  sti/le  scarcely  ant/;  seeds  niar£rin- 
less.  —  New  York  and  Illinois  to  Virjjinia  and  Kentucky.     May,  June. 
*  *  Erect  and  sim/tle  lea/'ij-stemmed  hieniiials,  tvith  white  or  whitish  Jlowers,  nairow 
but  flattened  ascending  or  erect  pods,  and  wingless  seeds. 

5.  A.  patens,  Sulliv.  Downy  with  spreading  hairs,  ercet  (1°- 2°  hifrh) ; 
stem-leaves  oblong-ovate,  acutish,  coai*sely  toothed  or  the  uppermost  entire, 
partly  elasi)ing  hy  the  heart-shaped  base  ;  petals  (bright  white,  4"  long)  twice 
the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  pedicels  slender,  spreading  ;  pods  spreading  or  uscmding, 
tipjted  with  a  distinct  sfi/le. — Central  Ohio  (rocky  l)anks  of  the  Scioto,  Sulli- 
vant),  Pennsylvania  (Huntingdon  Co.  to  the  Schuylkill,  Porter)  ;  also  in  E. 
Tennessee.     April,  May. 

6.  A.  hirstlta,  Scop.  Rough-hairy,  sometimes  smoothish,  strictly  erect 
(\°-2°  high) ;  stem-leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed,  partly  clasp- 
ing by  a  somewhat  arrow-shaped  or  heart-shaped  base ;  petals  (greenish-white) 
small,  but  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  pedicels  and  pods  stricthj  upright ;  style  scarcely 
any.  —  Rocks,  common,  especially  northward.     May,  June.     (Eu.) 

»  *  *  Erect  and  simple  leafy-stemmed  biennials  (l°-3°  /(/////),  with  small  whitish 
flowers,  recurved-spreading  or  pendulous  flat  pods  (.3' -4'  long),  and  broadly 
winged  seeds,  their  stalks  adherent  to  the  partition. 

7.  A.  laevigata,  DC.  Smooth  and  glaucous,  upright ;  stem-leaves  partly 
clasjiing  by  the  arrow-shaped  base,  lanceolate  or  linear,  sparingly  cut-toothed  or 
entire  ;  petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  pods  long  and  narrow,  recurved- 
spreading  on  ascending  or  merely  spreading  pedicels.  (This  is  also  A.  hetero- 
phylla,  Nutl.)  — Rocky  places,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.    May. 

8.  A.  Canadensis,  L.  (Su  kle-pod.)  Stem  upright,  smooth  above; 
stem-leaves  pubescent,  jioiutid  at  both  ends,  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  the  lower 
toothed ;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  oblong-linear ;  pods  very  flat, 
scythe-shaped,  hanging  on  rough-hairy  pedicels  (2"  wide).  —  (A.  falcata,  Michx.) 
Woods  and  ravines  ;  not  rare,  especially  westward.     June- Aug. 

«  *  *  *  Tall  and  kafy-stemmed  biennials  or  pei-ennials,  with  rather  shoivy  flowers, 
the  pink-purple  petals  long-clawed  ;  anthers  sagittate  and  ivlien  old  arcuate- 
recurved;  the  ividely  spreading  and  rather  short  jiods  marly  terete ;  seeds  mar- 
ginless.  (Iodantiics,  Torr.  .j-  G'ra_y.) —  Transition  to  Thclypodium  and 
Streptanthus. 

9.  A.  hesperidoides.  Glabrous  (10-3°  high),  often  branched  above; 
root-leaves  round  or  heart-shaped,  on  slender  petioles ;  stem-leaves  ovate-ob- 
long and  ovate-lanccolatc  (2' -6' long),  membranaceous,  veiny,  sharply  and 
often  doubly  toothed,  tapering  to  each  end,  the  lower  into  a  winged  petiole, 
sometimes  bearing  a  pair  or  two  of  small  lateral  lobes  ;  pods  on  short  diverging 
pedicels,  pointed  by  a  short  style.  (Ilesperis  pinnatifida,  .l/a/ijr.  lodanthus 
hesperidoides,  Torr.  <$•  6Vo^.)  —  Alluvial  river-banks,  Ohio,  Kentucky  and 
Bouthwestward.     May,  June. 

§  2.  TURRITIS,  Dill.  Seed^i  not  so  broad  as  the  partition,  occupying  two  more  or 
le-is  distinct  rows  in  each  cell,  at  leiist  when  young :  s/rirt  and  nry  b  ofy-stemmal 
biennials ;  the  cauline  leaves  partly  clasping  by  a  sagittate  base.     (  Very  gla- 


CRUCIFERJE.       (mustard    FAMILY.)  69 

broiix  In  fhr  ffjllntriin/  sprrir.t,  c.rrppl  (he  base  of  the  stem  and  the  hicer  or  tnjl  of 
railical  /dins,  ihi.sc  iiiuslli/  hirsute.) 

10.  A.  perfoliita,  Lam.  (Towkr  Mistard.)  Tall  {2° -4°  h\fih) ; 
glanrons ;  stcm-Icavcs  olilonj;  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire,  hall'-elasjtinf;  by  the 
saf;ittatc  base  ;  prtals  t/dloirish-irhite,  little  lonijer  than  the  cali/r ;  jiods  veri/  niiirow 
{3' lon-x)  <ni(l  pedirh'x  strfrtli/  erect.  (Turritis  {glabra,  L.)  —  Kocks  and  fields, 
scarce  and  iHTlinps  introduced  southward  ;  more  common  northward.     (Ku.) 

11.  A.  Drummondii,  Gray.  Scarcely  glaucous,  1°  -  2°  hi;;h  ;  s/em- 
leavcs  htnceolate  or  ohhmtf-linear  and  sagittate  (I' -2'  long)  with  narrow  auricles, 
or  the  lowest  spatulate  ;  petals  white  or  rose-color,  full y  twice  the  Icnr/lh  of  the  oili/x ; 
pedicels  and  flat  /Ws  loosely  erect,  or  ascending,  or  even  s/ireading ;  seeds  wing- 
margined,  when  nuiturc  little  narrower  than  the  partition.  (Turritis  stricta, 
Graham.)  — Rocky  places,  from  the  St.  Lawrence  in  Canada  East,  to  Lewiston 
{Clinton),  Lake  Sujierior,  and  northwestward;  also  "Chenango  Co.  New 
York,"  Northern  Illinois,  Vasn/. — Pods  2V-3Vlong,  or  in  var.  (T.  brachy- 
carpa,  Turr.  ij-  day)  only  I'- 2'  long. 

6.  BAEB  AREA,  '  R.  Br.        Winter  Cress. 

Pod  linear,  terete  or  somewhat  4-sided  ;  the  valves  being  keeled  by  a  mid- 
nerve.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  marginless.  Cotyledons  accnmbent. 
—  Mostly  biennials  resembling  Nasturtium  ;  flowers  yellow.  (Anciently  called 
The  llcrl)  of  St.  Barbara.) 

1.  B.  vulgaris,  R.  Br.  (Common  Winter  Cress.  Yellow  Rocket.) 
Smooth ;  lower  leaves  lyrate,  the  terminal  division  round  and  iisiuiUy  large,  the 
lateral  1  -  4  pairs  or  rarely  wanting  ;  u])per  leaves  obovate,  cut-toothed,  or  pin- 
natilid  at  the  base;  pods  erect  or  slightly  spreading;  or  in  var.  strict.v,  ap- 
prcs.sed  ;  in  var.  arcuAt.\,  ascending  on  spreading  pedicels.  —  Low  grounds 
and  roadsides  :  apparently  introduced,  but  indigenous  from  L.  Superior  north- 
ward and  westward.     (Ku.) 

2.  B.  pr.ecox,  R.Br.  (Early  Winter  C),  with  5 -8  pairs  of  lateral  lobes 
to  the  leaves,  and  longer  pods  on  very  thick  pedicels,  — yet  probably  only  a  vari- 
ety of  the  other,  —  somewhat  cultivated  from  New  York  southward  as  a  winter 
salad,  under  the  name  of  Scurvv-Grass,  —  is  beginning  to  run  wild.     (Eu.) 

7.  ERYSIMUM,    L.        Treacle  Must.vrd. 

Pod  linear,  4-sided  ;  the  valves  keeled  witn  a  strong  midrib.  Seeds  in  a  sin- 
gle row  in  each  cell,  oblong,  niarginless.  Cotyledons  (often  oblitpiely)  incum- 
bent. Calyx  erect.  —  Chiefly  biennials,  with  yellow  flowers ;  the  leaves  not 
clamping.     (Name  from  f'puo),  to  draw  blisters.) 

1.  E.  cheiranthoides,  L.  (Worm-seed  Mustard)  Minutely  rougli- 
ish,  branching,  slender  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  scarcely  toothed  ;  flowers  small ;  pods 
small  and  short  (7  '-  12"  long),  very  obtusely  angled,  ascending  on  slender  di- 
venjcut  pedicels.  —  Banks  of  streams,  New  York,  I'enn.,  Illinois,  and  northward, 
July.     (En.) 

2.  E.  asperura,  I)C\,  var.  Arkans^um,  Nutt.  (Wi-stekn  Wall- 
flower.)    Minutely  roughish-hoary ;    stem  simple;    leaves  lanceolate,  some- 


''0  CRUCIFKR^.       (mustard    FAHril.T.) 

•what  toothed  ;  /Ws  nparji/  crrrt  on  jw/  short  pedlreh,  elonrjnled  (3' -4'  loTif]:),  ex- 
actly 4-si(k-(i ;  stigma  2-]ol)cil.  —  Oliio  (on  limestone  cliffs)  to  Illinois,  and 
MHithwcstward.  Jnnc,  July.  — Plant  stonf,  10-2°  liij,^], ;  the  crowded  briiiht 
orange-yellow  (lowers  as  larjjc  as  those  of  the  Wall-flower.  Petals  orbicular, 
on  very  slender  elaws. 

8.  SISYMBRIUM,    L.      Hedge  Mlstakd. 

Pod  terete,  flattish,  or  4-6-sided;  the  valves  1-3-ncrved.  Seeds  oblong, 
maruinless.  Cotyledons  incumbent.  Calyx  open.  —  Flowers  small,  white  or 
yellow.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  for  some  plant  of  this  family.)  Ours  arc 
annuals  or  biennials.^ 

1.  S.  officinXle,  Scop.  (Hedge  Mustard.)  Leaves  runcinate ;  flowers 
very  small,  pale  yellow;  pods  uwl-shapcd,  close  pressed  to  the  stem,  scarcely 
stalked.  —  Waste  places.  May -Sept.  — An  unsightly  branched  weed,  20-3° 
high.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  TuALi.VxA,  Gaud.  (Mocse-ear  Cress.)  Leaves  oliovate or  Monr],  entire 
or  barely  toothed ;  flowers  white ;  pods  linear,  somewhat  4-sided,  longer  than 
the  slender  spreading  pedicels.  (Arabis  Thaliana,  L. ;  the  plant  resembles  A. 
lyrata.) — Old  fields  and  rocks,  Massachusetts  to  Kentucky.  April,  May. — 
A  span  high,  slender,  branched,  hairy  at  the  base.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  S.  caneseens,  Nutt.  (Tansy  Mustard.)  Leaves  2-pinnatiJid,  often 
hoary  or  downy,  the  divisions  small  and  toothed  ;  flowers  yellowish,  very 
small ;  pods  in  long  racemes,  oblong-club-shaped  or  oblong-linear,  shorter  than 
their  mostly  horizontal  pedicels;  seeds  ^-ranked  in  each  cell.  —  Penn.  and  New 
York  (Lucifer  Falls,  Tompkins  Co., ./.  IF.  Chich-.rin;/)  to  Lake  Superior,  thence 
southward  and  westward.     June -Aug. 

S.  SoriiiA,  L.,  with  slender  linear  pods  nearly  erect  on  ascending  pedicels, 
and  one-ranked  seeds  is  nat.  from  Eu.  in  Canada  East.  —  S.  i.ncisum,  Engelm., 
dift'ering  only  in  the  shorter  jjods  widely  spreading  on  horizontal  pedicels,  is  wild 
beyond  the  Mississippi. 

9.  BRASSICA  CBrassica  and  Sinapis),  Toum. 

Pod  linear  or  ol)long,  nearly  terete  or  4-sided,  with  a  stout  1-sccded  beak  or  a 
rigid  style  ;  valves  1  -  .")-nervcd.  Seeds  globose,  one-rowed.  Cotyledons  incum- 
bent, folded  around  the  radicle. — Annuals  or  biennials,  with  yellow  flowers. 
Lower  leaves  mostly  lyrate,  incised,  or  pinnatifid.  (The  Latin  name  of  Cab- 
bage. Sinapis  is  the  Greek  StVan-t,  which  is  said  to  come  from  the  Celtic  nop, 
a  turnip.) 

1.  B.  SixApfsTRUM,  Bois.sier  (or  Sinapis  arvevsis,  L.,  the  English  Char- 
lock), with  knotty  pods,  fully  one  third  occupied  by  a  stout  2-edged  beak 
(which  is  either  empty  or  one-seeded),  the  upper  leaves  barely  toothed,  is  a 
noxious  weed  in  grain-fields,  from  Pennsylvania  and  New  York  westward. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  B.  (or  SiN\ris)  .ii.i'.A.  (Wiiiti;  MrsTAUD.)  Pods  bristly,  ascending  on 
sjjreading  pedicels,  more  than  half  its  length  occupied  by  the  sword-shaped  one- 
seeded  beak;  leaves  all  pinnatifid;  seeds  pale.     (Cult,  and  adv.  from  Eu.) 


CRUCIFEU^.       (mUSTAUD    FAMILY.;  71 

3.  B.  (or  SinXpis)  nIgra.  (Black  Mustard.)  Tods  smooth  (J'  long), 
4-conicn'(l  (tlic  valves  only  1-ncrvcd),  erect  on  iipprcssed  pedicels  forming 
a  slender  raceme,  tipped  with  a  stout  persistent  style  ;  seeds  dark  brown,  small- 
er  and  more  piin<::eiit  than  in  the  last;  lower  leaves  with  a  lar;re  terminal  lobe 
and  a  few  small  lateral  ones.  —  Fields  and  w;uste  places,  or  cultivated.  (Adv. 
from  Ku.) 

13.  CAMPESTKis,  L.,  in  the  form  of  the  Kutakaua  and  the  Tlump,  some- 
times persists  a  year  or  two  in  neglected  grounds. 

10.     DRAB  A,     L.        Whitlow-Grass. 

Pouch  oval,  oblong,  or  even  linear,  flat;  the  valves  plane  or  slightly  convex  ; 
the  partition  broad.  Seeds  several  or  numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell,  margin- 
less.  Cotyledons  accumbcnt.  Calyx  equal.  Filaments  not  toothed. — Low 
herbs  with  entire  or  toothed  leaves,  and  white  or  yellow  flowers ;  the  pubes- 
cence often  stellate.  (Name  from  bpd^rj,  acrid,  in  allusion  to  the  pungency  of 
the  leaves.) 

§  1.    DRAB  A,  DC.     Petals  vol  mfrhfd  twr  c!f /I. 
*  Perennial  or  liicnniid,  le>i Jjj-stemmed :  flowers  white:  pods  twisted  when  ripe. 

1.  D.  ramosissima,  Desv.  Diffusdj/ much  branched  and  forming  many 
radical  tufts,  perennial  (.5' -8'  high),  pubescent;  /eaves  laciniate-toothed,  linear- 
lanceolate,  the  lower  oblaneeolate ;  racemes  corymboscly-branehed  ;  jiods  hairy, 
oval-oblong  or  lanceolate  (2" -5''  long),  on  slender  spreading  pedicels,  tipped 
with  a  long  sti/le.  —  Cliffs,  Harper's  Ferry,  Natural  Bridge,  &e.,  Virginia  to  Ken- 
tucky Kiver,  and  southward.     April,  May. 

2.  D.  arabisans,  Michx.  Slightly  pubescent,  the  perennial  root  bearing 
rather  numerous  radical  tufts;  flowering  stems  (G'- 10' high)  erect  and  mostli/ 
simple;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  linear,  or  the  lower  spattdate,  spar inijlij  toothed; 
racemes  short,  usually  simple;  jxkIs  glabious,  oblong-lanceolate  (S'-C  long), 
acute,  on  rather  short  and  spreading  pedicels,  pointed  with  a  shoii  but  distini-t 
stifle.  —  Rocky  banks,  N.  Vermont  and  New  York  towards  the  St.  Lawrence, 
also  Akron,  Ohio  (Clinton),  and  shores  of  L.  Huron  and  L.  Superior.  May, 
June.  —  Petals  rather  large.     Too  near  .some  forms  of  the  next. 

3.  D.  Inc&na,  L.  Ilonni-pubesccnt,  biennial  or  somewhat  perennial,  the 
radical  tuft  seldom  branching;  leaves  shorter,  raceme  more  strict,  petals  smaUer, 
and  pods  shorter  and  blunter  than  in  the  last,  oJ}(n  pubescent,  on  short  erect  pedi- 
cels;  style  very  short  or  none.  —  Dry  rocks,  Willoughby  Mountain,  Vermont, 
Tiickerman,  II.  Mann.;  also  high  northward.     (En.) 

*  *  Annual  or  biennial:  leaf// stems  short :  flowers  white,  or  in  Ao.  5  yellow:  style 
none,     {flares  oblong  or  dtoi-ate,  hairy,  sessile.) 

4.  D.  brachycarpa,  Nutt.  Low  (2'  -  4'  high),  minutely  pubescent ;  stems 
leafy  to  the  base  of  the  den.sc  at  length  elongated  raceme;  leaves  narrowly  ob- 
long or  the  lowest  ovate  (2" -4"  long),  few  toothed  or  entire;  flowers  small ; 
pods  smooth,  mirrowly  olilong,  acutish  (2"  long),  ulmtl  the  length  of  the  a.imiding  or 
spreading  pedicels.  —  Dry  hills,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Virginia,  A.  II.  Curtiss,  and 
southward.     April.  —  Petals  sometimes  minute,  sometimes  none. 


72  cnucTFF.n^E.     (must  a  no  family.) 

r).  D.  nemordsa,  L.  Lcavesolilonporsomcwhat  lanceolate,  more  or  less 
toothed  ;  nwemm  ilnntjand  (4'-  8'  loiifj  in  fitiit)  ;  petals  einaruinatc,  small  ;  jxmIs 
eUiptkul-Muiiii,  half  the  lcn;;l/i  of  the  Imrlzontiil  or  uidt/i/s/inddin;/  /xxlircis,  pubes- 
cent (D.  ncmoralis,  Ehrh.),  or  smooth  (1).  lUtca,  DC).  —  Fort  Gratiot,  Michi- 
gan, and  northwestward.     (Kix.) 

C.  D.  cuneifdlia,  Nutt.  Leaves  obovatc,  wedfic-shapcd,  or  the  lowest 
spatulate,  toothed;  raceme  somewhat  elongnttd  in  fruit  (l'-3'),  at  Icngtii  equal- 
ling the  naked  ])edunclc;  jjotals  cmarginate,  much  longer  than  the  calyx;  poils 
dilonrj-Hncar,  minutthi  hairi/,  longer  than  the  horizontal  pedicels.  —  Grassy  places, 
Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     March,  April. 

7.  D.  Caroliniana,  Walt.  Small  (l' -5' high);  leaves  obovate,  mostly 
entire;  peduncles  scapc-likc;  petals  usually  twice  the  length  of  the  caly.x  ;  ra- 
ceme short  or  corymbose  in  fruit  (^'-I'long);  pods  broad/i/  linear,  smooth,  much 
longer  than  the  ascending  pedicels.  —  Sandy  and  waste  fields,  Rhode  Island  to 
"Wisconsin,  and  southward.  March  -  May. — Petals  often  wanting  in  the  later 
racemes,  especially  in  the 

Var.  micreintha  (D.  micrantha,  Xutl.),  with  minutely  rough-hairy  pods. 
With  the  other,  westward,   DeU>,  &c. 

§2.  EROPIllLA,  DC.     Petals  2-cleft.     (Annual  or  biennial :  flowers  white.) 

8.  D.  v6rna,  L.  (Whitlow-Grass.)  Small  (scapes  1'- 3' high)  ;  leaves 
all  radical,  oblong  or  lanceolate ;  racemes  elongated  in  fruit ;  pods  varying  from 
round-oval  to  oblong-lanceolate,  smooth,  shorter  than  the  pedicels.  —  Sandy 
waste  places  and  roadsides.  Ajiril,  May.  —  Not  found  north  of  Lower  Canada : 
perhaps  introduced,     (En.) 

11.    ALYSSUM,     Toum.        Altssum. 

Like  Vesicaria  but  with  a  flat  pouch  :  only  one  or  two  seeds  in  a  cell :  flowor" 
yellow  or  white.  Filaments  often  toothed.  (Greek  name  of  a  plant  reputed 
to  check  the  hiccup,  as  the  etymology  denotes.)  They  are  plants  of  the  Old 
World,  two  adventivc  species  deserving  a  mere  mention,  and  one  indigenous, 
rare  and  doubtful. 

1.  A.  M.VKfTiMUM,  L.  (Sweet  Altssum),  with  green  or  slightly  hoary 
linear  leaves,  honey-scented  small  white  flowers,  and  2-seeded  pods,  commonly 
cult.,  begins  to  be  spontaneous  southward.     (Adv.  from  En.) 

2.  A.  CALYCXNTM,  L.,  a  dwarf  hoary  annual,  with  linear-spat\ilatc  leaves, 
pale  yellow  or  whitish  petals  little  exceeding  the  persistent  caly.x,  and  orbicular 
sharp-margined  4-secdcd  pod,  the  style  minute,  occurs  in  grass-land  at  Amherst, 
Mass.,  Tuckernum.     (Adv.  from  En.) 

3.  A.  Lesetirii.  (Vesicaria?  Lcscurii,  ed.  2.)  Somewhat  pubescent,  but 
green ;  stems  diflusely  ascending  from  a  biennial  joot :  leaves  oblong  or  oval, 
sparingly  toothed,  those  of  the  stem  halfrla.^pint]  hi/  a  .sagittate  base;  racemes 
elongated,  many-flowered  ;  pedicels  ascending ;  filaments  inflated  at  the  base ; 
style  half  the  length  (flhi-  hispid  or]ncn]ar  or  broadly  u\i\\  flat  ]>mI  ;  seeds  wing-mar- 
gined, 1-4  in  each  cell,  on  free  stalks.  —  Hills  near  Nashville,  Tennessee,  Leo 
fj'.squereux.  April,  May. — Petals  golden  yellow,  rather  large.  Ambiguous 
between  this  genus  and  the  next. 


CRUCIFER^.       (mustard    FAMILY.)  73 

12.  VESICARIA,     Totiin.        BLADDEn-ron. 

Pouch  globular  or  inflated,  with  a  broad  mostly  orbicular  partition  ;  the  h-'m- 
isphcrical  or  convex  thin  valves  tu-rvclcss.  Seeds  few  or  sevcr.il,  flat.  Corylc- 
dons  acciinihtnt.  Filaments  toothless. — Low  herbs,  pubescent  or  lioaiy  with 
stellate  Iiairs.     Flowers  mostly  yellow.     (Name  iioni  vesica,  a  bhuhbr.) 

1.  V.  Sh6rtii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Minutily  hoary  all  over ;  stems  spreading 
or  deciimliout  from  an  annual  or  biennial  root ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate  with 
a  tapering  base,  rcpand-toothed  or  nearly  entire;  raceme  at  length  elongated, 
with  filiform  diverging  pedicels  ;  petals  light  yellow  ;  style  filiform,  much  longer 
than  the  small  globose  about  4-sceded  pod ;  seeds  marginlcss.  —  Kocky  banks 
ofElkhorn  Creek  near  Lexington,  Kentucky  (Short),  and  Kentucky  Kivcr  near 
Frankfort,  Lc-sqticreux.     May,  June. 

13.  CAME  LIN  A,     Crantz.        False  Flax. 

Pouch  obovoid  or  pear-shaped,  pointed,  turgid,  flattish  parallel  to  the  broad 
partition :  valves  1-nervcd.  becds  numerous  oblong.  Cotyledons  incumbent. 
Style  slender.  Flowers  small,  yellow.  (Name  from  x^'f""'  dwarf,  and  \ivoi>, 
Jlax.     It  has  been  fancied  to  be  a  sort  of  degenerate  flax.) 

1.  C.  SATivA,  Crantz.  Annual;  leaves  lanceolate  and  arrow-shaped  ;  pods 
margined,  large.     A  weed  in  flax-fields,  &c.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

14.    SUBULARIA,    L.        Awlwort. 

Pouch  ovoid  or  globular,  with  a  broad  partition;  the  turgid  valves  1-ncrvcd. 
Seeds  several.  Cotyledons  long  and  narrow,  incumbcntly  folded  transversely,  i.  c. 
the  cleft  extending  to  the  radicular  side  of  the  curvature.  Style  none.  —  A 
dwarf  stemless  perennial,  aquatic;  the  tufted  leaves  awl-shaped  (whence  the» 
name).     Scape  naked,  few-flowered,  l'-3'  high.     Flowers  minute,  white. 

1.  S.  aquatica,  L.  —  Margin  of  lakes  in  Maine,  iVh^u//,  &c.  Echo  Lake, 
Franconia,  New  Hampshire,  Tucktrman.     June,  July.     (Eu.) 

15.     CAPSELLA,     Vent.        Shepherd's  Pcrse. 

Pouch  obcordate-triangular,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition ;  the 
valves  boat-shaped,  wingless.  Seeds  numerous.  Cotyledons  incumbent. — 
Annuals  :  flowers  small,  white.     (Name  a  diminutive  of  cnpsiila,  a  jiod.) 

1.  C.  BfRSA-PASTORis,  Mttnch.  Root-leaves  clustered,  pinnatilid  or 
toothed  ;  stem-leaves  arrow-shaped,  sessile.  —  Waste  places ;  the  commonest 
of  weeds.     April -Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

16.    THLASPI,    Tourn.        Penxtcress. 

Pouch  orbicular,  oliovate,  or  obcordate,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  par- 
tition, the  midrib  or  keel  of  the  boat-shaped  valves  extended  into  a  wing. 
Seeds  2-8  in  each  cell.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  Petals  eqiml.  —  Low  plants, 
with  root-leaves  undivided,  stem-leaves  arrow-shaped  and  clasping,  and  small 
white  or  purj)lish  flowers.  (Ancient  Greek  name,  from  6\uia,  to  crush,  of  a 
Cress  the  seeds  of  which  were  bruised  and  used  like  MusUxrd.) 


74  CRucii'ER^..     (mcstakd  family.) 

1.  T.  ARVEXSE,  L.  (Field  P.  or  Mitiiridate  Mustard.)  A  smooth 
annual,  with  broadly  winjied  jiod  y  in  diameter,  several-seeded,  deeply  notched 
at  top;  style  miiiute.  —  Waste  plaees,  sliore  of  Lake  Huron  and  in  Lower 
Canada;  also  Virginia.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

17.    LEPIDIUM,    L.        Peppekwout.    Peppekgrass. 

Pouch  roundish,  much  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition  ;  the  valves 
boat-siiaped  and  keeled.  Seeds  solitary  in  each  cell,  pendulous.  Cotyledons 
incumb^'nt,  or  in  No.  1  accumhent !  Flowers  small,  white  or  greenish.  (Namo 
from  Xfnidiov,  a  little  scale,  alluding  to  the  small  flat  pods.)  —  Ours  arc  annuals 
or  biennials,  except  the  last. 

*  Leaves  all  with  a  taperitiij  base  ;  the  upper  linear  or  lanceolate  and  entire,  the  foiv/r 
and  often  the  middle  oms  incised  or  pinnatijid :  pods  orbictilar  or  oval,  with  a 
small  notch  at  the  top:  the  stjle  minute  or  none:  stamens  otilij  2. 

1.  L.  Virginicum,  L.  (Wild  Peppergrass.)  Cotj/ledons  accumbent 
and  seed  minutely  margined  ;  pod  mare/inless  or  obscurely  margined  at  the  top; 
petals  present,  except  in  some  of  the  later  flowers. — June -Sept.  A  common 
roadside  weeil,  which  has  immigrated  from  farther  South. 

2.  L.  intermddium,  Gray.  Cotijledons  incumbent  as  in  the  following ; 
pod  minuttlj/  wing-margined  at  the  top;  petals  sometimes  conspicuous,  rarely 
wanting;  otherwise  nearly  as  in  No.  1.  —  Dry  places,  from  Northern  Michigan 
and  Illinois  northward  and  westward. 

3.  L.  RLDERALE,  L.  Morc  difFusc,  the  smaller  and  oval  pods  and-  the  seeds 
marginless ;  petals  ahcays  wanting.  —  Koadsides,  near  Boston,  Philadelphia,  &c. ; 
not  common.    (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Stem-leaves  with  a  sagittate  partly  clasping  base,  rather  crowded. 

4.  L.  CAMPESTRE,  L.  Miuutcly  so/J  f/ojt'Hy ;  leaves  arrow-shaped,  somewhat 
toothed;  pods  oiute,  winged,  rough,  the  style  longer  than  the  narrow  nptch. — 
Old  fields,  Mass.  and  New  York  to  Virginia:   rare     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

5.  L.  Du.Vba,  L.  Perennial,  oibscurely  hoaiy;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  the 
upper  with  broad  clasping  auricles  ;  flowers  corymbose  ;  pods  heart-shaped, 
wingless,  tliickLsh,  entire,  tipped  with  a  conspicuous  style.  —  Astoria,  near  New 
York,  D.  C.  Eaton.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

18.     SENEBIERA,    DC.        W^vrt-Cress.     Swine-Cress. 

Pouch  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition  ;  the  two  cells  indchiscent, 
but  falling  away  at  maturity  from  the  partition  as  closed  nutlets,  strongly 
wrinkled  or  tuljerculate,  1-secdcd.  Cotyledons  narrow  and  incumbently  folded 
transversely.  Low  and  diff"usc  or  prostrate  annuals  or  biennials,  with  minute 
whiti;-h  flowers.  Stamens  often  only  2.  (Dedicated  to  J.  Sencbicr,  a  distin- 
guished vegetable  physiologist. ) 

1.  S.  didyma,  Pcrs.  Leaves  1  -2-pinnately  parted;  pods  notched  at  the 
apex,  rough-wrin/cled.  (S.  pinnatifida,  DC.  Lepidium  didymum,  Z.) — Waste 
jilaces,  at  ports,  Philadelphia  to  Virginia,  &e.  :  an  immigrant  from  farther 
South. 


CAPPAUIDAClwE.       (CAI'ICR    FAMILY.)  7.3 

2.  S.  ConON6pus,  DC.  Leaves  less  divided,  with  narrower  lobes  ;  pods  not 
nolclml  lit  the  ajiex,  tiilicirlcd.  Virj^iuia,  Purslt.  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  Roiblm, 
&c.     (Adv.  from  Kii.) 

19.     CAKILE,     Toitrn.         Sea-Rocket. 

Pod  short,  2-jointed  across,  flesiiy,  the  uii]Hr  joint  separatin^^  at  maturity; 
each  indehiscent,  l-celicd  and  1  seeded,  or  the  l(j\vcr  sometimes  seedless.  Seed 
erect  in  tlic  upper,  suspended  in  the  lower  joint.  Cotyledons  obliquely  aceuui- 
bent.  —  Seasiile  fleshy  annuals.     Flowers  purplish.     (An  old  Arabic  name.) 

1.  C.  Americana,  Nutt.  (A.meiucan  Sea-Rocket.)  Leaves  obovate, 
sinuate  and  toothed;  lower  joint  of  the  fruit  obovoid,  emarginate ;  the  upper 
ovate,  flattish  at  the  apex.  —  Coast  of  the  Northern  States  and  of  the  Great 
Lakes.  July-Sej)!. — Joints  nearly  even  and  fleshy  when  fresh;  the  upper 
one  4-angled  and  appearing,'  more  beaked  when  dry. 

20.    RAPHANUS,     L.        Eadisii. 

Pods  linear  or  oblony-,  tapering-  upwards,  2-jointed  ;  the  lower  joint  ofte-n 
seedless  and  stalk-like ;  tiie  ujiper  necklacc-ibrm  by  constriction  between  the 
seeds,  with  no  proper  jiartition.  Style  long.  Seeds  spherical  as  in  Cabbage, 
&c.  —  Annuals  or  biennials.  (The  ancient  Greek  name  from  pa,  (/uicLlij,  and 
(jialvu),  to  iijipear,  alluding  to  the  rapid  germination.) 

1.  R.  RAriiANfsTKUM,  L.  (Wild  Radish.  Jointed  Charlock.)  Pods 
necklace-form,  long-beaked ;  leaves  lyre-shaped,  rough  ;  petals  yellow,  turning 
whitisii  or  jjurplish,  veiny. — A  troublesome  weed  in  fields,  E.  New  England  to 
Pennsylvania.     (Adv.  from  En.) 

K.  SATivus,  L.,  Garden  Radish,  with  pink-purple  or  whitish  flowers,  and 
thick  knobby  and  pointed  pods,  with  irregular  fleshy  partitions  between  .the 
seeds,  occasionally  becomes  spontaneous  for  a  year  or  two. 

Okder  11.     CAPPARIDACE^.     (Caper  Family.) 

Herbs  (when  in  northern  regions),  with  cruciform  /lowers,  but  6  or  more 
not  telradijnamous  stamens,  a  l-cetled  pod  with  2  parietal placentcc,  and  kid- 
ney-shaped seeds.  —  Pod  as  in  Crncifcra?,  but  with  no  partition  :  seeds 
similar,  but  the  embryo  coiled  rather  than  folded.  —  Leaves  alternate, 
mostly  palmately  compound.  —  Often  with  tlie  acrid  or  pungent  qualities 
of  Crucifene  (as  in  capers,  tlie  flower-buds  of  Ciipparis  spinosa)  ;  also 
commonly  bitter  and  nauseous.     Represented  within  otn-  limits  only  by 

1.    POLANISIA,     Raf.        PoLANisiA. 

Sei)als  4.  Petals  4,  witli  eluws,  udtelieil  at  the  apex.  Stamens  8-.12,  nn- 
eqind.  Receptiiele  not  elongated,  bearing  a  gland  l)ehind  the  base  of  the  ovary. 
Pod  linear  or  oblong,  veiny,  turgid,  many-seeded.  —  Fetid  annuals,  with  glan- 
dular or  clammy  hairs.  Flowers  in  leafy  raeeuies.  (Name  from  TroXi'y,  iikdii/, 
and  (ifiaos,  uiietjual,  points  in  which  tlie  genus  diflers  in  its  stamens  from 
Cleome.) 


7G  VIOLACK.E.       (VIOLKT    FAMILY.) 

1.  P,  grav6olens,  Haf.  Leaves  with  3  oblonn;  leaflets;  stamens  about 
ll.scaicrlv  I'xri'idiiij:  tlii'  jictals  :  style  .short;  pod  sli'^^htiy  stipitatc.  —  Gravelly 
shores,  fioiu  L'oiiiieetieut  (near  llartl'oiil)  and  W.  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and 
Kentiieky.  June  -  Aug. —  Flowers  small:  ealyx  and  Hlaments  purplish: 
petals  yellowish-white. 

OuDKU    V>.    RESEDACE.D.     (^Iigxonette  Family.) 

Herbs,  rcilh  iinsi/nimrtriral  4  -  7-merotts  small  jloirrrs,  nJlesJnj  one-sided 
hjpogijnons  disk  l/etween  the  peUds  and  the  (3  -  40)  stamens,  bcarin;/  tlie 
latter.  Calyx  not  closed  in  the  bud.  Pod  3  -  6-lobed,  3  -G-horneil,  l-cellcd 
with  3  -  G  parietal  placentce,  opening  at  the  lop  before  the  seeds  (which  are 
as  in  Order  11)  are  full  (jrown.  —  Leaves  alternate,  with  only  glands 
ibr  stipules.  Flowers  in  terminal  .''pikes  or  racemes. —  A  small  and  un- 
in)portant  family,  of  the  Old  World,  represented  by  the  Mignonette 
(^Reseda  odarata)  and  the  Dyer's  Weed. 

1.    KESEDA,     L.        Mignonette.    Dyer's  Rocket. 

Petals  4-7,  eleft,  unequal.  Stamens  12-40,  on  one  side  of  the  (lower. 
(Name  from  r(S(<li>,  to  ealni,  in  allusion  to  supposed  sedative  properties.) 

1.  E..  LuTEOLA,  L.  (Dyer's  Weed  or  Weld.)  Leaves  lanceolate; 
calyx  4-partcd  ;  petals  4,  greenish-yellow ;  the  upper  one  3  -  5-cleft,  the  two 
lateral  .3-eleft,  the  lower  one  linear  and  entire;  pods  depressed.  —  Roadsides, 
New  York,  &c.  —  Plant  2°  high.     Used  for  dyeing  yellow.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

Order    1-3.     VIOLACE.E.     (Violet  Family.) 

Herbs,  icith  a  somewhat  irregular  1-spiirred  corolla  of  5  petals,  5  hy- 
pogynous  stamens  with  adnale  inlrorse  anthers  conniving  over  the  pMl,  and 
a  l-celled  3-valved  pod  icith  3  parietal  placenta'.  —  Sepals  5,  persistent. 
Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  with  their  short  and  broad  fila- 
ments continued  beyond  the  anther-cells,  and  often  coherent  with  each 
other.  Style  usually  club-shaped,  with  the  simple  stigma  turned  to  one 
side.  Valves  of  the  capsule  bearing  the  several-seeded  placenta;  on  their 
middle  :  after  opening,  each  valve  as  it  dries  folils  together  lengthwise 
firmly,  projecting  the  seeds.  Seeds  anatropous,  rather  large,  with  a  hard 
seed-coat,  and  a  large  and  straight  embryo  nearly  as  long  as  the  albu- 
men :  cotyledons  flat.  —  Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules.  Flowers  axil- 
lary, nodding.  (Roots  slightly  acrid  or  emetic.)  —  Two  genera  in  the 
Northern  United  States. 

1.     SO  LEA,     Ging.,  DC.         Green  Violet. 

Sepals  not  prolonged  nt  the  hasc.  Petals  nearly  equal  in  length,  but 
the  lower  one  larger  and  gibbous  or  saccate  at  the  base,  more  notched  than 
the  others  at  the  apex.      Stamens   completely  united  into  a  t>heath  enclos- 


VIOLACF.^E.       (violet    FAMILY.)  77 

ing  the  ovarv,  nml  lio.iriiij;  a  broad  pland  on  the  lower  siilc.  Style  hooked  at 
the  summit.  —  A  lioiiiuh-  perennial  herb,  with  stems  leafy  to  the  to]),  ami  1  -:^ 
small  "greenish -white  Howers  in  the  axils,  on  short  reenrved  i)edieels.  (Named 
in  honor  of  IT.  S(i/,\  author  of  an  essay  on  the  British  Mints.) 

1.  S.  COncolor,  (jinj^.  (Viola  eoneolor,  I'urs/i,  ice.) — Wood.^  New 
York  to  Iliiiiuis  and  southward.  June.  —  Plant  l°-2°  hiyh.  Leaves  oblong, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  entire.     I'od  1'  long. 

2.    VIOLA,    L.        Violet.    IIeart's-ease. 

Sepals  extended  into  cars  at  the  base.  Petals  somewhat  unequal,  the  lower 
onc  spurred  at  the  base.  Stamens  eloscly  surrounding  the  ovary,  often  slightly 
cohering  with  each  other;  the  two  lower  ones  bearing  spurs  which  project  into 
the  spur  of  the  corolla.  Besides  these  conspicuous  blossoms,  which  appear  in 
spring,  others  are  i)rodueed  later  (especially  in  the  stemless  species),  on  shorter 
peduncles  or  on  runners,  usually  concealed  under  the  leaves ;  these  never  open 
nor  develop  petals,  but  arc  fertilized  in  the  young  bud,  producing  pods  which 
are  fiir  more  fruitful  than  the  ordinary  blossoms.  (The  ancient  Latin  name  of 
the  genus.) 

§L    Stemi.icss  Violkts  :  tlie  leaves  ami  scopes  aJl  from  a  mhtcrnmean  roolstock, 

Jioicei-iiuj  in  early  spriiir/,  and  l>eariii(j  fruitful,  apetalous  flowers  all  summer. 

*  Flowers  yellow :  rootstock  creepiny  and produciny  summer  runnas. 

1.  V.  rotundif61ia,  Miehx.  (Rouxd-leaved  Violkt.)  Leaves roiind- 
ovate,  heart-shaped,  slightly  crenate;  lateral  petals  bearded  and  marked  with 
brown  lines ;  spur  very  short.  —  Cold  woods,  Maine  to  Michigan,  and  south 
along  the  Allcghanies  —  Snioothish  :  leaves  1'  broad  at  flowering,  increasing  to 
3'  or  4'  in  the  summer,  then  lying  flat  on  the  ground,  shining  above. 

*  *  Flowers  ivhite  (small,  short-spurred) ;  lower  petals  striped  with  lilac  veins:  root- 

stock  creepiny  and  produciny  summer  runners  or  subterranean  flliform  hianclies. 
(No.  2  and  No.  4,  however  different,  seem  to  be  connected  by  No.  3.) 

2.  V.  lanceolita,  L.  (Laxce-leaved  Violet.)  Smooth;  leaves  Ian- 
croliite,  erect,  blunt,  tnpiriny  into  a  lony-maryined  petiole,  almost  entire ;  petals 
beardless.  —  Damp  soil,  Maine  to  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward ;  com- 
mon eastward. 

3.  V.  primulsefblia,  L.  (PniMnosE-LEAVED  V.)  Smooth  or  a  little 
pubescent  ;  liaves  olilmiy  or  orate,  ulniipl  or  somewhat  htartshaped  at  the  base; 
petals  often  acute,  the  lateral  ones  usually  sparingly  bearded.  (V.  acuta,  Bige- 
low.) —  Damp  soil ;  with  No.  2. 

4.  V.  blanda,  Willd.  (Sweet  White  V.)  Leaves  round-lieartshapcd  or 
kidney-form,  minutely  pubescent ;  petals  mostly  beardless.  —  Damp  ])laees,  every- 
where, Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  —  Flowers  faintly  sweet-scented. 

*  *  #  Flowers  purplish  or  violet:  rootstocks  slender  and  creepiny,  oflen  produciny 

numeivus  summer  runners. 
V.  ODon\TA,    L.    (Sweet  or  Kx(;lish   Violet),  cultivated   in  gardens, 
from  Europe,  belongs  to  this  section,  and  is  becoming  spaiingly  spontaneous 
in  5ome  places. 


78  VIOLACEVE.       (violet    FAMILY.) 

5.  V.  pallistris,  L.  (MAnsii  V.)  Smooth;  leaves  round-heart-shaped 
and  kidni'v-lonn,  slightly  crcnatc  ;  flowers  (small)  pale  lilae  with  purple  streaks, 
nearly  beardless;  s/inr  venj  short  and  obtuse.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White 
Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  hi>;h  northward.     June.     (Eu.) 

6.  V.  Selkirkii,  Pursh,  Goldie,  \S-2-l.  (GuKAT-si'i-KKED  V.)  Small  and 
delicate  ;  the  fililorm  lootstock  filjrose-rooted,  no  runners  above  ground  ;  smooth, 
c.\ccj)t  the  round-heart-shaped  erenate  leaves,  Avhich  are  minutely  hairy  on  the 
upper  surface  and  have  a  deep  narrowed  sinus  ;  spur  vrnj  Imije,  thickened  at  the 
end,  almost  as  lonjr  as  the  beardless  pale  violet  petals.  (V.  umbrosn,  Frus,  1828. 
V.  Kamtsehatiea,  Gingins,  1826.)  —  Damp  and  shady  soil,  W.  Massachusetts  to 
Chatauque  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Clinton),  L.  Superior  (llobhins),  and  northward  :  rare.  — 
Scapes  and  petioles  l'-2',  the  leaf  ^'-  1^'  long,  thin  ;  the  spur  3"  long.     (Eu.) 

*  *  «  *  Flowers  violet  or  purple  (or  rarely  almost  wltite)  :  root  stocks  Jleshij  andthick- 
ewd  or  tuberous,  mostly  erect  or  uscendimj,  piodacinij  neither  runners  nor  runner- 
like subterranean  branches. 

7.  V.  CUCuU^ta,  Ait.  (Common  Blue  V.)  Rootstocks  thickly  dentate 
with  fleshy  teeth,  brancliin;;-  and  forming  compact  masses;  leaves  all  lony-petioled 
and  upright,  heart-shaped  with  a  broad  sinus,  varying  to  kidney-shaped  and  dilated- 
triangular,  smooth,  or  more  or  less  pubescent,  the  sides  at  the  base  rolled  in- 
wards when  young,  obtusely  serrate;  lateral  and  often  the  lower  petals  bearded; 
spur  short  an<l  thick;  stigma  slightly  beaked  or  beaklcss.  —  Low  grounds,  com- 
mon everywhere.  —  Very  variable  in  size,  shape  of  leaves  and  sepals,  and  in  the 
color  and  size  of  the  flowers,  which  are  deep  or  pale  violet-blue  or  purple,  some- 
times nearly  white,  or  variegated  with  white.  Scapes  3'-  10'  high.  Passes  by 
intermediate  forms  of  all  sorts  into 

Var.  palmata.  (Haxd-leai-  Y.)  Leaves  V(iriousIi/^3- 7 -clrfl  or  parted,  or 
the  earlier  ones  entire  on  the  same  individaal.  (V.  palmata,/,.)  —  Common, 
especially  southward. 

Var.  cordata.  Leaves  chiefly  round-heart-shaped  and  prostrate,  sometimes 
villous,  sometimes  nearly  glabrous,  small.  (V.  villosa  and  V.  cordata,  Wall. 
V.  soivria,  Wilkl.)  —  Common  southward;  a  variety  growing  in  drier  soil  or 
more  exposed  situations. 

8.  V.  sagittata,  Ait.  (Arrow-leaved  V.)  Smooth ish  or  hairy ;  leaves 
on  shoi-t  and  margined,  or  the  later  often  on  long  and  naked  petioles,  varying  from 
oblong-h(  art-shaped  to  halberd -shaped,  arrow-shaped,  ohlong-lanctolute  or  ovate,  denticu- 
late, sometimes  eut-toothed  near  the  ba.se,  the  lateral  or  oceasiomilly  all  the 
(pretty  large  purple  blue)  petals  bearded  ;  spur  short  and  thick  ;  stigma  beaked. 
(V.  ovata,  Nnlt.,  and  V.  emarginata,  Le  Conte,  arc  states  of  this  variable  spe- 
cies.)—  Dry  or  moist  open  places,  New  England  to  Illinois  and  southward. — 
Eootstock  nearly  as  in  the  preceding,  into  which  some  forms  .«cem  to  pass. 

9.  V.  delphinifblia,  Nutt.  (Larkspur  V.)  Dares  all  pahmitdy  or  pe- 
dateJji  :■>-', -]>iuti(l,  divisions  2 -3-cleft;  lobes  linear;  lateral  petals  bt-ardtd ;  stigma 
short-beaked;  (itlurwisc  like  the  next.  —  Kich  prairies,  Illinois  and  westward. 

10.  V.  pedata,  L.  (Bikd-foot  V.)  Nearly  smooth ;  rootstoek  short  and 
very  thick,  erect,  not  scaly;  leaves  all  3-5-dividtd,  or  the  earliest  only  i)arted, 
the  lateral  divisions  2-3-partcd,  all  linear  or  narrowly  spatulate,  sometimes  2  - 


VIOLACE^,.       (VIOLKT    FAMILY.)  79 

3-toothc(l  or  cut  at  the  apex  ;  petals  brard/ess ;  stifrma  nearly  boaklc.ss.  — Sandy 
or  gravelly  soil,  New  Enjrlaml  to  Illinois  and  .southward.  —  Flower  lar};c,  1' 
broad,  pale  or  deep  lilac-purjilc  or  blue. 

Var.  bicolor.     A  \ci-\  handsome  variety,  with  the  two  upjjcr  petals  deep 
violet,  and  a.s  it  were  velvety,  like  a  pansy,  occurs  sparingly  from  Massachusetts 
to  Maryland,  &e. 
§  2.    Le.vky-stf.mmed  Violets  :  all  but  the  last  perennial  from  short  rootstorls. 

*  Laif-bmriwj  Jrom  baxc  to  summit,  usiialli/  brunchiiKj  and  jloinring  all  sunim  r : 

stipules  entire  or  bareli/  tootlud,  not  Jhliarcous. 

11.  V.  canina,  L.,  var.  sylv6striS,  Re-el.  (Dog  V.)  Low  (.3'-8'  high) ; 
stems  ascending;,  mostly  simple,  irom  the  base  at  length  producing  creeping 
branches ;  leaves  heart-shaped,  or  the  lowest  kidney -form,  crenate,  the  uppermost 
slightly  pointed ;  stipules  lanceolate,  fringe-toothed ;  spur  ciflindricu/,  half  the 
length  of  the  light  vioUt  petals,  the  lateral  ones  slightly  bearded  ;  stigma  beaked. 
(V.  sylvestris.  Dim.  V.  Muhlenbergii,  Torr.,  and  former  ed.)  —  Damp  or  wet 
shady  ))laees  :  common.     May -July.     (Eu.) 

12.  V.  rostr^ta,  Pursh.  (Loxg-spurked  V.)  Stems  ascending  (3' -6' 
high);  leaves  roundi.^ji  heart-shaped,  serrate,  the  upper  acute;  sti])ules  lance- 
olate, fringcd-tootiied,  large  ;  spur  slender  (^'  long),  lunger  than  the  pule  violet  beard- 
less petals;  style  straight  and  slender;  stigma  terminal,  beakless.  —  Shaded  hill- 
sides, IMaine  to  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  and  southwards  in  the  Alleghanics  :  rather 
rare.     June,  July. 

1.'3.  V.  Striata,  Ait.  (Pale  V.)  Stems  anguhir,  ascending  (C- 10' higl') ; 
leaves  heartshii|)ed,  finely  serrate,  often  acute  ;  stipules  oblong-lanceolate,  la;-ge, 
strongly  fringedtoothed  ;  spur  thIcLish,  much  shoiier  than  the  crenm-cnlored  or  ivliite 
petals,  the  lateral  ones  bearded,  the  lower  striped  with  purplish  lines ;  stigma 
beaked.  —  Low  grounds;  common,  especially  westward.     A])ril-Oct. 

14.  V.  Canadensis,  L.  (C.\.nada  V.)  Upright  (l°-2°  high);  leaves 
heart-shaped,  pointed,  serrate;  stipules  orate-lanreolate,  entire;  petals  white  or 
whitish  inside,  the  upper  ones  mostly  tinged  with  violet  beneath,  the  lateral 
bearded;  spur  rerg  shoii ;  stigma  beakless.  —  Kich  woods;  common  northward 
and  along  the  Alleghanics.     May -Aug. 

*  *  Simple  stems  erect,  naked  beloiv,  2  -  4-leaved  above :  stipules  nearlg  entire :  fiow- 

<rs  yellow,  in  spring  and  early  summer:  stigma  bearded  on  each  side. 

15.  V.  pubesc6ns,  Ait.  (Downy  Yellow  V.)  Softly  pubescent  (C - 
12' high);  lenrrs  very  broadly  heart-shaped,  toothQ(\,  somewhat  pointed  ;  stipules 
ovate  or  ovate-laneeolate,  large;  spur  extremely  short;  lower  petals  veined  with 
purple.  —  Woods  :  common. 

Var.  eriocarpa,  Nutt.  More  pubescent,  stout,  l°-2°high;  pods  woolly. 
(V.  eriocarpa,  Srhirrin.)  —  Common  westward. 

Var.  scabriuscula,  Ton-.  &  (iray.  Smaller  and  greener,  slightly  pubes- 
cent ;  stems  often  decumlimt  ( f-  10'  high).  —  Rhode  Isbind  to  Kentucky. 

16.  V.  hast^ta,  Miihx.  (Halhehd-leaved  V.)  Nearly  glabrous,  slen- 
der (4' -10'  high);  stem-leaves  hulberd-shripcd  or  oblong-heart-shaped,  slightly 
serrate,  acute ;  stipules  ovate,  small ;  spur  very  short.  —  Woods,  N.  Ohio  (near 
Paincsville,  Miss  Sliattuck),  mountains  of  Penn.,  and  southward  :  rare. 


80  CISTACE.*:.       (ROCK-nOSK    FAMILY.) 

*  ♦  ♦  Leiif-liearinrj  throughout  from  an  annual,  biennial,  or  sometimeR  short-lived 
perennial  root ;  the  stipules  large,  Iciif-like  and  lyrate-pinnatifid. 
17.  V.  TRfcoLOR,  L.  (Pansy.  He.vrt's-e.vsk.)  Stem  iingled  and 
branched ;  leaves  roundish,  or  the  upper  oval  and  the  lowest  heart-sluijied, 
crenatc  or  entire;  petals  variable  in  color  or  varicfjated  (yellow,  whitish, 
violet-blue  and  purple);  —  in  var.  auvensis  shorter  or  little  lon{::er  than  the 
calvx. — Dry  or  sandy  soil,  New  York  to  Illinois  and  southward:  the  variety 
seeuiini;  like  a  native  plant.     April -Sept.      (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

OnPEU   14.     CISTACE.E.     (Rock-rose  Family.) 

Low  shrubs  or  herbs,  icilh  regular  Jlowers,  distinct  and  hgpogynous  mostly 
indefinite  stamens,  a  persistent  calyx,  a  l-celled  Z  -  b-val ced  pod  with  as 
many  parietal  placentcE  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  valves,  and  orthotropous 
albuminous  seeds.  —  Sepals  5  ;  tlie  two  external  often  small,  like  bracts, 
or  sometimes  wanting;  the  three  others  a  little  twisted  in  the  bud.  Petals 
3  or  5,  convolute  in  the  opposite  direction  from  the  calyx  in  the  bud.  An- 
thers short,  innate,  on  slender  fdaments.  Style  single  or  none.  Ovules 
few  or  many,  on  slender  stalks,  with  the  orifice  at  their  apex.  Embryo 
long  and  slender,  straightish   or  curved,'  in   mealy  albumen  :  cotyledons 

narrow Leaves  simple  and  mostly  entire,  the  lower  usually  opposite, 

and  the  upper  alternate.     (Inert  plants.     A  small  family:  mostly  of  the 
Mediterranean  region.) 

1.  Helianlhcmum.    Petals  5,  crumpled  in  the  bud,  fugacious.    StameDS  and  ovules  nu- 

mcnms  in  tlie  petiil-bearing  flowers. 

2.  Huflgoiiia.     Petals  5,  fugacious.     Stamens  9-30.     Style  long  and  slender.     Pod  strictly 

]-celled,  2-6-seeded. 

3.  LecUea.     Petals  3,  persistent     Stamens  3 -12.     Style  none.     Pixl  partly  3-cdled,  the  im- 

perfect partitions  bearing  broad  2-seeded  placentas. 

1.    HELIANTHEMUM,    Tourn.    Rocic-rose. 

Petals  5,  crumbled  in  the  bud,  fugjacious.  Style  short  or  none  in  our  species : 
stigma  3  lobed.  Capsule  strictly  l-celled.  Embryo  curved  in  the  Ibrm  of  a 
hook  or  ring. — Flowers  in  most  N.  American  species  of  tAvo  sorts,  viz.,  1.  tlic 
primary  or  earlier  ones,  with  large  petals,  indefinitely  numerous  stamens,  and 
many-seeded  pods ;  2.  secondai-y,  or  later  ones,  which  arc  much  smaller  and  in 
clusters,  with  small  petals  or  none,  3-10  stamens,  and  much  smaller  3 -few- 
seeded  pods.  Tlie  yellow  flowers  open  only  once,  in  sunshine,  and  cast  their 
petals  by  the  next  day.     (Name  from  lyXtoy,  the  sun,  and  tw6(fxov,floirer.) 

I.  H.  Canaddnse,  Michx.  (Fkost-weed.)  PitaJ-Ueuriug  flowers  soli- 
tar  g ;  the  smcdl  srroiidarg floirers  rlustered  in  the  axils  nfthe  leaves,  ncar\y  sessile; 
calyx  of  the  large  flowers  hairy-])uhesccnt ;  of  the  small  ones  hoary,  like  the 
stem  and  lower  side  of  the  lanceolate  ()l)l(mg  leaves.  —  A  variety  is  more  hoary, 
and  with  a  stronger  tendency  to  inultiply  the  minute  clustered  flowers.  —  Sandy 
or  gravelly  dry  soil,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  June  -  Aug.  —  Stems 
at  first  simple.     Corolla  of  the  large  flower»  J'  wide,  producing  pods  3'  long; 


CISTACi:^.       (UOCK-nOSK    FAMILY.)  81 

pods  of  the  smaller  flowers  not  larper  than  a  pin's  head.  —  Late  in  artiimn, 
crystals  ol'  ice  shoot  iVoiii  the  cracked  hark  at  tlie  root,  wlicncc  tlie  popular 
name. 

2.  H.  COrymbbSUm,  Michx.  F/onrrs  all  rlusfcrcd  at  the  summit  of"  liie 
Stem  or  branches,  the  petal-bearing  ones  at  length  on  slender  stalks :  calyx 
woolly.  —  I'inc  barrens,  New  Jersey  and  southward  along  the  coast. 

2.    HUDSONIA,     L.        lliDsoxiA. 

Petals  5,  fugacious  (la>iting  but  a  day),  much  larger  than  the  calyx.  Sta- 
mens 9-30.  Style  long  and  slender:  stigma  minute.  Pod  oblong,  enclosed 
in  the  calyx,  strictly  1-eelled,  with  1  or  2  seeds  attached  near  the  base  of  each 
nerve-like  placenta.  Embryo  coiled  into  the  form  of  a  closed  hook.  —  Bushy 
heath-like  little  shrubs  (seldom  a  foot  hiyh),  covered  all  over  with  the  small 
awl-shaped  or  scale-like  ]:ersistent  downy  leaves,  jjroducing  numerous  (small 
biU  showy)  bright  yellow  flowers  crowded  along  the  upper  ))art  of  the  branches. 
(Named  in  honor  of  \Vm.  Hudson,  an  early  English  botanist.) 

1.  H.  ericoides,  L.  Downy  but  greenish;  leaves  slender,  awl-shaped, 
loose;  flowers  on  slender  naked  stalks.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  neat  the  coast,  N. 
Maine  to  Virginia.     May. 

2.  H.  tomentbsa,  Nutt.  Iloary  with  down  ;  leaves  oval  or  narrowly 
oblong,  short,  elose-prcssed  and  imbricated;  flowers  sessile  (sandy  coasts  from 
Maine  to  Maryland),  —  or  short-peduneled,  the  leaves  also  narrower:  Maine 
(at  Harrison,  /.  Blake)  and  along  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes  to  Minnesota. 
May,  June. 

3.    LECHEA,    L.        PixwEED. 

Petals  3,  narrow,  flat  in  the  bud :  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  withering-per- 
sistent. Stamens  3-12.  Style  scarcely  any:  stigmas  3,  plumose.  Pod 
globular,  partly  3-celled ;  the  3  broad  and  thin  placenta;  borne  on  imperfect 
partitions,  each  bearing  2  seeds  on  the  face  towards  the  valve  :  in  our  species, 
the  placentic  curve  backwards  and  partly  enclose  the  seeds.  Embryo  straight- 
ish.  —  Homely  perennial  herbs,  with  very  small  greenish  or  purplish  flowers, 
in  summer.     (Named  in  honor  oi  John  Lcche,  a  Swedish  l)otanist.) 

1.  L.  m^jor,  Mieiix.  //f(//;y;  stem  upright  (i°- 2°  high,  stout),  simple, 
producing  slender  prostrate  branches  from  the  base  ;  leaves  fUl/itical,  mucronatc- 
pointed,  alternate  and  opposite  or  sometimes  whorled ;  flowers  densely  crowded 
in  ])anicled  clusters;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  very  smiiW  </lol)Ose-triaii(/ular  pod; 
sejials  uarroicer  than  its  i:<dns.  —  Sterile  grounds  :  common,  especially  southward. 

2.  L.  thymif61ia,  Pursh.  Hoary  with  appressed  hairs,  especially  the  de- 
cumbent stout  leafy  shoots  from  the  base  ;  flowering  stems  ascending,  loosely 
branched,  with  the  leaves  linear  or  ohlanccohite ;  those,  of  the  shoots  elliptiral, 
whorled,  crowded ;  flowers  saitlered  in  small  and  loose  clusters ;  pedicels  as 
long  as  the  ijloliose  jimls.  —  Sandy  coast,  Maine  to  New  Jersey  and  southward. 
—  Scarcely  a  foot  hiuh.  tufted,  rigid  ;  the  pods  larger  than  in  No.  1. 

3.  L.  Novae-Coesarfeae,  C.  F.  Austin,  ined.  Intermediate  in  appear- 
ance between   No.  1  and  tlie  taller  forms  of  No.  4 ;  leaves  of  the  former,  but 

6 


82  DROSERACE-E.       (SUNDEW    FAMILY.) 

smaller  (J'  long)  elliptical  or  linear-oblonrj,  often  opposite  or  whorled  ;  Jloioer^  in 
varrntr  itither  close  paiiirlcs ;  pedicels  lon<^er  than  the  oval  pods ;  the  two  outer 
or  bnict-like  sejxiU  very  diiider,  mostii/  lom/er  than  the  others.  —  Open  dry  grounds, 
N.  New  Jersey  and  adjacent  part  of  New  York,  C.  F.  Austin. 

4.  L.  minor,  Lam.  Minutfli/  hairij ;  stems  slender,  upri{,Mit  or  ditluse; 
leafy  shoots  densely  tufted  at  the  biise  ;  leaves  linear ;  Jtuwers  luoseiij  laceimd  on 
the  slender  liranchlcts  ;  pedicels  mostly  longer  than  the  oval  pods.  —  Dry  open 
soil :  common.  June -Sept.  —  Plant  5' -15'  high,  slendL-r,  running  into  num- 
berless variations  according  to  the  soil,  season,  and  exposure.  Pods  smaller 
than  in  No.  2. 

Order  15.    DROSER.lCEiE.    (Sundew  Family.) 

Bog-herhs,  mostly  ylandular-haired,  with  regular  hypogynous  Jloivers,  pcn- 
tamerous  and  wilherimj-persistent  calyx.,  corolla,  and  stamens,  ihe  anthers 
fixed  by  their  middle  and  turned  outwards,  and  a  1-cellcd  j)od  with  twice  as 
many  styles  or  stigmas  as  there  are  parietal  placentce.  —  Calyx  imbricated. 
Petals  convolute.  Seeds  numerous,  anatropous,  with  a  short  and  minute 
embryo  at  the  base  of  the  albumen.  —  Leaves  circinate  in  the  bud,  i.  e. 
rolled  up  from  the  apex  to  the  base  as  in  Ferns.  (A  small  iiimily,  of  no 
known  qualities,  except  a  slight  bitterness,  &c. ;  the  Sundews  impart  a 
purple  stain  to  paper.)     Only  one  genus  within  our  limits,  viz. 

1.    DROSERA,    L.        Slndew. 

Stamens  5.  Styles  3,  or  sometimes  5,  deeply  2-parted  so  that  they  arc  taken 
for  6  or  10,  slender,  stigmatosc  above  on  the  inner  face.  Pod  .*?-  (rarely  5) 
valved  ;  the  valves  bearing  the  numerous  seeds  on  their  middle  for  the  wliolc 
length.  —  Low  perennials  or  biennials  ;  the  leaves  clothed  with  reddish  gland- 
bearing  bristles,  in  our  species  all  in  a  tuft  at  the  base  ;  the  naked  scape  bear- 
ing the  flowers  in  a  1-sided  raceme-like  inflorescence,  which  nods  at  the  un- 
developed apex,  so  that  the  fresh-blown  flower  (which  opens  only  in  sunshine) 
is  always  highest.  (The  glands  of  the  leaves  exude  drops  of  a  clear  glutinous 
fluid,  glittering  like  dew-drops,  whence  the  name,  from  Spoatpos,  dewy.) 

1.  D.  rotundif6Iia,  L.  (Rouxd-leaved  Scni>ew.)  Leaves  orhirul'ir, 
abruptly  narrowed  into  the  spreaditnj  hairy  petioles;  seeds  spindle-shaped,  the 
coat  loose  and  chaff-like ;  flowers  white,  the  parts  sometimes  in  sixes.  —  Peat- 
bogs, common,  especially  nortlnvard.     July -Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  D.  longifblia,  L.  lyeuves  siunulute-ohtomi,  tapering  into  the  long  rather 
erect  naked  petiules ;  seeds  oHong,  with  a  rough  close  coat ;  flowers  white.  (D. 
intermedia,  Ilayne.)  —  Bogs;  less  common.  June -Aug.  —  Plant  raised  on  its 
prolonged  caudex  when  growing  in  water.     (Eu.) 

3.  D.  linearis,  Goldic.  (Slexdeh  Sundew.)  Z>rt)es //Wa?-,  obtuse,  the 
blade  (2' -3'  long,  scarcely  2"  wide)  on  naked  erect  petioles  about  the  same  length  ; 
seeds  oblong,  with  a  smooth  and  perfectly  close  coat ;  flowers  white.  —  Shore 
of  Lake  Superior.     July. 


iiYPiciucACK.*:.     (sT.  joiin's-wout  family.)  83 

4.  D.  fi.lif6rmis,  Raf.  (TiinKAn-LEAVEn  St:Ni>E\v.)  I^avrs  rcrii  lour/ 
avdjilifurm,  erect,  with  no  distinction  l)Ct\vccn  blade  and  stalk ;  seeds  spindle- 
shaped  ;  flowers  ntinierous,  purple  rosceolor  (V  hroad).  —  Wet  sand,  near  the 
coast,  riyniouth,  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey,  and  southward.  Aiifr. — 
Scapes  G'-12'  high,  and  the  singular  leaves  nearly  as  long,  from  a  l)iill)-likc 
base  or  eorni. 

Dion.'ea  MuscfpiTLA,  Ellis,  the  Vexits's  Fly-trap,  —  so  noted  for  the  ex- 
traordinary irritability  of  its  leaves,  closing  quickly  at  the  touch,  —  is  a  native 
of  the  sandy  savannas  of  the  eastern  part  of  North  Carolina.  It  differs  in 
several  respects  from  the  character  of  the  order  given  above ;  the  stamens  being 
15,  the  styles  united  into  one,  and  the  seeds  all  at  the  base  of  the  pod. 

Order  10.     IIYPERICACE^.     (St.  Johx's-wort  Family.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  tcith  opposite  entire  (lotted  leaves  and  no  stipules,  regular 
hjpogijnous  flowers,  the  petals  mostly  oblique  and  convolute  in  the  bud,  and 
many  or  few  stamens  commonly  collected  in  3  or  more  clusters  or  bundles. 
Pod  1-celled  with  2  -  5  j}arietal  placentie,  and  as  many  styles,  or  3-  7-celled 
by  the  union  of  the  placenta:  in  the  centre :  dehiscence  mostly  septicidal. — 
Sepals  4  or  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  herbaceous,  persistent.  Petals  4  or 
5,  mostly  deciduous.  Styles  persistent,  at  first  sometimes  united.  Seeds 
numerous,  small,  anatropous,  with  no  albumen.  Embryo  cylindrical.  — 
Plants  with  a  resinous  juice  (acrid  and  balsamic),  dotted  with  pellucid  or 
dark  glands,  usually  smooth.  Leaves  mostly  sessile.  Flowers  solitary  or 
cymose. 

1.  Agcyrum.     Sepals  4,  very  unequal.     Petals  4,  oV)lique,  convolute,  yellow. 

2.  Hypericum.     Sepals  5.     Petals  5,  obliquo,  convolute,  yellow. 

3.  Elodes.     Sepals  5.     Petals  5,  equal-sided,  imbricated,  purplish.     Glands  alternating  with 

the  statnen-clusters. 

1.    ASCYRUM,    L.        St.  Peter'.s-wort. 

Sepals  4  ;  the  2  outer  very  broad  ami  leaf-like  ;  the  inner  much  smaller. 
Petals  4,  oblique,  very  deciduous,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  numerous  ; 
the  filaments  distinct  and  scarcely  in  clusters.  Pod  strictly  1-celled,  2-4- 
valvcd.  —  Low,  rather  shrubby,  smooth  plants,  with  pale  black-dotted  leaves, 
and  nearly  solitary  light  yellow  flowers.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  of  some 
plant,  from  a,  without,  and  (TKvpn^,  roiKjliniss.) 

1.  A.  Stans,  Michx.  (St.  Petek's-woht.)  Stem  rather  simple,  2-ed<;cd, 
l°-2°  hi;:h,  stout;  leaves  oral  or  ohlontj,  sntnurhiit  rlni/iliiii,  thickish  ;  petals 
obovate ;  styles  3  or  4.  —  Pine  barrens.  Long  Island  to  Penn.  and  southward. 
July,  Aug.  —  Flowers  showy,  almost  sessile  :  outer  sepals  round-heart-shaped. 

2.  A.  Crux-Andreoe,  L.  (St.  Andrew's  Cross.)  Low,  much 
branched  and  decumbent;  liavis  iiarroirli/  ohovatc-olilonfj,  contrortpd  at  the  Ixise, 
thin;  petals  HumroUumj ;  styles  2,  very  shun  ;  pod  flat.  —  Pine  barrens.  New 
Jersey  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  July-Se]it.  —  Petals  scarcely  exceeding 
the  outer  sepals,  approaching  each  other  in  pairs  over  tlicm,  in  the  form  of  a 
St.  Andrew's  cross. 


84  nvpERiCACK-E.     (sT.  joiin's-wort  family.) 

2.    HYPERICUM,    L.        St.  John's-woht. 

Sepals  5,  sonicwliat  equal.  Petals  5,  oblicjiic,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Sta- 
mens eonimonly  united  or  clustered  in  3  -  .5  parcels :  no  interposed  glands.  Pod 
1-celled  or  3-5-celled.  Seeds  usually  cylindrical.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  cy- 
mose  yellow  flowers.  (An  ancient  Greek  name,  of  obscure  meaning.) 
§  1.  Stamens  irri/  iiumeruus,  b-adeiphoiis :  jiod  b -1-celled,  icilh  the  placental  turned 
fir  hack  into  tin-  nils  :  ])erennial :  flowers  very  Uuye:  styles  united. 

1.  H.  pyramid^tum,  Ait.  (Great  St.  John's-wort.)  Branches 
2-4-anglcd;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  partly  clasping;  petals  narrowly  obovate, 
not  deciduous  until  after  they  wither ;  stigmas  capitate.  —  Banks  of  rivers : 
rare.  New  England  and  Pcnn.  to  Wisconsin  and  Illinois.  July.  —  Plant  .3°- 
5°  high.     Leaves  2' -3' long.     Petals  1' long.     Pod  |' long,  conical. 

§  2.    Stamens  very  numerous,  obscurely  if  at  all  clustered:  styles  3  (.Vo.  2  excepted), 

more  or  less  united  info  one  and  the  sppals  foliacLOus,  exce/it  in  iVo.  9. 

*  Bns/iy  s/tnihs,  1°  -  &°  hii/h,  leafy  to  the  top:  pod  3  -  5-ctlled. 

2.  H.  Kalmi^num,  L.  (Kalm's  St.  Joiin's-wort.)  Branches  4- 
anglcd  :  branchlcts  2-edged  ;  leaves  crowded,  glaucous,  oblanceolate  (l'-2' 
long);  flowers  few  in  a  cluster  (1'  wide);  pods  ovate,  fxelled.  —  Wet  rocks, 
Niagara  Falls  and  Northern  lakes.     Aug. 

3.  H.  proliflcum,  L.  (Shrubby  St.  Joiin's-wort.)  Branchlets  2- 
cdged  ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base ;  flowers 
numerous,  in  single  or  compound  clusters;  pods  oblonrj,  3-celk'd.  —  New  Jersey 
to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward.    July-  Sept.  —  Varies  greatly  in  size,  &c. 

Var.  densiflbrum.  Exceedingly  branched  above,  1°  -  C°  high,  the 
branches  skiuler  and  crowded  with  smaller  leaves;  flowers  smaller  (j'-|'in 
diameter)  and  mure  numerous,  in  crowded  compound  cymes.  (li.  dcnsiflorum, 
&  II.  galioides,  Pursh.)  —  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  glades  of  Kentucky, 
and  southward. 

*  *  Perennial  herbs  or  in  No.  5  and  6  a  little  wood//  at  the  base:  pod  one-celled 
with  3  parietal  placenta,  or  incompletely  3  -  4-ctlled. 

4.  H.  adpressum,  Barton.  Stem  simple,  herbaceous,  from  a  slightly 
woody  creeping  base  ( 1°  -  2°  high),  obscurely  4-angled  below  and  2-edged  above ; 
leaves  ascending,  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  often  acute,  thin  ;  cyme  leafy  at  the 
base,  few-flowered  ;  sepals  linear-lanceolate ;  jmds  ovoid-ohlong,  partly  3  -^celled. — 
Moist  jjlaces,  Bhodc  Island  (Olnei/),  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  .southwest- 
ward.     July  -  Aug.  —  Leaves  1  h'  long.     Petals  bright  yellow,  3"  -  5"  long. 

5.  H.  dolabrifdrme,  Vent.  Stems  branched  from  the  decumbent  base, 
woody  below  (()'-20'  liigii),  terete;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  widely  spreading, 
veinless  ;  cyme  leafy,  few-flowered  ;  sepals  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  about  the 
length  of  the  very  oblique  petals  (5" -6"  long);  pods  ovate-conical,  jmintnl, 
strictly  \-ce!lid,  the  walls  very  thick  and  hard.  (II.  procnnd)ens,  Michx.)  —  Dry 
hills  anil  rocks,  barrens  of  Kentucky  and  westward.     June  -  Aug. 

6.  H.  nudifldrum,  Michx.  Stems  branchcil,  woody  at  the  base,  shar])ly 
4-angled  or  almost  winged  above  (2° -4°  high)  ;  leaves  oblong  or  oval-lanctolate, 
obtuse,  obscurely  veined,  pale  (2'  -2^'  long)  ;  cyme  compound,  many-flowered. 


k 


HYPliKlCACK^t.       (sT.    JOIIN's-WORT    I'AMILY.)  85 

naked  ;  sfjKils  oblong ;  jyods  ovate-conical,  pointed,  almost  3<(-lled ;  seeds  slender  cy- 
liiiilrioil,  iiiiiiutely  jiitted. — Low  j^iouiuls,  IViiiisylvania,  Vir^nnia,  anil  soiitli- 
waiil.     July. 

7.  H.  SphserOC^rpon,  Michx.  8U'in.s  mustly  hiiiiijle,  lierbaccous,  with 
a  somewhat  woody  base,  angled  with  4  very  narrow  salient  lines  (l°-2°  hiyh) ; 
leaves  olilonij-Uneur,  greener  above  and  narrower  than  in  the  preceding;  the 
naked  eynie  similar;  sepals  ovate ;  pods  depressedf/lobiilar  or  ovoid-conical,  strictly 
l-cellid;  seeds  oblong,  rough-pitted.  —  Koeky  banks  of  the  Ohio  and  its  tribu- 
taries, S.  W.  Dliio  to  Illinois  and  southward.     July -Sept.  — Flowers  small. 

8.  H.  ellipticum,  Hook.  Stem  simple,  herbaceous  ( 1°  high),  obscurely 
4-angled  ;  leaves  sjimidini/,  (lliptind-o'jlonr/,  obtuse,  thin  ;  cyme  nearly  naked, 
rather  fcw-tlowered ;  sepals  oblontj ;  jiods  ovoid,  very  obtuse,  purj)le,  I -celled. — 
Wet  places,  New  England  and  I'enn.sylvania  to  Lake  Superior  and  northward. 
July,  Aug.  — Petals  light  yellow,  3"  long. 

9.  H.  angulbsura,  Michx.  Stem  slender,  strict,  simple,  sharjjly  4- 
angled,  herbaceous  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  ascendiny,  opaque,  ovate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute  (^'-\'  long),  closely  sessile  by  a  broad  base;  cyme  com- 
pound, naked,  the  scattered  flowers  raccmo.se  on  its  ascending  branches ;  sepals 
herbaceous,  ei'ect,  enclosing  the  ovoid  1 -celled  pod  ;  styles  3,  separate.  —  Wet  i)iuc 
barrens  of  New  Jersey  and  southward.  July -Sept.  —  I'etals  cojipcr-yellow^, 
4" -5"  long,  furnished  with  a  tooth  on  one  side. 

§  3.    Stamens  very  numerous,  in  3  or  5  clusters  :  styles  3  separate  and  nsuafly  diverg- 
ing:  pod  3-cellfd :  calyx  erect :  petals  and  anthers  with  black  dots. 

10.  H.  i'ERFOK.\TtJi,  L.  (Common  St.  Joiin's-wort.)  Stem  much 
branched  and  corymbcd,  somewhat  2-edgcd  (producing  runners  from  the 
base) ;  leaves  elliptical-oblong  or  linear-oblong,  with  pellucid  dots;  petals  (deep 
yellow)  twice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate  acute  sepals;  flowers  numerous,  in 
open  Iciifv  cymes.  —  Fields,  &c.  June  -  Sept.  —  Too  well  know^n  as  a  pernicious 
weed,  which  it  is  difficult  to  extirpate.     Juice  very  acrid.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

11.  H.  COrymbosum,  Muhl.  Conspicuously  marked  with  both  black 
and  pellucid  dots  :  stem  terete,  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  oblong,  the  base 
either  obtuse  or  somewhat  clasping;  flowers  crowded  (small) ;  petals  pale  yellow, 
much  longer  than  the  oblong  sepals,  styles  not  longer  than  the  pod.  —  Damp 
places;  common.  July -Sept. — Leaves  larger  and  flowers  much  smaller  than 
in  the  last  :  ])Ctals  2" -3"  long,  marked  wilh  black  lines  as  well  as  dots.  —  Too 
near  IL  maculatum,  TT'i'(/<.,  of  the  South,  which  has  more  elasi)ing  leaves  and 
very  long  and  slender  styles. 

12.  H.  grav^olens,  Buckley.  Like  the  last,  but  with  larger  leaves  and 
fewer  much  lanjir  bright  yellow  flowers,  lanceolate  acute  sepals,  and  long  erect 
styles ;  common  in  the  mountains  of  N.  Carolina,  doubtless  also  in  S.  Virginisu 
§4.    Stamens  5 -1-2,  distinct  or  in  3  dusters:  pod  (brown  purple)  \-celled,  with  3 

strictly  parietal  plaei-ntai :  styles  short,  distinct ;  petals  oblong  or  linear :  sejials 
narrow,  erect :  slender  annuals,  with  4  angular  branches  ;  flowering  all  summer. 

13.  H.  mtltilum,  L.  Stem  flaccid,  widely  branching  (6'- 10' high)  ; 
leaves  ovate,  or  otiloiig,  obtuse,  parOy  dasping,  b-neived ;  cymes  leafy;  }wds  orat>- 
conical,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx.  (H.  parviflorum,  Muhl.)  —  Low  grounds. 
evervwhere.  —  Flowers  2"  broad. 


86  ELATIXACE.E.       ( WATliU-WOUT    FAMILY.) 

Var.  gymninthum  (II.  frymnanthnm,  Engelm.  Sf  Gray),  is  a  form,  or  per- 
haps spetie.'^,  witli  siriit  stfin  aiul  luamhfs,  or  olten  iinbraiichcd,  more  clasping 
iieart-siuipLd  stuin-lcaves,  and  a  naked  cvnic,  tlie  lloral  leaves  being  reduced  to 
small  awl-sliaped  bracts;  so  that  in  aspect  it  apjjroaehcs  the  next. — Newcastle 
Co.,  Delaware,  Ctiulii/,  and  Illinois,  A\  //«//,  thence  southward. 

14.  H.  Canadense,  L.  Stem  strict  (G'-1j'  high),  with  the  branches 
erect ;  kacts  lunar,  3-utrctd  at  the  base,  obtuse  ;  cymes  naked  ;  jxids  rouival-ol^lontj, 
usuailij  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Wot,  sandy  soil :  common.  June  -  Oct.  — 
Flowers  deep  yellow,  2" -3"  broad  when  expanded. 

Var.  mkjor  is  a  large  lorni,  l°-2°  higii,  with  lanceolate  leaves  1^'  long, 
3"  wide,  the  upper  acute.  —  L.  Superior,  liobbins ;  S.  New  York  and  southward. 

15.  H.  Drummondii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  and  the  mostly  alternate 
bushy  branches  rigid,  erect  ( 10' -  18  high) ;  leaves  lineur-subuldte,  nearly  erect, 
l-tmved  (3" -9"  long);  Jlowers  scatterfd  along  the  upper  part  of  the  leafy 
branches,  short-pedicelled ;  pods  ovoid,  not  longer  than  the  calyx.  (Sarothra  Drum- 
mondii, Gri-r.  <)•  Ilouk.)  —  W.  Illinois  and  southward,  in  dr}'  soil. 

16.  H.  Sarothl'a,  Michx.  (Orasge-gkass.  Pine-weed.)  Stem  and 
bushy  branches  thread-like,  wiry  (4' -9'  high);  leaves  minute  awl-shaped  scales, 
oppressed ;  Jluwers  minute,  mostly  sessile  and  scattered  along  the  erect  branches; 
pods  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  mucA  longir  than  the  calyx.  (Sarothra  gehtianoides, 
L.)  —  Sandy  fields  :  common.     June -Oct. 

3.     ELODES,     Adans.        Marsh  St.  John's-wokt. 

Sepals  5,  equal,  erect.  Petals  5,  equal-sided,  oblong,  naked,  imbricated  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  9  (rarely  more),  united  in  3  sets;  the  sets  separated  by  as 
many  large  orange-colored  glands.  Pod  3-celled,  oblong :  styles  distinct.  — 
Perennial  herbs,  in  marshes  or  shallow  water,  with  small  close  clusters  of  flesh- 
colored  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  and  at  the  summit  of  the  stem.  (Name 
eXwSr/y,  f/roivinq  In  marshes,  accidentally  changed  to  Elodea  by  Jussieu,  who 
was  followed  by  Pursh,  &c.) 

1.  E.  Virginica,  Nutt.  Leaves  closely  sessile  or  cla.yiing  by  a  broad  base, 
oblong  or  ovate,  very  obtuse;  filaments  united  below  the  middle,  (llyiicrieum 
Virginicum,  L.)  —  Common  in  swamps.     July,  Aug. 

2.  E.  petiol^ta,  Pursb.  leaves  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  oblong:  fila- 
ments united  beyond  the  middle. — From  New  Jersey  south  and  westward. 

Ordku  17.     ELATINACE.E.     (Watku-wort  Family.) 

Little  marsh  annuals,  tcilh  menthranaccous  .tlijmles  lelween  the  opposite 
dotless  leaves,  minute  axillary  floirers  like  Chickweeds, /vw<  the  pod  2-5- 
celled,  and  the  seeds  as  in  St.  John's-wort.       The  principal  genus  is 

1.     ELATINE,     L.        Water-wort. 

Sepals  2-4,  persistent.  Petals  2-4,  hypogynous.  Stamens  as  many,  rarely 
twice  as  many,  as  the  petals.  Styles,  or  sessile  capitate  stigmas,  2-4.  Pod  2  - 
4-celled,  several  -  manj-seeded,  2  -  4-valvcd  ;  the  partitions  left  attached  to  tho 


CAUYOPIIYLLACE.E.       (I'lXK    FAMILY.;  87 

nxis,  or  cvaiipscent.     Seeds  cylindrical,  straif;litish  or  curved.     (A  Greek  name 
for  sonic  ()l)S(iirc  IktI).) 

1.  E.  Americana,  Arnott.  Dwarf  (1'  liij^li),  crci'i)in;;,  rootiii;,'  in  the 
mud,  tufted ;  leaves  oiiovatc  ;  flowers  sessile ;  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  stig- 
mas 2,  rarely  3  ;  seeds  5  or  6  in  eacli  cell,  rising-  from  the  base.  (re])lis  Amer- 
icana, Puik/i.  Crypta  minima,  Nutt.)  —  Marj;in  of  ponds,  &e.,  N.  Hampshire, 
to  Illinois,  Virjiinia,  and  southwcstward.  Tod  very  thin  and  delicate;  the  seeds 
large  in  proportion,  straightish. 

OiiPKU  18.     CARY^OPHYIiliACE^.     (Pixk  Family.) 

Herbs,  iL'ith  opposite  entire  leaves,  symmetrical  i  -  ii-merous  Jlowers,  with 
or  u'ithout  petals  ;  the  du^tinct  stamens  no  more  than  twice  the  number  of  the 
sepals,  either  h II peg !j nous  or perigynous ;  styles  2-5  {or  rarely  united  into 
one)  ;  seeds  attached  to  the  base  or  the  central  column  of  the  1-celled  {rarely 
3  -  5-celled)  pod,  with  a  slender  embryo  coiled  or  curccd  around  the  outside 
of  mealy  albumen,  in  Diiintiius  nearly  straight. — Bland  herbs;  the  stems 
usually  swollen  at  the  joints ;  uppermost  leaves  rarely  alternate.  Leaves 
often  united  at  the  base.  Calyx  persistent.  Styles  stigniatic  along  the 
inside.     Seeds  ampliitropous  or  campylotropous. 

Tribe  I.  SILEXE/E.  Sepals  united  intu  a  tube  or  cup.  Petals  and  stamens  borne  on 
the  stipe  or  stalk  of  tin;  ovary,  the  former  with  slender  claws,  to  the  base  of  which  the  cor- 
responding filaments  often  adhere,  inclu<Ied  in  the  calyx-tube,  mostly  convolute  in  the  bud. 
Seeds  numerous.  —  Stipulei  none.     Flowers  often  large  and  showy. 

•  Calyx  Willi  scaly  bractlets  or  small  leaves  at  the  base.  Seeds  flattened  on  the  back,  attached 
by  their  face  :  endjryo  nearly  straight. 

1.  Diaulhus.     Calyx  terete,  mostly  cylindrical.     Styles  2. 

•  •  Calyx  naked.     Seeds  globular  or  kiilney-sbaped  :  embryo  curved  or  coiled. 

2.  Sap  oil  aria.     Calyx  terete.    Styles  2 

3.  Vuccni'la.     Calyx  5-angletl  ami  in  fruit  5-wuiged.     Styles  2. 
4     Silfiie.     Calyx  5-toothi-d.     Styles  :J. 

5.  L>  cliiiis.  Calyx  o  toothed  or  5-lobed.  Styles  5,  rarely  4. 
Tribe  II.  ALSINEi^.  S.-pals  sei)arate  to  the  base  or  marly  so,  imbricated  in  the  hud. 
Petals  when  present  without  claws,  m.istly  imhiicaled  in  the  hud,  and  with  the  stamens  in- 
serted at  the  base  of  the  sessile  ovary,  or  into  a  little  disk  which  often  coheres  with  the  base 
of  the  calyx.  Pod  splitting  into  valves  or  teeth,  several  -  many-seeded.  Stamens  opposite 
the  sepals,  when  not  more  numerous  than  they.  —  Low  herbs.     Stipules  none. 

•  Styles  opposite  the  sepals,  or,  when  fewer,  opposite  those  which  are  exterior  in  the  bud. 
C.    Aminria.     Petals  entire.    Styles  usually  3.     Pod  short,  splitting  into  3  or  6  valves. 

7.  Sti-lliirin.     Petals  2-cleft  or  none.    Styles  usually  3      Pod  short,  splitting  to  the  base. 

8.  Ilolosteiiiii.     Petiils  denticulate  or  notched  at  the  end.     Styles  usually  3.     Pod  open- 

ing at  the  apex  by  0  tci-th.     Seeds  fi.xeil  by  their  face. 

9.  CcMiMl  iiiiu.     Petals  notched  at  the  end  or  2-clift.     Styles  5  or  4  (as  many  as  the  petals). 

Po«l  usually  elongated,  opening  at  the  ai)ex  by  10  or  8  teeth.    Seeds  fixed  edgewise. 

•  *  Styles  alternate  with  the  sepals  :  stamens  as  many  as  they,  sometimes  twice  as  many. 
10.    Sngiiia.     Petals  4  or  5,  undivided,  or  none.    Styles  4  or  5.     Pod  4- 5-valved. 

Tribe  III.  ILLECEBUEiE.  Sepals  separate  or  more  or  less  united  below.  Petalt 
without  long  claws,  or  minute,  or  often  none,  inserted  under  the  sessile  ovary  or  on  the 
calyx.     Pod  1-celled  and  splitting  into  valves,  or  a  one-seeded  utricle.  —  I^eaves  with  dry. 


88  OAUYOrHYLLACK.E.       (I'lN'K    FAMILY.) 

scale-like  etipnlcs  (except  in  Sclerantlius),  tlic  uppermost  sometimes  alternate.     Flowers 
mostly  small. 

»  I'od  (capsule)  many-sei'deil.     Styhs  3-6.     Petals  usually  conspicuous. 

11.  Spergiilnrin.     Styles  3-5.     Leaves  opposite. 

12.  !!<|>ei'gula.     Styles  5.     Valves  of  the  po J  opposite  the  sepals.     Leaves  whorlcd. 

•  •  Potl  (utricle)  l-seeiled.    Styles  2,  often  united.     Petals  none  or  minute. 

13.  Aiiyt-Iiiii.     Sumieus  on  the  base  of  the  5  parted  awnless  caly.x.     Style  hai-dly  any. 

14.  Paroiij«l»ln.     Stamens  on  the  base  of  the  6-parted  calyx;  the  sepals  bristle-pointed. 

Stylo  1,  two-cleft  at  the  top. 

15.  Scleiiiiillkiis.    Stamens  borne  on  the  throat  of  the  indurated  5-cleft  and  pointless  calyx. 

Styles  2.    Stipules  none. 
Tribe  IV.     B10l.L.i;GlNE.E.     Stamens  alternalo  wilh  the  sepals  when  of  the  same 
number,  when  fewer  alternate  with  the  cells  of  the  3-celled  ovary.     Partitions  of  the  pod 
per.-istent  on  the  valves.     Leaves  not  truly  opposite,  otherwise  as  in  Tribe  IL 

16.  AIollu^o.     Petals  none.     Stamens  3 -5.     Stijjmas  3.     Pod  many-seeded. 

1.     DIANTHUS,    L.        Pimv.     Cakxation. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  nerved  or  striate,  5-toothcd,  subtended  by  2  or  more  imbri- 
cated bractiets.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Pod  1 -celled,  4-valved  at  tlie  ape.x. 
Seeds  fluttish  on  the  back:  embryo  scarcely  curved.  —  Ornamental  plants,  of 
■well-known  aspect  and  value  in  cultivation.  (Name  from  Aior,  nfjuiiiter,  and 
av6os,  flower,  i.  c.  Jove's  own  flower.)  Two  insignificant  annual  species  are 
rarely  sjiontancous. 

1.  D.  Armkria,  L.  (Deptford  Pink.)  Flowers  in  close  clusters  ;  bract- 
lets  of  the  calyx  and  bracts  lance-awl -form,  herbaceous,  downy,  as  long  as  the 
tube;  leaves  linear,  hani/ ;  petals  small,  rose-color  with  white  dots,  crcnate. — 
Fields,  &c.,  Virginia  to  E.  Massachusetts.     July.  —  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  D.  pkolifer,  L.  (Proliferous  Pi.nk.)  Smooth,  slender;  flowers 
clustered  ;  bractiets  ovate,  dry,  concealing  the  calyx ;  leaves  few,  narrow,  linear, 
erect;  petals  small,  pink. — Near  Philadelphia,  C.  E.  Smith.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.     SAPONARIA,     L.        Soapwort. 

Calyx  tubular,  terete,  nerveless,  ."i-toothed,  naked  at  the  base.  Stamens  10. 
Styles  2.  Pod  short-stalked,  1 -celled,  or  partly  2-celled  at  the  base,  4-toothed 
at  the  apex.  —  Flowers  clustered.  (Name  from  s(//;o,  soap,  the  mucilaginous 
juice  forming  a  lather  with  water.) 

1.  S.  officinXlis,  L.  (C0M.MON  Soapwort.  Bouncing  Bet.)  Clii.s- 
ters  corymbcd;  petals  crowned  with  an  appendage  at  the  top  of  the  claw; 
leaves  oval-laneeolatc.  —  Roadsides,  &c.  July  -  Sept.  —  A  stout  perennial, 
with  large  rose-colored  flowers,  commonly  double.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.     VACCARIA,     Medik.        Cow-Herb. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base,  ovoid-pyramidal,  5-anglcd,  5-toothed,  enlarged  and 
wing-angled  in  fruit.  Petals  not  crowned.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Pod  in- 
completely 4-celled  at  the  base.  —  A  smooth  annual,  with  pale  red  flowers  in 
corymbcd  cymes,  and  ovate-lanceolate  leaves.     (Name  from  vacca,  a  cow.) 

1.  V.  vulo.\ris,  Host.  (Saponaria  Vaccaria,  L.) — Escaped  from  gardens 
and  becoming  spontaneous  in  some  places.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


CARYOl'IIYI.LACL.i;.       (^I'lNK    lAMlLV.)  81) 

4.     SILENE,     L.         Catchflv.     Campion. 

Calyx  5-tootlKcl,  10- many-ncrvcd,  naked  at  the  base.  Stamens  10.  Styles 
3,  rarely  4.  Tod  1 -celled,  sometimes  S-eelled  at  least  at  the  liase,  ojieniny  liy  :i 
or  6  teeth  at  tiie  ape.x.  — Flowers  solitary  or  in  cymes.  IVtals  mostly  crowned 
with  a  scale  at  the  base  of  the  blade.  (Name  from  ataXov,  sdlira,  from  the 
viscid  exudation  on  the  stems  and  calyx  of  many  sj)ecies.  The  Eni^dish  name 
Catclifly  alludes  to  the  same  peculiarity.) 

*  Calyx  blodderlij-iiifluted :  perennial :  flowers  pan ided,  white,  in  summer. 

1.  S.  Stell^ta,  Ait.  (Starry  Campion.)  Leaves  in  whorls  of  A,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  taj)er-i)uinted  ;  caly.x  bell-shaped  ;  petals  cut  into  a  fringe,  crownlcss. 
(Cueubalus  stcllatus,  Z.) — Wooded  banks,  Rhode  Island  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southward.  —  Stem  3°  high,  with  a  large  and  open  pyramidal  panicle.  Co- 
rolla 5'  l)road. 

2.  S.  nivea,  DC.  Leaves  opposite,  lancrolate  or  ohlonrj,  taper-pointed  ;  calyx 
oblong- ;  petals  wedyeform,  2-clefl,  minutely  croivned.  —  Columbia,  Pennsylvania, 
to  Ohio  and  Illinois:  rare.  —  Stem  10-2°  high,  almost  smooth.  Flowers  few, 
larger  than  in  the  last. 

3.  S.  ixflXta,  Smith.  (Bladder  Campion.)  Glaucous;  haves  opposite, 
ovate-lanceolate ;  calyx  (/lobular,  much  inflated,  elegantly  veined;  petals  2-eleft, 
nearly  crownless.  —  Fields  and  roadsides,  E.  New  England  to  Pcnn.  —  A  foot 
high.     Flowers  loosely  cymose.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Calyx  elongated  or  club-shaped,  not  inflated  except  by  the  enlarging  pod:  flowers 
cymose  or  clustered :  perennial,  pubescent  xvith  viscid  hairs,  especially  the  calyx : 
petals  crowned,  rtd  or  rose-color. 

4.  S.  Pennsylvanica,  Michx.  (Wild  Pink.)  Stems  low  (4'- 8'  high)  ; 
root-leaves  narrowly  spatulate,  nearly  glabrous,  tapering  into  hairy  petioles ; 
stem-leaves  (2  or  3  ))airs)  lanceolate ;  floweis  cltisterid,  short-stalked  ;  calyx  elub- 
sha]ied  ;  petals  wedge-form,  sliijhlly  notched  and  erodid.  pinl:.  —  Gravelly  places, 
E.  New  England  to  PcnTi.,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     Ajiril -June. 

5.  S.  Virginica,  E.  (Fire  Pink.  Catciifi.y.)  Stems  slender  (1°- 
2°  high);  leaves  thin,  spatulate,  or  the  tipper  oblong-lanceolate;  floirers  fw  and 
loosely  cymose,  peduncled  ;  calyx  oblong  cylindrical,  soon  obconical  ;  petals  ol>- 
long,  2-clef},  deep  crimson;  the  limb  1'  long.  —  Open  woods,  W.  New  York 
(Dr.  Sartwell)  to  Illinois  and  southward.     June -Aug. 

fi.  S.  r6gia,  S'ims.  (RoTAi.  Catchfly.)  Stem  roughish,  erect  (3°-4° 
high);  leaves  thirkish,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  flowers  numerous,  short -sU diced,  in 
clusters,  forming  a  strict  ])anic]e ;  calyx  ovoid-club-shaped  in  fruit ;  jietals  sjxitn- 
late-lanceolate,  mostly  undivided,  deep  scarlet.  —  Prairies,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and 
southward.     .luly. 

7.  S.  rotundifolia,  Nutt.  (Rofnd  leaved  Catchfly.)  Viscid-hairy; 
stems  weak,  branched,  deiumbent  (2°  long)  ;  leaves  thin,  round,  abruptly  pointed. 
the  lower  obovate;  flowers  few,  loosely  cymose,  stalked  ;  calyx  elongated  ;  pit- 
nls  2-clefl  and  cut-toothed,  deep  scarlet.  —  Shaded  banks  of  the  Ohio,  and  in  Ken- 
tucky. June  -  Aug.  —  Leaves  and  flowers  large.  —  The  last  three  j»robably  run 
together.  L  &  M— 24 


90  CARYOniYLLACK.K.       (iMNK    FAMILY.) 

«  •  *  Cali/x  not  inflated,  except  bi/  the  enlarfjinff  pod :  amuials. 
t-   Glabrous,  a  portion  of  each  joint  of  the  stem  (fhitinons  :  flowers  pink. 

8.  S.  Armkria,  L.  (Swki;t-Wii,liam  Catcih-ly.)  Glaucous ; /«(ws  ocnte- 
liinccolalc ;  ilowors  in  Hat  cymes,  ojk'II  in  suiisliiiic  ;  cuti/x  chihsluipid ;  petals 
notched,  crowned  witli  awl-shaped  scales.  —  Escaped  IVoui  yaidcus  :  rare.  (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

9.  S.  antirrhina,  L.  (Si.kkpy  C.)  Stem  slender  (8'- 30' hi-h)  ;/< am 
lanceolate  or  linmr;  ilowers  small,  paniculate;  calyx  ovoid;  petals  obeordate, 
crowned,  opening  transiently  in  sunshine.  — Dry  soil :  co'himon  in  waste  places. 
June  -  Sept. 

-<-■»-  Viscid-pubescent:  flowers  tvhite  or  veorli/  so,  openinrj  at  r,ir/hl,  sweet-scented. 

10.  S,  NOCTi'uNA,  L.  (Night  C.)  Leaves  short,  the  lower  spatulatc,  the 
upper  linear ;  flowers  small,  altei-nate  in  a  \  sided  spike ;  petals  2-parted.  —  Intro- 
duced sparingly  in  Pennsylvania,  according  to  Schweinitz.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

11.  S.  noctifl6ra,  L.  (NiGiiT-FLOWiiRiNG  C.)  Viscid-hairi/,  tall  (1°- 
8°  high) ;  lower  leaves  large  and  spatulatc;  the  upper  lanceolate  ;  y?oirersye«', 
peduncled ;  calyx-tube  elongated  (over  1'  long),  soon  ovoid,  with  awl-shaped 
teeth  ;  petals  rather  large,  2-parted,  crowned.  —  Cultivated  grounds.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

*  *  *  *  Dwarf  t lifted,  smooth,  perennial :  flowcrinrj  s/ioots  Ifloweied. 

12.  S.  acaulis,  L.  (Moss  Campion.)  Tufted  like  a  mo.ss  (1'- 2' high), 
leaves  linear,  crowded  ;  flowers  almost  sessile,  or  rarely  on  a  naked  peduncle  ; 
petals  purple  or  rarely  white,  notched  or  entire,  crowned.  —  Alpine  summits 
of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire.     July.     (Eu.) 

5.     LYCHNIS,     Tourn.        Lychnis.     Cockle. 

Styles  5,  rarely  4  ;  and  pod  opening  by  as  many  or  twice  as  many  teeth  :  other- 
wise nearly  as  in  Silene.  Calyx  in  one  species  with  leaf-like  lobes.  (Ancient 
Greek  name  for  a  scarlet  or  flame-colored  species,  from  Xvxvos,  a  liflit  or  lamp. ) 

1.  L.  vespektIna,  Sibth.  (Evening  L.)  Biennial,  usually  dioecious, 
viscid  pubescent,  in  foliage,  &c.,  like  Silene  noctiflora  ;  but  .5  styles  ;  calyx  much 
shorter,  the  fertile  enlarging  and  broadly  ovoid  in  fruit,  with  lance-linear  teeth  ; 
flowers  white  or  pinkish,  opening  at  evening.  (L.  dioica,  L.  in  part.)  —  Cult. 
or  waste  grounds  :  scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  L.  GituXgo,  Lam.  (Corn  Cockle.)  Annual,  clothed  with  long 
soft  appressed  hairs  ;  flowers  long-])eduncled  ;  calyx-lobes  similar  to  the  lorn/  and 
linear  leaves,  surpassing  the  broad  and  crownless  purple-red  petals,  falling  otf  in 
fruit.  (Agrosteinma  Githago,  L.,  &  cd.  2.)  — A  weed  in  wheat-fields,  too 
common,  the  black  seeds  of  Cockle  being  injurious  to  the  appearance  of  the 
flour.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.     ARENARIA,    L.        Sandwort. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire,  sometimes  barely  notched,  rarely  wanting.  Sta- 
mens 10.  Styles  3,  rarely  more  or  fewer,  opposite  as  many  sepals.  Pod  short, 
splitting  into  as  many  or  twice  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles,  few -many- 


CARYOl'HYLLACK^.       (PIXK    lAMILY.)  91 

seeded. —Low,  usually  tufted  herbs,  with  sessile  exstipulatc  leaves  nnd  small 
white  flowers.  (Nauie  from  arena,  sand,  in  which  numy  of  the  species  grow.) 
—  The  lollowiiij,'  seetious  are  liy  many  botani.sts  taken  lor  genera,  as  they  were 
in  the  former  edition. 

§  1.  AUENAIIIA  ])roper.  Pwl  spllltlng  whol/i/  or  part-waj  down  into  .3  or  at 
kmjth  into  6  vulccs:  seeds  nuini/,  uukecl  at  the  hiitini. 
1.  A.  SKRi'YLLiFoi.iA,  L.  ( Til YMiM.iCAVED  SANDWORT.)  Diffusely 
branched,  roughish  (2'-G'  hi-h)  ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  snnill ;  cymis  leafy; 
sepals  lanceolate,  pointed,  3- "j-nerved,  about  as  long  as  the  ])etals  and  the  6- 
toothed  pod. — A  low  annual,  in  sandy  waste  places.  June -Aug.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 
§2.    ALSINE,  (Touni.)   Wahl.     Pod  splittimj  to  the  hase  into  3  entire  valves: 

seeds  many,  usiiallij  rotujlt,  noLtd  at  the  hilum:  Jluwers  solilanj  and  terminal  or 

ci/mose:  root  in  our  species  perennial. 

#  Leaves  small,  riijid,  aid-shaped  or  bristle-shaped. 

2.  A.  squarrdsa,  Michx.  (Pine-barren  S.)  Densely  tufted  from  a 
deep  perpendicular  root;  kace.s  clost-lj/  imbricated,  but  spreading,  awl-stiajied, 
short,  channelltd;  branches  naked  and  minutely  glandular  above,  several-flow- 
ered;  s'pals  obtuse,  ovate,  shorter  than  the  pod.  (Alsine,  cd.  2.) — In  pure 
sand,  S.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  .southward  along  the  coast     May- July. 

3.  A.  Stricta,  ilichx.  Erect,  or  usually  ditfnsely  spreading  from  a  small 
root,  smooth  ;  leaves  slendei;  bcticeen  aivl-shaped  and  bristle-form,  with  many  others 
clustered  in  the  axils ;  cyme  diffuse,  naked,  many-flowered ;  sepals  pointed,  3- 
libbed,  ovate,  as  long  as  the  pod.  (Alsine  Michauxii,  Fenzl.)  — Rocks  and  dry 
wooded  banks,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  July.  —  The  specific 
name  is  a  bad  one,  as  there  is  nothing  strict  about  the  plant. 

*  *  Leaves  soft  and  herbaceous,  filiform-linear :  petals  refuse  or  notched. 

4.  A.  p^tula,  Michx.  Diffusely  branched  from  the  slender  root ;  stems 
filiform  (G'-IO'  long)  ;  branches  of  the  cyme  diverging;  peduncles  long;  seimls 
lancmlate,  acumimite,  S-a-nerrrd.  (Alsine,  cd.  2.)  —  Cliffs  of  Kentucky  River, 
mountains  of  'Western  ^'irginia,  and  southward. 

5.  A.  Groenlandica,  Spreng.  (Mountain  S.)  Densely  tufted  from 
slender  roots,  smooth;  flowering  stems  filiform,  erect  (2' -4' high),  few-flow- 
ered; sepals  o'llorifj,  o''tM.'e,  nerveless.  (Stellaria  Gra-nlandica,  Relz.  Alsine,  ed. 
2.)  —  Summit  of  the  Shawangunk,  Catskill,  and  Adirondack  Mountains,  New 
York,  of  all  the  higher  mountains  of  New  England,  and  northward;  alpine  or 
sid)alpine.  At  Bath,  Maine,  on  river-banks  near  the  sea.  June  -  Aug.  — 
Leaves  and  peduncles  3" -6"  long;  flowers  large  in  proportion. 

A.  GL\nRA,  Michx.,  of  the  mountain-tops  in  Carolina,  may  occur  on  those  of 
Virginia,  and  is  jjcrhaps  a  large  form  of  the  above. 

§  3.    MCEIIRfXGL\,  L.     Parts  of  th'-  flower  sometimes  in  fours:  pod  as  in  §  1, 

but  the  i/ouni/ ovari/ 3-celled :  .leeds  rather  fetv,  smooth  and  with  a  ihickisk  ap- 

pcndaije  (sirophiole)  at  the  hilum:  perennials,  ivith  Jlaccid  broadis/i  leaves. 

G.    A.  Iaterifl6ra,  L.      Sparingly  branched,  erect,  minutely  pubescent; 

leaves  oval  or  oblong  obtuse  (J'  -  1'  long) ;  peduncles  2-  (rarely  3  -4-)  flowered, 


92  CAUTOPHTLLACE.E.       (piNK    FAMILY.) 

soon  bcconiijig  lateral;  sepals  olflon-j:,  obtuse.  —  Gravelly  shores,  &c.,  Rhode 
Island  to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     May,  June.     (Eu.) 
§  4.   AMMADENIA,  Gniclin.  (Honke'nya,  EMi.)     Pod  fleshy,  sjilKtinrj  into  as 
many  calces  as  there  are  styles  (3,  mrely  4  or  5) ;  the  ovary  more  or  less  3  -  (5-) 
celled:  seeds  few,  smooth,  short-btaktd  at  the  naked  hilum :  disk  under  the  ovary 
more  piominenl  than  usual,  ylundnlar,  lO-lohed ;  floicers  almost  sessile  in  the  axi/s 
of  fleshy  leaves,  sometimes  dioecious  or  jwlyfjamous  :  root  perennial. 
7.   A.  peploides,  L.    Stems  (simple  or  forkin^^  from  long  rootstocks,  6'- 
10' high)  and  uvato  i)artly-clasping  leaves  (8"- 10"  long)  very  fleshy,     (llon- 
kenya  peploides,  Khrh.,  cd  2.)  —  Sands  of  the  sea-shore.  New  Jersey  to  Maine 
and  northward.     June.     (Eu.) 

7.    STELLARIA,    L.        Ciiickwked.     Starwoht. 

Sepals  4 -5.  Petals  4  -  5,  deeply  2-cleft,  sometimes  none.  Stamens  8,  10, 
or  fewer.  Styles  3,  rarely  4  or  5,  opposite  as  many  sepals.  Pod  ovoid,  1-cclled, 
opening  by  twice  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles,  several -many-seeded. 
Seeds  naked. — Flowers  (white)  solitary  or  eymose,  terminal,  or  appearing 
lateral  by  the  prolongation  of  the  stem  from  the  upper  axils.  (Name  from 
Stella,  a  star,  in  allusion  to  the  star-shaped  flowers.) 

*  Stems  spreading,  flaccid,  marked  lonfjitudiniilly  icith  one  or  two  pubescent  lines  : 

leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  i'  -  2^'  long. 

1.  S.  sii:DiA,  Smith.  (Co.mmos  Ciiickweed  )  Annual  or  nearly  so; 
lower  leaves  on  hairy  petioles;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx,  2-parttd ;  stamens  3- 
10.  —  Everywhere  in  damp  grounds.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  ptlbera,  Miehx.  (Great  Ciuckweed.)  Root  perennial;  leaves 
all  sessile ;  jietah  longer  than  the  calyx,  deeply  2-clcft ;  stamens  10.  —  Shaded 
rocks,  Pennsylvania  to  Kentucky  and  southward.     May. 

*  *  Stems  erect  or  spreading  :  tcholly  glabrous  perennials,  with  sessile  and  narrow  or 

.  small  leaver :  stamens  usually  10,  perigynous. 
'     -t-  Scaly-bracted :  petals  2-parted,  eepialling  or  surpassing  the  calyx. 

3.  S.  longifdlia,  Mnhl.  (Long-leaved  Stitciiwort.)  Stem  erect, 
weak,  often  with  rough  angles  (8'- 18'  high);  leaves  linear,  acntish  at  both  ends, 
spreading ;  cymes  naked  and  at  length  lateral,  peduncled,  many-flowered,  the  slender 
pedicels  spreading ;  petals  2-parted,  longer  than  the  calyx ;  seeds  smooth.  — 
Grassy  places  :  common,  especially  northward.     June,  July.     (Eu.) 

4.  S.  Idngipes,  Goldie.  (Long-stalked  S.)  Shining  or  somewhat 
glaucous,  very  smooth ;  leaves  ascending,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute, 
broadest  at  the  base,  rather  rigid  ;  cyme  terminal,  few-flowered,  the  long  pedicels 
strictly  erect ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx ;  seeds  smooth.  —  Maine  to  Wiscon- 
sin :  rare,  common  farther  north.     (Eu.) 

5.  S.  Uligin6sa,  MniT.  (Swamp  S.)  Stems  weak,  decumbent  or  diffuse, 
at  length  prolonged,  leaving  the  naked  and  nsuaUy  sessile  cymes  lateral ;  Icavts 
lojiceolute  or  oblong,  veiny ;  petals  and  ripe  pods  as  long  as  the  calyx;  seeds  rough- 
ened. (S.  aquatica,  Pollich.)  —  Swamps  and  rills,  Pennsylvania  (Darlington, 
&.C.),  New  Hampshire  {Blake),  and  northward  iu  British  America.     (Eu.) 


CAROPIIYLL.VCK-E.       (PIXK    FAMILY.)  93 

■*-■*-  LcnfjjhTarted,  the  Jloirifs  terminal  or  in  the  forks  nfthe  stem  or  ofleafij  hrnnrh- 
es;  bravts  foUuaous  :  ]>eta!s  2-/)urtid,  small  or  (ifu-n  none :  stijle.i3-4  :  jiod lonr/er 
titan  the  ralij.r. 

C.  S.  crassifolia,  Klniiart.  Stems  diffuse  or  erect,  flaccid;  haves  rnlhir 
Jleshij,  varyiu,;-  I'rom  lim'ar-liiiK.'eolatc  to  oMonji-;  petals  lowjir  thun  the  califr,  or 
wanting';  seals  niijos(-roii(/hcni<l.  —  (An  ajietalous  4  -  G-aiidnms  statu  is  Sagina 
fontiualis,  Shoii  <J-  Peter.)  Springy  places,  E.  Kentucky  (Short),  Hingwood, 
Illinois  (Vaseif),  and  northward.     April -June.     (Eu.) 

".  S.  bore^is,  Bigclow.  (Noktiiern  S.)  Stems  erect  or  spreading, 
flaccid,  many  times  forked,  at  length  resolved  into  a  leafy  cyme;  leaves 
varying  from  broadly  lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong ;  petals  2  -  ."j,  shorter  than  the 
culi/x,  or  ojlencr  none ;  sepals  acute;  styles  usually  4  ;  seeds  smooth.  —  Shaded  or 
wet  places,  Rhode  Island  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.  June -Aug. — 
Var.  ALi'ESTKis  (S.  alpestris,  Fri(s,  S.  Fenzlii,  Rec/el)  has  the  later  flowers 
more  cymuse,  and  their  bracts  small  and  partly  scarious,  also  the  seeds  ob- 
scurely rcticidat.d  t)r  roughish.  —  Lake  Superior,  Dr.  Itobbins.     (Eu.) 

8.  S.  humiftisa,  llottbocll.  Spreading  or  c»-ee/«nr/ ;  stems  or  branches  (2' 
high)  1  -  ;3-flowcred ;  leaves  Jl(shi/,  ovate  or  oblong  (2" -.3"  long);  petals  a  little 
longer  than  the  cali/.r ;  seeds  smooth. — Northern  border  of  Maine  on  the  St. 
John's  (G.  L.  Goodale),  and  high  northward.     June.      (Eu.) 

8.     HOLOSTEUM,     L.        Jagged  Ciiicicweed. 

Sepals  .'5.  Petals  .5,  usually  jagged  or  denticulate  at  the  point.  Stamens  .3- 
5,  rarely  10.  Styles  mostly  3.  Pod  ovoid,  1 -celled,  many-seeded,  opening  at 
the  top  by  C  teeth.  Seeds  rough,  flattened  on  the  back,  attached  by  the  inner 
fiice.  • — Annuals  or  biennials,  with  several  (white)  flowers  in  an  umbel,  borne  on 
a  long  terminal  peduncle.  (Name  composed  of  oKos,  all,  and  dartov,  bone,  by 
antiphrasis,  these  plants  being  soft  and  tender.) 

1.  H.  iMnELE.XxnM,  L.  Leaves  oblong ;  peduncle  and  upper  part  of  the  stem 
glandular-pubescent ;  pedicels  refloxed  after  flowering.  —  Hills  around  Lancaster, 
Penn.,  Prof.  Porter,  and  Morris  Co.,  N.  Jersey,  C.  F.  Austin.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

9.     CERASTIUM,    L.        Mouse-ear  Chickweed. 

Sepals  5,  rarely  4.  I'ctais  as  many,  2-lol)cd  or  cleft,  rarely  entire.  Stamens 
twice  as  many,  or  (ewer.  Styles  tcjual  in  number  to  the  sepals  and  opposite 
them.  Pod  1 -celled,  usually  elongated,  membranaceous,  opening  at  the  apex 
by  twice  as  nniny  teeth  as  there  were  styhs,  many-seeded.  Seeds  rough.  — 
Flowers  white,  in  terminal  cymes.  (Name  from  Ktpas,  a  horn,  alluding  to  the 
shape  of  the  pods  in  many  species.) 

§  1.  Petals  2-chft  or  d>eordate:  parts  of  thejlower  in  fves:  pods  {except  in  Xo.  .'>) 
longer  than  the  calyx,  and  iisiiidli/  more  or  less  curved. 

1.  C.  vulo.\ti:m,  L.  (Mouse-ear  Ciiickweed.)  Annual,  hairy  and 
rather  clammy,  nearly  erect  (4' -9' high) ;  leaves  ovate  or  ol>ovat,- ;  bracts  herba- 
ceous; flowers  (small)  in  close  clusters  at  first;  pedicels  even  in  fruit  not  longer 
than  the  aciUe  sejitds ;  petals  shorter  than  the  caJi/x.  —  Grassy  places,  eastward  and 
southward  :  not  common.     May  -July.     (The  names  of  this  and  the  next  were 


94  OAnYoriiYi.i,ACF.,F..     (pixk  family.) 

transposed  by  Linnteus,  and  by  continental  botanists  ever  since.)  —  Stamens 
often  .■).  —  The  var.  ?  skmidkcandrum,  wliich  lias  more  Icnythtw d fruit-liearing 
peclictis,  is  here  hardly  met  witli.     (Nat.  from  Kii.) 

2.  C.  VISCOSUM,  h.  (L.u:(.;i;u  INI.)  1\ ivimial ;  stems  clammy-hairy, 
spreading  (6'  -  l;")'  loii^) ;  /•  aci-s  ohlmij :  upper  bracts  scarious-margined  ;  flowers 
at  first  clustered,  the  fruiting />:(//c<7a  longer,  the  earlier  ones  mostly  much  loixjcr 
than  t/ic  oltnsf.  atji'i/.i ;  jictals  cqmilling  the  calyx.  —  Fields  and  copses  :  common, 
periiaps  iiidiuenous  to  tlic  country.     May- July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  C.  nutans,  Haf  Annual,  very  clammy-pubescent;  stems  erect,  slen- 
der, grooved,  difl'usely  branched  (G'-20'  high);  cyme  loose  and  open,  many- 
flowered;  leaves  oblumj-lanctolate,  acute,  the  lowest  spatulate ;  peduncles  mostly 
elongated ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx ;  pods  nodding  on  the  stalks,  curved  up- 
wards, thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Moist  places,  Vermont  to  Minnesota  and 
southward.  May -July.  —  Var.  uRACiiVroDU.M,  Engelm.,  W.  Illinois  and 
southwcstward,  has  pedicels  shorter  tluin  the  pods. 

4.  C.  Oblongifblium,  Torr.  Perennial;  stems  ascending,  villous  (G'- 
\2' \\\^h),  niiiny-jlowtrtd ;  Uuvcs  oliloug-lanceolate  and  ovate;  peduncles  clammy- 
hairy  ;  petals  (2-lobed)  and  ripe  puds  about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Kocky 
places,  New  York  to  N.  Virginia  and  Illinois:  rare.  May -July.  —  Stouter 
and  larger  flowered  than  the  following  species. 

5.  C.  arvense,  L.  (Field  Cuickwked.)  Perennial;  stems  ascending 
or  erect,  tufted,  downy,  slender  (4'- 8'  high),  naked  and /no -several-flowered  at 
the  summit;  I  aves  linear;  petals  obcordate,  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx  ;  pods  scarcity  longer  than  the  calyx.  Dry  or  rocky  places,  New  England 
to  Wisconsin  and  northward.     May -July.     (Eu.)  * 

§  2.  MCENCHI  A,  Ehrhart.     Petals  jntirc  or  merely  retu.ie :  the  j>arls  of  the  /lower 
commonly  in  fours :  pod  orate,  not  longer  than  the  calyx. 

6.  C.  QiATEKXELLUM,  Fcuzl.  Smooth  and  glaucous  annual ;  stem  simple, 
erect  (2' -4'  high),  1-2-flowered;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  ;  |ietals  not  exceed- 
ing the  calyx  ;  stamens  4.     (Sagina  erecta,  L.     Mcenchia  quaternella,  Ehrh.) 

—  Near  Baltimore,  in  dry  ground.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

10.     SAGINA,    L.        Peaulwort. 

Sepals  4  or  5.  Petals  4  or  5,  undivided,  or  often  none.  Stamens  as  many 
as  tiie  sepals,  rarely  twice  their  number.  Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  al- 
ternate with  them.  Pod  many-seeded,  4-.5-valvcd  to  the  base;  valves  opposite 
the  sepals.  —  Little,  matted  lierlis,  with  thread-like  or  awl-shaped  leaves,  no 
stipules,  and  small  flowers  terminating  the  stems  or  branches ;  in  siunmer. 
(Name  from  sagina,  fsxttcning  ;  of  dubious  application.) 

*  Parts  of  the  flower  in  fours,  rarely  tcith  some  few  in  fives. 

1-  S.  prociimbens,  E.  Perennial,  de/n-esxrd  or  spreading  on  the  ground, 
plalirous;  leaves  lincar-thread-shaped  ;  apex  of  the  peduncle  often  booked  soon 
after  flowering;  petals  shorter  than  thf  broadly  ovate  obtuse  sr/nrls,  sometimes  none. 

—  Springy  places  and  damp  rocks,  coast  of  Maine  to  Pennsylvania.     (Eu.) 
2.    S.  ap6tala,  E.     J7»nw/,e/-f>rf,  with  more  slender  leaves,  narrower  sepals, 

and  petals  none  or  ol)solete.  —  Dry  soil,  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois: 
scarce,  seemingly  native  ?     (Eu.) 


CAUYOPUYLLAClC^li.       (I'lNK    FAMILY.;  95 

*  *  Parts  of  the  flower  infivcx,  the  stamens  not  rnn/i/  10. 

3.  S.  subul^ta,  Wiininer.  Perennial  (or  apparently  annual),  asccndin};; 
the  peduiuli's  anil  calyx  with  the  margins  of  the  upper  lcave.s  at  flrst  (/liui(liil<ir- 
ptiU'.srciil ;  leaves  siiort,  often  hristly-tippcd,  not  faseieled  in  the  a.xils;  pedniieles 
slender;  jieta/s  eqnalliiuj  or  shoiter  than  the  cdyjc  (S.  Klliottii,  Fetizl.), — or  in 
var.  SMfrmi,  a  .slender  form,  seemingly  annual,  ajietalous,  at  least  in  the  later 
flowers.  —  Near  I'iiiladelphia,  in  waste  j;;round,  and  sandy  fields,  &c.,  Sonicrs' 
I'uint,  New  Jersey,  V.  E  Smith.  —  This  form  has  the  aspeet  of  No.  2.  Seeds 
niitiutily  roufihened.     (Perhaps  nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  S.  nod6sa,  Fenzl.  I'erennial,  tufted,  glabrous,  or  glandular  ahove : 
stems  asceniling  (3' -5'  high;  lower  leaves  thread-ibrm,  the  upper  short  and 
awl-shapeil,  with  minute  ones  yo.sc/c/t'c/ ('« //iCfV  a.r(7s  so  that  the  brandihts  a/ijiear 
kiiotti/ ;  petals  much  lonifcr  than  the  cali/r.  (Spergula  nodosa,  L.)  —  Wet  sandy 
soil,  along  the  coast  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  also  Lake  Superior,  and  north- 
ward.    (Eu.) 

11.    SPERGULARIA,    Pcrs.        Saxd-Spurret. 

Sepals  .').  Petals  5,  entire.  SUuncns  2  - 10.  Styles  and  valves  of  the  many- 
seeded  jtod  ."3,  very  rarely  .5,  w  hen  the  valves  alternate  with  the  sepals !  Em- 
bryo not  coiled  into  a  complete  ring. — Low  herbs,  mostly  on  or  near  the  sea- 
coast,  with  liliform  or  linear  somewhat  fleshy  opposite  leaves,  and  smaller  ones 
often  clustered  ill  the  axils  :  stipules  scaly-membranaccous  :  flowering  all  sum- 
mer. (Name  altered  from  .S'/(f7Y/(//«.) — Genus  also  known  under  the  name  of 
LnrfGOxuM,  Fries.  Our  species,  which  perhaps  run  together,  are  here  arranged 
in  view*  of  Kindberg's  monograph,  but  with  some  reduction.  They  are  all 
annuals  and  subiicrennials. 

1.  S.  rilbra,  Presl.,  var.  camp^Stris.  Nearly  glabrous,  except  the  snm"- 
mit  of  the  prostrate  slender  stems,  peduncles,  and  sepals,  which  are  usually  gland- 
ular-pubescent; leaves  filiform  ;  stipules  triangulai--awl-shaped  ;  ;>orfs  and  pink- 
red  corolla  small  (2"),  hardlj  (quaUiiuj  or  exceeding  the  calyx;  seeds  rough  with  pro- 
jfctlnq  jioints,  seini-obovate  or  giUious-iredge-shaped,  ivingless.  —  Sandy  or  gravelly 
dry  soil.  New  England  to  Virginia  along  and  near  the  coast,  but  rarely  mari- 
time.    (Eu.) 

2.  S.  sallna,  Presl.  Larger  and  more  decidedly  fleshy  than  the  jircccding, 
with  ovate  stiiiules,  and  peduncles  rarely  longer  than  the  pod,  which  is  longer 
than  the  calg.r  (.'S"  long)  ;  jietals  jiale  ;  seed^  ohovate-roundcd  and  roughened  with 
points,  wingless  or  narrow-winged. — Brackish  sands,  &c.,  coast  of  New  Eng- 
land to  Virginia  and  southward.     (Eu.) 

3.  S.  m6dia,  Presl.  Distinguished  from  the  last  mainly  by  the  snm>lh 
srtds,  either  winged  or  wingless;  peduncles  c(iualling  or  exceeding  the  pod, 
which  is  2"  or  3"  long,  and  a  little  exceeds  the  c<di/x.  (Le])igonnm  medium.  Fries. 
L.  leiospermum,  Kindlirrg.)  —  Salt  marshes  and  .sands,  with  the  last.     (Eu.) 

Var.  macroc^rpa.  (S.  macrocarpa,  Prexl.  Lepigonum  mariuum.  Fries.) 
Eoot  more  woody  and  |ierennial  ;  potl  ^y  -  5"  \on>x,  surpassing  the  valgx ;  seeds 
also  larger,  rounded,  broadly  winged,  or  a  few  wingless.  —  Sea-beaches,  rare 
northward.     (Eu.) 


OG  CAnYoniYi.L  vcE.K.     (pink   family.) 

12.     SPERGULA,    L.        Spurret. 

Stamens  5  or  10.  Styles  5.  'Vlw  5  valves  of  the-  pod  opposite  the  sepals. 
Embryo  s])irally  annular.  Leaves  in  whorls.  Otherwise  as  in  Spergulari;u 
(Name  from  sjicmjo,  to  scatter,  from  tlic  seeds.) 

I.  S.  ARVESSis,  L.  (Corn  Sitrkcy.)  Annual;  leaves  numerous  in  the 
whorls,  thread-shaped  (1'  -2'  long) ;  stii)ules  minute;  flowers  white,  in  a  stalked 
panieled  cyme;  seeds  rough.  —  Grain-fields.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

13.     ANYCHIA,     Miehx.        Forked  Ciiickweed. 

Sepals  .'),  scarcely  concave,  indistinctly  mucronate  on  the  back,  greenish. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  2-3,  rarely  5.  Stigmas  2,  sessile.  Utricle  1-seeded, 
larger  than  the  calyx.  Radicle  turned  downwards.  —  Small,  many  times  forked 
annuals,  with  small  stipules,  and  minute  flowers  in  the  forks,  produced  all  sum- 
mer.    (Same  derivation  as  the  next  genus.) 

1.  A.  dicll6tonia,  Michx.  Erect  or  spreading;  leaves  varying  from 
lanceolate  to  elliptical,  somewhat  petioled.  Varies  much  ;  in  woods  or  rich  soil 
being  very  smooth,  erect  (fi'-  10'  high)  and  capillary,  with  long  joints,  the  leaves 
broader  and  thinner  (.'3"-  10"  long),  and  the  flowers  more  stalked  (A.  capillacea, 
Niitt.  and  Queria  Canadensis  L.)  :  in  sterile  or  parched  soil  it  is  pubescent,  low 
and  spreading,  sliort-jointcd,  narrower-leaved,  and  the  flowers  nearly  sessile  and 
more  clustered  (A.  dichotoma,  DC).     Common  throughout. 

14.     PARONYCHIA,     Tourn.         Whitlow-wort. 

Sepals  5,  linear  or  oblong  concave,  awned  at  the  apex.  Petals  bristle-form, 
or  minute  teeth,  or  none.  Stamens  .5.  Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Utricle  1- 
seeded,  enclosed  in  the  calyx.  Radicle  ascending.  —  Tufted  herbs,  with  dry  and 
silvery  stipules,  and  clustered  flowers.  (Greek  name  for  a  whil/otr,  and  for  a 
plant  thought  to  cure  it.) 

1.  P.  argyrdeoma,  Nutt.  Forming  broad  tufts,  branched,  spreadinfj ; 
leaves  linr(ir ;  Jloirns  dtiisc/i/  clustered,  surrounded  by  conspicuous  larrfe  silverif 
bracts;  caly.x  hairy,  sbort-awned ;  petals  mere  teeth  between  the  stamens. 
1|.  — Slides  in  the  Notch  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  bare 
summits  above.     Alleghany  Mountains  from  Virginia  southward.     July. 

2.  P.  dich6toma,  Nutt.  Smooth,  tufted  ;  stems  (6'-12' high)  oscenrf/n^f 
from  a  rather  woody  base;  leaves  and  bracts  awl-slin jied ;  cipnes  open,  mamj-times 
forked;  sepals  short-pointed;  minute  bristles  in  ])lace  of  petals,  y. — Rocks, 
Harper's  Ferry,  Virginia,  and  south  westward.     July -Sept. 

15.     SCLERANTHUS,     L.        Knawel. 

Sepals  .5,  united  below  in  an  indurated  cup,  enclosing  the  1-seeded  utricle. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  10  or  .5.  Styles  2,  distinct.  —  Homely  little  weeds,  with 
awl-shaped  leaves,  obscure  greenish  clustered  flowers,  and  no  stipules.  (Name 
from  <tk\j)P(')^,  hard,  and  tivBos,  flover,  from  the  hardened  calyx-tube.) 

1.  S.  AxMTs,  L.  Miu'h  branched,  spreading  (.3' -.5' high) ;  flowers  sessile 
in  the  forks;  calyx-lobes  scarcely  margined.  —  Waste  places.     (Nat  from  Ya\.] 


rORTrLACACF.K.       (pURSLANE    FAMILY.)  97 

16.     MOLLUGO,    L.    Ixdiax-Chickwekd. 

Sepals  5,  wliitc  inside.  Petals  none.  Stamens  hypojrynous,  5  and  nlternato 
with  the  sepals,  or  .3  and  alternate  with  the  3  cells  of  the  ovary.  Stij^inas  3. 
Pod  3-celkd,  3-valved,  loenlieidal,  the  partitions  breaking  away  from  the  many- 
seeded  axis.  —  Low  homely  annuals,  nuieh  branched  ;  the  stii)ules  obsolete. 
(An  o!il  L;uin  name  for  some  soft  plant.) 

1.  M.  verticill^ta,  h.  (Caki'i;t-\vki;d.)  Prostrate,  forming  patches; 
leaves  spatulate,  clustered  in  whorls  at  the  joints,  Avhere  the  1-Howered  peditcls 
form  a  sort  of  sessile  uml)cl ;  stamens  usually  3.  —  Saudy  river-banks,  and  cul- 
tivated grounds.     June-  Sept.     (An  immigrant  from  farther  south.) 

Ordeu  19.     PORTUIiACACE^E.      (Purslane  Family.) 

Herbs,  tfilh  succulent  leaves,  and  regular  hut  unsymmelrical  Jlowera  ;  viz., 
sepals  usualli/  fewer  than  the  petals  :  the  siaviens  opposite  the  petals  when 
of  the  same  number,  but  of  en  indefinite:  otherwise  nearly  as  Chickweeds. 
—  Sepals  2,  rarely  3  or  5.  Petals  5,  or  sometimes  none.  Stamens  mostly 
5  -  20.  Styles  3-8,  united  below,  or  distinct,  stigmatic  along  the  inside. 
Pod  1  -  5-celled,  with  few  oi-  many  campylotropous  seeds  rising  on  stalks 
from  the  base,  or  from  a  central  placenta.  Embryo  curved  around  mealy 
albumen.  —  Insipid  and  innocent  herbs,  with  entire  leaves.  Corolla  open- 
ing only  in  sunshine,  mostly  ej)hemeral,  then  shrivelling. 

*  ANOMALOrS  PORTULACACE.E.     Sepals  5,  bearing  the  stamens. 

1.  Sesn'vliini.     Pot;ils  none.    Stamens  5 -  60.     Pcxl  3 -S-cUed,  opening  across  by  a  lid. 

•  .  TRl'E  POIlTrLACACE.E.    Sepals  (2)  fewer  than  the  petals  :  pod  I -celled. 

2.  Pnrtiilaca.     Stamens  7     20,  on  the  partly  adherent  calyx      Pixl  open  in;:  by  a  lid. 

3.  Taliitiim.     Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  petjils,  hypopynous      Pod  manj'-seeded. 

4.  CInytoiiia.     Stamens  as  many  as  the  hypogyuous  petals,  and  attached  to  their  base. 

Pod  3  -  6-seeiled 

1 .    S  E  S  tr  V I  U  M ,    L.        Sea  PunsL.\xE. 

Calyx  5-p.nrtcd,  purplish  inside,  persistent,  free.  Petals  none.  Stamens  ,5 - 
CO,  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Styles  3-5,  separate.  Pod  3 -5-ccllcd,  many-seeded, 
circumscissile,  the  upper  part  falling  off  as  a  lid.  —  Prostrate  maritime  herbs, 
with  succulent  stems,  0]ipositc  leaves,  and  axillary  or  terminal  flowers.  (An 
Mncx]ilaincd  name.) 

1-  S.  Portulac^strum,  L.  Root  perennial;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong, 
flatfish;  flowers  sessile  or  short-pedunclcd ;  stamens  many.  —  Coast  of  New 
Jersey  and  .southward.     July  -  Sept. 

2.     PORTULACA,     Tourn.        PrnsLAXE. 

Calj-x  2  cleft;  the  tube  cohering  with  the  ovary  below.  Petals  .'5,  rarely  6, 
inserted  on  the  calyx  with  the  7 -20  stamens,  fugacious.  Stvle  mostlv3-8- 
partcd.  Pod  1 -celled,  globular,  many-seeded,  opening  transversely,  the  upper 
part  (with  the  upper  part  of  the  calyx)  separating  as  a  lid.  — Fleshy  annuals, 
with  mostly  scattered  leaves.  (.-Vn  old  Latin  name,  of  unknown  mc;ining.) 
GM— 5 


08  MALVACIi^.       (mallow    FAMILY.) 

1.  P.  OLERACEA,  L.  (CoMMON  PuRSLANE.)  Prostrate,  very  smooth; 
leaves  obovate  or  wedge-form  ;  flowers  sessile  (opening  only  in  sunny  morn- 
ings);  sepals  keeled;  petals  pale  yellow;  stamens  7-12;  style  deeply  5-G- 
partcd  ;  flower-biul  flat  and  acute.  —  Cultivated  and  waste  grounds  :  eommon. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

P.  RETUSA,  Engelm.,  closely  resembling  the  common  Purslane,  is  indigenous 
west  of  the  Mississippi. 

P.  grasdifl6ra,  with  terete  leaves  and  showy  flowers,  cult,  for  ornament, 
begins  to  be  spontaneous  around  gardens. 

3.    TALiNUM,    Adans.        Talinum. 

Sepals  2,  distinct  and  free,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  ephemeral.  Stamens  10- 
30.  Style  3-lobed  at  the  apex.  Pod  3-celled  at  the  base  when  young,  3-valved, 
with  many  seeds  on  a  globular  staMced  placenta.     (Derivation  obscure.) 

1.  T.  teretif61ium,  Pursh.  Leafy  stems  low,  tuberous  at  the  base; 
leaves  linear,  cylindrical;  peduncle  long  (3'-G')  and  naked,  bearing  an  open 
cyme  of  ])ink  flowers  (3'  broad);  stamens  15-20.  U — Serpentine  rocks, 
Westchester,  Pcnn.,  Falls  of  St.  Croix  River,  Wisconsin,  and  southward. 
June  -  Aug. 

4.    CLAYTONIA,    L.        Sprixg-Beaittt. 

Sepals  2,  ovate,  free,  persistent.  Stamens  .5,  adhering  to  the  short  claws  of 
the  petals.  Style  3-eleft  at  the  apex.  Pod  1-celled,  3-valved,  3- 6-seeded. — 
Our  two  species  are  perennials,  sending  up  simple  stems  in  early  spring  from  a 
small  deep  tuber,  bearing  a  pair  of  opposite  leaves,  and  a  loose  raceme  of  pretty 
flowers.  Corolla  rose-color  with  deeper  veins,  opening  for  more  than  one  day  ! 
(Named  in  honor  of  Dr.  John  C/ai/ton,  one  of  our  earliest  botanists,  who  con- 
tributed to  Oronovius  the  materials  for  the  Flora  Virginica.) 

1.  C.  Virginica,  L.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elongated  (3' -6' long).— 
Moist  open  woods  :  common,  especially  westward  and  southward. 

2.  C.  Caroliniina,  Micbx.  Leaves  .spatulate-oblong  or  oval-lanccolatc 
(l'-2'  long).  —  W.  New  Hampshire,  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward  along  the 
Alleghanies. 

OuDER  20.     MALVACEAE.     (Mallow  Family.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  altcrriale  stipulate  leaves  and  regular  /lowers,  the 
calyx  valcate  and  the  corolla  convolute  in  the  hud,  numerous  stameiis  mona- 
delphous  in  a  column,  which  w  united  at  the  base  icith  the  short  claws  of  the 
petals,  l-celled  anthers,  and  lidney-shapcd  seeds.  —  Sepals  5,  united  at  the 
base,  persistent,  often  involucellate  with  a  whorl  of  brartlets,  forminji  a 
sort  of  exterior  calyx.  Petals  5.  Anthers  kidney-shaped,  opening  along 
the  top.  Pistils  several,  with  the  ovaries  united  in  a  ring,  or  forming  a 
several-celled  pod.  Seeds  with  little  albumen  :  embryo  curved,  the  leafy 
cotyledons  variously  doubled  up.  —  Mucilaginous,  innocent  plants,  with 
tough  bark,  and  palmately-vcined  leaves.  Flowerstalks  with  a  joint, 
axillary. 


BIALVACKyK.       (mALLOW    FAMILY.)  9'J 

Tribe  I.     MA1.VE.*:.      Columns  of  stamens  anther  bearing  at  the  top.     Ovaries  and 

piuls  (carpels)  5-20  or  more,  closely  unitea  in  a  ring  around  a.  central  axis,  from  which 

they  separate  after  ripening. 
•  Stigmas  occupying  the  innt  r  face  of  the  styles  :  carpels  1-see.leJ,  falling  away  separately. 
1.    Alllin;a.     Involucel  of  0  to  U  bractleU. 
2     Miilva.     Involucel  of  3  bractlets.     Petals  obcorilate.     Carpels  rounded,  beakless. 

3.  Cullitrhoc.     Involucel  of  3  I)ractlet3  or  none.     Petals  truncate.     Carpels  beaked. 

4.  NniiDca.     Involucel  none.     Flowers  diujcious.     Stamens  few. 

*  »  Stigmas  terminal,  capiUte  :  carpels  I,-  few-seeded,  usually  dehiscent. 
5     ninlvastriiin.     Involucel  of  3  bractlets  or  none.    Seeds  solitary  in  the  cells,  ascending. 
C.    Sitlii.     Involucel  none.     Seed  solitary  in  tlie  cells,  pendulous. 
7.    Abuliloii.     Involucel  none.     Seeds  3  or  more  in  each  cell. 
8    Modiola.     Involucel  of  3  bractlets.     Seeds  2  in  each  cell,  and  with  a  transverse  partitioa 

between  tlieni. 
Tribe  II.     HIBISCE.15.     Column  of  stamens  anther-bearing  for  a  considerable  part  of 
its  length,  naked  and  S-toothed  at  the  very  apex.     Pod  mostly  Scelled,  loculicidal,  leaving 
scarcely  any  a.xis  in  the  centre  after  opening. 
9.    Kosteletzkyn.     Involucel  of  several  bractlets.     Pod  5-celled,  5-seeded. 
10.    Hibiscus.     Involucel  of  many  bractlets.     Pod  5-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.    ALTHiEA,    L.        Mausii-M.xllow. 

Calyx  surromuk'd  by  a  C-9-clet't  involucel.  Otherwise  as  in  Malva.  (Name 
from  (iXdio,  to  cure,  in  allusion  to  its  healing  properties.) 

1.  A.  offk'in.\lis,  L.  (Common  M.\ksh-Mallo\v.)  Stem  erect;  leaves 
ovate  or  sliohtly  heart-shaped,  toothed,  sometimes  .3-lol)ed,  velvety-downy :  pe- 
duncles axillary,  many  flowered.  —  Salt  marshes,  coast  of  New  England  and 
New  York.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  Flowers  pale  rose-color.  Perennial  root  thick, 
abounding  in  mucilage,  the  basis  of  the  Pates  de  Guimauve.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.     MALVA,     L.        Mallow. 

Calyx  with  a  3-leaved  involucel  at  the  base,  like  an  outer  calyx.  Petals  ob- 
cordatc.  Styles  numerous,  stigmatic  down  the  inner  side.  Fruit  depressed, 
separating  at  maturity  into  as  many  1 -seeded  and  indchiscent  round  kidney- 
shaped  blunt  carpels  as  there  are  styles.  Radicle  pointing  downwards.  (An 
old  I.atin  name,  from  fiaXa^^rj,  sof},  alluding  to  the  emollient  leaves.) 

1.  M.  HOTt:Ni)ii-t)i.iA,  L.  (CoM.MOX  Mallow.)  Slemx  pwnim'ieiif  from  a. 
di'cp  biennial  root ;  Unrcs  round-heart-shaped,  on  very  long  petioles,  erenatc, 
o!iscunli/-lobed ;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  whitish;  carpels  pid)esceiit, 
even.  —  Waysides  and  cultivated  grounds:  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  M.  svLVESTnis,  L.  (High  M.)  Biennial;  stem  erect,  branchefl  (2°-S° 
high)  ;  leaves  sharply  5-7-lobed;  petals  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  large, 
purple  and  rose-color;  carpels  wrinkled-veiny.  —  Waysides.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

.'5.  M.  CKfSPA.  (Curled  M.)  A  tall,  erect  annual,  with  roimd  and  angled 
toothed  and  cn's/ied  leares,  anil  small  sessile  flowers  crowded  in  the  axils,  —  spar- 
iii-ly  escaped  from  old  gardens.     (.\dv.  from  Eu.) 

4.  M.  .moscii\ta,  L.  (Mlsk  M.)  A  low  perennial;  with  t.\\c  stem-leaves  ^^^ 
/I'lrled,  and  tlie  divisions  once  or  twice  jxirted  or  clefl  into  linear  lobes,  faintly 
musky-scented,  tha  Jlowcrs  rose<olor  or  white  (1^' in  diameter)  on  short  pc- 


100  MALVACEAE.       (mALLOW    FAMILT). 

dunclcs  crowded  on  the  stem  and  branches,  the  fruit  downy :  lias  escaped  from 
gardens  to  waysides.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.  M.  AiAiiA,  L.,  with  the  sUm-ltcices  only  once  bpurtecl  or  di/l,  tlie  iohes 
incised,  hirgc  llowers  like  No.  4,  but  the  truit  smooth,  and  bractlets  of  tiie 
involuccl  ovate :  has  escaped  irom  gardens  iu  Chester  Co.,  Penn.  (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

3.    CAIiLIRRHOiJ,    Xutt.        C.\LLiRi!iioii;. 

Calyx  cither  naked  or  with  a  S-leavcd  involuccl  at  its  base.  Petals  wedge- 
shaped  and  truncate  (usually  red-purple).  Styles,  &c.  as  in  Malva.  Carpels 
10-20,  straightish,  with  a  short  empty  beak,  separated  within  from  the  1- 
seeded  cell  by  a  narrow  projection,  indehiscent  or  partly  2-valved.  Kadiclc 
pointing  downwards.  —  Flowers  perfect. 

1.  C.  triangulkta,  Gray.  Hairy-pubescent;  stems  nearly  erect  (2° 
high)  from  a  tuberous  root;  leaves  triangular  or  halbcrd-shapcd,  or  the  lowest 
ratlier  heart-shaped,  coar.sely  crenatc  ;  the  upper  incised  or3-5-cleft;  flowers 
panieled,  short-pedicelled  (purple)  ;  tnvolucel  as  long  as  the  culijx;  carpels  short- 
pointed,  crestless.  (Malva  triangulata,  Leavenworth.  M.  Houghtonii,  Torr.  ^ 
Gray.) — Dry  prairies,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  southward.     July. 

2.  C.  alcseoides,  Gray.  Strigose-pube.scent  ;  stems  slender  (1°  high) 
from  a  perennial  root;  lower  leaves  triangular-heart-shaped,  incised  ;  the  upper 
5-7-parted,  laciniate,  the  uppermost  divided  into  linear  segments;  flowers 
corymbose,  on  slender  peduncles  (rose-color  or  white);  involucel  none ;  carpels 
obtusely  beaked,  crested  and  strongly  itrinkled  on  the  back.  (Sida  alca;oides. 
Michx.)  — Barren  oak-lands,  S.  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

4.     NAPJEA,     Clayt.        Glade  Mallow. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base,  .5-toothed.  Petals  entire.  Flowers  dicecious ;  the 
staminate  flowers  destitute  of  pistils,  with  15-20  anthers;  the  fertile  with  a 
short  column  of  filaments  but  usually  no  anthers.  Styles  8-10,  stigmatic 
along  the  inside.  Fruit  depressed-globular,  separating  when  ripe  into  as  many 
kidney-shaped  1 -seeded  beakless  and  scarcely  dehiscent  carpels  as  there  are 
styles.  Radicle  pointing  downwards.  —  A  tall  and  ronghish  perennial  herb, 
with  very  large  9-11-parted  lower  leaves,  the  pointed  lobes  pinnatifid-cut  and 
toothed,  and  small  white  flowers  in  panieled  clustered  corymbs.  (Named  by 
Clayton  from  vanr),  a  wooded  valley  or  glade,  or,  poetically,  the  nymph  of 
the  groves.) 

1.  N.  di6ica,  L.  (Sida  dioica,  Car.) — Limestone  valleys,  Pcnn.  an.l 
Bouthward  to  the  Valley  of  Virginia,  west  to  Ohio  and  Illinois :  rare.     July. 

5.     MALVASTRUM,     Gray.         False  Malloav. 

Calyx  with  an  involuccl  of  2  or  3  bractlets,  or  none.  Petals  notched  at  the 
end  or  entire.  Styles  5  or  more  :  stigmas  capitate.  Carpels  as  in  Malva,  or 
else  as  in  Sida,  but  the  solitary  kidney-shaped  seed  ascending  and  the  radicle 
pointing  downwards,  as  in  the  former.  — Flowers  perfect.  (Name  altered  from 
Malva.) 


MALVACK.E.       (mAI.LOW    FAMILY.)  101 

1.  M.  angUStum,  Gray.  Slijihtly  hairy;  stem  erect  (6' -9' high)  from 
an  anniiiil  mot ;  loaves  iaiiff-oljlony  or  linear,  with  scattered  fine  callons  teeth; 
flowers  in  the  upper  axils,  on  peduncles  shorter  than  the  broadly  ovate-triangu- 
hir  sepals ;  bruetlets  and  stipules  setaceous;  petals  yellow,  scarcely  exceediii"- 
the  calyx;  carpels  5,  kidney-shaped,  with  smooth  sides,  at  length  2-valvcd. — 
Kock  Island  in  the  Mississippi,  Illinois,  Ewjelmun)},  Parn/.     Aug. 

2.  M.  eoccineum,  (Jray  (Sida  coccinea,  Pursh),  a  low  and  hoary 
])en-iniiai,  with  5 -parted  or  pedate  leaves,  and  short  spikes  or  racemes  of 
showy  pink-red  flowirs,  the  jjctals  very  much  lon,L;cr  than  the  calyx  ;  tiic  car- 
jjcls  10  or  more,  reticulated  on  the  sides  and  iiukhisccnt :  abounds  on  the 
plains  from  Iowa  and  iMinncsota  westward. 

6.    SIDA,    L.        Sida. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base,  5-cleft.  Petals  entire,  usually  oblique.  Styles  5  or 
more,  tipped  with  capitate  stigmas:  the  ripe  fruit  separating  into  as  many  1- 
seeded  carpels,  which  are  closed,  or  commonly  2-valved  at  the  top,  and  tardily 
separate  from  the  axis.  Seed  pendulous.  Embryo  abruptly  bent;  tlic  radicle 
pointing  upwards.  — Flowers  perfect.     (A  name  used  by  Theophrastus.) 

1.  S.  Napaea,  Cav.  Asmooth,  tall  (4° -10°  high)  perennial;  hares  5<lf/t, 
the  lobes  oblong  and  pointed,  toothed;  Jloarrs  {tclu'le)  umhcllate-corijmhal,  large; 
carpels  10,  jiointed.  (Napica  laivis  &  herniaphrodita,  L.)  —  Rocky  river-banks, 
Penn.,  York  Co.,  &c.,  PorUr.  Kanawha  Co.,  Virginia,  Rtv.  J.  M.  IJroicn. 
(Cultivated  in  old  gardens.) 

•2.  S.  Elliottii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  smooth,  erect  perennial  (l°-4°  hi|^h) ; 
leaves  linear,  serrate,  short-petioled  ;  peduncles  axillary,  1 -flowered,  short  ;^ow- 
ers  {ijellow)  rather  large;  carpi  Is  9-10,  sllfjhili/ and  abruptly  y.ointtd,  iorming  a 
depressed  fruit.  —  Sandy  soil,  S.  Virginia  and  southward.     May -Aug. 

3.  S.  spin6sa,  L.  Annual  weed,  minutely  and  softly  pubescent,  low  (10'- 
20'  high),  much  branched;  leaves  omle-lannolatc  or  ohloncj,  serrate,  rather  long- 
petioled  ;  peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered,  shorter  than  the  petiole  ;  Jioivtrs  {yelloir) 
small;  carpels  H,  combined  into  an  ovate  fruit,  cack  splitlimi  at  the  top  into  2 
licaks.  -:- A  little  tu])erele  at  the  base  of  the  leaves  on  the  stronger  plants  gives 
the  specific  name,  but  it  cannot  be  called  a  spine.  —  Waste  places:  common 
southward.      (Nat.  frimi  Trop.  Anier.  or  Afr.) 

7.     ABUTILON,     Tourn.        Indiax  Mallow. 

Carpels  2-9-scc(k'il,  at  length  2-valvpd.  Padicle  ascending  or  pointing  in- 
wards.    Otherwise  as  in  Sida.     (Name  of  unknown  origin.) 

1.  A.  AvicENX.E,  Gajrtn.  (Velvet-Leaf.)  Tall  annual  (4°  high) ;  leaves 
roundish-heart-shaped,  taper-pointed,  velvety ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaf- 
stalks;  corolla  yellow;  pods  12-15,  hairy,  beaked.  —  Waste  places,  escaped 
from  gardens.     (Adv.  from  India.) 

8.     MODIOLA,     Mocnch         MonioL.\. 

Calyx  with  a  3-lcaved  involucel.  Petals  obovate.  Stamens  10-20.  Stigmas 
capitate.     Carpels  1-1-20,  kidney-shaped,  pointed,  and  at  length  2-valved  at  the 


102  MALVACi:^.     (mai.low   family.) 

top;  the  cavity  tlivided  into  two  by  a  cross  partition,  witli  a  single  seed  in  each 
cell. — Ilmnble,  proeiunliLMit  or  creeping  annuals  or  biennials,  with  cut  leaves 
and  small  puqili.-li  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils.  (Name  from  modiolus,  the  broad 
and  depresseil  iVuit  resembling  in  shape  the  Koman  measure  of  tliat  name.) 

1.  M.  multiflda,  Maneh.  Hairy;  leaves  3 -S-cleft  and  incised  ;  stamens 
15 -2U;  t'luit  hispid  at  the  tup. — Low  grounds,  Virginia  and  southward. 

9.    KOSTELETZKYA,    Trcsl.        Kosteletzkva. 

Pod  depressed,  with  a  single  seed  in  each  cell.  Otherwise  as  Hibiscus. 
(Named  alter  T.  /•"'.  Koslvletzkij,  a  Bohemian  botanist.) 

1.  K.  Virginica,  Presl.  Koughish-hairy  j)crcnnial  (2°-4°high)  ;  leaves 
halberd-shaped  and  heart-shaped  ;  the  lower  3-lobed.  (Hibiscus  Virgiiiicus,  L.) 
—  Marshes  on  the  coast.  New  York  to  Virginia  and  southward.  ^\ug. —  Co- 
rolla 2'  wide,  rose-color.     Column  slender. 

10.     HIBISCUS,     L.        Eose-Mai.low. 

Calyx  involuc-cllatc  at  the  base  by  a  row  of  numerous  bn.ctlets,  5clcft.  Col- 
umn of  stamens  long,  bearing  anthers  for  much  of  its  length.  Styles  united : 
Btigmas  5,  capitate.  Fruit  a  5-celled  loculicidal  pod.  Seeds  several  or  many  iii 
each  cell.  — Herbs  or  shrubs,  usually  with  large  and  showy  flowers.  (An  old 
Greek  and  Latin  name  of  unknown  meaning.) 

*  Iiidifjcnoits,  tall  percnniuls  (4°  -  %°)  flowering  late  in  summer. 

1.  H.  Mosehetltos,  L.  (Swamp  Kosk-Mallow.)  Leaves ovtitf,  lointvd, 
toothed,  the  lower  3-lobed,  whitened  underneath  with  a  fine  soft  down,  glabrous 
or  shghtly  downy  beneath ;  the  l-flowered  peduncles  sometimes  united  at  the 
base  with  the  petioles;  calyx  not  inflated;  jiod  and  seeds  smooth  or  nearly  so. — 
Brackish  marshes  along  the  coast,  sometimes  extending  up  rivers  far  beyond 
\hc  influence  of  salt  water  (as  above  Harrisburg,  Pcnn.) :  also  Or.ondaga  Lake, 
N.  Y.,  and  westward,  usually  within  the  influence  of  salt  springs.  —  Corolla 
V  -6'  in  diameter,  light  ro.sc-eolor  or  white,  with  or  without  a  crimson  eye. 

2.  H.  grandifl6rUS,  Jliehx.  L( airs  soft-douni/ loth  sides,  the  hu-e'rhi-oad]y 
ovate  and  lieart-shnped ;  pod  vi  rij  hirsute ;  seeds  smooth  ;  —  otherwise  resembling 
the  last.  —  Illinois  (Lawrence  Co.,  Friicheij)  and  southward. 

3.  H.  milit^ris,  Cav.  (Halbeud-Leavkd  1{.)  Sii.ooth  throm/hovt ;  \owvr 
leaves  ovate-heart-shaped,  toothed,  3-lobcd ;  vpper  haves  halberel-funn,  the  short 
lateral  loi)es  spreading  at  the  base,  the  middle  one  jjiolongcd  and  tajjcr-pointed ; 
peduncles  slender ;/n(<</?i7  cnlyc  inflated;  s^ed^  hainj.  —  Kivcr-banks,  Penn.  to 
Illinois  and  southward.  —  Corolla  4'  -  5'  in  diameter,  flesh-color. 

*  «  Escaped  from  rjardens  or  (/rounels. 

4.  H.  TiuuxLM,  L.  (Bladder  Kktmia.)  A  low,  rather /w/V7/oh»!w/;  up- 
l)er  leaves  3-parted,  Avith  lanceolate  divisions,  the  middle  one  much  ihe  longest; 
fruiting  calijx  iiflated,  niemlnanaceous,  r^-winijul ;  corolla  sulphur-yellow  with  a 
blackish  eye,  ephemeral ;  hence  the  name  Fhwer-of-an-liour.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.  H.  SyrLvcus,  L.  (Siiruimjy  Altii.ea  of  the  gardeners.)  Tall  shrub, 
smooth;  leaves  wedge-ovate,  pointed,  cut-toothed  or  lobcd  ;  corolla  usually  rose- 
color.  —  Roadsides  and  copses,  Pennsylvania,  &c.     Sept.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


CAMKI.I.IACi:^.        (CAMKI.LI.V    FASIII.Y.)  l'^3 

Order  21.     TICIACE.13.     (Linokn  Family.) 

Treea  {rarely  herbs),  wkh  the  mucilaginous  properties,  fibrous  bark; 
valvate  calyx,  S;c.,  of  the  Mallow  Family;  but  the  sepals  deciduous,  petals 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  stamens  usually  polyadelphous,  and  the  anthers 
2-celled:  —  represented  in  Northern  regions  only  by  the  genus, 

1.    TILIA,    L.        LiNDKN.    Basswood. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  spatulate-oblong.  Stamens  numerous  :  filaments  coher- 
ing in  5  clusters  with  each  other  (in  European  species),  or  with  the  hasc  of  a 
spatulate  petal-like  body  plaied  opposite  each  of  the  real  petals.  I'istil  with  a 
5-eelled  ovary  and  2  half-ana Iro pons  ovules  in  each,  a  single  style,  and  a  5- 
toothed  stigma.  Fruit  a  sort  of  woody  globular  nut,  becoming  1-celled  and  1  - 
2-secded.  Embryo  with  a  taper  radicle,  and  a  pair  of  leaf-like  somewhat  heart- 
shaped  and  lobed  cotyledons,  which  arc  a  little  folded. — Fine  trees,  with  soft 
and  white  wood,  more  or  less  heart-shaped  and  serrate  leaves  (oblique  and  often 
truncate  at  the  base),  deciduous  stipules,  and  small  cymes  of  flowers,  hanging  on 
an  a.xillarv  peduncle  which  is  united  to  a  leaf-like  bract.  Flowers  crcam-coior, 
honey -bearing,  fragrant.     (The  classical  Latin  name  of  the  genus.) 

1.  T.  Americana,  L.  (Basswood.)  Leaves  green  and  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  thickish.  —  Rich  woods,  May,  June.  —  This  familiar  tree  is  rarely 
called  Lime-tree,  oficiicr  ]VIiile-wo(Kl,  commonly  Basswood;  the  name  (now  obso- 
lete in  England)  alluding  to  the  use  of  the  inner  bark  for  mats  and  cordage. 

Var.  pub6scens.  Leaves  softly  pubescent  underneath,  often  thin.  (T. 
pnbesccns,  ,1//.)  —  Common  from  Maryland  southward  and  westward. 

2.  T.  heterophylla,  Vent.  (White  Basswood.)  Leaves  larger, 
smooth  and  bri<;ht  green  above,  silvery-whitened  with  a  fine  down  underneath. 
(T.  alba,  Micltx.)  —  Mountains  of  Penn.  to  Kentucky  and  southwanl. 

T.  EuROpiA,  the  ErnopKAN  Linden,  which  is  planted  in  and  near  our 
cities  as  an  ornamental  tree,  is  at  once  distinguished  from  any  native  species  by 
the  absence  of  the  petal-like  scales  among  the  stamens.  This  tree  (the  Lin) 
gave  the  family  name  to-  Linmeus. 

Order  22.     CAITIELI.IACE.I:.*     (Camellia  Famfly.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  feather-veined  leaves,  and  no  stipules, 
the  regular  flowers  hyjiogynous  and  polyandrous,  the  sepals  and  petah  both 
imbricated  in  ceslivalion,  the  stamens  more  or  less  united  at  the  base  tcilh  each 
other  (jnonadelphnus  or  3-5-adelphous)  and  with  the  base  of  the  petals. — 
Anthers  2-eclled,  introrse.  Fruit  a  woody  3  -  5-celled  loeulieidal  pod. 
Seeds  few,  with  little  or  no  albumen.  Embryo  large,  with  broad  cotyle- 
dons. —  A  family  with  showy  (lowei-s,  the  types  of  which  are  the  well- 
known  Camellia  and  the  more  important  'J'ea  Plant,  —  represented 
in  this  country  by  the  two  following  genera. 

•  N)une  or  same  (late  a»TEUNSXK(EMIAC£iE,  and  preferable. 


1(^1  LINACK^.       (l-I.AX    FAMILY.) 

1.     STUARTIA,     Cntcshy.         SxrAKTTA. 

Sepals  5,  rarely  6,  ovate  or  laiKeolate.  I'etals  ."),  rari-ly  G,  obovate,  cronulntc. 
Stamens  nioiiadelphous  below.  I'oU  S-ccllcd.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  caeh  cell,  crus- 
taceous,  anatropoiis,  ascending.  Embryo  straight,  nearly  as  long  as  the  albu- 
men :  radicle  longer  than  the  cotyledons.  —  Shrubs  with  nieml)ranaceoiis  dccid- 
xious  oblong-ovate  serrulate  leaves,  soft-downy  beneath,  and  large  short-pedun- 
cled  lluwers  solitary  in  their  axils.     (Named  for  John  Stuart,  Lord  Bute.) 

1.  S.  Virginica,  Cav.  Petals  5  white  (I'long);  sepals  ovate;  .style  1; 
stigma  5-tootlied  ;  pod  globular,  blunt ;  seeds  not  margined.  (S.  Malachode'n- 
dron,  L.)  —  Woods,  Virginia  and  southward. 

S.  i'ENTi.GY\.\,  L'ller.,  with  cream-colored  (lowers,  .5  styles,  and  an  angled 
and  pointed  jwd,  may  be  found  in  tiie  Allegluinics  of  Southern  Virginia. 

2.     GORDONIA,     Ellis.        LonLOi,LY  Bay. 

Sepals  5,  rounded,  concave.  Petals  .t,  obovate.  Stamens  5-a(lclphous,  one 
cluster  adhering  to  the  base  of  each  petal.  Style  1.  Pod  ovoid,  5-valved  ;  the 
valves  separating  from  the  persistent  axis ;  cells  2  -  8-sceded.  Seeds  pendulous. 
Embryo  straightish,  with  a  short  radicle,  and  thin  longitudinally  plaited  cotyle- 
dons. —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  large  and  showy  white  flowers  on  axillary 
peduncles.  (Dedicated  by  Dr.  Garden  to  his  "old  master.  Dr.  James  Gordon  of 
Aberdeen,"  and  by  Ellis  to  a  London  nurseryman  of  the  same  name.) 

1.  G.  Lasianthus,  L.  (Loblolly  Bay.)  Leaves  coriaceous  and  per- 
sistent, lanceolate-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  minutely  serrate,  smooth  and 
shining ;  pod  pointed  ;  seeds  winged  above.  Swamps  near  the  coast.  Virginia 
and  southward.     May  -July.  —  Petals  U'  long. 

Ordfr  2.3.     lilNACEiE.     (Flax  Family.) 

Herhx  {rarely  shruhs)  icith  the  regular  and  symmetrical  hyporjyrtous  ^flow- 
ers 4-6-merous  throughout,  strongly  imbricated  calyx  and  convolute  petals, 
the  5  stamens  monadelphous  at  the  base,  and  an  8-10-seeded  pod,  haring 
twice  as  many  cells  as  there  are  styles.     Represented  by  the  genus, 

1.     LINUM,     L.        Flax. 

Sepals  (persistent),  petals,  stamens,  and  styles  5,  regularly  alternate  with  each 
other.  Pod  of  5  united  carpels  (into  which  it  sjilits  in  dehiscence)  and  5-cclled, 
with  2  seeds  hanging  from  the  summit  of  each  ;  but  each  cell  is  partly  or  com- 
pletely divided  into  two  by  a  false  partition  which  jjrojects  from  the  back  of  the 
carpel,  thus  becoming  10-celled.  Seeds  anatropous,  mucilaginous,  flattened, 
containing  a  large  embryo  with  plano-convex  cotyledons.  —  Herbs,  with  a  tough 
fibrous  bark,  simple  and  sessile  entire  leaves  (alternate  or  often  ojipositc),  with- 
out stipules,  but  often  with  glands  in  their  place,  and  with  corymbose  or  pani- 
cled  flowers.  Corolla  usually  ephemeral.  (The  classical  name  of  the  Flax.) 
*  I ndlqemns  species,  fjlabrotis,  l°-3°  high,  with  yellow  Jloirt-rs,  in  .itmimer. 

1.  L.  Virgini^num,  L.  Stem  erect  from  the  base  and  with  the  corym- 
bose sprearling  or  recurving  branches  terete  and  even  ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate. 


GERANIACKTIi.       (OKRANIUM    FAMII.Y.)  lO") 

or  the  lower  spatulate  and  often  opposite ;  flowers  scattered,  small  (barely  3" 
long) ;  sepals  ovate,  jiointed,  sniootli-ed^red  or  nearly  so,  equalling  the  dejjresseU 
10-celled  pod;  styles  distim-t.  —  Dry  woods:  connnon.  —  Hoot  apparently  an- 
nual; but  the  ])laiit  i)ropaj;:ite(l  iiy  suckers  from  the  base  of  the  stem. 

2.  L.  striatum,  Walt.  Stems  gregarious,  erect  or  ascending  from  a  creep- 
ing or  decumbent  base,  slightly  viscid,  and  with  the  mostly  racemose  short 
branc/iis  striate  icith  about  4  sharp  icintj-Ulce  aiitjles  decurrent  from  the  leaves; 
these  broader  than  in  the  last,  and  mostly  oblong,  usually  with  all  the  lower 
ones  opposite  ;  flowers  more  crowded  ;  sepals  scarcely  equalling  the  very  small 
brownish  pod :  otherwise  nearly  as  in  No.  1.  (L.  oppositifolium,  Enydui.)  — Wet 
or  boggy  groimds.  New  England  to  Virginia  and  southward.  —  Generally  con- 
founded with  L.  Virgiuianum  (Hgured  for  it  in  lieichenb.  Ic.  Exot.),  but  well 
distinguished  by  Walter,  except  that  the  stem-leaves  are  commonly  opposite  up 
to  the  first  branch  :  here  described  from  the  indications  given  by  C.  F.  Aimlin. 

3.  L.  sulcatum,  Riddell,  1836.  Stem  strictly  erect  from  an  annual  root, 
and  with  the  upright  or  ascending  branches  striate-anglcd  or  grooved;  leaves 
linear,  acute,  or  the  upper  subulate,  rather  rigid  ;  a  pair  of  dark  (jbinds  in  place 
of  stipules :  sepals  ovate-lanceolate  and  sharj)-j)ointed,  strongly  3-nerved  and 
(like  the  bracts)  with  rough-bristly-glandular  margins,  scarcely  longer  than  the 
ovoid-globose  incompletely  10-cclled  pod  ;  sti/les  united  almost  to  the  middle. 
(L.  Boottii,  Plunchon,  1848.)  —  Dry  soils,  Rhode  Island  to  Illinois  and  south- 
westward.  —  Flowers  and  pods  twice  as  large  as  in  the  preceding.  (L.  itfoiDUM, 
Pursli.,  of  the  Western  plains,  probably  in  Minnesota,  is  dwarf,  glaucous,  and 
has  the  styles  united  almost  to  the  top.) 

*  *  Escapinq  from  cultivation,  hlue-Jlowered,  annual. 

4.  L.  usiTATfssiMUM,  L.  {COMMON  Plax),  IS  Occasionally  spontaneous  in 
fields. 

Okdkh  24.     GEKAIVIACE.E.     (Gkraxium  Family.) 

Plants  {chief  ij  herbs)  with  perfect  and  f/eneralli/  si/mmetrical  h>/pnfji/nous 
flowers  ;  the  stamens,  counting  sterile  fdaments,  as  many  or  commonly  twice 
af  many,  and  the  lobes  or  cells  (1  -few-oculed)  of  the  ovary  as  many,  as 
the  sepals,  an  axis  of  the  dry  fruit  persistinr/.  —  Seeds  withont  albumen, 
except  in  Oxalis.  The  flower  of  Impatiens  is  partly,  and  that  of  Tropa;- 
olum  still  more  unsynnnetrical.  Herbage  often  strong-scented,  but  never 
punctate  with  pellucid  dots.  —  As  a  whole  the  order,  here  recombined 
as  it  was  founded  by  Jussieu,  is  hard  to  define.  Of  late  it  has  generally 
been  broken  into  several  small  orders :  the  principal  ones  here  stand  as 
suborders,  with  only  one  or  two  genera  to  each.  —  Thop.koi.um,  the 
Gardkx  NA.STURTitTM,  Occupies  a  position  between  the  fii-st  and  the 
second  suborder. 

SuiJORnr.K  I.     OCKANIEiE.     (Gi-ranh-m  Family  proper.) 

Flowers  5-merous  and  symmetrical;  the  persistent  sepals  imbricated 
and  the  petals  usually  convolute  in  the  bud :  5  glands  of  the  receptacle 


106  GERANIACE^.       (GEUAMU.M    FAMILY.) 

alternate  with  the  petals.  Stamens  somewhat  monadelphous.  Ovary 
di'oj)ly  5-lobed,  the  .5  two-ovulcd  carpels  and  the  lower  part  of  the  long 
stylfs  adnate  to  a  long  and  beak-like  prolongation  of  the  receptacle, 
from  which,  when  ripe  and  dry,  the  small  and  membranaceous  pods  are 
torn  oil",  and  carried  away  by  the  styles,  —  which,  as  they  separate  from 
the  beak  liom  the  base  upwards,  are  elastieally  recurved  or  revolute,  the 
solitary  seed  iidling  out.  Embryo  filling  the  seed  (no  albumen)  ;  cotyle- 
dons folded  togctiler  and  bent  down  on  the  short  radicle.  —  Strong- 
scented  herbs  (or  the  Pelargoniums,  which  have  somewhat  irregular 
flowers,  shrubby  plants),  with  opposite  or  alternate  stipulate  leaves,  and 
astringent  roots. 

1.  Geranium.     Stamens  with  anthers  10,  rarely  6.    The  recurving  bases  of  the  styles  or 

tails  of  the  carpels  in  fruit  naked  inside 

2.  Ero<liuin.     St;imens  wiUi  anthers  only  5.     Tails  of  the  carpels  in  fruit  bearded  inside, 

often  spirally  twisted. 

SuBORDEU  II.     LIMNANTIIE^.     (Limnantiies  Family.) 

Flowers  3-merous  or  5-merous,  completely  symmetrical  and  regular;  the 
persistent  sepals  ovate  in  the  bud  :  glands  of  the  receptacle  alternate  with 
the  petals.  Stamens  distinct.  No  beak  or  prolongation  of  the  receptacle 
beyond  the  ovary,  which  consists  of  3  or  5  almost  di>-tinct,  at  length  fleshy 
and  separating,  indehiscent,  1-seeded  carpels,  united  by  a  common  st}le. 
Seeds  without  albumen  :  cotyledons  very  thick  and  fleshy,  the  short  radicle 
included  by  their  heart-shaped  bases.  —  Tender  low  annuals,  with  pinnate 
alternate  leaves  and  no  stipules.  —  Consists  of  the  pretty-flowered  Califor- 
nian  Limnaxthes,  and  of 

3.  Floerken.     Sepals,  minute  petals,  and  lobes  of  the  ovary  3  :  stamens  6. 

SuBORDEit  III.     BAL,§AI?IIi>fEiE.     (Balsam  Family.) 

Flowers  mostly  unsymmetrical,  .5-merous  as  to  the  stamens  and  pistil; 
the  sepals  and  petals  irregular,  usually  unsymmetrical  and  of  fewer  pieces, 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  all  petaloid  and  deciduous,  the  larger  piece  with  an 
ani])le  sac  or  spur:  no  glands  :  filaments  distinct,  short.  Fruit  a  fleshy  5- 
celled  pod  or  berry :  no  albumen  :  the  straight  embryo  witli  thick  cotyle- 
dons and  a  short  radicle.  —  Tender  herbs,  the  succulent  stems  gorged 
with  a  bland  watery  juice ;  the  leaves  simj^le,  mostly  alternate,  without 
stipules. 

4.  Impatiens.     Inner  or  lateral  petals  unequally  2-ljb-;d.     Pod  bursting  elastieally  into  5 

valves,  several -scL-ded. 

SciJOUDEii  IV.     OXALIDE.E.     (Souuel  Family.) 

Flowers  5-merous,  regular  and  synnnetrical,  decandrous ;  the  jicrsistent 
sepals  imbricated  and  the  petals  convolute  in  the  bud :  no  glands  alter- 
nate with  the  latter.     Stamens  ollen  monadelphous  at  the  base.     Fruit  a 


GEKANIACK^..       (gkKANIU.M    FAMILY.)  107 

6-celle(l  loculicidal  pod  or  a  berry.  Seeds  2  or  fi;w  in  each  cell,  with  a 
straight  embryo  in  a  little  (lesliy  albumen. —  Leaves  rompound  :  juice 
sour. 

6.    Oialis.     Styles  5,  separate.     Pod  oblong  ■.   the  valves  not  falling'  away.     LeaOcts  usually 
obcurelate. 

1.     GERANIUM,     L.        Cn.vNKsiui.i.. 

Stamens  10  (sometimes  only  5  in  No.  2),  all  witli  perfect  anthers,  the  5 
longer  with  glands  at  their  base  (alternate  with  the  petals).  Styles  smooth 
inside  in  fruit  when  they  separate  from  the  axis. —  Stems  forking.  Peduncles 
1  -3-flowcred.  (An  old  Greek  name,  from  ytpavos,  a  cniiie;  the  long  IVuit- 
bearing  beak  thought  to  i-cscmblo  tlie  bill  of  that  lurd.) 
*•  Ruiilstork  jieirnnial. 
1.  G.  macul^tum,  L.  (Wild  Ckanesbill.)  Stem  erect,  hairy; 
leaves  about  5-parted,  the  wedge-shaped  divisions  lobcd  and  cut  at  the  end ; 
sepals  slender-pointed  ;  petals  entire,  light  purple,  bearded  on  the  claw  (^' 
long).  —  Open  woods  and  fields.  April -July.  —  Leaves  somewhat  blotched 
with  whitish  as  they  grow  old. 

*  *  Root  biennial  or  annual :  Jlowers  small. 

2.  G.  Caroliniknum,  L.  (Cauolin.v  C.)  Stems  at  first  erect,  dif- 
fusely branched  from  the  base,  hairy  ;  leaves  about  5-parted,  the  divisions  cleft 
and  cut  into  numerous  oblongdincar  lobes  ;  peduncles  and  pedicels  short ; 
sfjHiIs  awn-poinfedy  as  long  as  the  emarginatc  (pale  rose-color)  petals ;  caqjcls 
hairy  ;  se((h  ovoiil-oblon(j,  very  minuUlij  nticulaled.  —  Barren  soil  and  waste 
places  :  common.  May -Aug.  — Depauperate  forms,  except  by  the  seeds,  are 
liardly  distinguishable  from 

.3.  G.  inssECTUJi,  L.  (Cut-leaved  C.)  More  slender  and  spreading, 
with  narrower  lobes  to  the  leaves,  and  smaller  red-purple  petals  notched  at  the 
end  ;  seeds  short-ovoid  or  globular,  Jindj  and  stronrjli/  reticulated.  —  "Waste  grounds, 
scarce.     (Nat.  from  Eil) 

4.  G.  conMBixuM,  L.  (Lon'g-.stalked  C.)  Minutely  hairy,  with 
very  slender  decumbent  stems;  leaves  .5-7-parted  and  cut  into  narrow  linear 
lobes ;  prdunclc.t  ami  prdiccls  Jiiiform  and  clonrjaled ;  sepals  awned,  about  equal- 
ling the  ])urple  petals,  enlarging  after  flowering;  carpels  f/labrous ;  seeds  nearly 
as  in  No.  3.  —  Along  the  Susquehanna,  Lancaster  Co.,  &c.,  Prof.  Porter. 
Alexandria,  Virginia,  A.  II.  Curtiss.     June,  July.     (Xat.  from  Eu.) 

5.  G.  i-usfLLUM,  L.  (Small-flowered  C.)  Stems  procumbent,  slender, 
minutely  pubescent  ;  leaves  rounded  lidn<ij-form,  5  -  7-parted,  the  divisions 
wedge-shaped,  mostly  3-lobed  ;  sepals  awnless,  about  as  long  as  the  (purplish) 
petals  ;  seeds  smooth.  —  Waste  jilaccs,  Massachusetts  to  Pennsylvania :  rare.  (NaL 
from  Eil) 

6.  G.  Roberti^num,  L.  (IIekd  RonERT.)  Sparsely  hairy,  diHusc ; 
Strong-sccntcd,  harts  ">-divided  or  jitdatdij  b-divided,  the  divisions  twice  pinna- 
tijid:  sepals  awncd,  shorter  than  the  (rcil-purplc)  jietals  ;  jxhIs  trrinUcd  ;  seeds 
smooth.  —  Moist  woods  and  shaded  ravines:  common  northward.  June -Oct. 
(Eu.) 


108  GERANIACE.'E.       (OER.WIUM    FAMILT.) 

2.    ERODIUM,     Lllor.        Storksbii.l. 

The  5  shorter  stamens  st(M-ile  or  wanting.  Styles  in  fruit  twistinp:  spirally, 
bearded  inside.     Otiierwise  as  Geranium.     (Name  from  tpcobu'is,  a  heron.) 

1.  E.  cicut.Vrium,  L'Her.  Annual,  hairy;  stems  low,  sprcadinj;  ;  leaves 
pinnate  ;  the  leaflets  sessile,  1  -2-pinnatilid  ;  peduncles  several-flowered.  —  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  &e.  :  scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.    FLCERKEA,     Wiild.        False  INIicrmaid. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  3,  shorter  than  the  ealyx,  oblong.  Stamens  6.  Ovaries  3, 
0])]JO.>itc  ihe  sepals,  united  only  at  the  base;  the  style  rising  in  the  centre: 
stiirnias  3.  Fruit  of  3  (or  1-2)  roughish  fleshy  achenia.  Seed  anatropous, 
erect,  filled  by  the  large  embr^-o  with  its  hemispherical  fleshy  cotyledons.  —  A 
small  and  inconspicuous  annual,  with  tninute  solitary  flowers  on  axillary  pe- 
duncles.     (Named  after  Flwrkp,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  F.  proserpinaeoides,  Willd.  —  Marshes  and  river-banks,  W.  New 
England  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  April -June.  —  Leaflets  3-5,  lanceo- 
late, sometimes  2-3-cleft.     Taste  slightly  pungent. 

4.     IMPATIENS,     L.        Balsam.     Jewel-weed. 

Calyx  and  corolla  colored  alike  and  not  clearly  distinguishable.  Sepals  ap- 
parently only  4  ;  the  anterior  one,  which  is  notched  at  the  apex,  probably  con- 
sisting of  two  combined  ;  the  posterior  one  (appearing  anterior  as  the  flower 
hangs  on  its  stalk)  largest,  and  forming  a  spurred  sac.  Petals  2,  unequal-sided 
and  2-lobed  (each  consisting  of  a  pair  united).  Stamens  .5,  short :  filaments 
appendagcd  with  a  scale  on  the  inner  side,  the  .'5  scales  connivent  and  united 
over  the  stigma  :  anthers  opening  on  the  inner  face.  Ovary  5-cellcd  :  stigma 
sessile.  Pod  with  evanescent  partitions,  and  a  thick  axis  bearing  the  several 
anatropous  seeds,  5-valved,  the  valves  coiling  elastically  and  i)rojecting  the 
seeds  in  bursting.  Embryo  straight :  albumen  none.  —  Leaves  simple,  alter- 
nate, without  stipules,  in  our  species  ovate  or  oval,  coarsely  toothed,  petioled. 
Flowers  axillary  or  panicled,  often  of  two  sorts,  viz.,  —  the  larger  ones,  as 
described  above,  which  seldom  ripen  seeds; — and  very  small  ones,  which  are 
fertilized  early  in  the  bud ;  their  floral  envelopes  never  expand,  nor  grow  to 
their  full  size,  but  are  forced  off  by  the  growing  pod  and  carried  upwards  on 
its  apex.  (Name  from  the  sudden  bursting  of  the  pods  when  touched,  whence 
also  the  popular  appellation,  Tonch-mc-not,  or  Snap-weed.) 

1.  I.  p'illida,  Xutf.  (Pale  Toi-ch-me-not.)  Flowers  pale-yellow,  spar- 
ingli)  dotted  with  browni'-h-rcd  ;  sac  dilated  and  very  obtuse,  broader  than  long, 
tipped  with  a  short  incurved  spur. —  Moist  shady  places  and  along  rills,  in  rich 
soil;  most  common  northward.  July- Sept.  —  Larger  and  greener  than  the 
next,  with  larger  flowers :  a  spotless  variety  in  N.  Vermont  and  New  Hamp- 
shire, Miss  Lumb'ird. 

2.  I.  flilva,  Nutt.  (Spotted  Touoii-me-kot.)  F/owrrs  oranfje-color,thirkli/ 
spotted  with  reddish-hrown  ;  sac  longer  than  broad,  acutely  conical,  tapering  into 
a  strongly  iriflexed  spur.  —  Rills  and  shady  moist  places :  common,  ciepecially 


RUTACEyE.       (KUE    FAMILY.)  109 

Bouthward.  June -Sept.  —  Plant  2° -4°  lii<rh  :  the  flowers  loosely  panicled. 
at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  hanging  gracefully  on  their  slender  nodding  stalks,, 
the  oi)en  mouth  of  the  cornueopiit-shaped  sepal  upward.  —  A  variety  is  not  rare 
with  s/wl/ess  Jhnvtrs,  which  diHers  from  the  I.  Nolitangere  of  Europe  in  the 
more  inlkxud  spur  and  sniallcr  jictals.     Sjjur  rarely  wanting. 

5.    OX  A  LIS,     L.        Wood-Sorrel. 

Sepals  .5,  persistent.  Petals  5,  tliiir  bases  sometimes  united,  withering  after 
expansion.  Stamens  10,  usually  nionadel|)hous  at  the  base,  alternately  shorter. 
Styles  5,  distinct.  Pod  oblong,  membranaceous,  .'j-celled,  more  or  less  5-lobcd, 
•each  cell  opening  on  the  back;  the  valves  persistent,  being  fixed  to  the  central 
column  or  axis  by  the  partitions.  Seeds  2  or  more  in  each  cell,  pendulous 
from  the  axis,  anatropous,  their  outer  coat  loose  and  separating.  Embryo 
large  and  straight  in  fleshy  albumen  :  cotyledons  flat.  —  Herbs,  with  sour 
watery  juice,  alternate  or  radical  leaves,  mostly  of  3  obcordate  leaflets,  which 
close  and  droop  at  nightfall.  Several  species  produce  (like  Impatiens)  small 
peculiar  flowers,  which  are  precociously  fertilized  in  the  bud  and  are  particularly 
fruitful;  and  the  ordinary  flowers  are  often  dimorphous  or  even  trimorphous  in 
the  relative  length  of  the  stamens  and  styles.     (Name  from  o^vi,  sour.) 

*  Steniless  perennials:  leaves  and  scopes  a  routstock  or  bulb:  leojlcts  broadlj  obcor- 

date: flowers  nearly  1'  broad;  cells  of  the  pod  few-seeded. 

1.  O.  Acetosdlla,  L.  (Common  Wood-Sorrel.)  Rootstock  creeping 
and  scaly-toothed;  ,s-w/)6  \-flowered  (2'- 5'  high);  petals  white  with  reddish 
veins,  often  notched.  —  Deep  cold  woods,  Massachusetts  to  Penn.,  L.  Superior 
and  northward  :  also  southward  in  the  AUeghanies.     June.     (Eu.) 

2.  O.  viol^cea,  L.  (Violet  W.)  Nearly  smooth;  bulb  scali/ ;  scapes 
umheHutelj]  sevend-flowered  (5' -9'  high),  longer  than  the  leaves;  petals  violet. — 
Koeky  places ;  most  common  southward.     May,  June. 

*  *  Stems  leaf  11,  branching  :  peduncles  axillari/  :  flowers  small :  cells  several-seeded. 

3.  O.  Stricta,  L.  (Yellow  W.)  Annual  or  perennial  by  running  sub- 
terranean shoots  ;  stems  at  first  erect ;  stipules  absent ;  peduncles  2  -  6-flowered, 
longer  than  the  leaves ;  petals  yellow  ;  pods  elongated,  erect  in  fruit.  —  Copses 
and  cultivated  grounds:  common.  May -Sept. —  Varies  gieatly  in  apjwarance 
and  in  the  size  of  its  flowers. 

4.  O.  cormcul.Vta,  L.,  if  in  this  district,  and  truly  distinci  from  0.  stricta, 
should  be  known  by  the  stipules  at  the  base  of  the  i)etiules.     (Ku.) 

OuDKit  25.     RUTACE.i:.     (Rri:  Family.) 

Plants  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  dotted  with  pellucid  fflands,  abound- 
ing tcith  a  pungent  or  bitter-aromatic  acrid  volatile  oil,  producing  hupofignous 
almost  always  regular  ^  -  b-mero us  flowers,  the  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  as  the  sepals  (^rarely  more  numerous)  ;  the  2-5  pistils  separate  or  com- 
bined into  a  compouml  ovary  of  as  many  cells,  raised  on  a  prolongation  of 
the  receptacle  (jgynophore)  or  glandular  disk.  —  Embryo  large,  curved  or 


110  RUTACE.E.       (UUE    FAMILY.) 

straight,  usually  in  fleshy  albumen.  Styles  eommonly  united  or  cohering, 
even  wlien  the  ovaries  are  distinct.  Fruit  usually  capsular.  Leaves  al- 
ternate or  opposite.  Stipules  none.  —  A  large  family,  chiefly  of  the  Old 
World  and  the  Southern  hemisphere;  the  Propku  IIutack.e,  represented 
in  gardens  by  the  Rue  (llula  (iravholens,  L.)  and  Fraxiuella  (Diddmntts 
Fraxiiiella,  L.)  chietly  herbs,  but  the  rest  are  shrubs  or  trees.  —  The  Au- 
KAXTiE.E  or  Orange  Family,  recently  appended  to  this  order,  has  baccate 
fruit,  seeds  without  albumen,  and  stamens  sometimes  almost  indefinitely 
numerous.  —  Our  two  indigenous  genera  are 

1.  Zanthoxylum.     Flowers  dioecious  :  ovaries  3-5,  separate,  forming  fleshy  pods. 

2.  Ptelea.     Flowers  polygamous  :  ovary  2-celled,  forming  a  samara,  like  that  of  Elm. 

1.  ZANTHOXYLUM,    Coldcn.        rRicKLv  Asii. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sepals  4  or  5,  obsolete  in  one  species.  Petals  4  or  5,  im- 
bricated in  the  bud.  Stamens  4  or  5  in  the  sterile  flowers,  alternate  with  the 
petals.  Pistils  2 -.5,  separate,  but  their  styles  conniving  or  slij^htly  united. 
Pods  thick  and  fleshy,  2.valved,  1-2-sccded.  Seed-coat  crustaceous,  black, 
smooth  and  shining.  Embryo  straight,  with  broad  cotyledons.  —  Shrubs  or 
trees,  with  mostly  pinnate  leaves,  the  stems  and  often  the  leafstalks  prickly. 
Flowers  small,  greenish  or  whitish.  (Name  from  ^avBos,  yellow,  and  ^v\ov, 
wood':  therefore  more  properly  spelled  with  an  initial  X.) 

1.  Z.  Americknum,  Mill.  (Northeun  Prickly  Asii.  Tootuache- 
TREE.)  Leaves  and  Jlowns  in  axillary  clusters;  leaflets  4-5  pairs  and  an  odd 
one,  ovate-oblong,  downy  when  young  ;  calyx  none ;  petals  5  ;  pistils  3-5,  with 
slender  styles ;  pods  sliort-stalhed.  —  Rocky  woods  and  river-banks  :  common  north- 
ward. April,  May. — A  prickly  shrub,  with  yclIowish-green  flowers  appearing 
before  the  leaves.     Bark,  leaves,  and  pods  very  punpent  and  aromatic. 

2.  Z.  Caroliniknum,  Lam.  (Southern  P.)  Glabrous;  leaflets  3-5 
pairs  and  an  odd  one,  ovate  or  ovatc-lanccolatc,  oblique,  shinivg  above ;  flowers 
in  a  terminal  q/nif,  appearing  after  the  leaves  ;  sepals  and  petals  5  ;  jiistils  3,  with 
short  styles;  pods  sessile.  —  Sandy  coast  of  Virginia,  and  southward.  June. — 
A  small  tree  with  very  sharp  prickles. 

2.  PTELEA,    L.        Shrubby  Trefoil.     Hop-tree. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Sepals  3-5.  Petals  3-5,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  as  many.  Ovary  2-cclled  :  style  short:  stigmas  2.  Fnut  a  2-celled 
and  2-.secded  samara,  winged  all  round,  nearly  orbicular.  —  Shrubs,  with  3-foli- 
olatc  leaves,  and  greenish-white  small  flowers  in  compound  terminal  cymes. 
(The  Greek  name  of  the  Elm,  here  applied  to  a  p;enus  with  similar  fruit.) 

1.  P.  trifoliata,  L.  Leaflets  ovate,  pointed,  downy  when  young.  —  Kocky 
places,  Pcnu.  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  June.  —  A  tall  shrub.  Fruit  bit- 
ter, used  as  a  substitute  for  hops.     Odor  of  the  flowers  disagreeable. 

AilAnthus  gl.vndulosus,  Dcsf.,  called  Tree  of  IIe.vvex,  —  but  whose 
blossoms,  especially  the  stamiuatc  ones,  are  redolent  of  anything  but  "  airs  from 


I 


ANACAUDlAClCiE.       (CASIIICW    FAMILY.)  Ill 

heaven,"  —  is  much  planted  as  a  shade-tree,  especially  in  towns,  and  is  inclining 
to  spread  tVoin  sctd  in  rcniisylvania.  It  hclonj^s  to  the  order  8iMAnuBACE.«, 
wliicii  differs  troni  Kutaceic  in  the  absence  of  dots  in  the  leaves.  The  tree  is 
known  by  its  very  lonj;  pinnate  leaves  of  many  leaflets,  and  small  poly<;aniou8 
greenish  Uowers  in  panicles,  the  female  jirodueiuy  2-5  thin,  lineiir-ol)loiig,  veiny 
samaras.     (Adv.  from  China.) 

Okdkr   2(3.     ANACARDIACEiE.     (Cashew  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  a  resinous  or  milky  acrid  juice,  dolless  alternate 
leai-es,  and  small,  ojlen  poh/(jamous,  regular,  jicntandrous  Jloivers,  with  a  1- 
celled  and  l-ovuled  ovar>/,  hut  icith  3  styles  or  stigmas.  —  Petals  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  Seed  without  albumen,  borne  on  a  curved  stalk  that  rises 
from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Sti{)ules  none.  Juice  or  exhalations  oi'teii 
poisonous.  —  Represented  here  only  by  the  genus 

1.    RHUS,    L.        SuMACii. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5,  inserted  under  the  edge  or  between  the  lobes 
of  a  flattened  disk  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Fruit  small  and  indehiseent,  a 
sort  of  dry  drupe.  —  Leaves  (simple  in  R.  Cotinns,  the  Smoke-Plant  of  gavd^^m) 
usually  compound.  Flowers  greenish-white  or  yellowish,  (The  old  Greek  and 
Latin  name  of  the  genus.) 

§  1.  Sumac,  DC.  Flowprs  poli/udmoun,  in  a  terminal  thijrsoid  panicle:  fruit 
(j'ohular,  clothed  with  acid  crimaon  hairs;  the  stone  smooth:  leaves  odd-pinnate. 
{.\ot  poisonous.) 

1.  R.  typhina,  L.  (Stagiiorx  Sumach.)  Branches  and  stalks  densely 
velcety-huiry ;  leaflets  11-31,  pale  beneath,  oblong-lanceohite,  pointed,  serrate, 
rai-ely  laciniatc.  —  Hillsides.  June.  —  Shrub  or  tree  10° -30°  high,  with  or- 
ange-colored wood. 

2.  R.  glabra,  L.  (Smooth  S.)  Smooth,  some irhat  t/luucotts:  leaflets  1 1 - 
31,  whitened  beneath,  lanceolate-oblong,  pointed,  serrate.  —  Rocky  or  barren 
soil.     June,  July.  —  Shrub  2°  -  12°  high.    A  var.  has  laciniate  leaves. 

3.  R.  eopallina,  L.  (Dwarf  S.)  Branches  and  stalks  downy;  petioles 
triii;]-m(in/iiicd  between  the  9-21  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate  (often  entire)  leaf- 
lets, which  arc  oblique  or  unequal  at  the  base,  smooth  and  shining  above. — 
Rocky  hills.     July.  —  Shrub  l°-7°  high,  with  running  roots. 

§  2.  TOXICODENDRON,  Tourn.  Flowers  polyrjamous,  in  loose  and  slendef 
axillary  paniclis:  fruit  globular,  (jlabrous,tvkitish  or  dan-colored;  the  stone  stri' 
ate:  leaves  odd-pinnate  or  3-foliolate,  thin.     {Poisonous  to  the  touch.) 

4.  R.  venenata,  DC.  (Poisof  S.  ou  Dogwood.)  Smooth,  or  nearly 
80  ;  leaflets  7-1'?,  olxwate-oblong,  entire.     (R.  Ve'rnix,  L.)  —  Swam])s.     June. — 

^Shrub  G°-1S°  bi^h      The  nmst  poisonous  species:  also  called  Poison  Elder. 

5.  R.  Toxicodendron,  L.  (Poison  Ivy.  Poison  Oak.)  Climbing 
by  rootlets  o\  cr  rocks,  &c.,  or  ascending  trees ;  hajhts  3,  rhombic-ovate,  njostly 
pointed,  and  rather  downy  beneath,  variously  notched,  sinuate,  or  eut-lobed,  —  or 
else  entire,  then  it  is  R.  radlcans,  L.  —  Thickets,  low  grounds,  &c.     Juna. 


112  VITACE.E.       (VINE    FAMILY.) 

§  3.    LOBADIUM,  Raf.      Flowers  polygamo-diaxious,  in   dusUred  scnlji-bracted 

spiL-es  like  calkins,  ptecrdim]  the  leaves :  disk  b-parted,  large  :  fruit  as  in  ^l,  but 

Jlatlish  :  harts  ^-fuliolate.     (Sot  jioisonous.) 

6.   il.  arom^tiea,  Ait.     (Fkaukant  S.)     Leaves  pubescent  when  young, 

thickisli  wlien  old;  IcaHi-'ts  3,  rhombic-ovate,  unequally  cut-toothed,  the  middle 

one  wedge-shaped  at  tlic  base;    flowers  pale  yellow. — Ury  rocky  soil,  fVonv 

Vermont  westward  and  southward.     April,  May.  —  A  straggling  bush  ;    the 

crushed  leaves  sweet-scented. 

OitDEit   27.     VITACE.E.     (Vixk  Family.) 

Shrubs  with  ivalery  juice,  usuatlij  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  small  regular 
Jluicers,  a  minute  or  truncated  calyx,  its  limb  mostly  obsolete,  and  the  stamens 
as  many  as  the  valvule  petals  and  opposite  them  I  Berry  2-celled,  usualUj  4- 
seeded.  —  Petals  4-5,  very  deciduous,  hypogynous  or  perigynous.  Fila- 
ments slender :  anthers  introrse.  Pistil  with  a  short  style  or  none,  and  a 
slightly  2-lobed  stigma:  ovary  2-eelled,  with  2  erect  anatropous  ovules 
li'oiu  the  base  of  each  cell.  Seeds  bony,  with  a  minute  embryo  at  the  base 
of  the  hard  albumen,  which  is  grooved  on  one  side.  —  Stipules  deciduous. 
Leaves  palmately  veined  or  compound  :  tendrils  and  flower-clusters  oppo- 
site the  leaves.  Flowers  small,  greenish.  (Young  shoots,  foliage,  &c., 
acid.)  —  Consists  of  Vitis  and  one  or  two  nearly  allied  genera. 

1.    VITIS,     Touni.         Gkape. 

Calyx  very  short,  usunlly  with  a  nenrly  entire  border  or  none  at  all,  filled  with 
an  adnate  fleshy  disk  which  bears  the  petals  and  stamens.  — Flowers  in  a  com- 
pound tiiyrsus ;  pedicels  mostly  umbellate-clustered.   (The  classical  Latin  name.) 
§  I.    VITIS  proper.     Petals  5,  cohering  at  tJie  top,  spparating  at  the  base,  and  so 
the  corolla  usually  falls  officilhoiit  expanding:  5  thick  glands  or  lobes  of  the  disk 
altcrmitivg  ivilh  the  stamens:  flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious  in  all  the  Americm 
sjiecies,  exhaling  a  fragrance  like  tlmt  of  Mignonette:  leaves  simple,  rounded  and 
heart-shapid,  often  variously  and  variably  lobed. 

*  Tjraves  wooUy  beneath,  when  lobed  having  obtuse  or  rounded  sinuses. 

1.  V.  Labrusca,  L.  (Northeux  Fox-Guai'E.)  Branddels  and  young 
leaves  very  woolly:  leaves  continuing  rusiy-ivoolly  beneath ;  fertile  panicles  compact; 
bcrrii-s  large.  —  Moist  thickets:  common.  June.  Fruit  ripe  in  Se])t.  or  Oct., 
diirk  purple  or  amber-color,  with  a  tough  musky  pulp.  Improved  by  cultivation, 
it  has  given  rise  to  the   Isabella,  Catawba,  Concord,  and  other  varieties. 

2.  v.  aestivalis,  Mich.x.  (Summer  Grape.)  Young  leaves  downy  ivith 
loose  cobivebby  hairs  beneath,  smoothish  when  old,  green  above;  fertile  panicles  com- 
pound, long  and  slender:  ben-icx  sm/f//,  black  with  a  bloom.  —  Thickets:  com- 
mon.    M:iy,  June.  —  Berries  pleasant,  ripe  in  Oct. 

♦  *  Leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so  and  bright  green  both  sid(S,  commonly  pubescent  on  the 
rein^i  beneath,  either  incisdy  lobed  or  undivided. 

3.  V.   cordifblia,  Michx.     (Winter  or  Frost  Grape.)     Leaves  thin. 


KIIAMXACK.t.       (bUCKTIIOUN    FAMILY.)  113 

not  shininjj,  heart-shaped,  aeuminatc,  siiarply  and  coarselj'  toothed,  often  ob- 
scurely 3-lubcd  ;  jKinirlis  cniiifioidal,  lun/e  tiitd  hose;  lii-rn'cs  siikiII,  Idiic  or  Idack 
with  a  hloom,  vcn/ acerb,  ripening'  after  frosts.  —  V;ir.  imiXkia,  has  the  leaves 
broader  and  eut-Jobed.  (V.  riparia,  Miclix.)  —  'J  likkits  iiinl  rivur-bauks  :  com- 
nion.     May,  June. — Flowers  very  sweet-scented. 

4.  V.  vulpina,  L.  (Muscadine  or  Sorriii;i!N  Fox-Gijapk.)  Lenvrs 
shiiiiiuj  both  sides,  small,  rounded  with  a  heart-shaped  base,  very  coarsely  toothed 
with  broad  and  bluntish  teeth,  seldom  lobed  ;  ]>titiicles  simdl,  densel if  flowered ; 
berries  lanje  (j'-i|'  in  diameter),  musky,  purplish  without  a  bloom,  with  a  thick 
and  toufih  skiu,  ri])e  early  in  autumn. —  Hiver-banks,  Maryland  to  Kentucky  and 
southward.  May.  — Bark  of  stem  close,  not  separatinj:  in  strips  as  in  the  other 
species.  Branchlets  minutely  warty.  This  is  the  original  of  the  Scitppertiotig 
Grape,  &c. 

§  2.  'CISSUS,  L.  Petals  (5  in  mir  species)  expanding  before  or  when  they  fall: 
disk  thick  and  broad,  usually  4  -  5-lobed :  flowers  commonly  perfect :  tendrils 
fwer. 

5.  V.  indivisa,  AVilld.  Nearly  glabrous;  leaves  heart-shaped  or  truncate 
at  the  base,  coarsely  and  sharjdy  toothed,  acuminate,  not  lobed  ;  panicle  snuiU 
and  loose;  style  slender;  berries  of  the  size  of  a  pea,  1-3-sceded.  —  River- 
banks,  West  Virginia,  Ohio,  and  southward.     June. 

6.  V.  bipinn^ta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Nearly  glabrous,  Imshy  and  rather  u])- 
right ;  leares  twice  pinnate  or  ternate,  the  leaflets  cut-toothed  ;  flowers  cymose  ; 
calyx  5-toothed  ;  disk  very  thick,  adherent  to  the  ovary;  berries  black,  obovate. 
—  Rich  soils,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

2.     AMPELOPSIS,     .Michx.         Virginian  CRicErER. 

Calyx  slightly  5-toothed.  Petals  concave,  thick,  expanding  before  they  fall. 
Disk  none.  —  Leaves  digitate,  with  5  oblong-lanceolate  sparingly  serrate  leaf- 
lets. Flower-elnsters  eymose.  Tendrils  fixing  themselves  to  trunks  or  walls  by 
dilated  suckcr-likc  disks  at  their  tips.  (Name  from  dpnf'Kos,  a  vine,  and  oyj/is, 
ap/iearauie. ) 

1.  A.  quinquef61ia,  Michx. — A  common  woody  vine,  in  low  or  rich 
grounds,  climbing  extensively,  sometimes  by  rootlets  as  well  as  by  its  disk- 
bearing  tendrils,  blo>soming  in  July,  ripening  its  small  blackish  berries  in 
October.  Also  called  Amerlrnn  Try,  and  still  less  appropriately,  Woodbine. 
Leaves  turning  bright  crimson  in  autumn. 

Order  28.     KIIAITINACE^.     (IkicKTiioRX  Family.) 

Shrubs  or  small  In^es,  with  sitnjde  leaves,  small  and  regular  floicers  (^some- 
times apelalous),  with  the  4  or  5  perigynous  stamens  as  many  as  the  valvate 
sep(ds  and  alternate  with  them,  accordingly  opposite  the  petals  .'  Drape  or 
poll  with  only  one  erect  seed  in  each  cell,  not  arilled.  —  Petals  folded  in- 
wards in  the  bud,  hooded  or  concave,  in.serted  alonp  with  the  stamens 
into  the  edge  of  the  fleshy  disk  wliich  lines  the  siiort  tid)e  of  the  calyx 
and  sometimes  unites  it  to  the  lower  part  of  the  2  -  5-celled  ovary. 
L  &  M— -J.-. 


114  RIIAMNACK^.       (buckthorn    FAMILY.) 

Ovules  solitary,  anatropons.  Stigmas  2  -  5.  Embryo  large,  wiUi  broad 
cotyledons,  in  sparing  fleshy  albumen.  —  Flowers  often  polygamous,  some- 
times dia'cious.  Leaves  mostly  alternate  :  stipules  small  or  obsolete. 
Branches  often  thorny.  (Slightly  bitter  and  astringent :  the  fruit  often 
mucilaginous,  commonly  rather  nauseous  or  drastic.) 

»  Calyx  and  disk  free  from  the  ovary. 

1.  Berclieinia.     Petals  sessile,  entire,  as  long  as  the  calyx.    Drupe  with  thin  flesh  and  a 

'i-celleil  bony  j>utiimen. 

2.  Rhaninus.     Petals  small,  short-clawed,  notched,  or  none.     Drupe  berry-like,  with  the 

2-4  separate  seed-like  nutlets  concave  on  the  back  :  cotyledons  leaf-like,  revolute. 

3.  Fran|;ula.    Petals,  &c.  as  in  No.  2.    Seed-like  nutlets  convex  on  the  back:  cotyledons 

flat,  fleshy. 

♦  *  Calyx  with  the  disk  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary. 

4.  Ceanothu8.     Petals  long-clawed,  hooded.     Fruit  dry,  at  length  dehiscent. 

1.     BERCHEMIA,     Neeker.        SriTLE-jAcic. 

Calyx  with  a  very  short  and  roundisli  tube  ;  its  lobes  C(iualling  the  5  oblong 
sessile  acute  petals,  longer  than  the  stamens.  Disk  very  thick  and  flat,  filling 
the  calyx-tube  and  covering  the  ovary.  Drupe  oblong,  with  thin  flesh  and  a 
bony  2-celled  putamen.  —  Woody  high-climbing  twiners,  with  the  pinnate  veins 
of  the  leaves  straight  and  parallel,  the  small  grcenish-wbite  flowers  in  small 
panicles.     (Name  unexplained,  probably  jjersonal.) 

1.  B.  VOlubilis,  DC.  Glabrous;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute,  scarcely 
serrulate;  style  short. — Damp  soils,  Virginia,  and  southward.  June.  —  As- 
cending tall  trees.     Stems  toug-b  and  very  lithe,  whence  the  popular  name. 

2.    RHAMNUS,    Tuurn.        Blcktiiorn. 

Calyx  4 -  5-cleft ;  the  tube  campannlate,  lined  with  the  disk.  Petals  small, 
short-clawed,  notched  at  the  end,  wrapped  around  the  short  stamens,  or  some- 
times none.  Ovary  free,  2-4-celled.  Drupe  berry-like  (blackj,  containing  2- 
4  separate  seed-like  nutlets,  of  cartilaginous  texture,  which  are  grooved  on 
the  back,  as  is  the  contained  seed.  Cotyledons  foliaceous,  the  margins  revolute. 
—  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  loosely  pinnatcly  veined  leaves,  and  greenish 
polygamous  or  dioecious  flowers,  in  axillary  clusters.  (The  ancient  Greek 
name,  from  the  numerous  branchlets.) 

*  Tjobes  of  the  ca/i/.r,  petnls,  and  stamens  4. 

1.  R.  cathArtici's,  L.  (Co^imon  nicKTUORN.)  Leaves  orate,  minutely 
serrate;  J'mit  S-4-seedefl;  branchlets  thorny.  —  Cultivated  for  hedges;  spar- 
ingly naturalized  eastward.     May,  June.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  R.  laneeolatUS,  Pursh.  leaves  obloivj-lanroohite  and  acute,  or  on  flow- 
ering shoots  oblong  and  obtuse,  finely  serrulate,  suiootli  or  n)inutely  downy 
beneath;  petals  deeply  notched ;  _//«/<  2-seeded.  Hills  and  liverbanks,  Penn. 
(Mcrcersburg,  Prof.  Green)  to  Illinois,  and  westward.  May.  —  Shrub  tall,  not 
thorny  ;  the  yellowish-green  fiowcrs  of  two  forms  on  distinct  plants,  both  per- 
fect :  one  with  the  short  pedicels  clustered  in  the  axils  and  with  a  short  in- 
cluded style ;  the  other  with  the  pedicels  oftener  solitary,  the  style  longer  and 
cxserted. 


CELASTHACRyE.       (STAIK-TREK    FAMILY.)  115 

♦  *  Loins  of  the  cnlifr  and  stamrna  5  :  petalu  ivantintj. 
3.    R.  alnifblius,  Llk-r.    A  low  shnil),  k-avcs  oval,  at-iitf,  scrrati-,  nearly 
straiylit-VfiiR'd  :  Iriiit  3-^c^.•ll^.■d.  —  lS\vaiiii»s,  Maine  to  IVnii.,  Illinois,  and  norili- 
ward.     June. 

3.    FRANGULA,    Tourn.    ALDKn-BrcKxiioRx. 

Sccd.<  not  grooved  or  eoneave  (hut  convex)  on  the  haek.  Cotyledons  plane, 
thiek.  Flowers  pert'eet;  the  lohes  of  the  calyx,  petals,  ar.d  stamens  almost 
always  5.  Leaves  with  nearly  straight  parallel  veins.  Otherwise  as  in  llhaiu- 
nus.     (Name  from  Jhiiigo,  to  hreak,  in  allusion  to  the  brittleness  of  the  stems.) 

1.  P.  Caroliniaua,  Gray.  Thornless  shrub  or  small  tree ;  leaves  (3' -5' 
long)  oblong,  obseurely  serrulate,  nearly  glabrous,  deeiduous ;  flowers  in  one 
form  umbelled,  in  another  solitary  in  the  axils,  short-jjeduneled  ;  drupe  globose, 
3-sceded. — Secaueus  swamp,  New  Jersey,  Dr.  Post,  W.  II.  Liij<iM,  ami  river- 
banks.     Virginia  to  Kentueky  and  southward.     June. 

4.    CEANOTHUS,    L.        New  Jeksey  Tea.    Red-root. 

Calyx  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  colored  and  incurved  ;  the  lower  part  with  the  thick 
disk  cohering  with  the  ovary,  the  upper  separating  across  in  fruit.  Petals 
hooded,  spreading,  on  slender  claws  longer  than  the  calyx.  Filaments  also 
elongated.  Fruit  3-lobcd,  dry  and  sijlitting  into  its  3  carpels  when  ripe.  Seed 
as  in  Frangula.  —  Shrubby  plants;  the  flowers  in  little  umbel-like  clusters, 
which  arc  crowded  in  dense  panicles  or  corymbs  at  the  summit  of  naked  flower- 
branches  :  caly.x  and  pedicels  colored  like  the  petals.  ( An  obscure  name  in 
Theophrastus,  jirobably  missiiollod.) 

1.  C  Americanus,  L.  (New  Jersey  Tea.)  Leaves  ovate  or  ob- 
long-ovate, 3-ribbed,  serrate,  downy  beneath,  often  heart-shaped  at  the  base  : 
common  peduncles  elongated. —Dry  woodlands.  July.  —  Stems  10-3°  liigh 
from  a  dark  red  root :  branches  downy.  Flowers  in  ])rotty  white  elustei-s.  — 
The  leaves  were  used  for  tea  during  the  American  Kevolutiou  ;  and  the  manu- 
facture has  been  recently  revived  in  IVnnsylvania. 

2.  C.  OV^lis,  Bigelow.  Leaves  narrowly  oval  or  elliptical-lanceolate,  finely 
glandular-serrate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  as  well  as  the  short  common  pedimcles. 
—  Dry  rocks,  W.  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  westward.  May.  —  The  white 
flowers  laiger  than  in  No.  1,  more  corymbed :  leaves  narrower,  smooth,  mostly 
acute  at  both  ends. 

Okder  29.     CELASTRACE.E.     (Staff-tree  Family.) 

SJirub.f  with  .simple  leaven,  and  .^Jiiall  7-ef/uInr  flowers,  the  sepah  and  the 
petah  both  imbricated  in  the  hud,  the  4  or  o  perignnoua  stamens  as  many  as 
the  petals  and  alternate  icith  them,  inserted  on  a  disk  which  fills  the  bottom 
of  the  cali/x  and  sometimes  covers  the  ovari/.  Seeds  arilled.  —  Ovules  one 
or  lew  (erect  or  pendulous)  in  each  cell,  anatropoiis :  styles  united  into 
one.  Fruit  2-5-celled,  free  from  the  calyx.  Embryo  large,  in  fleshy 
albumen  :  cotyledons  broad  and  thin.  Stijjules  niluutc  and  fu-jacious. 
Pedicels  jointed.  —  Represented  hy  two  genera. 


116  SAPINDACE>«.       (soapberry    FAMILY.) 

\l.    CELASTRUS,    L.        Stafftkee.     SiiRrnnv  Bitter-sweet. 

I  Flowers  ])()ly;;aiiio-(li(i'(ious.  Petals  (crenulate)  and  stamens  5,  inserted  on 
the  margin  of  a  eiip-sluipcd  disk  which  lines  the  base  of  the  calyx.  I'od  glo- 
lx)se  (oranjie-eolor  and  berry-like),  3-eclled,  3-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds  I  or  2 
in  each  cell,  erect,  enclosed  in  a  pulpy  scarlet  aril.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers 
small,  greenish,  in  raceme-like  clusters  terminating  the  branches.  (An  ancient 
Greek  name  for  some  evergreen,  which  our  plant  is  not.) 

1.  C.  scandens,  L.  (Wax-wouk.  Climuing  Bitter-swef.t  )  Twin- 
ing shrub;  ICaves  ovatc-oblong,  finely  serrate,  pointed.  —  Along  streams  and 
thickets.  June.  —  The  opening  orange-colored  pods,  displaying  the  scarlet 
covering  of  the  seeds,  are  very  ornamental  in  autumn. 

2.     EU6nYMUS,     Tourn.        Spindle-tree. 

Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  4  or  5,  united  at  the  base,  forming  a  short  and  flat 
calyx.  Petals  4-5,  rounded,  spreading.  Stamens  very  short  inserted  on  the 
edge  or  face  of  a  broad  and  flat  4-5-angled  disk,  which  coheres  with  the  calyx 
and  is  stretched  over  the  ovary,  adhering  to  it  more  or  less.  Style  short 
or  none.  Pod  3  -  5-lobed,  3  -  5-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds  1  -  4  in  each  cell, 
enclosed  in  a  red  aril.  —  Shrubs,  with  4-sided  branchlets,  opposite  serrate 
leaves,  and  loose  cymes  of  small  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  (Derivation 
from  ev.  good,  and  ovofia,  name,  because  it  has  the  bad  reputation  of  poisoning 
cattle.      Tourn.) 

1.  E.  atropurpureus,  Jacq.  (Burxing-Bush.  Waahoo.)  Shrub 
tall  |6°-14°  high)  and  upright;  leaves  petioled,  oval-oblong,  pointed;  parts  of 
the  (dark-purple)  flower  commonly  in  fours;  /Ws  smooth,  deeply  lobed.  —  'Kcvf 
York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward:  also  cultivated.  June.  —  Ornamental  in 
autumn,  by  its  copious  crimson  fruit,  drooping  on  long  peduncles. 

2.  E.  Americanus,  L.  (Strawberry  Bish.)  Shrub  low,  upright  or 
straggling  (2°  -  5°  high)  ;  leaves  almost  si'ssile,  titicktsh,  bright  green,  varying 
from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed  ;  parts  of  the  greenish-purple 
flowers  mostly  in  fives  ;  pods  roiirjh-ivarti/,  depressed,  crimson  when  ripe ;  the 
aril  scarlet.  —  Wooded  river-banks,  S.  and  W.  Kew  York  to  Illinois  and  south- 
ward.    June. 

Var.  obovatus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Trailing,  with  rooting  branches ;  flower- 
ing stems  lo-2°  high  ;  leaves  thin  and  dull,  obovate  or  oblong.  (E.  obovatus, 
Nutt.)  — Low  or  wet  places  :  the  commoner  form. 

Ordkr  30.     SAPIXDACE^.     (Soapberry  Family.) 

Trees,  shriihs,  tcith  shnple  or  compound  leaves,  moslli/  imsymmetrical  and 
often  irregular  floxoers ;  the  4-5  sepals  and  petals  both  imhricated  in  a:sti- 
vation:  the  5-10  stamens  inserted  on  a  fleshy  (perigi/nous  or  /ii/pof/i/nons) 
disk;  a  2-3-celled  and  lohed  ovary,  tcith  1-2  (or  rarely  more)  ovules  in 
each  cell;  and  the  embryo  (except  Staphylea)  curved  or  convolute,  without 
albumen.  —  A  large  and  diverse  order,  the  true  Sapindaceae  principally 
tropical,  here  represented  only  by  the  Buckeyes. 


SAriNDACK.E.       (sOAPBKUUY    FAMILY.)  117 

SunoRDKR  I.     STAPIIVLEACEiE.     Bi.Ani>r.u-NrT  Famii-y. 

Flowers  (perfect)  regular  :  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals.  Ovules  1  -8 
in  eaeh  cell.  Seeds  bony,  with  a  straight  embryo  in  scanty  albumen.  — 
Shrubs  with  oi)posite  pinnately  compound  leaves,  both  stijiulate  and  sti- 
pellate. 

1.  Stnphylea.     Lohes  of  the  colored  calyx  and  petals  5,  erect.     Stamens  5     Fruit  a  3-celleil 

bladdery-inflated  pml. 

Si-nouDKU  II.  SAPITVDACE.i:  proper  (including  IIiitocastaxi:.!;.) 

Flowers  (often  ])olygainous)  mostly  unsyminetrical  and  irregular ;  the 
stamens  commonly  more  numerous  than  the  petals  or  sepals,  but  rarely 
twice  as  many.  Ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell.  Albumen  none.  Embryo 
cinved  or  convolute,  rarely  straight :  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy.  —  Leaves 
alternate  or  sometimes  opposite,  destitute  of  stipules,  mostly  compound. 

2.  .^scuIhs.     Calyx  .l-lobed.     Petals  4  or  5.     Stamens  commonly  7.     Fruit  a  leathery  pod. 

L-aves  opposite,  digitate. 

Si-iJORDKu  III.     ACERIWE.i:.    INIaple  Family. 

Flowers  (polygamous  or  dioecious)  small,  regular,  but  usually  unsym- 
metrical.  Petals  often  wanting.  Ovary  2-lobed  and  2-celled,  with  a  pair 
of  ovules  in  edch  cell.  Winged  fruits  1-seeded.  Albumen  none.  Em- 
bryo coiled  or  folded  ;  the  cotyledons  long  and  thin.  —  Leaves  opposite, 
simple  or  compound. 

3     Acer.     Flowers  polygamous.     Leaves  simple,  or  rarely  dijritatidy  compounil. 
4.    Nrgilililo.     Flowers  diuecious.     Leaves  pinnate,  with  3     5  leaflets. 

1.    STAPHYLEA,    L.        Bl.vdder-Xut. 

Calyx  deeply  ."j-imrtid,  the  lolics  erect,  wiiitish.  Petals  5,  erect,  spatulatc, 
inserted  on  the  nuirjiin  of  tiie  thick  perifrynous  disk  which  lines  the  l)asc  of  the 
calyx.  Stamens  .'),  alternate  with  the  petals.  Pistil  of  3  scvcral-oviiled  carpels, 
united  in  the  axis,  their  loii<;  styles  lightly  cohering.  Pod  larjxc,  meiuhrana- 
ccous,  inflated,  Sdobed,  3-eellcd,  at  length  InirstiuH'  at  the  summit ;  the  cells 
contiuninp;  1-4  bony  anatrojjous  seeds.  Aril  none.  Kmbryo  large  and  straight, 
in  scanty  albumen  ;  cotyledons  broad  and  thin.  —  Upright  shrubs,  with  o|)posite 
pinnate  leaves  of  3  or  5  serrate  leaflets,  and  white  flowers  in  drooping  raceme- 
like  clusters,  tcnninatin;;  the  branelilets.  Sti[)ules  and  stipels  deciduous.  {Name 
from  (TT(i(f)vXTi,  (I  rlitstcr.) 

1.  S.  trif61ia,  L.  (Amkukax  Blamm-.h-mt.)  Leaflets  3,  ovate, 
pointed.  —  Thickets,  in  moist  soil.  May.  —  Shrub  10°  high,  with  greenish 
striped  branches. 

2.    ..ffiSCULUS,    L.        IIonsK-niKSTNUT.    Blckeye. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-lol)C(l,  often  rather  oblicpic  or  {jribbous  at  the  base.  Petals 
4,  sometimes  5,  more  or  less  unequal,  with  claws,  nearly  hypogynous.    Stamena 


118  SAPIXDACIC^E.       (sOArUKURT    FAMILY.) 

7  (rarely  6  or  8)  :  filaments  long  and  slender,  often  unequal.  Style  1  :  ovary 
3-eellcd,  witli  '2  ovules  in  eaeli,  only  one  of  whieli,  or  one  in  eaeli  cell,  forms  a 
seed.  Seed  very  lar<re,  with  a  tiiiek  and  siiining  eoat,  and  a  large  and  round 
pale  sear,  wiiliout  alliunien.  Cotyledons  very  thiek  and  fleshy,  their  eontiguous 
faees  more  or  less  united,  remaining  under  ground  in  germination  :  plumule  2- 
leaved  :  radiele  eurved.  —  Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  op])osite,  digitate  :  leaflets 
sciTate,  straight-veined,  like  a  Chestnut-leaf.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  thyrsus  or 
dense  jianiele,  often  fiolygamous,  the  greater  portion  with  imperfeet  pistils  and 
sterile.  Pedieels  jointed.  Seeds  farinaeeous,  hut  imluied  with  a  bitter  and 
nareotie  prineiple.  (Tiie  ancient  name  of  some  Oak  ur  other  mast-bearing 
tree.) 

§1.  ^SCULUS  proper.       Fruit  covered  with  prickles  when  tjofuij. 
1.    JB.    IIirroi.VsTAM  M,    L.      (Common    IIousk-ciiestnut.)      Corolla 
spreading,  white  spotted  with  purple  and  yellow,  of  5  petals  ;  stamens  deelined ; 
leaflets  7.  —  Commonly  ])lanted.     (xVdv.  from  Asia  via  En.) 

2.  S^.  glabra,  Willd.  (Fktid  or  Ohio  Buckeyk.)  Stamens  curved, 
longer  than  the  ])ale  yellow  eorolla  of  4  upright  petals;  leaflets  5.  —  River- 
banks,  AV.  I'enn.  and  Virginia  to  Jfiehigan  and  Kentucky.  June.  —  A  large 
tree;  the  bark  exhaliTig  an  unpleasant  odor,  as  in  the  rest  of  the  genus.  Flow- 
ers small,  not  showy. 

§  2.    PA VIA,  Boerhaavc.       Fruit  smooth  :  petals  4,  connivinrj ;  the  2  upper-  smaller 
and  longer  than  the  others,  icith  a  small  and  rounded  blade  on  a  very  long  chnu. 

3.  ^.  fl^va,  Ait.  (Sweet  Buckeye.)  Stamens  indudnl  in  the  yellow 
corolla;  cali/.r  oli/ont/-rani/innnhite ;  leaflets  .5,  sometimes  7,  glabrous,  or  often 
minutely  downy  underneath.  —  Rich  woods,  Virginia  to  Ohio,  Indiana,  and 
southward.     May.     A  large  tree  or  a  shrub. 

Var.  purpui'ascens.  Flowers  (both  calyx  and  corolla)  tinged  with  flesh- 
color  or  dull  purple  ;  leaflets  commonly  downy  brneath.      (JE.  discolor,  Pursh.) 

—  From  West  Vii-giuia  southward  and  westward. 

4.  ^.  Pavia,  Jj.  (Red  Buckeye.)  Stamens  not  longer  than  the  co- 
rolla, which  is  bright  red,  as  well  as  the  tubular  cali/.r ;  leaflets  glal)rous  or  soft- 
downy  beneath.  —  Fertile  valleys,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     May. 

—  A  shrub  or  small  tree. 

3.     ACER,     Tourn.        Maple. 

Flowers  polygamo-dirreions.  Calyx  colored,  .5-  (rarely  4  -  12-)  lobed  or  parted. 
Petals  either  none,  or  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  equal,  with  short  claws 
if  any,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  Uie  lobed  disk,  which  is  either  pcrigynous  or 
hypogynous.  Stamens  3-12.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  pair  of  ovules  in  each  : 
styles  2,  long  and  slender,  united  only  below,  stigmatie  down  the  inside.  From 
the  back  of  each  ovary  grows  a  wing,  converting  the  fruit  into  two  1 -seeded,  at 
length  .separable  samaras  or  keys.  Seed  without  albumen.  Embryo  variously 
coiled  or  folded,  with  large  and  thin  cotyledons.  —  Trees,  or  sometimes  shrubs, 
with  o])posite  ])almately-lobed  leaves,  and  small  flowers.  Pedicels  not  jointed. 
(The  classical  name,  from  the  Celtic  ac,  hard.) 


SATINDACKvE.       (SOAPBICKUY    FAIMILV.)  1  1 'J 

♦  J-'lotfi'is  ill  tinniiKil  ranini's,  greenish,  appearing  after  the  leaves:  stamens  6-8. 

1.  A.  Pennsylv^nicum,  L.  (Stru'kd  Mai-i.k.)  Ix-avcs  3-Iohe<l  at 
the  ajjcx,  finely  iiiul  sliurply  doubly  serrate;  the  short  lohes  taper-pointed  and 
also  serrate;  racmus  ihoopiiKj,  fixise ;  pitnls  olionite ;  Cniit  with  larye  divcrj^in;^ 
win-s.  (A.  striatum,  Loin)  —  Rich  woixls,  Maine  to  Wiseonsin,  and  south- 
ward aloii;,'  the  Aile;,^hanii's  to  X'iri^iiiia  and  KcntiRky.  June. — A  .small  and 
slendir  truu,  with  li;;ht-j;reeii  barli  stri|jed  with  dark  lines,  and  ■,-reeiiish  flowers 
and  Iruit.     Also  railed  Striped  IkKjinmil  and  Moosi-  Wood. 

2.  A.  spicitum,  Lam.  (Molntain  M.)  Leaves  downy  underneath, 
3- (or  slightly  .')-)  lohed,  coarsely  serrate,  the  lobes  taper-j)ointed ;  racemes  vp- 
riijht,  dense,  .somewhat  eonipound ;  petals  liiiear-sjHitiilate ;  fruit  with  small  very 
divergent  wings.  (A.  montanum,  yl<7.)  —  Moist  woods,  with  the  same  range 
as  No.  I.     June.  —  A  tall  shrui),  forming  clumps. 

*  *  F/otrrrs  iiiiiJx  Hiite-coripiilied,  greenish-ijeUow,  appearing  with  the  leaves. 

3.  A.  saccharinum,  Wang,  j; Sugar  or  Rock  M.)  Tx-avcs  3  - S-lobed, 
witii  rounded  siiiiivcs  and  ]ii)inted  sparingly  sinuate-toothed  lobes,  either  heart- 
sliapid  or  nearly  truncate  at  the  base,  whitish  and  smooth  or  a  little  downy  on 
the  veins  bi'neath  ;  flowers  from  terminal  leaf-bearing  and  lateral  leafless  buils, 
'irooping  on  very  slender  hairy  pedicels ;  calyx  hairy  at  the  apex  ;  petals  none ; 
wings  of  the  fiuit  broad,  slightly  diverging.  —  Hieh  woods,  esjieeially  north- 
ward and  along  the  mountains  southward.  April,  May.  —  A  large  and  hand- 
some tree. 

Var.  nigrum.  (Black  Sugar-M.)  Leaves  scarcely  paler  beneath,  but 
often  minutely  downy,  the  lobes  wider,  the  sinus  at  the  base  often  closed.  (A. 
nigrum,  Michx.)  —  With  the  ordinary  form 

#  *  *  Flowers  in  umbel-lilr  clusters  arisiiig  from  separate  lateral  Inids,  and  much 
}irccediiig  tlie  leaves  :  stamens  3-0 

4.  A.  dasye^rpum,  Ehrhart.  (White  or  Sii.vi.u  INI.)  Lmres  rcrij 
difjili/  r^-loJxd  with  the  sinuses  rather  acute,  silvery-white  (and  when  young 
downy)  underneath,  the  divisions  narrow,  cut-Iobed  and  toothed  ;  flowers 
(greenish-yellow)  on  short  ])edieels  ;  petak  none ;  fruit  ivoolli/ trhen  young,  with 
large  divergent  wings.  —  Hiver-banks  ;  most  common  southward  and  westward. 
March- April.  —  A  fine  ornamental  tree. 

5.  A.  rtlbrum,  L.  (Ri;n  or  Swamp  M.)  Z^i'fs  3-5 /o6c</,  with  acute 
sinuses,  whitish  underneath ;  the  lobes  irregularly  serrate  and  notched,  lu-iite, 
the  middle  one  usually  longest ;  petals  linear-ohlong ;  flowers  (scarlet,  crimson, 
or  .sometimes  yellowish)  on  very  short  ))edicels  ;  but  the  smooth  fruit  on  pro- 
longed drooping  pedicels.  —  Swamps  and  wet  woods.  Ajiril. — A  small  tree, 
with  reddish  twigs;  the  leaves  varying  greatly  in  shape,  turning  bright  crini- 
.son  in  early  autumn. 

4.     NEGUNDO,     Mandi.        Asn-Li:AVF.n  Maplk.     Box-Eldkr. 

Flowers  dia'cious.  Calyx  minute,  4 -.5Hdeft.  'Petals  none.  Stamens  4 -.5. 
Disk  none.  —  Sterile  flowers  in  clusters  on  ca))illary  )>ediecls,  the  fertile  la 
drooping  racemes,  from  lateral  buds.  Leaves  pinnate,  with  3  or  5  leaflets*. 
(Name  unmeaning.) 


1-0   .  i  ,  I'OLYGALACK.K.       (mII.KAVORT    FAJIILV.) 

1.  N.  aceroides,  IMocnch.  (Acer  Ncgumlo,  L.)  Leaflets  smoothish 
when  old,  very  veiny,  ovate,  jjointeil,  toothed  ;  fruit  .smooth,  with  large  rather 
incurved  A>iii^s.  —  lliver-hnnks.  l\'nusylvania  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward. 
April.  — A  .-niail  hut  handsome  tree,  with  li<;ht-green  twigs,  and  very  delicate 
drooping  clusters  of  small  greenish  flowers,  rather  earlier  tiian  the  leaves. 

Okdi-.k  31.     POI.YGALACE.1E.     (Milkwout  Family.) 

Plants  n-ith  irregular  hijpogynous  Jlowcrs,  4-8  dkulclphous  or  monatlel- 
phous  stamens,  their  l-celled  anthers  openiiKj  at  the  top  hi/  a  pore  or  chink- ; 
the  fruit  a  2-celled  and  2-seeded  pod. — Kepresented  in  this  country  only 
by  the  ;^enus 

1.     POIjYGALA,     Tourn.        Milkwort. 

Flower  very  irregular.  Calyx  ])ersistent,  of  .5  se])als,  of  uliicii  ."5  (the  iip]ier 
and  the  2  lower)  are  buiall  and  often  greenish,  while  the  two  lateral  or  inner 
(called  wiiiffs)  arc  much  larger,  and  colored  like  the  j)etals.  Petals  .'5,  hypogy- 
iious,  connected  with  each  other  and  with  the  stamen-tube,  the  middle  (lower) 
one  keel-shaped  and  often  crested  on  the  back.  Stamens  6  or  8  :  their  filaments 
united  below  into  a  split  sheath,  or  into  2  sets,  cohering  more  or  less  with  the 
petals,  free  above:  anthers  l-celled,  often  cup-shaped,  opening  by  a  hole  or 
broad  chink  at  the  apex.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  single  anatropous  ovule  pen- 
dulous in  each  cell :  style  prolonged  and  curved :  stigma  various.  Fruit  a 
sni.iU,  loculicidal  2-see(led  pod,  usually  rounded  and  notched  at  the  apex,  much 
flattened  contrary  to  the  very  narrow  partition.  Seeds  with  a  caruncle,  or  va- 
riously shaped  aj)pendage,  at  the  liilum.  Embryo  large,  straight,  with  flat  and 
hroad  cotyledons,  surrounded  by  a  sparing  albumen.  —  Bitter  plants  (low  herbs 
in  temperate  regions),  with  simple  entire  often  dotted  leaves,  and  no  stipules : 
sometimes  (as  in  the  last  two  species)  bearing  concealed  flowers  next  the  ground, 
which  are  fertilii«.'d  in  the  closed  bud.  (An  old  name  composed  of  TroXvy,  much, 
and  yuKa,  milk,  from  a  fancied  property  of  its  increasing  this  seci-etion.) 

§  1.  Biennials  or  annuals,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers,  which  axe  dis- 
2»>s:d  to  turn  greenish  in  dnjimj:  crest  of  the  ktel  [lower  petal)  small :  flowerinrj 
all  summiT. 

1.  P.  lutea,  L.  Low;  flowers  [bright  orangr-jjcllow)  in  solitary  ovale  or  ohloiuj 
heads  (:]'  thick,)  terminating  the  stem  or  simple  branches  ;  leaves  (1'-  2'  long)  ob- 
ovate  or  spatulate  ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  nearly  as  lung  as  the  seed.  —  Sandy  swamps, 
New  Jersey  and  .southward,  near  the  coast. 

2.  P.  rambsa,  Ell.  Flou-ers  [citron-yellow)  in  numerous  short  and  dense  spik-e- 
//7ce  racfmes  collected  in  a  flat-topped  cow/;o«Hf/  cyme;  leaves  oblong-linear,  the 
lowest  spatulate  or  obovate ;  seeds  ovoid ;  minutely  hairy,  twice  the  Inigth  of  the 
caruncle.  (P.  cymosa,  Poir.,  not  of  Walt.  P.  corymbosa,  Nntt.) — Damp  pine- 
barrens,  Delaware  and  southward.  (The  allied  P.  cy.m^sa,  Walt.,  which  is 
P.  graminifolia,  Pair.,  P.  attenuata,  Nntt.  and  1*.  acutifolia,  Torr.  cj-  Gray, — 
known  by  its  simpler  cymes,  stem  naked  above,  narrower  leaves,  and  globu- 
lar seeds  with  no  caruncle,  — may  occur  in  S.  Virginia.) 


POLYGALACE.'E.       (mII.KW»;KT    FAMILY.)  121 

§  2.  Aiiniial.t,  wilh  all  the  Icnvrx  alternate:  floirern  in  spikes,  heads,  or  raremes  termi- 

ntUin'i  the  stem  or  liranvhrs,  piir/ile  or  rosc-^edor ,  in  summer:  none  suitcrraneun. 
»  Corolla  consjiintouslij  creMid  on  the  led:  the  clau-s  of  the,  true  jictals  united  into  a 
loiK)  and  slender  cleft  tulw  much  siir/iassinf/  the  wim/s. 

3.  P.  incarilclta,  L.  Glaucous  ;  stem  slender,  sparingly  branched ;  leaves 
minute  and  liuearawl-shaj)ed ;  spike  cylindrical;  flowers  flesh-color;  caruncle 
longer  th:m  the  narrow  stJilk  of  llic  hairy  seed.  —  Dry  soil,  I'enn.  to  Wisconsin 
and  southward  ;  rather  rare. 

«  »  Corolla  minutilji  or  inconspicuously  crested ;  the  true  petcds  not  lonrjer  but  mostli/ 
shortir  than  the  winrjs :  seed  pear-shaped. 

4.  P.  sanguinea,  L.  Stem  sparingly  branched  above,  leafy  to  the  top ; 
leaves  ohlon(/-liii<nr ;  luads  (/lolntlar,  at  lenijlh  oblonf/,  very  dense  (4" -5"  thick), 
bright  red-i)uri)le  (rarely  paler  or  even  white) ;  pedicels  scarcely  any  ;  winfjs 
Iroadli/  ovuti',  closilij  sessile,  longer  than  the  pod  ;  the  2-parteil  caruncle  almost 
equalling  the  seed.  —  Sandy  and  moist  groimd  :  common. 

5.  P.  fastigi^ta,  Xutt.  Stem  slender,  at  length  corymbosely  branched; 
haves  mirroirli/  linear,  small ;  spikes  short  and  dense  (3"  in  diameter) ;  the  small 
rose-purple  flowers  on  ;)e(f/ce/s  q/"  atewi  the  temjth  of  the  pod ;  wings  obovatc- or 
oval-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  scarcely  exceeding  the  pod  ;  bracts  deciduous 
with  the  flowers  or  fruits ;  caruncle  as  long  as  and  nearly  enveloping  the  stalk- 
like  base  of  the  minutely  hairy  seed.  (P.  sanguinea.  Ton-.  <j-  Gr.,  cxcl.  syn. ; 
not  of  Xutt.,  nor  L.)  —  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  (Xuttull)  and  Delaware 
to  Kentucky  and  southward. 

6.  P.  Nuttillii,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (F/.  1,;).  670,  cxcl.  syn.  &  descr.)  Resembles 
the  last,  but  usually  lower;  spikes  more  cylindrical;  flowers  duller  or  greenish 
purple,  on  shorter  pedicels ;  the  awl-sliapcd  scaly  bracts  persistent  on  the  axis  after 
the  flowers  or  fruits  fall  ;  seed  very  hairy,  the  caruncle  snudler.  (P.  sanguinea, 
Nutt.,  not  of  L.  P.  Mariana,  &c.,  Pluk.  t.  437.  P.  anibigua,  Torr.  ,J-  Gr.  FL, 
not  o(  Nutt.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  coast  of  Massachusetts  to  Kentucky  and  south- 
ward. —  Spike  sometimes  rather  loose. 

7.  P.  Curtissii,  n.  sp.  Slender  (9'  high) ;  leaves,  &c.,  as  in  the  two  pre- 
ceding ;  flowers  rose-purple,  in  elongated  and  loose  racemes ;  the  ascending  pedicels 
and  the  narrow  oblong  erect  wings  full i/  twice  the  length  of  the  pod ;  bracts  persistent, 
those  of  the  lower  and  remoter  flowers  foliaccous ;  caruncle  small,  on  one  side 
of  the  stalk-like  base  of  the  very  hairy  seed,  which  is  con.tpicuousli/  apicnhite  at 
the  broader  end.  —  Near  Alexandria,  Virginia,  A.  II.  Curliss.  —  Most  re'ated  to 
P.  Chapmanii  of  Florida. 

§  3.  Anmials  with  at  lea.'it  the  lower  stem/eaves  irhorhd  in  fours,  sometimes  in  Jives: 

spikes  terminating  the  stem  and  Inuinrhes ;  ft.  .<tummer  and  autumn. 
*  Spikes  short  and  thick  (4"  -  9"  in  diameter ;  the  a.ris  rough  with  the  squarrose  bracts 

persisting  after  the  fall  of  the  (middle-sized)  rose  or  greenish  purple  flowers:  crest 

of  the  keel  small. 

8.  P.  CrUCi^ta,  L.  Stems  (3' -10'  high)  almost  winged  at  the  angles, 
with  spreading  opposite  branches ;  leaves  nearly  n!!  in  fours,  linear  and  some- 
what spatulate  or  oblanceolate ;  spikes  sessile  or  nearli/  so,  wings  broad/;/  deltoid- 
ovate,  slightly  hart-shajted,  tapering  to  a  bristly  point,  or  rarely  pointless;  caruncle 

G  M— 6 


122  POLYGALACE.E.       (M'.LIvWOUT    FAMILY.) 

nearly  as  long  as  the  seed.  —  Margin  of  swamps,  Maine  to  Virginia  and  south- 
ward near  the  coast,  and  along  tiie  Great  Lakes. 

9.  P.  brevifdlia,  Nutt.  Rather  slender,  branched  above ;  leaves  scattered 
on  the  liraiuhes,  narrower;  s/iiLes  pidundcd;  icinjs  lanccolate-orale,  jiointkss  or 
J<o.rtli/  mmroitate.  —  Margin  of  sandy  bogs,  Rhode  Island  ( Olncij),  New  Jersey,  and 
southward.     Too  near  the  last. 

*  *  Sjiihes  slender  [itlout  2"  tluck),  the  bracts  faUimj  ivith  the  Jhirrrs,  which  are 
siiKill,  (jrtenish-irhite  ur  bardij  tiii(j(d  With  purple,  the  crest  of  the  keel  limjer. 

10.  P.  verticillilta,  L.  Slender  (6'- 10'  high),  much  branched;  stem- 
leaves  all  whorled,  those  of  the  branches  scattered,  linear,  acute;  spikes  pcduncled, 
dense,  acute;  ivintjs, round,  clawed;  the  2-lobcd  caruncle  half  the  length  of  the 
seed.  —  Dry  soil :  common. 

11.  P.  ambigua,  Nutt.  Very  slender,  loosely  branched ;  lowest  stem-le>ives 
in  fours,  the  rat  scattered ;  spikes  lomppeduncltd,  more  slender,  the  flowers  often 
purplish  and  scattered ;  wimjs  oval.;  caruncle  shorter ;  otherwise  nearly  as  in 
No.  10,  —  of  which  it  is  jjrobably  a  mere  variety.  —  Dry  soil,  from  New  York 
and  Pennsylvania  southward. 

§  4.  Perennial,  with  alternate  leaves  throurjhout,  and  ichite  flowers  in  a  solitary  close 
spike :  no  subterranean  blossoms. 

12.  P.  S6nega,  L.  (Seneca  Sxakekoot.)  Stems  several  from  thick 
and  hard  knotty  rootstocks,  simple  (G'-12'  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  with  rough  margins ;  flowers  almost  sessile ;  wings  round-obovatc, 
concave ;  crest  short ;  caruncle  nearly  as  long  as  the  seed.  —  Rocky  soil,  W. 
New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     May,  June. 

Var.  Iatif61ia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Taller,  sometimes  branched ;  leaves  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  2' -4'  long,  tapering  to  each  end.  —  Maryland  to  Kentucky. 

§  5.  Biennials  and  perennials,  ivith  shoici/,  rose-purple,  conspicuoiisli/  crested  flowers ; 
also  bearing  colorless  and  inconspicuous  more  fertile  ones,  irith  imperfect  corollas, 
feitilized  in  the  bud,  on  subterranean  branches. 

13.  P.  polygama,  Walt.  Stems  numerous  from  the  biennial  root,  mostly 
simple,  ascending,  very  leafy  (6'  to  9'  high) ;  leaves  oblanceolute  or  oblong,  alternate  ; 
terminal  raceme  many-flowered,  the  broadly  obovate  wings  longer  than  the  keel ; 
stamens  8  ;  radical  flowers  racemed  on  short  runners  beneath  the  ground ;  lobes 
of  the  caruncle  2,  scale-like,  shorter  than  the  seed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil ;  common 
eastward.     July. 

14.  P.  paueifdlia,  Willd.  Prrwnm/,- flowering  stems  short  (3' -4' high), 
rising  from  long  and  slender  jn-ostrate  or  subterranean  shoots,  which  also  bear 
concealed  fertile  flowers ;  lower  leaves  small  and  scale-like,  scattered :  the  upper 
leaves  ovate,  petiokd,  crowehd  at  the  summit  of  the  stem;  flowers  1  -3,  large,  pe- 
dunclcd ;  wings  obovate,  rather  shorter  than  the  conspicuously  fringe-crested 
keel;  stamens  6;  caruncle  of  2  or  3  awl-shaped  lobes  longer  than  the  seed;  — 
Woods,  in  light  soil,  especially  northward,  extending  southward  along  the  Al- 
leghanies.  May.  —  A  delicate  plant,  with  hirge  and  very  handsome  flowers,  9" 
long,  rose-purple,  or  rarely  pure  white.  Sometimes  called  Flowering -Winter- 
green,  but  more  appropriately  Fringed  Rolygala. 


LKGUMINOSyi:.       (I'ULSK    FAMILY.)  123 

Ouni-.K  32.     LEGlIIfllNOS.I].     (Pclsic  Family.) 

Plants  wilft  papilionaceous  or  soinctimcs  regular  Jtower.i,  10  (rarely  5  and 
snnielimes  mam/)  mouailelphous,  t/iaih^'phous,  or  rarelij  distinct  slarnens,  and 
a  .-ingle  simple  free  pistil,  becoming  a  legume  in  fruit.  Seeds  mostlg  tcithoul 
albumen.  Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules,  usually  compound.  One  of  tlie 
sepals  inft'rior  (i.  e.  next  the  bract)  ;  one  of  tlie  petals  superior  (i.  e.  next 
the  axis  of  the  inflorescence).  —  A  very  large  order  (nearly  free  from 
noxioius  (jualities),  of  which  tlie  principal  representatives  in  northern  tem- 
perate regions  belong  to  the  fii-st  of  tiie  three  subordei-s  it  comprises. 

Suborder  T.    PAPILIOIVACE.E.     Proper  Pulse  Family. 

Calyx  of  .5  sepals,  more  or  less  united,  oi'tcn  unequally  so.  Corolla  peri- 
gynous  (inserted  into  tlie  base  of  the  calyx),  of  5  irregular  petals  (or  very 
rarely  fewer),  imbricated  in  the  bud,  more  or  less  difiimciXy  jiapilionaceous, 
i.  e.  witli  the  upper  or  odd  petal,  called  the  cexillum  or  standard,  larger 
than  tlie  others  and  enclosing  them  in  the  bud,  usually  turned  backward 
or  spreading ;  the  two  lateral  ones,  called  the  icings,  oblitjue  and  exterior 
to  the  two  lower  petals,  which  last  are  connivent  and  commonly  more  or 
less  coherent  by  their  anterior  edges,  forming  a  body  named  the  carina  or 
keel,  from  its  resemblance  to  the  keel  or  prow  of  a  boat,  and  which  usually 
encloses  the  stamens  and  pistil.  Stamens  10,  very  rarely  5,  inserted  with 
the  corolla,  monadelphous,  diadelphous  (mostly  with  9  united  in  one  set 
in  a  tube  which  Is  cleft  on  the  upper  side,  i.  e.  next  the  standard,  and  the 
tenth  or  up])er  one  separate),  or  occasionally  distinct.  Ovary  1  -celled,  .some- 
times 2-celled  by  an  intrusion  of  one  of  the  sutures,  or  transversely  2- 
many-celled  by  cross-division  into  joints :  style  simjile :  ovules  amphitro- 
pous,  rarely  anatropous.  Cotyledons  large,  thick  or  thickish :  radicle 
incurved.  —  Leaves  simple  or  simply  compound,  the  earliest  ones  in  ger- 
mination usually  opposite,  the  rest  alternate  :  leaflets  almost  always  (piite 
entire.  Flowers  perfect,  solitary  and  axillary,  or  in  spikes,  racemes,  or 
panicles.    . 

A.    Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous. 

Tribe  I.  GENISTEiE.  Shrubs  or  herbs,  novcr  climbing,  with  simple  or  palmatfly  com- 
pound leaves,  and  peduncles  terminal  or  opposite  the  leaves.  Stamens  monailelplious  :  an- 
thers of  two  forms.     I'od  continuous. 

1.  L.U|>iliU8.     Calyx  deeply  2-lipped.     Keel  scythe-shaped,  pointed.     Po<l  flat. 

2.  C'rotnlaria.    Calyx  5-lobed.    Keel  scythe-sha|>ed,  pointi-d.    P. id  inflated.    Leaves  simple. 

3.  Gciii8tn.     Keel  straight,  deflexe<l.     Pod  usually  flat.     Li-aves  simple. 

Tribe  II.  TRIFOI..IK.aC.  Herbs,  not  climbinR,  with  3 -(rarely  5-7-)  foliolate  leaves, 
the  veinleff  of  the  Iraflcls  often  TunninR  int/i  minute  teeth,  and  the  stipules  united  with  the 
bas?(if  the  ]>etiiile.  Peduncles  axillary.  Stamens  diadelphous  :  luithers  uniform.  Pod  small 
and  1 -few-seeded,  or  coiled. 

4.  Triruliiim.     Flowers  capitate.     Pods  membranaceous,  1-6-seeded.     Petals  adherent  to 

the  stamen-tiibf. 

5.  Mi-Iilotiifi.     Flowers  racemed.     Po<ls  coriaceous,  wrinkled,  1 -2-seeded. 

6.  Medicago.     Flowers  racemeil  or  ripifted.     P<k1h  curved  or  coik-d,  1  -  few-seeded 


124  LKGU.MINOS.E.       (rULSIC    FAMILY.) 

Tribe  III.  GAI^EGEiK.  Herbs  or  woody  plants  (twining  only  in  No.  12),  not  temlril- 
beiiiiii;.',  with  |)iiiiiate  or  siim<tiiiies  imliiiiitely  coni|>i>uiHl  leaves.  Stuineiis  cliacUlplious  or 
rurcly  moiiadilphnus :  iintliers  uiiitunn  (or  the  5  alternate  ones  sometimes  smaller  in 
No.  7).     Poilocontiiiuous,  at  least  not  transversely  jointed. 

•  PSORALIE.E.     Glaiidular-dolted   shrubs  or  herbs.     Ovary  1-3  ovuled  ;   the  legume  small 

and  indehiscent,  1-seedeil,  rarely  'i-seeded. 

7.  PsoraU-a.     Corolla  truly  papilionaceous.     Stamens  10,  more  or  less  diadelphous,  half  of 

the  anthers  often  smaller  or  less  perfect.     Leaves  3  -  5-foliolate. 

8.  Dalea.     Corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous.     Stamens  9  or  10,  raonadelphous  ;  the  cleft 

tube  of  filaments  bearing  4  of  the  pi^tals  about  its  middle.     Leaves  piunate. 

9.  Petalosltiiioii.     Corolla  scarcely  at  all  papilionaceous.     Stamens  5,  raonadelphous; 

the  cleft  tube  of  filaments  bearing  4  of  the  petals  on  its  summit.     Leaves  pinnate. 

10.  Aiiioi-plia.     Corolla  <rf  only  one  peUil !     Stamens  10,  monadelphous  at  the  base.     Leaves 

pinnate. 

•  ♦  TJiPHKOSIE.Ti.     Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs.     Ovary  several  -  many-ovuled -.  pod  flattened, 

several-seeded,  2-varved.     Leaves  ])innate.     Suindard  large  and  br.jad. 

11.  Robinia.     Wings  of  the  corolki  free  from  the  keel.     I'od  flat,  thin,  margined  on  one  edge. 

Trees  or  shrubs :  leaflets  stipellate. 

12.  Wistaria.     Wings  free  from  tli^kcel.     Pod  tumid,  marginless.    Woody  tivincrs :  leaflets 

obscurely  stipellate. 

13.  Teplii-osia.     Wings  cohering  with  the  keel.     Pod  flat,  marginless.     Herbs  :  leaflets  not 

stipellate. 

•  *  »  ASTRAO.\LE.E.    Chiefly  herbs,  with  pinnate  leaves  and  axillary  racemes  or  spikes.  Pod 

mostly  turgid  or  inflated.     Style  beardless.     Standard  narrow,  erect. 

14.  Astra^^aliis.     Anthers  distinctly  2celled.    Keel  not  tipped  with  a  point  or  sharp  ap- 

pendage.    Pod  turgid,  with  one  or  both  the  sutures  turned  in,  sometimes  dividing  the  ceJl 
lengthwise  into  two. 
15    Oxyti-npis.     Keel  of  the  corolla  tipped  with  a  point :  otherwise  as  Astragalus. 

16.  Glycyri-hiza.     Anthers  with  the  two  cells  confluent.     Pod  short,  few-seeded,  nearly 

indehiscent,  glandular-prickly. 
Tribe  IV.     HEDYSAUE.^.     Herbs,  with  pinnate  or  pinnately  1  - 3-foliolate  leaves, 
not  tendril-bearing.     Anthers  uniform,  except  in  No.  21.     Pod  (loment)  transversely  2 -sev- 
eral-jointed, the  reticulated  1-seeded  joints  remaining  closed,  or  sometimes  reduced  to  one 

such  joint. 

»  Leaves  pinnate,  with  several  leaflets,  not  stipellate. 

17.  .ffi.scliynomene.     Stamens  equally  diadelphous  (5  &  5).    Caly.x  2-lipiied.    Pod  several- 

jointed  :  joints  square. 

18.  Hedysariim.     Stamens  unequally  diadelphous  (9  &  1).     Caly.x  5-cleft.     Pod  several- 

jointed  :  joints  roundish. 

«  *  Leaves  pinnately  3-fnliolate,  rarely  1-foliolate. 

19.  Desmndiiim.     Stamens  diadelphous  (0  &  1)  or  monadelphous  below.     Calyx  2-lipped. 

Pod  several-jointed.     Flowers  all  of  one  sort  and  complete      Leaflets  stipellate. 

20.  LespedeKn.     Stamens  diadeli)hous  (9  &  1) :  anthers  uniform.     Po.1 1  -  2-jointed.     Flow- 

ers often  of  2  sorts,  the  more  fertile  ones  apetalous.     Leaflets  not  stipellate. 

21.  Stylosaiilhcs.     Stamens  monadelphous :  anthers  of  2  sorts.     Pod  1  -  2-jointed.     Calyx 

deciduous,  the  tube  narrow  and  stalk-like.     Leaflets  not  stipellate. 
Tribe  V.     VICIK.^.    Herbs,  with  abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  usually  climbing,  the  common 
leafstalk  continued  into  a  tendril  or  bristle.  Peduncles  axillary.  Stamens  chiefly  diadc'lphous 
(9  &  1).     Pod  continuous,  2-valved,  few  -  several- seeded.     Cotyledons  very  thick,  remaining 
under  ground  in  germination. 

22.  Vlcla.     Wings  adherent  to  the  keel.     Style  filiform,  boarded  with  a  tuft  or  ring  of  hair» 

at  the  apex. 

23.  liathyriis.     Wings  nearly  free.    Style  somewhat  dilated  and  flattened  upwards,  bearded 

down  the  inner  face. 


LEGUMINOS^.       (rULSK    FAMILY.)  12;") 

Tribe  VI.  PHASEOI^E^.  Twininp  or  sometimes  only  trailing  plants  (herbs  In  tem- 
|>erate  repioiis).  willi  piiinalely  3-  (rarely  1-  or  5  -  7-)  foliolate  leavi-s,  commonly  Blipillatc. 
Peduncles  or  flowers  axillary  ;  (he  pedicels  usually  clustered  on  the  thickened  nodes  of 
the  raceme.  Anthers  uniform.  I'od  continuous,  not  jointed,  nor  more  than  l-cclle<l,  except 
by  cellular  matter  sometimes  depositeil  between  the  seeds,  2-va'.ved.  Cotyledons  thick,  aud 
rising  above  ground  lUtle  changed  in  gennination,  or  sometimes  becoming  foliuceous. 
•  Leaves  pinnate. 

12.    Wistnrin.     Woody  twiner  :    Icaflfts  9  -  13      Keel  barely  incurved,  obtuse. 

24.  Apios.     Ikrbaccius  twiner  :   leaflets  5-7.     Keel  slender  and  much  incurved  or  colled. 

•  •  Leaves  3-foliolate     Ovules  and  seeds  several.     Flowers  not  yellow. 

25.  Pllngeolns.     Keel  strongly  incurved   or  coiled:    standard  recurved-spreading.     Style 

beaniod  lengthwise. 
2G    Ceiitrosema.     Calyx  short,  5-cleft.     Standard  with  a  spur  at  the  base:  keel  broad, 

merely  i[icurved.     Style  minutely  bearded  next  the  stigma 
27.   Clitoi'ia.     Calyx  tubular,  5-lobed.    Standard  erect,  spurless  :  keel  scythe-shaped.  Style 

bearded  down  the  inner  face. 
28     Aniplil<-ur|)iiea.     Calyx  tubular,  4  -  5-toothed.     Standard  erect  :  keel  almost  straight. 

Style  beardless.     Some  nearly  apetalous  fertile  flowers  next  the  ground. 

29.  Gulactin.     Calyx  4-clert,  the  ui>per  lobe  broadest  and  entire.    Style  beardless.     Bract 

and  bractlets  minute,  mostly  deciduous. 
•  *  •  Leaves  1  -  3-foliolate.   Ovules  and  seeds  only  one  or  two.     Flowers  yellow. 

30.  Rliyncliosia.     Keel  scythe-shaped.     Calyx  4  -  5-i)arted.     Pod  short. 

B.  Stiiinens  all  .«t'paratc. 

Tribe  VII.     SOPHOnEjE  and  PODALY[lIE:.aE:.     Stamens  10,  distinct ;  the  co- 
rolla being  truly  papilionaceous. 

31.  Bnplisia.    t'al.vx4-5-liil)ed.   Pod  inflated.  Herbs:  leaves  palmately3-riiliolate  or  simple. 

32.  Cladrasllii.     Calyx  5-toothed.     Pod  very  flat.     Tree,  with  pinnate  leaves. 

Suborder  II.     C.ESALPIl^flEiE.     Brasiletto  Family. 
Corolla  imperfectly  or  not  at  all  papilionaceous,  sometimes  nearly  regu- 
lar, imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  upper  or  odd  petal  inside  and   enclosed 
by  the  others.     Stamens  10  or  fewer,  commonly  distinct,  inserted  on  the 
calyx.     Seeds  anatropous,  often  with  albumen.     Embryo  straight. 

»  Flowers  imperfectly  papilionaceous,  perfect. 

33.  Cercls.     Calyx  camjianulate,  5-toothed.     Pod  flat,  wing-margined.     Leaves  simple. 

•  «  Flowers  not  at  all  papilionaceous,  perfect. 

34.  Cassia.     Calyx  of  5  nearly  <listinct  sepals.     Leaves  simply  and  abruptly  pinnate. 

•  •  »  Flower:)  not  at  all  papilion.iceous,  polygamous  or  did'cious. 

35.  Gymnocladtis.    Tree:  leaves  all  doubly  pinnate     Calyx-tube  elongated,  at  its  sum- 

mit bearing  5  |H>tals  resembling  the  calyx-lobes.     Stjimens  10. 

36.  GIrdilschln.    Trees  thorny:  leaves  simply  and  doubly  )iinnate.     Calyx-tube  short; 

its  lobis,  petals,  and  stamens  3-5. 

Suborder  III.     MH^IOSCiE.     Mimosa  Family. 

Flower  regular.  Corolla  valvate  in  a\xtivation,  oi\en  iniited  into  a 
4  -  ."j-lobed  cup,  hypngynous,  a.s  are  the  (often  very  numerous)  oxserted 
stamens.     Eml)ryo  straight.     Leaves  twice  pinnate. 

37.  Ucsiiiniilhiig.     Petals  distinck.     Stamens  5  or  10      Pod  smooth. 

38.  Schraiikia.      Petals  united   below  into  a  cup.     Stamens  8  or  10.     Pod  covered  with 

small  prickles  or  rough  projections. 


126  leguminos.t;.     (pulse  family.) 

1.     LUPtNUS,     Tourn.         Lipine. 

Calyx  very  tUcply  2-lippocl.  Sides  of  tlic  standard  rcHcxcd :  keel  scythe- 
sliapcd,  ])oiiited.  Sheath  of  the  moiiadelphoiis  stamens  entire:  anthers  alter- 
nately ohlon-i  and  roinulish.  Tod  oblong,  flattened,  often  knotty  by  eonstrie- 
tions  between  the  seeds.  Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy.  Herbs,  with  palinately 
1  -  15-foliolate  leaves,  stipules  adnate  to  base  of  the  petiole,  and  showy  flowers 
in  terminal  racemes  or  spikes.  (Name  from  Lupm,  a  wolf,  because  the.>e  plants 
were  thought  to  devour  the  fertility  of  the  soil.) 

1.  Ii.  per^unis,  L.  (Wii,u  Li  tine.)  Perennial,  somewhat  hairy  ;  stem 
erect  (l°-2°);  leaflets  7-11,  oblanceolatc ;  flowers  in  a  long  raceme;  pods 
very  hairy.  —  Sandy  soil:  common.  May,  June.  —  Flowers  showy,  purplish- 
blue,  rarely  pale. 

2.     GROT  AL  ARIA,     L.        Rattle-box. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  scarcely  2-lip|)ed.  Standard  large,  heart-shaped :  keel  scythe- 
shaped.  Sheath  of  the  monadelphous  stamens  cleft  on  the  upper  side :  5  of 
the  anthers  smaller  and  roundish.  Pod  inflated,  oblong,  many-seeded.  —  Herbs 
■with  simple  leaves.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  /cporuXoi^,  a  rattle ;  the  loose 
seed?  rattling  in  the  coriaceous  inflated  pods.) 

1.  C.  sagittalis,  L.  Annual,  hairy  (.3' -6' high) ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  scarcely  jjctiolcd  ;  stipules  nnite<l  and  decurrcnt  on  the  stem,  so  as 
to  be  inversely  arrow-.shaped ;  i)cdnncles  few-flowered;  corolla  not  longer  than 
the  calyx.  —  Sandy  soil,  Mass.  to  Virginia  near  the  coast,  Illinois  and  south- 
ward.    July. 

3.     GENISTA,    L.        Woap-Waxex.     Wiiix. 

Calyx  2-lipped.  Standard  oblong-oval,  spreading :  keel  oblong,  straight, 
deflexed.  Stamens  mon.adelpbous,  the  sheath  entire  ;  .5  alternate  anthers 
shorter.  Pod  mostly  flat  and  several-seeded.  —  Shrubby  plants,  with  simple 
leaves,  and  yellow  flowers.     (Name  from  the  Celtic //en,  a  busli.) 

1.  G.  TixcTORiA,  L.  (Dyek's  Greex-weed.)  Low,  not  tbomy,  with 
striate-angled  erect  branches ;  leaves  lanceolate ;  flowers  in  spiked  racemes.  — 
Eastern  New  York  and  jVIassaehusetts,  es])ecially  Essex  Co.,  where  it  is  thor- 
oughly cstablislu'd  on  sterile  hills.     June.     (Ad\'.  from  Eu.) 

4.    TRIPOLIUM,     L.     Clover.     Trefoil. 

Calyx  i)ersistent,  .'5-cleft,  the  teeth  bristle-form.  Corolla  mostly  withering  or 
persistent ;  the  claws  of  all  the  petals,  or  of  all  except  the  oblong  or  ovate 
standard,  more  or  less  united  below  with  the  stamen-tube :  keel  short  and 
obtuse.  'J'enth  stamen  more  or  less  .separate.  Pods  small  and  membranous, 
often  includeil  in  the  calyx,  1  -6-secded,  indehiscent,  or  o])eniiig  by  one  of  the 
sutures.  —  Tufted  or  diffuse  herbs.  Leaves  mostly  palinately,  sometimes  ])in- 
nately  3-foliolate  :  leaflets  often  toothed.  Stii)ules  uiiitnl  with  tlu'  ])etiole. 
Flowers  in  beads  or  s|)ikes.  (Name  from  tnn,  three,  am\  toliinn,  a  leaf.) 
*  Flowers  sessile  in  dmsp  heads :  corolla  purple  or  purplish,  withering  away  afler 
flowering,  tubular  below ;  tJie  petals  more  or  less  coherent  with  each  other. 


LEGUMINOS.K.       (iTI-SK    FAMILY.)  127 

■*-   Ca/ijx-teeth  s'dkij-pbininse,  loii(/rr  tfinn  flic  ir/iltis/t  ruml/n :  root  nnivtal. 

1.  T.  AUVEXSK,  L.  (Uabbit-foot  or  Stone  Clovek.)  Silky,  branch- 
iti":  (5'- 10'  high);  leaflets  obhinceolate  ;  heads  becoiniti<|^  very  soft-silky  and 
grayish,  oblong  or  eylindrical.  — Old  fields,  &c.     (Nat.  Ironi  Eu.) 

t-  •*-   Calyx  scaialy  luilnj  except  a  benrded  rin</  in  the  throat,  shorter  than  the  rose.- 
pitrple  tloii(/(il(d-lubuiar  corolla.     (K>horl-lictd  perennials  :  Jluwers  sweet-scented.) 

2.  T.  PRATESSE,  L.  (Red  C.)  Stems  ascending,  somewhat  hairy ; /e»(/?-^<s 
oral  or  obocate,  often  notched  at  the  end  and  marked  on  the  upper  side  with  a 
pale  spot;  stipules  broad,  bristle-pointed;  heads  ovate,  sessile. — Fields  and  mead- 
ows ;  largely  cultivated.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

.3.  T.  .MEun;M,  L.  (Ziczag  C.)  Stems  zigzag,  smoothish  ;  leaflets  Mong, 
entire,  and  spotless  ;  heads  mostly  stalked ;  flowers  deeper  ])urple,  otherwise  too 
like  the  last.  —  Dry  hills,  E.  Massaehusnts.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Flowers  pedicellcd  in  umbel-like  round  In  ads  on  a  naked  pedumle,  their  short  pedi- 
cels reflexed  when  old :  corolla  white  or  i  ose-color,  wilheriny-ptrsistent  and  turn- 
in(j  brownish  infadiritj  ;  the  tubular  portion  short. 

4.  T.  refldxum,  E.  (Blffalo  C.)  Annual  or  biennial ;  sto«s  <Kcen(//n(7, 
doiniy :  Idijhts  ohonitc-oblon;/,  finely  toothed;  stii)ules  thin,  ovate;  calyx-teeth 
hairy;  jiods  3  -  5-seeded.  —  Western  New  York  (rare)  to  Illinois  and  south- 
ward. —  Heads  and  flowers  larger  than  in  No.  2  :  standard  rosc-rcd  ;  wings  and 
keel  wjiitish. 

5.  T.  Stoloniferum,  Muhl.  (Running  Riffalo-C.)  Smooth,  peren- 
luid ;  stems  uilli  luny  runners  from  the  base;  luijhts  broadly  oborale  or  obcoidale, 
minutely  toothed  ;  heads  l6os6';  pods  2-seeded.  —  Open  woodlands  and  prairies, 
Ohio  to  Rlinois,  lu'utucky,  and  westward.  — Flowers  white,  tinged  with  purj)Ie. 
Probably  a  variety  of  the  last. 

6.  T.  repens,  E.  (White  C.)  Smooth,  i)crennial  ;  the  slender  stems 
spreading  and  creeping ;  leaflets  inversely  heart-shaped  or  merely  notched,  obscurely 
toothed  ;  stipules  scale-like,  narrow  ;  petioles  and  especially  the  peduncles  very 
long ;  heads  snuill  and  loose ;  calyx  much  shorter  than  the  white  corolla ;  ])ods 
about  4-secded. — Fields  and  cojjses,  everywhere.  Here  probably  introduced, 
but  indigenous  northward. 

"•  T.  Carolini^uum,  Mi(hx.  (Cauoiina  C)  Somewhat  pubescent 
small  \wYt-\m\\\\,  pronunhint ,  in  tups  ;  leaflets  wedge-obovate  and  slightly  notched  ; 
stipules  ovate,  foliaceous ;  heads  small  on  slender  peduncles;  calyx-teeth  lance- 
olate nearly  equalling  the  purplish  corolhi ;  standard  jmiutrd  :  ])ods  4-seeded. — 
Nat.  from  Southern  States  in  waste  grounds  bchnv  I'liiladtljiliia  (C.  E.  Smith); 
probably  wild  in  S.  Virginia.     May. 

*  *  *  Flowers  short -pedicel led  in  close  heads,  rrflrxed  when  old :  conJIn  yellow,  per- 
sistent, turning  dry  and  chest utit -brown  with  ar/e,  the  standard  becoming  hood- 
shnprd:  anntuds,  fl.  in  siimmir. 

7.  T.  A(ii{,\Kn-M,  E.  (Ykm.ow  or  Hop-C.)  Smoolhish,  somewhat  up- 
right (C-  12'  high)  ;  leaflets  olmcte-ohloug,  nil  three  from  the  .-lamr  jmint  (palmate) 
and  nearly  sessile ;  stipules  narrow,  cohering  with  the  petiole  for  more  than  half  its 
length.  —  Sandy  fields,  ^lassachusetts  to  Virginia.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


128  LEGUMIXOS^..       (pulse    FAMILY.) 

8.  T.  PROCUMnENS,  L.  (Low  IIop-C.)  Stems  spreading  or  asccnainjr, 
pubescent  (.'J'-G'  liiyh) ;  Icnfltts  iird/jfolm-n/e,  notched  at  the  end;  the  laleml  at 
a  small  distance  fioin  the  ollur  (i)innately  3-f'oliolatc) ;  stipules  ovate,  short. — 
Sandy  fields  and  roadsides,  New  England  to  Virginia.  Also  var.  jiiNua 
(T.  minus,  Ilelhan),  with  smaller  heads,  the  standard  not  much  striate  with 
age.    AVith  the  other;  also  Kentucky,  in  cultivated  grounds.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

5.     MELILOTUS,     Tourn.        Melilot.        Sweet  Clover. 

Flowers  much  as  in  Clover,  hut  in  spiked  racemes,  small  :  corolla  deciduous, 
free  from  the  stamen-tube.  Pod  ovoid,  coriaceous,  wrinkled,  longer  than  the 
calyx,  scarcely  dehiscent,  1-2-seeded.  —  Annual  or  biennial  herbs,  fragrant  in 
drying,  with  pinnately  3-foliolatc  leaves;  leaflets  toothed.  (Name  from  pe'Xc, 
honey,  and  Acoros,  some  leguminous  plant.) 

1.  M.  officinXlis,  Willd.  (Yeeloav  Melilot.)  Upright  (2° -4°  high) ; 
leaflets  ohovate-oblong,  obtuse;  corolla  ytllow;  the  petals  nearly  of  equal  length. 
—  Waste  or  cultivated  grounds.      (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  M.  Alba,  Lam.  (White  M.)  Leaflets  truncate;  corolla  ichite :  the 
standard  longer  than  the  other  petals.  (M.  Icucantha,  Koch.)  —  In  similar 
places  to  the  last,  and  much  like  it.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.    MEDICAGO,    L.        Medick. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Melilotus.  Pod  1  -.several-seeded,  scythe-shaped,  in- 
curved, or  variously  coiled. — Leaves  pinnafclyS-foliol ate.  Stipules  often  cut. 
{MrjdiKT],  the  name  of  Lucerne,  because  it  came  to  the  Greeks  from  jMcdia.) 

1.  M.  SATiVA,  L.  (Lucerne.)  Upright,  smooth,  perennial  ;  leaflets 
obovate-oblong,  toothed;  flowers  (purple)  racuncd  ;  pods  spirally  twisted. — 
Cultivated  for  green  fodder,  rarely  spontaneous.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  M.  LUPULiNA,  L.  (Black  Medick.  Nonesuch.)  Procumbent,  pu- 
bescent, annual ;  leaflets  wedge-obovate,  toothed  at  the  apex ;  flowers  in  short 
spikes  (yellow)  ;  pods  kldney-fljrm,  1-seeded.  —  Waste  places.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  M.  macul.\ta,  Willd.  (Spotted  Medick.)  Spreading  or  procum- 
bent annual,  somewhat  pubescent ;  leaflets  obcordate,  with  a  purple  spot,  mi- 
nutely toothed;  peduncles  3 -5 flowered;  flowers  yellow;  pods  conipuctlij  spind., 
of  2  or  3  turns,  compressed, yu/rou,W  on  the  thick  edtje,  and  fringed  with  a  double 
row  of  curved  prickles. — Introduced  with  wool  into  waste  grounds  in  some 
places.     (Adv.  from  Eu. ) 

4.  M.  denticulXta,  Willd.  Nearly  glabrous;  pods  loosily  spind,  deiply 
reticulated,  and  with  a  thin  keeled  edge:  otherwise  like  tha  last;  in  similar  places, 
eastward.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

7.    PSORALEA,    L.        Psoralea. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent,  the  lower  lobe  longest.  Stamens  diadelphous  or 
sometimes  monadclphous.  Pod  seldom  longer  than  the  calyx,  thick,  often 
wrinkled,  indehisccnt,  1-sceded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  usually  sprinkled  all  over 
or  roughened  (especially  the  calyx,  pods,  &c)  with  glandular  dots  or  points. 


leguminos.t:.     (rui.sic  family.)  120 

Leaves  mostly  3- n-foliolntc.  Flowers  spiked  or  raccmca,  white  or  mostly 
bliKNpiirplish.  Koot  sometimes  tuberous  iind  fiirinaecous.  (Name,  ^//wpuXt'of, 
srnifij,  iVoin  the  ,i;laiuls  or  dots.) 

*  Lcaccs  jtiiinahlij  3-foliolate. 

1.  P.  Onobrychis,  Nutt.  Nearly  smooth  and  free  from  glands,  erect 
(3° -5°  hiiili)  ;  Ixijlils  lunceolate-ocale,  taper-itoinUd  (3'  long)  ;  stijntlis  and  brads 
awl-ahujtul ;  raeemes  elongated  ;  pcdiinele  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  pods  rough- 
ene.l  and  wrinkled.  —  River-banks,  Ohio  to  111.  and  southward.     July. 

2.  P.  stipul^ta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Nearly  smooth  and  glandless  ;  sieiiis  dif- 
fus  ■ ;  Irtilh'iti  oniU'-dllptiml,  retieulated  ;  stijmles  acute  ;  Jluwers  In  heads  on  rather 
short  peduneles  ;  hrarls  hroad/i/  ovate,  shari>-pointc'd.  —  lloeks,  Falls  of  the  Ohio, 
Kentueky.     June,  July. 

3.  P.  melilotoides,  Michx.  Somewhat  pube.scent,  more  or  less  glan- 
dular;  sirms  erect  (l°-2°  high),  slender;  Itojlets  lanceolate  or  mrrowli/  oblong; 
s/jiL-cs  oliloni),  long-peduneled ;  sti/mles  awl-sha/jed ;  braets  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
taper-pointed  ;  ])ods  strongly  wrinkled  transversely.  (Also  F.  eglandulosa.  Ell.) 
—  Dry  soil,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  Virginia,  and  southward.     June. 

*  *  Leaves  palmateh/  3  —  5-folioliite. 
■i.  P.  floriblinda,  Nutt.  Slender,  ereet,  much  branched  and  bushy  (2° - 
4°  high),  miiiiitcli/  lioaiy-pubescetit  when  young;  leaflets  varying  from  linear  to 
obovate-oblong  (^'-1^'  long),  glandular-dotted;  racemes  panickd;  lobes  of  the 
calyx  and  bracts  ovate,  acute;  pod  glandular.  — Prairies  of  Illinois  and  south- 
westward.     June  -  Sci)t.  —  Flowers  2"  or  3"  long. 

5.  P.  argoph^Ua,  Pursh.  Silvery  silky-white  all  over,  erect,  divergently 
branched  (l°-3°  high);  leaflets  elliptical-lanceolate;  spikes  inteirnpted ;  lobes 
of  the  calyx  and  bracts  lanceolate.  —  High  plains,  N.  Wisconsin,  and  westward. 
June.  —  Flowers  4"  -  .')"  long. 

6.  P.  eseul6nta,  Pursh.  Rowjhish  hairy  all  over;  stem  stout  (.">'- 15' 
high)  and  erect  from  a  tuberous  or  turnip-shaped  farinaceous  root;  leaflets  5, 
obovate-  or  lanceolate-oblong ;  spikes  oblong,  dense,  long-pednncled  ;  lobes  of  the 
calyx  and  bracts  lanceolate,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla  (^'  long).  —  High 
plains,  N.  W.  Wisconsin,  Mr.  Spears,  T.  J.  Hale,  &c.,  and  westward.  June. 
The  PoM.MK  nL.vNCHE,  or  Pommii  de  Prairie,  of  the  Voyageurs, 

8.     DALE  A,    L.        D.vlea. 

Calyx  5-cleft  or  toothed.  Corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous :  petals  all  on 
claws  :  the  standard  heart-shaped,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx  :  the  keel 
and  wings  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  monadelphous  sheath  of  fllaments,  which 
is  cleft  down  one  side.  Stamens  10,  rarely  9.  Pod  membranaceous,  1-sceded, 
indehiscent,  enclosed  in  the  persistent  calyx.  —  Mostly  herbs,  more  or  less  glan- 
dular-dotted with  minute  stipules;  the  small  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  heads. 
(NauK'd  fur  Thninns  Thde,  an  Fnglish  botanist.) 

1.  D.  alopecuroides,  Wllld.  Erect  annual  (l°-2°  hijih),  glabrous, 
except  the  dense  and  cylindrical  silky-villous  spike;  leaves  pinnate,  of  many 
linear-oblong  leaflets  ;  corolla  whitish.  —  Alluvial  soil,  Illinois  and  southward. 
July.     (Numerous  species  occur  farther  southwest.) 


130  LKGUMIXOS.E.       (I'ULSK    FA.'\III.Y.) 

9.    PETALOSTEMON,    Mkhx.        Trairie  Clover. 

Calyx  5-tootIiC(l.  Corulhi  iiidisiiiictly  papiliouaccous :  petals  all  on  thread- 
shaped  claws,  4  of  them  nearly  similar  and  spreadinj;,  borne  on  the  top  of  the 
monadeljjhous  and  cleft  sheath  of  filaments,  alternate  with  the  5  anthers ;  tho 
fifth  (standard)  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  heart-shai)ed  or  oblong. 
Pod  membranaceous,  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  indehiscent,  1  -2-seeded.  —  Chiefly 
perennial  herbs,  upright,  glandular-dotted,  with  crowded  odd-pinnate  leaves, 
minute  stipules,  and  small  flowers  in  very  dense  terminal  and  pedunded  heads 
or  spikes.  (Name  combined  of  the  two  Greek  words  for  petal  and  stamen,  al- 
luding to  the  peculiar  union  of  these  organs  in  this  genus.) 

1.  P.  violaceus,  Michx.  Smoothish:  leaflets  5,  narrowly  linear;  heads 
globose-ovate,  or  oblong-cylindrical  when  old;  bracts  pointed,  not  longer  than 
the  silky-hoary  calyx  ;  corolla  rose-purple.  —  Dry  prairies,  Michigan  to  Minnesota 
and  southward.     July. 

2.  P.  candidus,  Michx.  Smooth;  leaflets  7-9,  lanceolate  or  linear-ob- 
long; heads  oblong,  when  old  cylindrical ;  bracts  awned,  longer  than  the  nearly 
glabrous  caly.x  ;  corolla  white.  —  With  Xo.  1.      July. 

3.  P.  vill6sus,  Nutt.  SoJ'i-downij  or  silky  a.\\  over;  leaflets  1.3- 17,  linear 
or  oblong,  small  (4" -  5"  long)  ;  spikes  cijlindricnl  ( 1 '  -  .5'  long),  short-pedunclcd, 
soft-villous ;  corolla  rosi:-color. — N.  Wisconsin  (Lake  Pepin,  &c.  T.J.Uale)  and 
westward. 

10.    AMORPHA,    L.        False  Indigo. 

Calyx  inversely  conical,  5  toothed,  persistent.  Standard  (the  other  petals  en- 
tirely wanting !)  wrapped  around  the  stamens  and  style.  Stamens  10,  monadel- 
phons  at  the  very  base,  otherwise  distinct.  Pod  oblong,  longer  than  the  calyx, 
1-2-sceded,  roughened,  tardily  dehiscent.  —  Shrubs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves; 
the  leaflets  marked  with  minute  dots,  usually  stipellate.  Flowers  violet  or  pur- 
ple ;  crowded  in  clustered  tcrmitud  spikes.  (Name,  apoprpr].  invitimi  form,  from 
the  absence  of  four  of  the  petals.) 

1.  A.  fruticdsa,  L.  (False  Indigo.)  Eatlur  pubescent  or  smoothish; 
leaflets  8-12  pairs,  oval,  scattered;  pods  2-seeded.  —  River-banks  S.  Penn.  to 
Wisconsin  and  southward.     June. — A  tall  shrub  :  very  variable. 

2.  A.  can6scens,  Nutt.  (Lead-Plant.)  Low  (l°-3°  high),  ivhitened 
u-iih  ho'iri/  down  ;  leaflets  1.")  -  2'S  pairs,  elliptical,  crowded,  small,  smoothish  al)Ove 
with  age;  pods  1 -seeded.  —  Prairies  and  crevices  of  rocks,  Michigan  to  Wiscon- 
sin and  southwestward.     July.  —  Supposed  to  indicate  lead-ore. 

11.    ROBInIA,    L.        Loclst-tree. 

Calyx  short,  .5-toothed,  slightly  2-lippcd.  Standard  large  and  rounded, 
turned  back,  scarcely  longer  than  the  wings  and  keel.  Stamens  diadclphous. 
Pod  linear,  flat,  several-seeded,  margined  on  the  seed-bearing  edge,  at  length  2- 
valved.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  often  with  prickly  spines  for  stipules.  Leaves  odd- 
pinnate,  the  ovate  or  oblong  leaflets  stipellate.  Flowers  showy,  in  hanging 
axillary  racemes.  Base  of  the  leaf-stalks  covering  the  buds  of  the  next  year. 
(Named  in  honor  of  John  Robin,  herbalist  to  Henry  IV.  of  France,  and  his  son 
Vespasian  Robin,  who  first  cultivated  the  Locust-tree  in  Europe.) 


t 


LKGUMINOS.i:.       (rULSK    FAMILY.)  lol 

1.  R.  Pseud  acieia,  L.  (Common  Loci-st  or  Falsi:  Acacia.)  Branches 
naked;  met  men  Khiiflrr,  louse :  flowers  white,  fVaj^raiit ;  jxxl  smooth.  —  S.  Penn- 
sylvania to  S.  Illinois  and  southward.  Commonly  eidtivated  as  an  ornamental 
tree,  and  for  its  valuahle  tiniher :  naturalized  in  many  plaee.s.     June. 

2.  R.  visc6sa,  ^'ent.  (Cla.mmy  L.)  BmuchUts  uud  /eafstnlL-s  cliimimj; 
/lowiis  cinviid  in  olloiuj  racemes,  tinged  with  rose-color,  nearly  inodorous;  pod 
jjlandular-hispid.  —  Virginia  and  southward.  Cultivated,  like  the  last,  a  smaller 
tree.     June. 

■'5.  R.  hispida,  L.  (Buistly  L.  or  Rose  Acacia.)  Bianchlets  nnd stalks 
Irlstlij ;  tlowers  large  and  deep  rose-color,  inodorous ;  pods  glandular-hispid.  — 
Varies  with  less  hristly  or  nearly  naked  hranchlets ;  also  with  smaller  flowers, 
&c.  —  Mountains  of  Virginia  and  southward :  commonly  cultivated.  May, 
Jane.  — Shriih  3° -8°  high. 

12.     WISTARIA,     Nutt.         Wistaria. 

Calyx  campanulate,  somewhat  2-lippcd  ;  upper  lip  of  2  short  teeth,  the  lower 
of  3  longer  ones.  Standard  roundish,  large,  turned  back,  with  2  callosities  at 
its  base :  keel  scythe-shaped  :  wings  doubly  aurieled  at  the  base.  Stamens  di- 
adel])hous.  Pod  elongated,  thickish,  knobby,  stipitate,  many-seeded,  at  length 
2-valved.  Seeds  large.  —  Woody  twiners,  clinil)ing  high,  with  minute  stipules, 
])innate  leaves  of  9-  13  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets,  with  or  without  minute  stipcls, 
and  dense  racemes  of  large  and  showy  lilae-i)ur])lc  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  the 
late  Piofcssor  Wislar,  of  rhiladel]ihia.) 

1.  W.  frutescens,  DC.  Downy  or  smoothish  when  old;  wings  of  the 
corolla  with  one  short  auricle  and  an  awl-shajjcd  one  as  long  as  the  claw.  (W. 
specinsa,  Xnlt.) — Alluvial  grounds,  W.  Virginia  to  Illinois  and  southward. 
May.  —  Sometimes  cultivated  for  ornament,  as  is  the  still  handsomer  Chinese 
species. 

13.     TEPHROSIA,     Ters.        Hoary  Pea. 

Calyx  about  eiiually  5-cleft.  Standard  roundish,  usually  silky  outside,  turned 
back,  scarcely  longer  than  the  coherent  wings  and  keel.  Stamens  monadelphous 
or  diadelphous.  Pod  linear,  flat,  several-seeded,  2-valved.  —  Hoary  perennial 
herbs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  white  or  purplish  racemed  flowers.  Leaflets 
mucronate,  veiny.     (Name  from  T€(f>p6s,  ash-ivlond  or  hoarij.) 

1.  T.  Virginikna,  Pers.  (Goat's  Kik.  Catcut.)  Sdky-viUous  with 
whitish  hairs  wiien  young  ;  stem  end  and  simfile  (l°-2°  high),  leafu  to  the  top; 
Iciiflets  17-29,  linear-oblong;  flowers  large  and  numerous,  clustered  in  a  termi- 
nal tJiluii'i  dense  mreme  or  jMnide,  yellowish-white  marked  with  purple.  —  Dry 
sandy  .soil.     June,  July.  —  Roots  long  and  slender,  very  tough. 

2.  T.  Spicata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Mllons  n-ith  ritsti/  /luirs;  stems  branched 
below,  straggling  or  ascending  (2°  long),  /eir-leared ;  leaflets  9-  15,  obovate  or 
oblong-wedge-shaped,  often  notched  ;  flowers  feu\  in  a  loose  interru|ited  very  Iviiff- 
pidinirlid  spd.e,  red<lish.  —  Dry  soil,  Di-laware  and  southward.     .Inly. 

3.  T.  hispidula,  Pursh  Hairy  with  .some  long  and  rusty  or  only  minute 
and  appressed  pubescence ;  stems  slender  (9' -24' long),  divergently  branched, 


132  LEGUMINOS.E.       (PULSK    FAMILY.) 

Straggling ;  leaflets  5  -  15,  ohlong,  varying  to  obovatc-wedge-shaped  and  oblance- 
olate;  peduncles  lonrjir  than  tlie  Icarts,  2-4-Jiowercd ;  flowers  i-eddisli-purplc. — 
Dry  sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward. 

14.    ASTRAGALUS,    L.        Milk-Vetcii. 

Calyx  5-tootlicd.  Corolla  usually  long  and  narrow  :  standard  narrow,  equal- 
ling or  exceeding  the  wings  and  blunt  keel,  its  sides  reflexed  or  spreading.  Sta- 
mens diadelj)hous  Stigma  minute,  terminal.  Pod  several  -  many-seeded,  various, 
mostly  turgid,  one  or  both  sutures  usually  projecting  into  the  cell,  either  slightly 
or  so  as  to  divide  the  cavity  lengthwise  into  two.  Seed-stalks  slender.  Chiefly 
herbs  (ours  perennials),  with  Odd-pinnate  leaves  and  spiked  or  racemed  flowers. 
(-The  ancient  Greek  name  of  a  leguminous  plant,  as  also  of  the  ankle-bone ;  but 
the  connection  between  the  two  is  past  all  guess.) 
§  1.  Pod  verji  thick  and  juicy  ichen  fresh,  not  stalked  in  the  cali/r,  2-celled,  indehiscent, 

or  iardili/  separable  into  2  closed  portions :  stems  low,  decumbent  or  ascending : 

leaflets  numerous. 

1.  A.  caryocarpus,  Kcr.  (Ground  Plum.)  Pale  and  minutely  ap- 
pressed-pubcsccnt ;  leaflets  narrowly  oblong;  flowers  in  a  short  spike-like 
raceme  :  corolla  violet-purple  ;  fruit  glabrous,  ovate-globular,  more  or  less  pointed. 
about  ^'  in  diameter,  very  thick-walled,  cellular  or  corky  when  dry.  Upper  Mis- 
sissippi Elver,  thence  westward  and  southward.     May. 

2.  A.  Mexieanus,  A.  DC.  Smoother,  or  pubescent  with  looser  hairs, 
larger;  leaflets  roundish,  obovate,  or  oblong;  flowers  larger  (10"- 12"  long); 
calyx  softly  hairy  ;  corolla  cream-color,  bluish  only  at  the  tip  ;  fruit  globular,  very  ob- 
tuse ixnd  pointless,  1' or  more  in  diameter:  otherwise  like  the  last:  the  unrijm 
fruits  of  both  resemble  green  plums,  —  whence  the  popular  name,  —  and  are 
eaten,  raw  or  cooked,  by  travellers.  (A.  trichocalyx,  Xult.)  —  Prairies  and  open 
plains,  from  Illinois  opposite  St.  Louis  westward  and  southward. 

3.  A.  Plattensis,  Nutt.  Loosely  villous;  stipules  conspicuous;  leaflets 
oblong,  often  glabi'ous  above  ;  flowers  crowded  in  a  short  spike  or  oblong  head, 
cream-color  often  tinged  or  tipped  with  purple ;  fruit  ovate,  pointed,  and  with  the 
calyx  villous,  —  in  var.  Tennesseexsis  (A.  Tcnnesseensis,  Gray,  in  Cliapm.  S. 
Fl. )  oblong  and  slightly  curved,  much  less  fleshy  and  thick  than  in  the  preceding. 
—  Gravelly  or  sandy  banks  of  Illinois  River  (  Vusey,  Slosson,  Btbb),  thence  south- 
ward and  westward.     May. 

§  2.   Pod  dry  and  dehiscent,  more  or  less  thin-urdli-d,  turgid,  not  stalked  in  the  calyx, 
completely  •2-<-elled  only  in  No.  4. 

4.  A.  Canadensis,  L.  Tall  and  erect  (l°-4°high),  somewhat  pubes- 
cent; leaflets  21  -27,  oblong;  flowers  greenish  cream-color,  very  numerous,  in  long 
and  close  S])ikes ;  pods  ovoid-oblong,  coriaceous,  small,  completely  2-celled.  —  River- 
banks  :  common  from  N.  New  York  westward  and  southward.     July  -  Aug. 

5.  A.  Codperi,  Gray.  Nearly  smooth,  erect  (l°-2°  high);  leaflets  11- 
21,  elliptical  or  oblong,  somewhat  notched  at  the  end,  minutely  hoary  under- 
neath;  yZoitws  u-hite,  rather  numerous  in  a  short  sjiike ;  pods  inflated-ovoid  (al- 
most 1'  long),  thin-walled,  one-celled,  the  dorsal  suture  slightly,  the  ventral  more 
decidedly  projecting  inwards.     (Phaca  neglecta,  Torr.  <^'  Gray.     Now  named  for 


LEGUMINOS-E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  133 

the  (lipcovcrcr,  the  late    ]Vm.  Coopn-,  tlierc  hciiif;  alrcaily  an  A.  ne;;lcrtus.)  — 
Gravelly  shores,  &.C.,  \V.  New  York  to  Wiseousiii.     June,  July. 

G.  A.  distortUS,  Ton-.  &  Gray.  Low  and  spreadin;,^  branehed  from  the 
base,  suiootliish;  leaflets  11-23,  oblongs  or  obovate ;  y/oi/rrs  piirjilish  or  violet, 
10  -  20  in  a  short  spike ;  the  standard  deeply  notehed  at  the  summit ;  pods  oblong, 
tun/icl,  iuciirved  (§'  long),  eoriaccous,  incompleleli/  '2-celled.  —  Mason  Co.,  Illinois, 
Dr.  Mead.     May.     (Also  in  Arkansas  and  Texas.) 

§  3.  Pod  dry  and  dehiscent,  thin-wallfd,  small,  stalked  in  llirrali/.r  {slipilate),  and  irilh 
it  more  or  less  pubescent  with  jine  blackish  hairs,  Itamjimj  on  short  pedicels :  ra- 
ceme short,  rather  many-flowered,  lonej-jmlnncled:  leajlets  oral  or  dilong. 

7.  A.  alpinus,  L.  Smooth  or  slightly  hairy;  stemdiffn.<e,  6' to  12'high; 
leaflets  13-2;');  corolla  violet-purjtle,  or  at  least  the  keel  tipped  with  violet  or 
blue  (;■)"- 6"  long)  ;  pods  black-hairy,  oblong,  deeply  grooved  on  the  baek  and 
partly  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  dorsal  suture,  its  stipe  usually  rather 
exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Kocks  and  banks,  Northern  Vermont  (Wilionghhy 
Mountain,  ./.  Blake)  and  Maine  (Dr.  Scammon,  G.  L.  Goodale),  and  north- 
ward.    June,  July.     (Eu.) 

8.  A.  Robbinsii,  Gray.  Nearly  smooth  and  erect  (1°  high),  slender; 
leaflets  7  -  11  ;  corolla  white  (4"  long) ;  calyx-teeth  short;  pods  oblong,  flaltish  (^' 
long),  membranaceous,  almost  glabrous,  the  base  suddenly  contracted  into  a  stipe 
about  equalling  the  calyx,  one-celled,  a  thin  membrane  slightly  projecting  from 
the  dorsal  suture.  (Phaca  Robbinsii,  Oakes.)  —  Rocky  ledges  of  Onion  River, 
at  Colchester,  Vermont,  Dr.  Robbins  (1829) :  the  station  now  obliterated.   May. 

15.     OXYTROPIS,    DC.        Oxttropis. 

Keel  of  the  corolla  tipped  with  a  sluirp  projecting  point  or  appendage  :  othcr- 
■wise  as  in  Astragalus.  Pod  often  partly  2-eelled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  ventral 
suture.  —  Our  species,  and  most  others,  arc  low,  nearly  aeaulescent  perennials, 
•with  tufts  of  numerous  very  short  stems  from  a  hard  and  thick  root  or  rootstock, 
covered  with  scaly  adnatc  stipules;  pinnate  leaves  of  many  leaflets;  and  naked 
scapes  bearing  a  head  or  short  spike  of  flowers.  (Name  indicates  the  peculiarity 
of  the  flower,  from  o^xis,  sharp,  an<l  rponis,  keel.) 

1.  O.  canip6stris,  DC.  Pubescent  or  smoothish;  leaflets  lanceolate  or 
oblong  :  flowers  yellowish  or  white,  often  tinged  or  tipped  with  ])urj)le  or  violet- 
blue  ;  jiods  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  of  a  thin  or  ]>apery  texture. — Northern 
bonier  of  Maine,  on  tlie  St.  John's,  near  Seven  Isles,  G.  L.  Goodale,  and  north- 
ward.    July.     (Ku.) 

2.  O.  Lamb6rti,  Pursh.  Silky  with  fine  appressed  hairs ;  leaflets  mostly 
linear ;  flowers  larger,  purple,  violet,  or  sometimes  white ;  jxxis  cartilaginous  or 
Jinn  coriaceous  in  texture,  strictly  erect,  cyliadraccous-laueeolatc  and  long-pointed, 
almost  2-eclled  by  intrusion  of  the  ventral  suture.  —  Dry  plains,  Minnesota  and 
westward.     .June. 

16.     GLYCYRRHIZA,     Toiun.        LiQioiucii. 

Calyx  with  the  two  ujjper  lobes  shorter  or  partly  united.  Anther-cells  con- 
fluent at  the  apex,  the  alternate  ones  smaller.     Pod  ovate  or  oblong-lincai-,  com- 


134  LEGUMINOS^E.       (pulse    FAMII.y). 

pressed,  often  curved,  clothed  with  rougli  {glands  or  short  prickles,  scarcely  de- 
hiscent, few-seeded.  The  Howcr,  &c.,  otherwise  as  in  Astrajralus.  —  Long  peren- 
nial root  sweet  (whence  the  name,  I'rom  yXvKvs,  sn•e^t,  and  pi$a,  root)  ;  herhagc 
glandular-viscid ;  leaves  odd-pinnate,  with  minute  stipules ;  Howers  in  axillary 
spikes,  white  or  l)luish. 

1.  G.  Iepid6ta,  Nutt.  (Wild  Liquorice.)  Tall  (2°-3°  hi^h)  ;  leaf- 
lets 15-rj,  obluiig-laiiccolate,  niucronate-pointed,  sprinkled  with  little  scales 
when  young,  and  with  corresponding  dots  when  old ;  spikes  pedunelcd,  short ; 
flowers  whitish ;  pods  oblong,  beset  with  hooked  prickles,  so  as  to  resemble  the 
fiuit  of  Xunthium  on  a  smaller  scale.  —  Vicinity  of  Butlalo,  New  York,  on  the 
sands  of  the  shore,  probably  drifted  from  its  native  northwest  regions ;  but  per- 
fectly established,  (J.  \V.  Clii.loii. 

17.     -ffiSCHYNOMENE,     L.        Sensitive  JoiNT-Yi-Tcn. 

Calyx  2-li])pcd  ;  tlic  iijijH'r  lip  2-.  tlic  lower  .3-clcft.  Standard  romidish  :  keel 
boat-shaped.  Stamens  diailcl])lious  in  two  sets  of  5  each.  Pod  flatteneil,  com- 
posed of  several  easily  separable  joints.  —  Leaves  odd-pinnate,  with  sev 
eral  pairs  of  leaflets,  sometimes  sensitive,  as  if  shrinking  from  the  touch  (whence 
the  name,  from  alaxwofiivrj,  heiiifj  ashamed). 

1.  JE.  hispida,  Wiild.  Erect,. rough-bristly  annual ;  leaflets  .37-51,  lin- 
ear; racemes  few-flowered ;  pod  stalked,  6- 10-jointed.  —  Along  rivers,  S.  Penn. 
and  southward.     Aug. — Flowers  yellow,  reddish  externally. 

18.  HEDYSARUM,     Touni.        IIedysarum. 

Calyx  5-eleft,  the  lobes  awl-shaped  and  nearly  equal.  Keel  nearly  straight, 
obliquely  truncate,  not  appendaged,  longer  than  the  wings.  Stamens  diadel- 
phous,  5  &  1.  Pod  flattened,  composed  of  several  equal-sided  separable  round- 
ish joints  connected  in  the  middle.  —  Perennial  herbs :  leaves  odd-pinnate. 
(Name  composed  o'i r}hvs,  sweet,  and  (ipwiia,  smelt.) 

1.  H.  boreale,  Nutt.  Leaflets  13-21,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  nearly  gla- 
brous; stipules  scaly,  united  opposite  the  petiole;  raceme  of  many  dcttexed  pur- 
ple flowers ;  standard  shorter  than  the  keel ;  joints  of  the  pod  3  or  4,  smooth, 
reticulated.  — Mountain  above  Willoughby  Lake,  Vermont,  A.  Wood,  &e.  St. 
John's  River,  Maine,  G.  L.  Goodule.     Also  northward. 

19.  DESMODIUM,     DC.         Tick-Trefoil. 

Calyx  usually  more  or  less  2-li])ped.  Standard  obovate  :  wings  adherent  to 
the  straight  or  straightish  and  usually  truncate  keel,  by  means  of  a  little  trans- 
verse ap])ciidage  on  each  side  of  the  latter.  Stamens  diadclphous,  9  &  1,  or 
monadelplious  licldw.  Pod  Hat,  deeply  lolwd  on  the  lower  margin,  separating 
into  few  or  many  flat  rciiculati'd  joints  (mostly  roughened  with  minute  hooked 
hairs,  by  which  they  adhere  to  the  fleece  of  animals  or  to  clothing).  —  Perennial 
herbs,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  (rarely  l-(bliolate)  leaves,  stipellate.  Flowers 
(in  summer)  in  axillary  or  terminal  racemes,  often  panicled,  and  2  or  3  from 
each  bract,  purple  or  purplish,  often  turning  green  in  withering.     Stipules  and 


LEGUMINOSyE.       (PULSIi    FAMILY.)  135 

bracts  scale-like,  often  strinte.     (Name  from  Sta^oy,  a  hoiid  or  chain,  from  tlio 

coiinectecl  joints  of  the  pods.) 

§  1.  Pod  raised  on  a  sialic  within  the  ra/i/.r  (slifx)  man;/  timrs  lonfjcr  than  the  sliijlithj 
toothed  rali/x  and  nearli)  as  Ion;/  as  the  jxdicvl,  slraii/htish  on  the  u/i/ier  maiyiu, 
dee/il;/  sinuate  on  the  lower  ;  the  1  -  4  joints  mosdy  huif-ohovate  and  coniace  on 
the  hurt:  stamms  monadel/ihoiis  below:  /ilanls  nearly  glabrous:  stems  erect  or 
asreiidiii;/:  ranine  terminal,  /xinicled :  sti/mles  hristle-form,  deeiduons. 

1.  D.  nudifl6rum,  DC.  Iauvvs  idl  crowded  at  the  summit  of  sterile  stems ; 
leaflets  broadly  ovate,  bluntisb,  whitisb  beneath;  raceme  dowjnted  on  an  ascend- 
in;/  mostly  leafless  stalk  or  scape  from  the  rout,  2^  long.  — Dry  woods :  common. 

2.  D.  acuminatum,  DC.  Lenres  all  croicded  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  from 
which  arises  the  eloni/aled  naked  raceme  or  panicle;  leaflets  round-ovjitc,  taper- 
pointed,  ;;reen  both  sitU's,  the  end  one  round  (4' -5'  long).  —  Kich  woods. 

3.  D.  pauciflbrum,  DC.  Lem-es  scattered  along  the  low  (8' -15' high) 
a.seending  stems;  leatiets  rhombic-ovate,  bluntisb,  i)alc  beneath;  raceme  few- 
Jtowered,  terminal.  —  Woods,  W.  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and 
southward. 

§  2.  Pod  raised  on  a  stalk  (sti/w)  little  if  not  all  surpassinr/  the  dee/^ly-rlefl  calyx: 
stems  lon;i  and  /jrostrate  or  decumbent :  racemes  axillary  and  terminal. 

♦  Sti/>utes  coHsjiicimus,  ovate,  taper-pointed,  striate,  persistent :  racemes  mostly  sim/)le. 

4.  D.  rotundifblium,  DC.  Sof -hairy  all  over,  truly  prostrate;  leaflets 
orbicular,  or  the  odd  one  slightly  rhomboid  ;  flowers  pur/de;  pods  almost  equally 
sinuate  on  both  edges,  3-5-jointed;  the  joints  rhomboid-oval. — Dry  rocky 
woods  :  rather  common.  ^ 

Var.  glabr^tum:  almost  glabrous,  otherwise  nearly  as  the  ordinary  form. 
(Iledysanim  bmiiifii>um,  .\tuhl.  in  jjart,  Bi;/el.,  &f.)  —  Mass.,  New  York,  &c. 

5.  D.  OChroleucum,'M.  A.  Curtis.  Stems  sparsely  hairy,  AnQwrnhiint;  leaf- 
lets nearly  glalirous,  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  transversely  reticulated  beneath, 
the  lateral  ones  smaller  or  sometimes  wanting ;  racemes  much  elongated ; 
corolla  whitish;  jmls  twisted,  2-4-jointed,  the  large  rhomi)oid  joints  smooth  and 
reticulatc<l  but  the  margins  downy.  (Tcriiaps  Muhlenberg's  II.  humifusum 
from  '■  C'arulina.")  — Woo.lhiiuls,  Marylau.l  {W.  M.  C'anby)  and  southward. 

*  #  Stipules  siiKi/Irr,  lanceolate  and  awl-shaped,  less  /lersistciit :  racemes  panicled. 

6.  D.  humifusum,  Beck  (as  to  syn.).  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  procum- 
bent ;  leaflets  orate  or  oratc-oblon;/,  rather  obtu.se,  much  smaller  than  in  the  two 
jn-eceding  (14'-2'  long)  ;  corolla  purple  ;  pods  2-4-jointcd,  flat,  the  oval-rhom- 
boid joints  minutely  .scabrous  throughout.  (Iledysarum  humifusum,  Muhl.  Fl. 
Luncast.  herb.,  ex  Canby.) — Dry  sandy  soil  (Lancaster,  IVnn.,  Mnhlenbery), 
Salisbury,  Maryland,  W.  M.  Canby. 

§  3.   Pod  slie/htly  if  at  all  stalked  in  the  ctdyx :  racemes  panicled. 

♦  Stems  l(dl  (3° -5°)  and  erect ;  the  persistent  sti/ndes  and  deciduous  bracts  laieje 

and  conspicuous,  ovnte  or  ovate-lannolate,  ta/ter-jiointed :  pods  of  A-1  unequal- 

sided  ihombic  joints,  which  are  considerably  lom/er  than  broad,  about  ^' long.' 

[Flowers  rathr  lar;/e.) 

1.    D.    candscens,    DC       Stem    loosely    branched,    hairy;    leaflets   orate, 

bluulish,  about  the  length  of  the  petioles,  whitish  and  reticulated  beneath,  both  sides 


136  LEGUMINOS.E.       (PCLSE    FAMILY.) 

roup:hish  with  a  close  fine  pubescence;  joints  of  the  pod  very  adhesive.  —  Moist 
grounds,  W.  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and  soiitliward,  chiclly  westward.  — 
Branches  clotiied  witii  both  minute  and  hoolced,  and  longer,  spreading,  rather 
glutinous  hairs. 

8.  D.  CUSpid^tum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  TVr/y  swoo/Zi  except  the  panicle;  stera 
straight;  lenjiits  Itmccolutc-ocale  ami  tajier-jjointtd,  green  both  sides  ;  longer  than 
the  petiole  (•'3' -5') ;  joints  of  the  pod  rhomboid-oblong,  suioothish.  —  Thickets  : 
common.  —  The  consi)icuous  bracts  and  stipules  \'  long. 

*  *  Stems  (2°-50  hiijit)  erect:  sti/mles  as  well  as  the  bracts  niostlj/  deciduous,  smull 

and  inconspicuous :  pods  0/3-5  triamjular  or  katf-rhombic  or  very  unequal- 
sided  I'ltomlioidal  joints,  which  are  longer  t/uin  broad,  ^'  or  less  in  length.  (Flow- 
ers miildh-sizid. ) 

9.  D.  Isevigatum,  DC  .Swwrt  or  nearly  so  throughout:  stem  straight ; 
leajlets  ovate,  bluntish,  pale  beneath  (2' -3'  long);  piinicles  minutely  rough- 
pubescent.  —  Pine  wouds,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 

10.  D.  Viridifl6rum,  Beck.  Stem  vcrij  dowiii),  rough  at  the  summit; 
leaflets  broadh/  ovate,  very  obtuse,  rough  above,  whitened  with  a  sojl  velvety  down 
underneath  (2' -3'  long).  —  S.  New  York  and  southward. 

11.  D.  Dillenii,  Darlingt.  Stem  pubescent ;  leajlets  oblong  or  oblong-ovate, 
commonly  blunti>li,  pale  beneath,  softly  and  Jinely  pubescent  (mostly  thin,  2' -3' 
long).  —  Open  woodlands:  common. 

12.  D.  paniculatum,  1>C.  Nearly  smooth  throughout;  stem  slender, 
tall  ;  leajlets  oblong-lanceolate,  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  blunt  point,  thin 
(3' -5'  long)  ;  racemes  much  panicled. — Copses,  common. 

13.  D.  Strictum,  DC.  Stem  very  straight  and  slender,  simple  (2° -3° 
high),  the  uj)per  part  and  narrow  panicle  rough-glandular;  leajlets  linear,  blunt, 
strongly  reticulated,  thiclcish,  very  smooth  (I' -2'  long,  4'  wide)  ;  joints  of  the  pod 
1-3,  semi-obovate  or  very  gibbous  (only  2"  long). —  Pine  woods  of  New 
Jersey,  and  southward. 

*  *  *  iSli/>ules  small  and  inconspicuous,  mosdy  deciduous :  jiods  oj  few  roundish  or 

obliquely  oral  or  sometimes  roundish-rhontboidal  joints,  l|-"-2i"  long. 
•»-  Stems  erect :  bracts  before  Jiowering  conspicuous :  racemes  densely  Jlowered. 

14.  D.  Canadense,  DC.  Stem  hairy  (3° -6°  high)  ;  leajlets  oblong-lance- 
olate, or  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  with  numerous  straightish  veins,  much  longer 
than  the  petiole  (l.^'-3'  long) ;  Jlow/rs  showy,  larger  than  in  any  other  species 
{y~l'  long).  —  Dry,  rieh  woods:  common,  especially  northward. 

15.  D.  seSSilifblium,  Ton-.  &  Gray.  Stem  pubescent  (2° -4°  high); 
leaves  nearly  sissile;  leajiels  linear  or  linear-oblong,  blunt,  thickish,  reticulated, 
rough  above,  downy  bcnentli ;  branches  of  the  ])anicle  \onff ;  fowers  small. — 
Co])ses,  Pennsylvania  and  Michigan  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

t--*-  Stems  ascending  {\°  -3°  hii/h)  :  brarts  small;  r-acemes  or  panicles  elongated 
and  loosely  Jlomred :  Jlowers  aniall. 
10.  D.  rlgidum,  DC.  Stem  branching,  somewhat  hoary,  like  the  lower 
surface  of  the  leaves,  with  a  close  roughish  jiubcsccnce ;  leajlets  ooate-oblong, 
blunt,  thickish,  reticulated-veiny,  rather  rough  above,  the  lateral  ones  longer  thu" 
the  petiole.  — Dry  hillsides,  Mass.  to  Michigan,  Ulinoi.s,  and  southward.  —  In- 
termediate, as  it  were,  between  No.  1 7  and  No.  1 1 . 


LEGUMINOS.K.       (I'ULSli    FAMILY.)  137 

17.  D.  Cili^re,  DC.  Stem  6]em\t^v,  /itiin/  or  idui/li-jiiilKsrcnt ;  leaves  rrou-dd, 
»n  ven/  sliort  hniiij  ju'liohs ;  Utijhts  roninl-orntc  ur  oni/,  iliickisli,  moiv  or  le.>;s  hairy 
on  tlie  iiiar<;ins  and  niidiTncatli  (^'-I'luny).  —  ])n  liills  anil  sandy  (itlds  : 
common,  csptrially  soutliward. 

18.  D.  Marilandicum,  Boott.  Xtar/i/  smooth  througliont,  slender; 
leaflets  ovate  or  ruiiiidis/i.  wry  olituse,  thin,  the  lateral  ones  uhont  the  lent/th  of  the 
slender  jietiole :  otheiwi.sc  le.sumMing  the  prccLdiny.  (1).  obthsuni,  DC)  — 
Copses  :  common. 

■t--i--^  Stems  rerllnimj  or  prostrate:  rurancs  loosely  jloivered 
I'J.    D.  line^tum,  DC.     Stem  minutely  puijcsccnt,  stiiate-an^led  ;  leallet.-- 
orbicular,  smoothish  (i'-l'   long),  much  longer  than  the  petiole;  pod  scarcely 
stalked  in  the  calyx.  —  Dry  soil,   Maryland   (  W.  M.    Cunby),  Virginia  and 
southward. 

20.    LESPEDEZA,     Mirli.        Brsii-CLovi:u 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  tlie  lobes  nearly  equal,  slender.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1 ) : 
anthers  all  alike.  Pods  of  a  single  1-seedcd  joint  (sometimes  2-jointed,  with 
tlie  lower  joint  empty  and  stalk-like),  oval  or  rouiulish,  flat,  reticulated. — 
Perennials  with  pinnately  S-Coliolatc  leaves,  not  stiiKliate.  Stipules  and  bracts 
minute.  Flowers  often  polygamous,  in  summer  and  autumn.  (Dedicated  to 
Lespedez,  the  Spanish  governor  of  Florida  in  the  time  of  JMicliaux.) 
*  Flowers  of  two  sorts,  the  lanjer  (violet-purple)  perfect,  but  seldom  fruitful,  paniclcd 
or  clustered ;  with  smaller  pistdlate  and  fertile  but  mostly  apttalous  ones  inter- 
mixed, or  in  subsessile  little  clusters. 

1.  L.  prOClimbenS,  Michx.  Sofl-doimy,  except  the  u])]K-v  surface  of 
the  leaves,  trailing,  slender;  leaflets  oval  or  elliptical;  peduncles  slender,  mostly 
simple,  few-flowered. —  Sandy  soil:  commonest  southward.  —  The  ajietalous 
fertile  flowers,  as  in  the  rest,  have  short  hooked  styles. 

2.  L.  rdpens,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth,  except  minute  close-pressed  scattered 
hairs,  prostrate,  spreading,  very  slender;  leaflets  oval  or  obovate-elliptical  (^' 
long);  peduncles  slender  and  few-flowered;  jiods  roundish. — Dry  sandy  soil, 
S.  New  York  to  Kentucky  and  southward.  — Much  like  the  last. 

3.  li.  viol^cea,  Pers.  Sterna  upright  or  spreadinr;,  branched  ;  leaflets  vary- 
ing from  oval-oblong  to  linear,  whitish-downy  beneath  with  close-pressed  pubes- 
cence; peduncles  or  clusters  few flowend  :  pods  ovate.  —  The  jirincipal  varieties 
arc,  1.  1)1  VKKGKNs,  with  oval  or  oblong  leaflets  and  loosely  jmnided  flowers; 
this  runs  into,  2.  SKssn,iii,(')RA,  with  the  flowers  ])rinci])ally  on  peduncles  much 
shorter  tlian  the  leaves,  and  clustered ;  and  a  more  distinct  form  is  3.  angusti- 
fAi.ia,  with  clo.sely  clustered  flowers  on  straight  branches,  crowded  leaves,  and 
narrowly  obhmg  or  linear  leaflets,  which  are  often  silky.  —  Dry  coiises  :  com- 
mon. —  Pods  ripening  from  both  sorts  of  flowers. 

4.  L.  Sttivei,  Xutt.  Stems  iiprif(ht-spreadin(j,  bushy,  downy;  leaflets  oval 
or  rounilish,  longer  than  the  petiole,  silky  or  white-woolly  beneath  (and  some- 
times above) ;  clusters  nuDiy-ftowered.  crowded;  pods  ovate,  downy.  —  Dry  hills, 
and  sand,  Plymouth,  Mass.  to  Virginia,  Michigan,  and  southward.  —  Apjiear- 
ing  intermediate  between  No.  3  and  No.  5. 

L  &  M— 2f. 


138  LEGUMINOS^.       (rULSE    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Flowns  all  alike  and  perfect,  in  dose  spikes  or  heads :  corolla  whitish  or  cream- 
color  with  a  pmple  s/>ot  on  the  standard,  about  the  length  of  the  downy  calyx : 
stems  uprifjht,  wand-like  (2° -4°  hi(jh). 

5.  L.  hirta,  Kll-  Piduncks  longer  than  the  leaves;  petioles  slender;  leaflets 
rouiulisli  or  oval,  hairy;  sjnkes  cijlindriccd,  rather  loose  ;  pods  nearly  as  long  as 
the  calyx.     (L.  polystachia,  Miehr.)  —  Dry  hillsides. 

6.  L.  capit^ta,  Michx.  Pedunchsand  pttioles  sJiort;  stems  rij^id,  woolly  ; 
leaflets  elliptical  or  oblong,  thickish,  reticulated  and  mostly  smooth  above,  silky 
beneath ;  spikes  or  heads  short ;  ])ods  much  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Varies 
greatly,  most  of  all  in  var.  angustifom.v  :  slcndtr;  leaflets  linear;  peduncles 
sometimes  elongated.  —  Dry  and  sandy  soil ;  tne  narrow  variety  only  found 
near  the  coast  and  southward. 

21.    STYLOSANTHES,    Swartz.        Pencil-Flowek. 

Calyx  early  deciduous ;  the  tube  slender  and  stalk-like  ;  the  limb  unecpially 
4  -  5-cleft,  the  lower  lobe  more  distinct.  Corolla  and  monadelj)hous  stamens 
inserted  at  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube  :  standard  orbicular :  keel  incurved. 
Anthers  10,  the  5  longer  ones  fixed  near  their  base,  and  the  5  alternate  shorter 
ones  fixed  by  the  niiiUlle.  Stylo  fililbrm,  its  upper  part  falling  oft"  after  flower- 
ing, the  lower  part  incun-ed  or  hooked,  and  persistent  on  the  apex  of  the  1  - 
2-jointed  small  and  short  reticulated  j^d,  the  lower  joint  when  present  empty 
and  stalk-like. — Low  perennials,  branched  from  the  base,  with  wiry  stems, 
pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves,  the  sheathing  stipules  united  to  the  petiole,  no 
stipels,  and  small,  yellow  flowers  in  terminal  heads  or  short  spikes.  (Name 
composed  of  orilAoy,  a  column,  and  uvdos,  a  flower,  from  the  stalk-like 
calyx-tube.) 

1.  S.  elatior,  Swartz.  Tufted  ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  strongly  straight- 
veined  ;  heads  or  clusters  small  and  tew-flowered.  —  IMne  barrens,  Long  Island, 
New  York,  to  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southward.     July -Oct. 

22.     VICIA,     Tourn.        Vetch.     Take. 

Calyx  .5-cleft  or  .^-toothed,  tl)C  2  ujjjier  teeth  often  shorter,  or  the  lowest 
longer.  Wings  of  tlie  corolla  adliering  to  tlie  middle  of  the  keel.  Stamens 
more  or  less  diadelphous  (9  &  1 ) ;  the  orifice  of  the  tube  oblique.  Style  Ali- 
form, hairy  all  round  or  only  on  the  back  at  the  apex.  Pod  flat,  2-valved,  2- 
sevcral-scedcd.  Seeds  globular.  Cotyledons  very  thick,  remaining  under 
ground  in  germination.  —  Herbs,  mostly  climbing  more  or  less  by  the  tendril 
at  the  end  of  the  pinnate  leaves.  Stipules  half-sagittate.  Flowers  or  iiedun- 
cles  axillary.     (The  classical  Latin  name.) 

*  Annanl :  flowers  1-2  in  the  axils,  nearly  sessile,  large,  inolet-purple. 

\.  V.  SATiVA,  L.  (Common  Vetch  or  Tare.)  Somewhat  pubescent  j 
Btem  sim])lc ;  leaflets  5-7  pairs,  varying  from  obovate-oblong  to  linear,  notched 
and  mucronatc  at  the  apex;  pod  linear,  several -seeded.  —  Cultivated  fields  and 
waste  places;  both  the  common  form  and  the  var.  axgustif6lia,  which  has 
longer  and  narrow  leaflets.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


leguminosa:.     (ruLSE  family.)  189 

*  *  Annual,  sUvder :  peduncles  elongated :  flowers  small.     (Species  of  Ervum,  L.) 

2.  V.  TiiTHASi'ERMA,  L.  P<t/«Hr7f5  1  - 2-77oi/;«erf;  Icaflcts  4 - 6  paiis,  liiiL'.ir- 
oblong,  ol)tiisc ;  calyx-tccth  unequal ;  corolla  whitish  ;  jmls  narrowly  olAony,  4- 
secded,  smooth. —  Waste  or  open  places,  near  the  coast.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  V.  iiinst'TA,  Koch.  Peduncles  3 -  6 flowered ;  leaflets  C-8  pairs,  trun- 
cate; calyx-teeth  ccpial ;  corolla  bluish;  pods  oblong,  2-seeded,  Itairj.  —  Massa- 
chusetts Jo  Virginia.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  *  Perennial:  peduncles  elongated ;  calijx-leitli  unerptul :  pod  several-seeded. 

4.  V.  Cracca,  I>.  Dowuy-puhescent  ;  leajLts  20  -  24,  oblong -lanceolate, 
strotiglj  mucronate  ;  peduncles  densely  many-flowered ;  calyx-teeth  shorter  than  the 
tube.  —  llorders  of  thickets,  New  England  to  Kentucky  and  northward:  rather 
rare.  July. — Flowers  blue,  turning  purple,  (i"  lung,  one-sided  in  the  spike, 
reflexed.     (Eu.) 

5.  V.  Cai'Olini^na,  Walt.  Nearly  smooth;  leaflets  8-24,  oblong,  obtuse, 
scarcely  mucronate ;  piduncles  loosfly  flowered ;  caly.x-teeth  very  short.  —  River- 
banks,  &c.  May.  —  Flowers  small,  more  scattered  than  in  the  preceding, 
whitish,  the  keel  tipped  with  blue. 

6.  V.  AmeX'ickna,  Muhl.  Glabrous;  leaflets  10-14,  elliptical  or  ovate- 
oblong,  very  obtuse,  many-veined;  peduncles  4-8floivered.  —  Moist  soil,  New 
York  to  Kcntuiky  and  northward.     June.  — Flowers  purplish,  8"  long. 

23.    LATHYRXJS,    L.        Vetchlixg.    Everlasting  Pea. 

Style  flattish,  dilated  and  tlattish  (not  grooved)  al)ove,  hairy  alung  the  inner 
side  (next  the  free  stamen).  Sheath  of  the  lilaments  scarcely  oblique  at  the 
apex.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Vicia.  (AdSvpos,  a  leguminous  plant  of  Theo- 
phrastus.)  — Our  sj)ccies  arc  perennial  and  mostly  smooth  plants. 

1.  L.  maritimus,  Bigelow.  (Beach  Pea.)  Stem  stout  (1°  high); 
leaflets  4-8  pairs,  crowded,  oval  or  obovate ;  stipules  broadly  halberd-shaped, 
nearly  as  large  as  the  leaflets;  peduncles  G- 10-flowercd.  —  Sea-coast,  from  New 
Jersey  northward,  and  shore  of  the  (ireat  Lakes.  June -Aug.  —  Flowers 
large,  purjile.     Leaflets  very  veiny,  as  also  in  the  other  species.    (Eu.^ 

2.  L.  venbsus,  Muhl.  Stem  climbing  (20-5°  high);  leiiflets  5-7  pairs, 
scattered,  oblong-ovate,  often  downy  beneath  ;  stipules  very  small  and  usually  slen- 
der, half  arrow-shaped,  rarely  larger  and  broader;  peduncles  many-flowered ;  corolla 
purple.  —  Shady  banks,  Pcnn.  to  Wiscon.^in.  and  southward.     June. 

3.  L.  OChl'Oleucus,  Hook.  Stem  slender  (IO-.30  high);  leaflets  3-4 
pairs,  ovate  or  oval,  smooth,  glaucous,  thin  ;  stipules  hid/ heart-shaped,  a f>out  hdf 
as  large  as  the  leaflets;  peduncles  7  -  10-flowered  ;  corolht  yelJnwish-wh ite,  simxWcr 
than  in  the  last.— Hillsides,  W.  Vermont  to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin,  and 
northward.     July. 

4.  L.  pallistris,  L.  (Maush  VKTriii.ixc.)  Stem  slender  (10-2°  hi-h), 
often  winged-margined;  leaflets  2-4  pairs,  lanceolate,  linear,  or  narrowly  ol>- 
long,  niucrouate-poiuted  ;  stljinhs  small,  laiUrolat,;  half  arrow-sIiaiR'd,  sharp- 
pointed  at  i>otli  ends;  peduncles  3  -  5-flowereil  ;  corolla  blue-purple.  —  Moi^t 
places,  N.  England  to  IVnn..  Illinois,  and  northward.     July.     (Eu.) 

Vur,  myrtifblius.     Taller,  climbing  2°  -  4°  liigh  ;  leaflets  oblong  or  ovate- 


140  LEGUMIXOSiE.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

elliptical;  upper  stipules  much  larger:  corolla  pale  purple.  (L.  myrtifolius, 
Miihl.)  —  W.  New  Enfihind  to  Virginia  and  northward,  July.  —  Ordinarily 
appears  quite  distinct  IVoni  L.  palustris  ;  but  intermediate  specimens  occur. 

T).  L.  I'UATENsis,  L.  Low  and  straggling  ;  leajlets  a  sinrjle  pair,  narrow< 
lanceolate  ;  stipules  large  ;  peduncles  several-flowered  ;  corolld  yellow.  —  Spon- 
taneous and  abundant  along  the  Connecticut  at  West  Springlield,  Mass., 
A.  P.  Foster.     July.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

24.    API  OS,     Bocrliaave.     GRorND-NUT.     Wii.p  Bean. 

Calyx  somewhat  2-lipped,  the  2  lateral  teeth  being  nearly  obsolete,  the  upper 
very  short,  the  lower  one  longest.  Standard  very  broad,  reflexed :  the  long 
scythe-shaped  keel  strongly  incurved,  at  length  coiled.  Stamens  diadeljihous. 
Pod  straight  or  slightly  curved,  linear,  elongated,  thickish,  many-seeded.  —  A 
perennial  herb  (with  some  milky  juice  !),  bearing  edible  tubers  on  underground 
shoots,  twining  and  climbing  over  bushes.  Leaflets  5-7,  ovate-lanceolate,  ob- 
scurely stipellate.  Flowers  in  dense  and  short,  often  branching  racemes. 
(Name  from  ("nriov,  a  pear,  from  the  shape  of  the  tubers.) 

1.  A.  tuberdsa,  Ma-nch.  (Glycine  Apios,Z.) — Low  grounds ;  common. 
Aug. -Sept.  —  Flowers  brown  purple,  or  chocolate-color,  violet-scented. 

25.     PHASEOLUS,    L.        Kidney  Bean. 

Calyx  5-toothcd  or  5-cleft,  the  two  upjior  teeth  often  higher  united.  Keel  of 
the  corolla,  witii  the  included  stamens  and  style,  spirally  coiled  or  curved  into 
a  ring.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Style  bearded  along  the  uj>per  side:  stignui 
oblique  or  lateral.  Pod  linear  or  scythe-shaped,  several  -  many-seeded,  tipped 
with  the  hardened  base  of  the  style.  Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  rising  out 
of  the  ground  nearly  unchanged  in  germination.  —  Twining  or  prostrate  herbs, 
•with  pinnately  3-foliolatc  stipellate  leaves.  Flowers  often  clustered  on  the 
knotty  joints  of  the  raceme,  produced  in  summer  and  autumn.  (The  ancient 
name  of  the  Kidney  Bean.) 

*  Pods  scymdar-shaped:  racemes  long  and  loosi',  panichd. 

1.  P.  perennis,  Walt.  (  Wilu  Bean.)  Stem  climbing  high  from  a  per- 
ennial root ;  leaflets  roundish-ovate,  short-pointed ;  pods  drooping,  strongly 
curved,  4-.5-seeded.  —  Copses,  Connecticut  to  Illinois,  and  southward. — Flow- 
ers purple,  handsome,  but  small. 

*  *  Pods  long  and  straight,  linear,  rather  terete :  Jloiversfew  in  a  short  mistered  and 
I ong-prduncled  raceme.     (Strophostyles,  Ell.) 

2.  P.  diversifdlius,  Pers.  Annual;  stem  prostrate,  spreading,  rough- 
hairy  ;  leajh-ts!  ov<ite-:Uub('d,  or  angled  to\\ards  the  base,  or  some  of  them  oblong- 
ovate  and  entire  ;  i)eduneles  at  length  twice  the  length  of  the  leaves.  —  Sandy 
fields  and  banks,  coast  of  Massachusetts  and  along  the  Great  Lakes  to 
Illinois  and  southward.  —  Corolla  greenish-white,  tinged  with  red  or  purple. 
Pod  thickish. 

3.  P.  h^lVOluS,  L.  Perennial,  hiury  ;  stems  diffuse,  slender  ;  hajkts  ovate 
or  ohioni,  entire  or  obscurely  angled;  peduncles  3-6  times  the  length  of  the  leaves. 
—  Sandy  fields,  S.  New  York  to  Illinois  and  southward.  —  More  slender  than 
the  last :  pods  narrower  :  flowers  as  large  and  similar. 


LEGUMINOS.E.       (PL'LSE    FAMILY.)  141 

•  ♦  Pi>ds  stmifjlit  and  Um-nr,  fltit :  jtrdnwli-s  short,  1  -fiw-Jlowerrd  at  the  summit: 
jjijictrs  sinnll :  kvd  hss  iiinticid. 
•1.  P.  pauciflorus,  Ikntli.  Anmial ;  stems  (liffiisc,  but  twining,  slender, 
puhL'Sccnt ;  IcatlL'ts  vai yiiijj  IVoni  ol)loiiy:-ianccoliitc  or  ovatc-oblong  to  linear, 
(r.  leiospermus,  Torr.  ^-  dr.)  —  River-banks,  Illinois  {Mead)  and  soutbwcst- 
ward.     July  -  Scjjt.  —  Flowers  3"  lony,  purjjlc.     Tod  1'  long,  pubescent. 

26.     CENTROSEMA,     DC.        SruitRKo  BuTTEurLY-PEA. 

Calyx  short,  5-el«ft.  Corolla,  &c.  much  as  in  Clitoria,  but  the  spreading 
standard  with  a  spur-shaped  projection  on  the  back  near  the  base  :  keel  broad. 
Style  bearded  at  the  apex  around  the  terminal  stigma.  Pod  long  and  linear, 
flat,  pointed  with  the  awl- shaped  style,  many-seeded,  thickened  at  the  edges, 
tJie  valves  marked  with  a  raised  line  on  each  side  next  the  margin.  —  Twining 
perennials,  with  3-foliolatc  stipellate  leaves,  and  large  showy  flowers.  Stipules, 
bracts,  and  bractlets  striate,  the  latter  longer  than  the  calyx.  (Name  from 
KtvTpov,  a  s/mr,  and  at)fia,  the  standard.) 

1.  C.  Virgini^num,  Bcnth.  Rather  roi'gh  with  minute  hairs;  leaflets 
varying  from  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate  and  linear,  very  veiny,  shining ;  pedun- 
cles 1  -  4-flowered  ;  calyx-teeth  lincar-awl-shaped.  —  Sandy  woods,  from  Mary- 
land southward.     Jidy. —  Corolla  1'  long,  violet.    I'ods  straight,  4-5'  long. 

27.     CLITORIA,    L.        Bltterfly-Pea. 

Calyx  tubular,  rj-toothed.  Standard  nnuii  larger  than  the  rest  of  the  flower; 
erect,  rounded,  notched  at  the  top,  not  spurred  on  the  Itack :  keel  small,  shorter 
than  the  wings,  incurved,  acute.  Stamens  monadelphous  below.  Style  bearded 
down  the  inner  face.  Pod  linear-oblong,  flatfish,  knotty,  several-seeded,  pointed 
with  the  base  of  the  style.  —  Erect  or  twining  perennials,  with  mostly  pinnately 
3-(oliolatc  stipellate  leaves,  and  very  large  flowers.  Peduncles  1-3-flowered: 
braetleti  opposite,  striate.     (Derivation  recondite.) 

1.  C.  Mariana,  L.  Smooth;  leaflets  oblong-ovatc  or  ovate-lanceolate; 
stipules  aiidi)racts  awl-shapcd  ;  peduncles  short,  1-3-flowcred.  —  Dry  banks, 
E.  New  Vork  to  Virginia  and  southward.  July.  —  Low,  ascending  or  twining ; 
the  showy  pale-blue  flowers  i>'  long. 

28.    AMPHICARPJEA,    Ell.        Hog  Pea-nct. 

Flowers  of  2  kinds  ;  those  of  the  racemes  from  the  upper  branches  perfect,  but 
seldom  ripening  fruit ;  those  near  the  base  and  on  creeping  branches  with  the 
corolla  none  or  rudimentary,  and  few  free  stamens,  but  fruitful.  Calyx  about 
Cfjually  4-  (rarely  5-)  toothed  :  bractlets  none  or  minute.  Keel  and  wing-petals 
similar,  almost  straight ;  the  standard  i>artly  folded  round  them.  Stamens  dia- 
delphous.  Style  beardless.  Pods  of  the  upper  flowers,  when  formed,  somewhat 
scymetar-shaped,  3-4-seedcd;  of  the  lower  ones  commonly  subterranean,  oI)0- 
vate  or  ])ear-sbaped,  fleshy,  ri])ening  usually  but  one  large  seed.  —  Low  and 
slender  perennials;  the  twining  stems  clothed  with  brownish  hairs.  Leaves 
pinnately  3-foliokite ;  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  stipellate.     Flowers  small,  in  clus- 


142  LEGUMIXOS-E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

tcred  or  compound  racemes,  purplish.  Bracts  persistent,  round,  partly  clasp- 
in;:,  striate,  i'.s  well  as  the  stijiules.  (Name  Ironi  dfxcjyl,  both,  and  Kapjros,  Jruit, 
in  allusion  to  the  two  kinds  of  pods.) 

1.  A.  monbica,  Nutt.  Kacemes  nodding;  hracts  each  supporting  2  or 
more  llowers,  shorter  than  the  pedicels  ;  subterranean  pods  hairy.  —  Rich  wood- 
lands.    Aug.,  Sept. 

29.     GALACTIA,    P.  Browne.        Milk-Pea. 

Calyx  4-elelt ;  the  lobes  acute,  the  upper  one  broadest,  entire.  Keel  scarcely 
incurved.  Stamens  diadelphous  or  nearly  so.  Style  beardless.  Pod  linear,  flat, 
several-seeded  (some  few  of  them  rarely  partly  subterranean  and  fleshy  or  de- 
formed).—  Low,  mostly  prostrate  or  twining  perennial  herbs.  Leaflets  usually 
3,  stipellate.  Flowers  in  somewhat  interrupted  or  knotty  racemes,  purplish  ;  in 
summer.  (Name  from  yi  A  a,  -uktos,  milk ;  some  species  being  said  to  yield  a 
milky  juice,  which  is  unlikely.) 

1.  G.  glabella,  ^liehx.  Stems  nearli/ smooth,  prostrate;  leaflets  elliptical 
or  ovate-oblong,  sometimes  slightly  hairy  beneath  ;  racemes  short,  4-8-flo\vcrcd ; 
pods  somewhat  liairtj.  —  Sandy  woods,  S.  New  York,  New  Jersey  and  Penn.  to 
Virginia  and  .-southward.  —  Flowers  large  for  the  genus,  rose-purple. 

2.  G.  mollis,  Michx.  Stems  (decumbent  and  somewhat  twining)  and 
leaves  beneath  sofl-downy  and  honri/ ;  leaflets  oval  ;  racemes  many-flowered ;  pods 
very  downij.  —  S.  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  southward.     July. 

30.     RHYNCHOSIA,     Lour.,  DC.         Rhynchosia. 

Calvx  somewhat  2-lipped,  or  dee])ly  4-5-parted.  Keel  scythe-shaped,  or  in- 
curved at  the  apex.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Ovules  only  2.  Pod  1  -  2-seeded, 
short  and  flat,  2-valved.  —  Usually  twining  or  trailing  perennial  herbs,  pinnatelv 
3-foliolate,  or  -with  a  single  leaflet,  not  stipellate.  Flowers  yellow,  racemose  or 
clustered.     (Name  from  pvv)(os,  a  beak,  from  the  shape  of  the  keel.) 

1.  R.  toment6sa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  More  or  less  downy ;  leaflets  roundish  ; 
racemes  short  or  capitate ;  calyx  about  as  long  as  the  corolla,  4-parted,  the 
upper  lobe  2-cleft ;  pod  oblong.  —  Very  variable  :  or  perhaps  the  following  arc 
distinct  species. 

A'ar.  monophylla,  Torr.  &  Gr.iy.  Dwarf  and  upright  (3' -6'  high); 
leaves  mostly  of  one  round  leaflet  l'-2'  wide.  (R.  reniformis,  DC.)  —  Virginia 
and  southward,  in  dry  sandy  soil.  —  Flowers  earlier  than  the  following. 

A'ar.  volilbilis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Trailing  and  twining,  less  downy ;  leaflets 
3,  roundish;  racemes  few-flowered,  almost  sessile  in  the  axils.  (R.  difformis, 
DC.)  —  S.  Virginia  and  southward. 

Var.  er6cta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Upright  {l°^2°  high),  soft-downy;  leaflets 
3,  oval  or  oblong.     (R.  crecta,  DC.)  — ^Maryland  and  southward. 

31.     BAPTISIA,     Vent.        False  Indigo. 

Calyx  4-5-toothed.  Standard  not  longer  than  the  wings,  its  sides  reflexed: 
keel-petals  nearly  separate,  and,  like  the  wings,  straight.     Stamens  10,  distinct. 


LEGUMINOS.E.       (iTI.SIC    FAMILY.)  113 

Pod  stiilked  in  the  persistent  calyx,  roundish  or  olilon<^,  inflated,  poiiitetl,  many- 
seeded. —  Perennial  herbs,  with  palniately  .3-fuli()latc  (rarely  simple)  leaves, 
whieh  ;renenilly  hlaekeii  in  dryiii;;,  and  raeenied  flowers.  (Named  from  iiajir'i^oi, 
to  dije,  from  the  econoinieal  u.se  o(  i^ome  sj)ecies,  whieh  yield  a  poor  indi;;o.) 

1.  B.  tinctdria,  U.  Pr.  (Wild  Indigo.)  Smooth  and  slender  (2°- 30 
lii^h),  rather  filaiicoiis;  k'uvos  almost  sessile ;  leaflets  ronnded  wedge-obovatc 
(!{'  lonji) ;  slijinld!  (uul  hnicts  iiiiniit)-  (iiiil daiditoiis ;  rarcmis  fi  v-Jlturcrrif,  tcrminat- 
ili<;-  the  Inishy  hraiiehes  ;  pods  oval-};lol)ose,  on  a  stalk  lonj^er  than  the  calyx. — 
Sandy  dry  soil :  common.     June- Aujr- — Corolla  yellow,  ^'  long. 

2.  B.  austl'klis,  K.Br.  (BuK  FALSii-lNDiGO.)  Smooth,  tall  and  stout 
(4° -5°);  leaflets  oblonjj-wedge-form,  obtuse;  stipules  lanaolate,  as  long  as  llie 
jwtioks,  rather  /lemislciit ;  raceme  eloiirjated  ( 1  °  -  2° )  and  maui/-Jhwerrd,  erect ;  bracts 
deciduous;  stalh  of  the  oval-ob/onff  podf  af)out  the  lent/th  of  the  ca/yr.  —  Alluvial  soil, 
from  Pennsylvania  westward  and  southward:  often  cultivated.  June.  —  Flow- 
ers  1' lonji,  indigo-blue.     Pods  2' -.3' long. 

3.  B.  leucantha,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Smooth  ;  stems,  leaves,  and  racemes  as  in 
the  foregoing  ;  stiimlcs  ear///  deciduous  ;  pods  or<d-o!i/oii(j,  raif.ed  on  a  stad.-  J'ulli/  twice 
tlie  Itmjtit  of  the  cali/x.  —  Alluvial  .soil,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  .southwestward. 
July.  —  Flowers  white  ;  tho  standard  short.     Pods  2'  long. 

4.  B.  ^Iba,  li.  Br.  Smooth  (l°-.3°  high)  ;  the  branches  slender  and  icidoly 
sprmdiiKj  :  jietioles  slender ;  stipules  and  bracts  minute  an(\  deciduous;  leaflets  ob- 
long or  oblanceolatc ;  racemes  slender  on  a  long  naked  peduncle;  pods  linrar- 
ohlong  {I'- \^'  lon-^),  short-stalhed. — Dry  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.  May, 
June. — Flowers  white,  6" -9"  long. 

•>■  B.  leUCOphaea,  Nutt.  ITain/,  hue  (1°  high),  with  direrrjent  branches; 
hares  (dniost  sissi/,  :  it'aflcts  narrowly  oblong-obovate  or  spatulate  ;  stipules  and 
bracts  lar(/e  and  liafi/,  persistent;  racemes  lonrj,  reclined ;  Jlowers  on  elonf/ated  ftedi- 
cels ;  pods  ovoid,  hoary.  —  Michigan  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  April,  May. 
—  Raceme  often  1°,  pedicels  l'-2',  the  cream-colored  corolla  1',  in  length. 

32.    CLADRASTIS,     Puif        Yellow- Wood. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Standard  large,  roundish,  reflexcd  :  the  distinct  kcel-pctals 
and  wings  straight,  oblong.  Stamens  10,  distinct:  filaments  slender,  incurved 
nl)0ve.  Pod  short-stalked  above  the  calyx,  linear,  flat,  thin,  marginless,  4-6- 
secded,  at  length  2-valved. — A  small  and  handsome  tree,  with  yellow  wood, 
smooth  bark,  nearly  smooth  pinmitc  leaves  of  7  -  11  oval  or  ovate  leaflets,  and 
ample  panicled  racemes  (10" -20"  long)  of  showy  white  flowers  drooping  from 
the  end  of  the  branches.  Stipules  obsolete.  Base  of  the  petioles  hollow,  and 
enclosing  the  leaf-buds  of  the  next  year.  Bracts  minute  and  fugacious.  (Name 
of  obscure  derivation.) 

1.  C.  tinctdria,  Haf.  (VirgHia  lutca,  .l//c//.r. /:)  Rich  hillsides,  E.  Ken- 
tucky and  southward  along  the  western  ba.sc  of  the  Allcghanies.     May,  June. 

33.     CERCIS,     L.         RKD-nin.     Jri)AS-Tnr.E. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  imperfectly  pai)ilionaceous  :  standard  smaller  than 
the  wings,  and  enclosed  by  them  in  the  bud :    the  keel-pcUils  larger  and  not 


144  LEGUMINOS^.       (PULSR    FAMILY.) 

tinitcd.  Stamens  10,  distinct,  declined.  Pod  oblong,  flat,  many-seeded,  tho 
iil)lHT  .sutiiiv  with  a  win;;ed  niar^iiii.  Knibryo  straij^ht.  —  Trees,  witii  rounded- 
lieart-sliaped  !sinii)lc  leaves,  caducous  stipules,  and  rcd-i)urple  flowers  in  uwihel- 
likc  dusters  along  the  branches  of  the  last  or  preceding  years,  appearing  before 
the  leaves,  acid  to  the  taste.     (The  ancient  name  of  the  Oriental  Judas-tree.) 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  L.  (Kkd-uhd.)  Leaves  pointed  ;  pods  nearly  sessile 
above  the  calyx.  —  Rich  soil,  New  York  to  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southward. 
March -May.  —  A  small  ornamental  tree,  often  cultivated  :  the  blossoms  smaller 
than  in  the  European  species. 

34.  CASSIA,  L.  Senna. 
Sepals  5,  scarcely  united  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  little  une(j[ual,  spreading. 
Stamens  .'j-lO,  unequal,  and  some  of  them  often  imperfect,  spreading:  anthers 
opening  by  2  pores  or  chinks  at  the  apex.  Pod  many-seeded,  often  with  cross 
partitions.  —  Herbs  (in  the  United  States),  with  simply  and  abruptly  pinnate 
leaves,  and  mostly  yellow  flowers.  (An  ancient  name  of  obscure  derivation.) 
»  Leaflets  large:  stipules  deciduous :  the  3  upper  anthers  di formed  and  imperfect: 
flowers  in  short  axilltiri/  racemes,  the  upper  ones  panicled:  herliafje  glabrous. 

1.  C.  Marilandica,  L.  (Wild  Sknna.)  Ltaflds  6 -9  pairs,  lanceolate- 
oblong,  obtuse;  petiole  with  a  club-shaped  gland*  near  the  base;  pods  linear, 
slightly  cui-ved,  flat,  at  first  hairy  (2' -4') ;  root  perennial.  —  Alluvial  soil.  July. 
—  Stem  3° -4°  high.     Leaves  used  as  a  substitute  for  the  officinal  Senna. 

2.  C.  occidentXlis,  L.  Leaflets  4-6  pairs,  oudte-lunctolate,  acute  ;  an  ovate 
gland  at  the  base  of  the  petiole  ;  pods  long-linear  (.5'  long)  with  a  tumid  border, 
glabrous.  —  Virginia  and  southward.     Aug.     (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

.'5.  C.  obtusifblia,  L.  Leaflets  3  or  rareti/  2  pairs,  obovate,  obtuse,  with  an 
elongated  gland  between  those  of  the  lower  pairs  or  lowest  pair;  pods  slender, 
6'  long,  curved;  root  annual.  —  Banks  of  the  Ohio  Kiver,  Illinois  (Dr.  Vasci/), 
S.  Virginia  and  southward. 

»  *  Leaflets  small,  somewhat  sensitive  to  the  touch :  stipules  striate,  persi.ftent :  rt  nip- 
shaped  gland  beneath  thn  lowest  pair  of  leaflets :  anthers  all  perfect :  flowers  in 
small  clusters  abo'w  the  axils:  pods  flat:  root  annual. 

4.  C.  Chamseerista,  L.  (Pautridge  Pea.)  Leaflets  10-1.")  pairs, 
linear-oblong,  oblique  at  the  base;  flowers  (large)  on  slender  pedicels;  anthers  10, 
elongated,  unequal  (4  of  them  yellow,  the  others  purple)  style  slender.  — Sandy 
fields:  common,  especially  southward.  Aug.  —  Stems  spreading,  1°  long  :  2 
or  3  of  the  showy  yellow  petals  often  with  a  pin-ple  spot  at  the  base. 

5.  C.  nictitans,  L.  (Wild  Sensitive-Plant.)  Leaflets  10-20  pairs, 
oblong-linear;  flowers  (very  small)  on  reri/  .'short  pedicels;  avthers  .5,  nenrli/  equal; 
style  short.  —  Sandy  fields,  New  England,  near  the  coast,  to  Illinois  and  south- 
ward.    Aug.  -  Sept. 

35.     GYMNOCLADUS,     Lam.        Kentucky  Coffee-tree. 

Flowers  dioecious  or  ])olygam<)us,  regular.  Calyx  elongated-tubular  below, 
r>-cleft.     Petals  .5,  oblong,  equal,  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube.    Sta- 


LF-Gl'MINOS^.       (pulse    FAMILY.)  Ho 

mens  10,  distinct,  short,  inserted  witli  the  petals.  Pod  ol)lon^,  flattened,  hard, 
pul|)y  inside,  several-seeded.  iSeeds  tiatti>li.  —  A  tall  lar^^e  tree,  with  rou;^h 
bark,  stout  branehlets,  not  thorny,  and  h\r<j;(i  uneiiuaily  twiec-jtinnatc  luavea; 
tlic  leaflets  standing;-  veriiealiy.  —  Flowers  whitish,  in  terminal  raeenies.  (Name 
from  yvfi.i'ui,  uuLil,  and  KXiidus,  a  brunch,  aliiuling  to  the  stout  branehes  desti- 
tute of  spray.) 

1.  G.  Canadensis,  Lam.  Rieh  woods,  along  rivers,  W.  New  York  and 
Penn.  to  Illinois  and  soutlnvcstward.  June.  —  Cultivated  as  ati  ornameuial 
tree :  timber  valuable.  Leaves  2°  -  3°  long,  witli  several  larj>e  partial  leafstalks 
bearing  7 -13  ovate  stalked  leaflets,  the  lowest  pair  with  single  leaflets.  Tod 
6'-  10'  long,  2'  broad  ;  the  seeds  over  V  aeross.    Stipules  wanting. 

36.     GLEDITSCHIA,    L.        IIoney-Locu.st. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  short,  3-5eleft,  the  lobes  sjtreading.  Petals 
as  many  as  the  sepals  and  equalling  them,  the  2  lower  sometimes  united.  Sta- 
mens 3  -  10,  distinet,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  base  of  the  ealv.x.  Pod  flat, 
1  -many-seeded.  Seeds  flat.  —  Thorny  trees,  with  abruptly  onee  or  twiee  pin- 
nate leaves,  and  inconspieuous  greenish  flowers  in  small  spikes.  Thorns  above 
the  axils.  (Named  in  honor  of  J.  G.  Ukditsch,  a  botanist  contemporary  with 
Linna'us.) 

1.  G.  triac^nthos,  L.  (Three-tiiokned  Acaci.\,  or  IIoxey-Locust.) 
Thorns  stout,  often  triple  or  compound  ;  haflds  Innreolate-ohlon;/,  somewhat  ser- 
rate ;  pods  linear,  eloixfjatcd  (1°-  U°  long),  often  twisted,  fllled  with  sweet  pulp 
between  the  seeds.  —  Rieh  woods,  Penn.  to  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southwest- 
ward.     June.  —  Common  in  cultivation  as  an  ornamental  tree,  and  for  hedges. 

2.  G.  monosp6rma,  Walt.  (Watek-Locust.)  Thorns  slender,  mostly 
simple;  hojlils  oaite  or  nljlum/ ;  pods  oval,  l-sccdal,  puii>lcss.  —  Swamps,  Illinois 
and  southwestward.     July.  —  A  small  tree. 

37.    DESMANTHUS,     Willd.        DESMANTiins. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  regular.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-tootlied. 
Petals  5,  distinct.  Stamens  5  or  10.  Pod  flat,  membranaceous  or  somewhat 
coriaceous,  several-seeded,  2-valved,  smooth.  —  Herbs,  with  twice-pinnate  leaves 
of  numerous  small  leaflets,  and  with  one  or  more  glands  on  the  petiole,  setaceous 
stipules,  and  axillary  peduncles  bearing  a  head  of  small  greenish-white  flowers. 
(Name  composed  nf  dtana,  a  bond,  and  livBo^,  flmrer.) 

1.  D.  brach;^lobuS,  Benth.  Nearly  glabrous  perennial,  erect  (l°-40 
high);  partial  petioles  0-15  pairs;  leaflets  20 -,30  pairs ;  stamens');  pods  ob- 
long or  lanceolate,  curved,  scarcely  1'  louir,  2  -  f.-seeded.  (Darlina-tonia  hraehy- 
loba  &  glandulosa,  Z>C.) —  Prairies  and  alluvial  banks,  Illinois  and  .southwest- 
ward. 

38.     SCHRANKIA,     Willd.         Sensitive  Bhiar. 

Flowers  polygamous,  regidar.  Calyx  minute.  .'J-toothed.  Petals  united  into 
a  funnel-form  5-cleft  corolla.  Stamens  10-12.  ilistinet,  or  the  filaments  united 
at  the  base.     Pods  long  and  narrow,  rough-pricklv,  several-seeded  4-valvcd  i.  c 

G  M— 7 


146  ROSACK^.     (rose  family.) 

the  two  narrow  valves  separating  on  each  side  from  a  thickened  margin.  — Pc- 
reiniiiil  herbs,  nearly  related  to  the  true  Sensitive  Phmts  (Mimosa)  ;  tlie  procum- 
bent stems  mid  petioles  prickly,  with  twice-jiinnatc  sensitive  leaves  of  many 
small  leafletij,  and  axillary  peduncles  bearing  round  heads  of  small  rose-colored 
flowers.     (Named  for  F.  P.  Schrank,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  S.  uncinkta,  Willd.  Prickles  hooked;  partial  petioles  4-6  pairs; 
k-dfhts  e//i/itiml,  nticulakd  with  stiony  veins  Ijencath  ;  pods  oblong-linear,  nearly 
terete,  short-pointed,  densely  prickly  (2'  long).  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Virginia, 
Illinois?  and  southward.     June -Aug. 

2.  S.  angUSt^ta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaflets  oblonfj-linear,  scarcehj  veimd;  -fodis 
slender,  tajier-poiuted,  sparingly  prickly  (about  4'  long).  —  With  the  preceding. 

Okdeh  33.     ROSACEA.      (Rose  Family.) 

Plants  with  regular  /lowers,  numerous  (rarely  few)  distinct  stamens  in- 
sened  on  the  calyx,  and  1  -  many  pisiiU^  which  are  (/uite  distinct,  or  (in  the 
Pear  tribe)  united  and  combined  with  the  calyx-tnbe.  Seeds  (anatropous) 
1  -few  in  each  ovary,  almost  always  without  albumen.  Embryo  straight, 
with  large  and  thick  cotyledons.  Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules,  these  some- 
times caducous,  rarely  obsolete  or  wanting.  —  Calyx  of  5  or  rarely  3  -  4  - 
8  sepals  (the  odd  one  superior),  united  at  the  base,  often  appearing  double 
by  a  row  of  bractlets  outside.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals  (rarely  want- 
ing), mostly  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and  inserted  with  the  stamens  on  the 
edge  of  a  disk  that  lines  the  calyx-tube.  Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs.  —  A 
large  and  important  order,  almost  destitute  of  noxious  qualities,  and  pro- 
ducing the  most  valuable  fruits.  Very  intimately  connected  with  Legu- 
minosa;  on  one  Land,  and  with  Saxifragaceaj  on  the  other. 

SuBOKDER  I.     AMYGDALJC^.     (Almond  Family.) 

Calyx  entirely  free  from  the  (usually)  solitary  ovary,  deciduous.  Style 
terminal  or  nearly  so.  Fruit  a  drupe  (stone-fi-uit),  1-seeded,  or  rarely  2- 
seeded.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  leaves,  the  bark  exuding  gum,  and 
the  bark,  leaves,  and  kernels  yielding  the  peculiar  flavor  of  prussic  acid. 
Stipules  free,  often  deciduous. 

1.  Prunus.     Flowers  perfect.     Lol)C3  of  the  calyx  and  petals  .5.     Stone  of  the  drupe  bony. 

Suborder  II.     KOSACEiE  tropeu. 
Calyx  free  from  the  ovaries  (but  sometimes  enclosing  them  in  its  tube), 
mostl)'  persistent  with  the  fruit.    Pistils  few  or  many,  distinct,  occasionally 
single.     Stipules  commonly  united  with  the  petiole. 

Tribe  I.     fVlRJEEJE.     Pistils  mostly  5  and  forming  follicles  in  fruit:   styles  terminal. 
Calyx  without  bractlets.     Seeds  not  rarely  with  some  albumen  ! 

2.  Splrren.     Calyx  5-cleft,  short.     Petals  obovate,  equal,  chiefly  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

3.  Glllenla.     CMyx  elongated,  6-toolUed.     PcUla  slender,  unequal,  convolute  in  the  bud. 


ROSACK^:.       (UOSK    FAMILY.)  147 

Trtbe  II.     POTERIEjE.     Pistils  1-4,  one-ovuled,  becoming  acheni.i,  and  enclosed  io 
the  urii-sliiipcil  tubu  of  the  dry  persistent  calyx,  wliicli  is  constricted  or  nearly  closed  at  the 
tlii-..at      I'l  t  .Is  .ifien  wautini; 
4     Pi>t<  i-iiiin.    IVtals  none.  Loljes  of  the  calyx  4,  petal-like.   Style  terminal :  stigma  tufted. 
5.    Alt  litiiiillii.     I'etuls  none.     Suimeiis  anil  pistils  1 -4  :  style  lateral. 
6     A^i^riinoiiia.     I'etala  5.    SUmens  1-2  - 15.     I'istils  2 :  style  terminal. 
Tribe   III.     DKYAUKiS.     Pistils  numerous,  rarely  few  or  single,  one-ovuled,  becoming 
liry  aclKMiia ;  the  calyx  open,  not  tlesliy  in  fruit.     Petals  present,  usually  conspicuous. 

7.  Drjns.      Petals  and  calyx-lobes  8  or  9.     Stamens  and  carpels  numerous:    persistent 

styles  becomin(f  lonj;  plumose  tails  in  fruit. 

8.  Gviiin.      lVt;ils  and  calyx-lobes  5,  the  latter  usually  with  5  alternating  small  bractleU. 

Stamens  and  carpels  numerous  :  persistent  styles  becoming  long  jilumose  or  hairy,  or 
naked  and  straight  or  jointed,  tails.     Radicle  inferior. 

9.  'WaltUteiitia.     Petals  and  calyx-lobes  5  ;  no  bractlets.    Stamens  numerous.    Achenia 

2-  6  :   styles  deciduous  from  the  base.     Radicle  inferior. 

10.  Siblialilia.     Petals  minute  :  stamens  and  achenia  5 -10  :  otherwise  same  as  Potentilla. 

11.  A.'uleiitilla.     Petals  5  (rarely  4),  conspicuous.     Calyx-lobes  as  many,  and  also  with  an 

altirnating  set  of  accessory  lobes  or  bractlets.  Stamens  and  achenia  numerous  ;  the 
latter  heaped  on  a  dry  receptacle.  Styles  commonly  more  or  less  lateral,  deciduous  or 
not  enlarging  in  fruit.     Radicle  superior. 

12.  Frugaria.     Flower  as  in  Potentilla.     Receptacle  much  enlarged  and  pulpy  in  fruit. 
Tribe    IV.    RUBB.^.    Pistils  numerous  or  several,  2-ovuled,  becoming   berry  like  or 

druiK-lets  in  fruit ;  the  5-cleft  calyx  not  bracteolate,  open,  persistent  or  withering  beneath 
the  fruit.     Petals  conspicuous. 

13.  Dallbartla.     Carpels  6  - 10,  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  almost  dry. 

14.  Kubiis.     Carpels  numerous,  heaped  on  the  receptacle. 

Tribe  V.  ROSEiE.  Pistils  numerous,  one-ovuled,  becoming  achenia,  contained  in  the 
urn-shaped  or  globular  and  almost  closed  fleshy  tube  of  the  caly.\,  or  hip  :  no  bractlets. 
Petals  c  inspicuous. 

15.  llosa.     Character  of  the  Tribe. 

SuBOftDF.R  III.     POItlE.E.     (Pkar  Family.) 
Caly.x-tube  thick  and  flesliy  in  Irnit,  including  and  combined  with  the 
2-5  ovaries  (forming  a,  pome).     Stipules  free. 

•  Cells  of  the  compound  ovary  as  many  as  the  styles  (2    5),  each  2-  (rarely  several-)  ovuled. 

16.  Crata;gus.     Pome  drupe-like,  with  1 -6  bony  stones  or  kernels.     Usually  thorny. 

17.  Py  rus.     Pome  containing  2  -  5  papery  or  cartilaginous  carpels. 

*  Cells  of  the  compound  ovary  becoming  twice  as  many  as  the  styles,  each  1-ovuled. 
13.    Aiuelaiifblcr.     Pome  usually  of  5  carpels  ;  each  becomes  incompletely  2-celled  by  a 
projection  from  its  back  :  otherwise  as  Pyrus. 

1.     PRUNUS,     Tourn.        Plum,    Cukrey,    &c. 

Caly.x  5-cleft ;  the  tube  bcll-shapod,  urn-.shaped  or  ttdiular-obconical,  decidu- 
ous after  flowerin":.     Petals  5,  spreading.     Stamens  l.")-20.     Ovary  .solitary, 
with  2  penduloua  ovules.     Drtipc  fleshy,  with  a  l>ony  stone.  —  Small  trees  or 
shrubs,  with  mostly  edible  fruit.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 
§  1.    PKUXUS  &  Ci<:RASUS,  Tomn.     Drupe  swoolh,  and  the  stone  smooth  or 
somewhat  rnijijal :  jloWivs   {iisiuilli/ whi'tr)  /rum  se/Hirate  Intend  sndi/  buds  in 
eurlif  spriiu/,  precedimj  or  coetinicous  with  the  Imres ;  the  pedicels  ft  w  cr  seiynd 
in  simple  umbel-like  clusters.  —  T/ie  Pjlusis  of  the  Old  World  have  the  leavef 


148  ROSACE.E.       (rose    FAMILY.) 

convolute  in  the  hud,  the  fruit  with  a  bloom ;  its  stone  oblong,  flattened  or  flatfish 
and  acutf.  at  hutli  ends :  hut  our  wild  Plums  are  like  Ciikkries  in  liuvlncj  the 
leiives  /hided  hffure  exjicnision,  little  or  i.o  hloom,  and  some  of  tlitm  in  the  thicker 
or  (jlubular  stone,  thus  confounding  the  disliuctions. 

1.  P.  Americana,  Marshall.  (Wild  Ykllow  or  Red  Plum.)  Leaves 
ovule  or  suine\vh;U  oljovate,  cons/)iciiousli/  j>ointed,  coarscli/  or  douhlij  serrate,  very 
veiny,  qlahrous  whi:n  mature ;  fruit  nearly  destitute  of  bloom,  roundish-oval,  yel- 
low, orange,  or  red,  j'-i'  in  diameter,  with  the  turgid  stone  more  or  less  acute 
on  l)Oth  margins,  or  in  cultivated  states  1'  or  more  in  diameter,  the  flattened 
stone  with  broader  margins  :  plea^iant-tastcd,  but  with  a  tough  and  acerb  skin. 
—  Woodlands  and  river-banks  :  common.  — Tree  thorny,  8° -20°  high. 

2.  P.  maritima,  Wang.  (Beach  Plum.)  Low  and  straggling  (2°- 
5°);  leaves  ovate  or  ovul,  finely  serrate,  softly  pubescent  underneath;  pedicels  short, 
pubescent;  fruit  globular,  purple  or  crimson  with  a  bloom  {h' -  1'  in  diameter) ; 
the  stone  very  turgid,  acute  on  one  edge,  rounded  and  minutely  grooved  on  the 
other.  (P.  littoralis,  Bigiluw.)  —  Varies,  when  at  some  distance  from  the  coast, 
with  the  leaves  smoother  and  thinner,  and  the  fruit  smaller.  (P.  pygmia, 
Willd.)  —  Sea-beach  and  the  vicinity,  Maine  to  Virginia;  the  variety.  New 
Jersey  and  soutlnvard. 

.3.  P.  Chicasa,  Michx.  (Chick.vsaav  Plum.)  Stem  scarcely  thorny 
(8' -15' high)  ;  leaves  nearly  lanceolate,  finely  serrulate,  glabrous;  fruit  globular, 
red,  nearly  destitute  of  bloom  (^'-|'in  diameter);  the  ovoid  stone  almost  as 
thick  as  wide,  rounded  at  both  sutures,  one  of  them  minutely  grooved.  —  Mary- 
land to  Illinois  (probably  not  indigenous)  and  southwestward. 

4.  P.  spiNosA,  L.  (Sloe.  Black  Thorn.)  Branches  thorny;  leaves 
ohovate-obhiig  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  at  length  glabrous ;  pedicels  gla- 
brous ;  fruit  small,  globular,  black  with  a  bloom,  the  stone  turgid,  acute  on  one 
edge.  —  Var.  iNsixfxiA  (Bullace-Plum.),  is  less  spiny,  the  pedicels  and  lower 
side  of  the  leaves  pubescent  (P.  insititia,  L.)  —  Roadsides  and  waste  places, 
New  England,  to  Pcnn.,  >S:c.     (Adv.  from  Ku.) 

5.  P.  ptimila,  L.  (Dwarf  Cherry.)  Smooth,  depressed,  and  trailing 
(6'-  18'  high) ;  leaves  ohovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  somewhat  toothed  near 
the  apex,  pale  underneath ;  flowers  2-4  together;  fruit  ovoid,  dark  red,  without 
bloom  ;  stone  ovoid,  marginless,  of  the  size  of  a  large  pea.  —  Rocks  or  sandy 
banks,  Massachusetts  northward  to  Wisconsin,  ana  .south  to  Virginia  along  the 
mountains. 

6.  P.  Pennsylv&nica,  L.  (Wild  Red  Cherry.)  Tj'aves  dilong-lanceo- 
late,  pointed,  jindy  mid  shar/ily  sn-rate,  shining,  green  and  smooth  both  sides;  flowers 
many  in  a  cluster,  on  long  pedicels;  fruit  globose,  light  red,  very  small,  with 
thin  and  sour  flesh  ;  stone  globular.  —  Rocky  woods  :  common,  especially 
northward.     May.  —  Tree  20° -30°  high,  with  light  red-brown  bark. 

§2.  PADUS,  Mill.  (Cherry.)  Drupe  small,  glohosp,  without  hloom;  the  stone 
turgid-orate,  marginless  :  flowers  in  rcwemes  terminating  Uafy  branches,  therefore 
appearing  after  the  leaves,  late  in  spring. 

7.  P.  Virginikna,  L.  (Choke-Cherry.)  lycaves  ovtd,  ohlong,or  obovate, 
abruptly  pointed,  very  sharply  (oflen  doubly)  serrate  with  slender  teeth,  thin ;  racemes 


rosace.t:.     (rose  faimily.)  149 

short  nnd  rloso ;  petals  roundish;  fruit  rod  turning:  to  dark  rrimson  ;  stone 
smooth. —  liiver-haiiks  :  coniinoii,  espicially  northward.  May.  —  A  tall  shrub, 
seldom  a  trt'o,  with  >;ra_vish  bark  ;  the  fruit  very  austere  and  astringent  till  per- 
fectly ripe.     (1*.  obovhia,  Bitjclow.     1'.  serotina,  of  several  authors.) 

8.  P.  sex'btina,  Khrhart.  (Wild  Black  Cheruv.)  Lcavis  oblong  or 
ItincroUitf-oli/uii//,  taj)er-})oiiit(ii,  serrate  with  incurred  short  and  ailloiis  tetth,  tliieki«h, 
sliinin;;  above;  racemes  elongated;  petals  obovatc;  fruit  purj)lish-black. — 
Woods:  common.  June.  —  A  fine  large  tree,  with  reddish-brown  liranches, 
furnishing  valuable  timber  to  the  cabinet-maker:  al.so  al)Oiin(ling  eastward  as  a 
shrub.     Fruit  slightly  bitter,  but  with  a  pleasant  vinous  flavor. 

2.    SPIRJEA,    L.        Meadow-Swket. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  short,  persistent.  Petals  5,  obovatc,  equal,  imbricated  in  the 
bud  (except  in  No.  6).  Stamens  10-50.  Tods  (lollicles)  2- 12,  several- (2- 
15-)  seeded. —  Flowers  white  or  rose-color,  sometimes  dioecious  :  rarely  the  parts 
are  4  instead  of  5.  (Name  probably  from  o-TTftpuw,  to  wind,  alluding  to  the  fit- 
ness of  the  plants  to  be  formed  into  garlands.) 

§  1.  rilYSOCARPOS,  Camb.  (Neillia,  Don.)  Shrubs  with  simple  pal- 
matili/lohed  leaves  and  vmhel-like  corymbs:  jiods  iitjlated  and  diverfjing  when 
grown,  2-4-seeded:  seeds  pntty  large,  roundish,  bitter,  with  a  thick  crustuceou.* 
seed-codt,  and  rather  copious  albumen  ! 

1.  S.  opulifblia,  L.  (Nine-Bark.)  Leaves  roundish,  somewhat  S-lobed 
and  heart-shaped;  jiods  2-5.  —  Rocky  river-banks,  especially  westward.   June. 

—  Shrub  4° -10°  high,  with  long  recurved  branches,  and  white  Huwers,  sue 
cecded  by  membranaceous  purplish  pods  :  the  ijld  bark  loose  and  separating  in 
numerous  thin  layers. 

§  2.  SPIRAEA  proper.  Shrubs,  with  simple  leavef ;  the  stipules  obsolete :  podf 
[v)ostlg  5)  not  inflated,  several-seeded :  seeds  mostlij  linear  and  with  a  thin  or 
loose  coiit  and  no  albumen,  in  this  and  the  following  sections. 

2.  S.  COrymb6sa,  Raf  Nearly  smooth  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  oval  of 
ovate,  cut-toothed  towards  the  apex;  corymbs  large,  flat,  scvcnxl  times  compound, 
flnweis  irhite.  —  Alleghanies  of  Pennsylvania  to  Virginia  and  Kentucky.    Juno 

—  A  form  of  S.  bctuiivfolia,  Pallas. 

•1.  S.  salicif61ia,  I>.  (Common  Meadoav-Sweet.)  Xearly  smooth  (2° - 
3°  high) ;  leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  simply  ur  doubly  serrate  \floirtrs  in  a  crowdtd 
panicle,  white  or  flesh-color  ;  pods  smooth.  —  Wet  or  low  groumls  :  alro  culti- 
vated.    July.     (Eu.) 

4.  S.  toment6sa,  L.  (HAnniiACK.  Steeple-Bisii.)  Slenui  and  louet 
surface  of  the  ovate  or  oblong  serrate  leaves  very  woolly ;  flowers  in  short  racemes 
crowded  in  a  dense  panicle;  jiods  woolly.  —  Low  grounds  :  coniinoni'st  iu  New 
England.     July.  —  Flowers  rose-color,  rarely  white. 

§3.    ULMARLV,   Mancii.     Perennial  herbs,   with   pinnate   leaves   and  panicUd 
rymosp  flowers :  cnlijx  rrfli-red :  }iods  5  -  8  in  number,  1  -  2-seedetl. 

5.  S.  lobkta,  Murr.  (Qceen  or  the  Prairie  )  Glabrous  (2° -8°  high) ; 
leaves  interruptedly  jiinnate  ;  the  terminal  leaflet  very  large,  7 -O-jmrted,  the 
lobes  incised  and  toothed  ;  stipules  kidney-form  ;  panicle  eompounil  clustered. 


150  ROSACEA,     (rose  family.) 

on  a  lonf,'  naked  peduncle. — Meadows  and  Prairies,  Penn.  to  Michigan,  Uli- 
nois,  and  Kentucky.  June.  —  I'lowers  deep  peaeh-blos.-iom  color,  handsome, 
the  petals  and  sejjals  ot'tcu  in  fours !  The  bruised  t'oliage  exhales  the  odor  of 
Sweet  Bireh. 

§4.    ARCNCUS,  Serinrje.      Perennial  herbs,  with  dioecious  whitish  Jlowers,  in 

inani/  slender  spi/ciS  disfwsed  in  a  lomj  comimind  ixiiiide:  leans  thrice-pinnate: 

stipith'S  obsolete:  pod^  3-5,  several-seeded :  pedicels  reflered  in  fruit. 

6.    S.  Ariineus,  L.     (Goat's-Beakd.)    Smooth,  tall;  leaflets  thin,  lancc- 

ohue-ohlong,  or  the  terminal  ones  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-j)ointed,  sharply  cut 

and  serrate.  —  Rich  woods,  Catskill  and  Alleghany  Mountains  and  westward. 

Kear  Baltimore, /'.  r. /^eroy.     June.     (Eu.) 

3.     GILLENIA,     Mueueh.        Indian  Physic. 

Calyx  narrow,  somewhat  constricted  at  the  throat,  5-toothed ;  teeth  erect. 
Petals  5,  rather  unequal,  linear-lanceolate,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx ; 
convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  10-20,  included.  Pods  5,  included,  at  iirst 
lightly  cohering  with  each  other,  2-4-sceded.  Seeds  ascending,  with  a  close 
coriaceous  coat,  and  some  albumen.  — Perennial  herbs,  Avith  almost  sessile  3-fo- 
liolate  leaves;  the  thin  leaflets  doubly  serrate  aud  incised.  Flowers  loosely 
panieulatc-corymhed,  pale  rose-color  or  white.  (I)etlicated  to  an  obscure  Ger- 
man botanist  or  physician,  A.  Gille,  or  Gillenius.) 

1.  G.  trifoliata,  Micneh.  (Bow.man's  Root.)  Leaflets  ovate-oblong, 
pointed,  cut-serrate;  stipules  small,  awl-shaped,  entire.  —  Rich  woods,  from  W. 
New  York  southward,  and  sparingly  in  the  Western  States.      July. 

2.  G,  Stipulasea,  Nutt.  (American  Ipecac.)  Leaflets  lanceolate, 
deeply  incised ;  stipules  large  and  leaf-like,  doubly  incised.  —  From  W.  Pcqq- 
sylvania  and  New  York  to  lUiuois  and  Kentucky.     June. 

4.     POTERIXJM,     L.    (including    Saxguisorba.)        Burnet. 

Calyx  with  a  top-shaped  tube,  constricted  at  the  throat,  persistent ;  the  4 
broad  petal-like  spreading  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Petals  none. 
Stamens  4-12  or  more,  with  flaccid  filaments  and  short  anthers.  Pistils  1  -.3  : 
the  slender  terminal  style  tipped  with  a  tufted  or  brush-like  stigma.  Achenium 
(commonly  solitary)  enclosed  in  the  4-angled  dry  atul  thiekish  closed  calyx- 
tube.  Seed  suspended.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with  unequally  jiinnatc 
leaves,  stipules  coherent  with  the  petiole,  and  small,  often  polygamous  or  di- 
oecious flowers  crowded  in  a  dense  head  or  s])ike  at  the  summit  of  a  long  and 
naked  peduncle,  each  bracteate  and  2-hracteolate.  (Name  ttodj/jioi/,  a  drinkiuq- 
cup,  the  foliage  of  Burnet  having  been  used  in  the  preparation  of  some  medici- 
nal drink.) 

1.  P.  Canadcnse.  (Canadian  BrnxET.)  Stamens  4,  long-exserted, 
club-sha])ed,  white,  as  is  the  whole  of  the  elongated  and  cylindrical  spike ;  stem 
3°  -  G°  high,  leaflets  numerous,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate,  ob- 
tuse, heart-shaped  at  the  base,  as  if  stipellate;  stipules  serrate.  (Sanguisnrha 
Canadensis,  Z.,  and  former  edition.) — Bogs  and  wet  meadows;  ehietly  iiortli- 
Vv-:u'd.     Aug.  -  Oct. 


« 


ROSACE^..       (rOSK    family.)  ,  151 

5.    ALCHEMILLA,     Tuum.        Ladv's  Maxti.e. 

Calyx-tube  inversely  coniciil,  contracted  at  the  throat ;  linih  4-jiartcd  with  as 
many  alternate  accessory  lobes  outside.  Petals  iion.-.  Sianuns  1-4.  I'istils 
1-4;  the  slender  style  arising  from  near  the  base  of  tlic  ovary  ;  the  aclicnia  in- 
cluded in  the  tube  of  the  persistent  calyx.  —  Low  herbs,  witii  palniatcly  loi)ed 
or  conij)ound  leaves,  and  small  corymbed  grcenisli  Howers.  (From  AI/.-i nuli/ih, 
tlic  Arabic  name.) 

1.  A.  AUVEXsis,  L.  (Parsley  Piekt.)  Small  annual  (.T-8'  hi;;li), 
leafy;  leaves  3-parted,  with  the  wedge-shaped  lobes  2-3-cleft,  pubescent;  How- 
ers sessile  in  the  axils.  —  Eastern  and  Central  Virginia.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

A.  ALPINA,  L.,  is  said  by  Pursh  to  grow  on  the  Green  and  Wiiitc  Moun- 
tains, New  England  :  but  there  is  most  probably  some  mistake  about  it. 

6.     AGRIMONIA,     Tuurn.         Agiumony. 

Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  contracted  at  the  throat,  beset  with  liookcd  bristles 
above,  induratea  .n  fruit  and  enclosing  the  2  aehenia ;  the  limb  5-clcft,  closed 
after  flowering.  Petals  5.  Stamens  12- 15.  Styles  terminal.  Seed  suspended. 
—  Perennial  herbs,  with  interruptedly  pinnate  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  in  slen- 
der spiked  racemes:  bracts  3-cleft.  (^'ame  a  corruption  oi'  Anjonoiiia,  oi  the 
same  derivation  as  Argemone,  p.  59.) 

1.  A.  Eupatbria,  L.  (Common  Agrimony.)  Lciflitx  :>-!  with  minute 
OIKS  inUrmixed,  olilomz-obovatr,  (.•oiwsdy  toothed;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx. — Borders  of  woods  :  common.     July -Sept.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  pax'Vifldra,  Ait.  (Smai.l-Flowered  A.)  Lea  fids  crowded,  W- 
19,  with  smaller  oius  iiitcrmixal,  hmrjolate,  acute,  deeply  and  regularly  cut-serrate, 
as  well  as  the  stipules  ;  petals  small.  —  Woods  and  glades,  S.  New  York  (C.  F. 
Austin)  to  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     July. 

7.  DRY  AS,    L.        Dryas. 

Calyx  open,  flatfish,  8  -  9-pnrtcd.  Petals  8-9,  large.  Otherwise  like  Genm 
§  Sieversia.  —  Dwarf  and  matted  slightly  shrubby  plants,  with  simjile  toothed 
leaves,  and  solitary  large  flowers.  (Name  from  Dn/ndex,  the  nymphs  of  the 
Oaks,  the  fulia-c  of  tlie  original  species  resembling  oak-leaves  in  miniature.) 

1.  D.  integrifblia,  Vahl.  Leaves  oblong-ovatc,  slightly  heart-shaped, 
with  revolutc  margins,  nearly  entire,  white-downy  beneath,  flowers  white. — 
White  IMountains,  New  IIam])shire,  Prof.  P/c/c,  according  to  Purs/i;  not  since 
met  with  :  but  it  grows  in  Lower  Catuida.     (Eu.) 

8.  GEUM,    L.        AvENs. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  or  flatti>h,  deeply  5-cleft,  usually  with  5  small  braetlets  at 
the  sinuses.  Petals  5.  Stamens  many.  Aehenia  numerous,  hea])cd  on  a  coni- 
cal or  cylindrical  dry  receptacle,  the  long  jjcrsistcnt  styles  forming  hairy  or 
iniked  and  straight  or  jointed  tails.  Seed  erect.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  i)in- 
nate  or  lyrate  leaves.  (Name  from  ytvu,  to  tjivc  an  at/reeuble  jiuor,  the  rootA 
being  ratlier  aromatic.) 


1-'>'2  .  ROSACEA.       (rose    family.) 

§  1.  GE^^^  proper.  Sli/Zis  jointed  and  bent  near  the  middle;  the  hirer  portion 
persistent,  indeed,  hooked  at  the  end  (tflcr  the  dejiexid  and  most/;/  somewhat  hairij 
upper  joint  fulls  awai/:  head  of  /ntil  sessile  in  the  calyx:  calyx-lobis  rejiexcd. 
(Floicers  sometchat  ]>anicled  at  the  summit  of  a  leafi/  stem:  achcnia  in  our 
species  glabrous  or  nearly  so  beluw,  more  or  less  bristly  at  the  top  or  along  the  base 
of  the  style.) 
*  Petuls  white  or  pale  greenish-yellow,  small,  spatulate  or  oblong:  stipules  small. 

1.  G.  album,  Ginclin.  Smoothish  or  sojlly  intbescent;  stem  slender  {2°  hh^h); 
root-leaves  of3-5  leaflets,  or  simple  and  rounded,  with  a  few  minute  leaflets  on 
the  petiole  below  ;  those  of  the  stem  3-dividcd  or  lohcd,  or  only  toothed ;  petals 
about  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  receptacle  of  the  fruit  densely  bristly-hirsute.  —  Bor- 
ders of  Avoods,  &c. :  common.  May -Aug.  —  Too  near  the  European  G.  urba- 
num  ;  probably  a  white  or  whitish-flowered  form  of  it. 

2.  G.  Virginianum,  L.  Bristly-hairy,  especially  the  stout  stem  ;  lower  and 
root-leaves  pinnate,  very  various,  the  upper  mostly  3-parted  or  divided,  incised ; 
petals  inconspicuous,  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  receptacle  of  the  fruit  glabrous  or 
nearly  so.  —  Borders  of  woods  and  low  grounds:  common.  June -Aug. — 
Heads  of  fruit  larger  than  in  the  preceding,  on  stouter  hirsute  peduncles. 

*  *  Petals  golden-yellow,  conspicuous,  broadly  obornte,  exceeding  the  calyx:  stipules 
larger  and  all  deeply  cut. 

3.  G.  maci'Ophyllum,  Wilid.  Bristly-hairy,  stout  (1°- 3°  high) ;  root- 
leaves  lyratcly  and  interruptedly  pinnate,  with  the  terminal  lenflit  very  large  and 
round-heart-shaped ;  lateral  leaflets  of  the  stem-leaves  2-4,  minute,  the  terminal 
roundish,  3-cleft,  the  lobes  ivedge-form  and  rounded:  receptacle  of  the  fruit  neaily 
naked.  —  Around  the  base  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hamjjshirc,  also  North- 
ern Michigan,  Illinois,  and  northwestward.     June.     (Eu.) 

4.  G.  Strictum,  Ait.  Somewhat  hairy  (3° -5°  high);  root-leaves  inter- 
ruptedly pinnate,  the  leaflets  wedge-obovate ;  leaflets  of  the  stem-lenves  3-5,  rhom- 
bic-ovate or  oblong,  acute;  receptacle  of  fruit  downy.  —  Moist  meadows:  common, 
especially  northward.     July,  Aug.     (Eu.) 

§  3.  STYLIPUS,  Ilaf.     Styles  smooth:  head  of  fruit  conspicuously  stalked  in  the 
calijx:  bractiets  of  the  calyx  none:  otherwise  nearly  as  %  1. 

5.  G.  v6rnum,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Somewhat  pubescent ;  stems  ascending,  few- 
leaved,  slender  ;  root-leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  3  -  5-lobed,  or  some  of  them 
pinnate,  with  the  lobes  cut ;  petals  yellow,  about  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  recep- 
tacle smooth.  (Stylipus  vernus,  Raf.)  —  Tliickcts,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  Ken- 
tucky.    April -June. 

§  3.   CARYOPIIYLLATA,  Tourn.     Style  jointed  and  bent  in  the  middle,  the  up- 
per joint  plumose :  floicers  large :  ralyx  erect  or  spreading :  petals  erect. 

6.  G.  riv^le,  L.  (Water,  or  Turi'LE  Avkns.)  Stems  nearly  simple, 
several-flowered  (2°  high) ;  root-leaves  lyrate  and  interruptedly  pinnate ;  those 
of  the  stem  few,  3-foliolate  or  3-lobed  ;  petals  dilated-obovate,  refuse,  contracted 
into  a  claw,  purjdish-orangc  ;  head  of  fruit  stalked  in  the  calyx.  —  Bogs  and  wet 
meadows,  New  England  to  Ponn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  May.  —  Blos- 
soms nodding,  but  the  feathery  fruiting  heads  upright.  Calyx  brown-purple. 
(Eu.) 


ROSACKiE.       (rose    FAMILY.)  153 

§4.  SIEVf:RSrA,  AYill.l.  Sli/le  not  jointed,  w/wlh/ prrsistrnt  and  sirnn/lif .-  head 
of  fruit  S'SsUf :  floinrs  Itiiyf :  ctili/x  erect  or  spreudini/.  { Floiverinij  stems  simple, 
and  Iwarini;  onli/  /tracts  or  small  l(nves.) 

7.  G.  trifl6rum,  Pursh.  Low,  softly-hairy;  root-leaves  interruptedly 
pinnate;  tlie  leatk-ts  very  numerous  and  erowded,  ol)lon;;-wedjje-('orm,  deeply 
eut-tootlicd  ;  liowers  3  or  more  on  lon<ij  peduncles;  bractlcts  linear,  lo"f/er  than  tlte 
purple  cali/r,  as  lonrj  as  the  oblong  purplish  erect  petals:  sfi/les  v<ry  lomj  (2'),  strongly 
plumose  in  fruiL  —  Roeks,  N.  New  Hampshire  and  N.  New  York  to  Wisconsin 
and  westward  :  rare.     April -June. 

8.  G.  radi^tum,  Michx.  Hirsutely  liairy  or  smoothisli ;  root-leavrs  roundcd- 
kidney-siuiped,  radiate-veined  (2' -5'  broad),  doul)ly  or  irregularly  cut-toothed  and 
obscurely  5- 7-lol)ed,  also  a  set  of  minute  leaflets  down  the  long  petiole  ;  stems 
(8' -18'  high)  1  - .5-flowered  ;  hrarllets  minute;  petals  ije.llow,  ronnd-obovate  and 
more  or  less  obeordatc,  exceeding  the  calyx  (h'  long),  spreading ;  styles  naked 
except  the  base.     (High  mountains  of  Carolina.) 

Var.  P6ckii.  Nearly  glabrous,  or  the  stalks  and  veins  of  the  leaves  sparsely 
liirsutc.  (G.  Peckii,  Pursh.) — 'Alpine  tops  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New 
Hampshire.     July -Sept. 

9.    WALDSTEINIA,    Willd.        (CoMviiorsi^  DC.) 

Calyx-tube  inversely  conical;  the  limb  5-cleft,  with  5  often  minute  and  decid- 
uous bractlets.  Petals  5.  Stamens  many,  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  calyx. 
Achenia  2-6,  minutely  hairy  ;  the  terminal  slender  styles  deciduous  from  the 
biise  by  a  joint.  Seed  erect. — Low  perennial  herbs,  with  chiefly  radical  .3-5- 
lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers  on  bracted  scapes.  (Named 
in  honor  of  Framis  ran  Watdstein,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  W.  fragarioides,  Tratt.  (B.\rren  STR.\.wnERKT.)  Low;  leaflets 
.3,  broadly  wedge-form,  cut-toothed  ;  scapes  several-flowered ;  petals  longer  than 
the  calyx.  ( Dalibarda  fragarioides,  Michx.)  —  Wooded  hillsides,  common  north- 
ward, and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.     June. 

10.     SIBBALDIA,     L.        Siubaldia. 

Calyx  flattish,  5-clcft,  with  o  bractlets.  Petals  .5,  linear-oblong,  minute.  Sta- 
mens .'),  inserted  alternate  with  the  petals  into  the  margin  of  the  woolly  disk 
which  lines  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Achenia  .'3 -10:  styles  lateral.  —  Low  and 
depre.ssed  mountain  perennials,  — in  fact  only  reduced  Potentillas.  (Dedicated 
to  Dr.  Ruliert  Sihhild,  Prof,  at  Edinburgh  at  the  close  of  the  17th  century.) 

1.  S.  prociimbens,  L.  Leaflets  3,  wedge-shaped,  .3-toothed  at  the  ajiex  ; 
petals  yellow.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire, 
and  northward.     (Ku.) 

11.     POTENTtLLA,    L.        Cinqce-foil.    Five-finger. 

Calyx  flat,  deeply  .')-(l(fr,  with  as  many  bractlets  at  the  sinuses,  thus  appear- 
ing 10-clcft.  Petals  5,  usually  roundish.  Stamens  many.  Achenin  many, 
collected  in  a  head  on  the  dry  mostly  pubescent  or  hairy  receptacle :  styles  lat- 
eral or  terminal,  deciduous.     Kadicle  superior.  —  Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs,  with 


l04:  KOSACK^.       (kOSK    FAMILY.) 

compound  leaves,  and  solitary  or  cymose  flowers  :  their  parts  rarely  in  fours. 
(Name  a  kind  of  diminutive  from  potens,  powerful,  alluding  to  the  reputed  medi- 
cinal power,  of  which  in  fact  these  plants  possess  very  little,  beinjj;  merely  mild 
astringents,  like  the  rest  of  the  tribe.) 

§  1.  Sti/le  terminal,  or  atiachid  altove  the  jniddle  of  the  ovary:  achenia  glabrous. 

*  Annuals  or  bieinikils:  petals  pale  j/ellow,  sniall,  not  exceeding  the  calyx:  receptacle 

glolndar,  ocoid,  or  even  oblong  in  J"/ nil. 

1 .  P.  Noi'Vfegica,  L.  Hairy,  erect,  branched  ai)ove ;  leaves  palmatelg  3- 
foliolali'.;  leaflets  ol)ovatc-oblong,  cut-tootlicd.  —  Fields:  connnon,  especially 
northward.     A  homely  weed.     (Eu.) 

2.  P.  parad6xa,  Nutt.  Somewhat  pubescent,  spreading  or  decumbent, 
branched;  leurcs  /linnute;  leaflets  5-9,  obovate-oblong,  cut-toothed;  achenia 
with  a  thick  appendage  at  the  base.  —  Banks  of  the  Oiiio  and  Mississippi. 
Shore  of  L.  Ontario, ./.  A.  P«/ne ;  .probably  an  immigrant  from  the  West. 

*  *  Perennial  herbs  :  petals  yellow,  commonly  lunger  than  the  calyx. 
-.-  Low:  hares  piihwite,  of  3  or  5  leaflets. 

3.  P,  frigida,  Vill.  Da-aif  {V  -^'  high),  tufted,  villous  when  young, 
stems  or  scapes  mostly  1 -flowered  ;  Uaflels  3,  bro.idly  iv-dge-oborate,  deeply  cut  into 
5-7  oblong  approximate  teeth.  (P.  Kobbinsilina,  Oalts.)  —  Alpine  summits 
of  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire  (/^'oWwi/s,    Tuckrrnian,  &c.).     July. 

—  Less  villous  with  age  and  smaller-flowered  than  P.  frigida  of  the  Alps,  but 
agreeing  closer  with  it  than  with  P.  minima,  which  probably  is  only  another 
form  of  the  same  species.     (Eu.) 

4.  P.  Canadensis,  ^1.  (Commox  Cixque-foil  or  Five-Finger.)  Low- 
er dwarf,  silky-hairy ;  stems  decumbent,  prostrate,  or  at  length  creeping  ;  peduncles 
axillarv,  1-flowercd  ;  leaflf-ts  5,  obovate-wedge-forin,  citt-toothfd  towards  the  apex. 

—  Dry  soil.     April -July:  producing  summer  runners  (P.  sarmcntbsa,  Muhl.). 
Var.  simplex,  Torr.  &  Gr.  •  Less  hairy  and  greener,  larger,  jhe  ascending 

stems  (lO-2°  long,  seldom  if  ever  creeping)  from  a  thicker  and  harder  caudex  : 
leaflets  obovate-oblong,  sometimes  almost  glabrous.  (P.  simplex,  Micltx.)  — 
Meadows  or  moister  soil.     May -Sept.  —  Usually  appearing  distinct. 

5.  P.  argentea,  L.  (Silvery  Cixque-foil.)  Stems  ascending,  pr/n/ni- 
lately  branched  (it  the  summit,  many-floicrred,  white-woolly  ;  leaflets  5,  wedge-oblong, 
almost  pinnatifid,  entire  towards  the  base,  with  revolutc  margins,  green  above, 
white  with  silvery  tcool  l>eneath.  —Dry  barren  fields,  &c.     June- Sept.     (Eu.) 

-;-  -t-  hnrrs  pinnate,  of  3-d  leaflets. 
G.  P.  Pennsylv^nica,  L.  Stems  erect  (5' -18' high),  hairy  or  woolly  ; 
cymose  at  the  summit,  many-flowered  ;  leaflets  5-9,  oblong,  obtuse,  pinnatifid, 
silky  or  downy  with  white  hairs,  especially  beneath,  the  upper  ones  larger  and 
crowded;  pet<'\ls  scarcx^ly  longer  than  the  calyx. — Pennsylvania^  New  Hamp- 
shire (Isle  of  Shoals,  Rohbins),  Maine  (Cape  Elizabeth,  C.  J.  Sprague),  N.  Wis- 
consin, and  northwestward.     July -Aug. 

§  2.  Style  deeply  lateral :  petals  yellow  or  white,  deciduous. 

*  Achenia  ghihrous :  style  thich-ened  upiciirds :  receptacle  conical  in  fruit. 

7.   P.  argilta,  Pursh.     Stem  ereetand  stout  (l°-4°  high,)  brownish-hairy, 

clammy  above ;  leaves  pinnate,  of  3  -  9  oval  or  ovate  cut-serrate  leaflets,  downy 


I 


ROSACEA.       (UOSK    FAMILY.)  155 

undcmcatli ;  flowers  cymoso-clustorcd  ;  pftnla  yellowish  or  irliitish  :  divk  tliick  and 
glaiulular.  —  Koik)-  hills  :  coininoii  northward  and  westward.     July. 

*  »  Arhfiiia  (lit  hfist  Mow)  and  the  convex  receptacle  lu'lloiix. 

8.  P,  Anserlna,  L.  (8ii,veu-Wj;kd.)  Ilcrhm-eows,  neepini)  trith  slender 
rimixrs :  lians  all  rmlirnl ,  pinnate ;  /ef{/?(7s  9  -  19,  with  niimitc  jjairs  interposed, 
oblon;:,  i)innatilid-scrratc,  mostly  preen  and  nearly  smooth  above,  silren/. white 
xrith  silLij  down  underneath;  stipules  many-eleft ;  flow-rs  solitary  {i/elloir),  on  lonp 
scape-like  peduncles.  —  Brackish  marshes,  river-banks,  &c.,  New  I^ipland  to 
Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     Junc-Sept.     (Eu.) 

9.  P.  frutie6sa,'L.  (Siiuiunv  Cinque-foil.)  Stem  erect,  .s/(n/%  (2° - 
4°  hipli),  very  much  branched;  leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  5-7,  closely  crowded, 
oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  silky,  especially  beneath ;  stipules  scale-like ;  flowers 
numerous  (i/ellow),  terminating  the  branchlets.  —  Wet  grounds:  common  north- 
wards.    Junc-Sept.     (Ku.) 

10.  P.  trident^ta,  Ait.  (Thkee-toothed  C.)  Stems  low  (4'-6' high), 
rather  Moody  at  the  base,  tufted,  ascending,  cymosely  several-flowered  ;  leaves 
palmate ;  hnflcts  3,  wedge-oblong,  nearly  smooth,  thick,  cwrsely  ^-toothed  at  the 
apex;  petals  ichite ;  achenia  and  receptacle  very  hairy.  —  Coast  of  New  England, 
from  Cape  Cod,  and  moimtain-tops  from  the  Allcghanies,  northward:  also 
shores  of  the  upper  Great  Lakes.     June. 

§  3.  Sti/les  moderately  lateral ;  petals  {shorter  than  the  calyx,  ovate-lancfolate)  and 
filaments  more  or  less  persistent :  disk  thick  and  hairy :  achenia  glabrous :  recep- 
tacle hairy,  convex,  at  letiyth  large  and  spongy.     (Comarum,  L.) 

11.  P.  pallistris,  Scop.  (Marsh  Five-Fixger.)  Stems  ascending 
from  a  creeping  perennial  basc(l°-2°  high);  leaves  pinnate,  of  5-7  lanceolate 
or  oi)long  crowded  serrate  leaflets,  whitish  beneath;  flowers  somewhat  cymose; 
caly.x  (1'  broad)  dark  purple  inside  ;  petals  purple.  (Comarum  palustre,  L.)  — 
Cool  bogs.  New  England  to  Pcnn.,  Illinois,  and  northward.     June  -  Aug.    (Eu.) 

12.     FRAGARIA,     Toum.         Str.vwberry. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  I'otcntilla.  Styles  deeply  lateral.  Keceptaclc  in  fruit 
much  enlarged  and  conical,  becoming  pul])y  and  scarlet,  bearing  the  minute  dry 
achenia  scattered  over  its  surface. —  Stemless  perennials,  with  runners,  and  with 
white  cymose  flowers  on  scapes.  Leaves  radical :  leaflets  3,  obovatcwcdge-forni, 
coarsely  serrate.  Stipules  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  petioles,  which  with  the 
scai)es  are  usually  hairy.  (Name  from  the  fragrance  of  the  fruit.)  —  Flowering 
iu  s])ring.     (The  sjieeies  are  indiscriminately  called  Wild  SxRAwnERRV.) 

1.  F.  Virginiana,  Ehrhart.  Achema  imlmlded  in  the  deeply  pitlid  finitiwj 
receptacle,  which  usually  has  a  narrow  neck ;  calyx  becoming  erect  after  flower- 
ing and  connivent  over  the  hairy  receptacle  when  sterile  or  unfructiiied  ;  leaflets 
of  a  firm  or  eoriaci^nus  texture.  (F.  Canadensis,  Michx.)  —  Moist  or  rich  wood- 
lands, fields,  &c.  —  In  the  true  F.  Virginiana,  the  hairs  of  the  scajtcs,  and  es- 
pecially of  the  prdici'ls,  are  silky  and  appressid.  It  is  the  original  of  the  Vir- 
ginian Scarlet  strawberries. 

Var.  IlIino6nsi8   (F.    Grayana,  Vilmorin,   F.  Illinoensis   &   F.  lowcnsis, 


156  ROSACE.K.     (rose  family.) 

Prince)  is  a  coarser  or  larpor  plant,  pcrliaps  a  distinct  species,  the  flowers  more 
inclined  to  be  polygamo-dia'cions,  the  viilous  futirs  of  the  sca/ie  and  pedicels 
loidelij  spreadinrj,  as  in  ¥■  clatior  and  F.  coUina,  which  it  seems  to  represent  in 
this  country.  —  Common  in  richer  soil,  from  W.  New  York  to  Illinois  and  be- 
yond the  Kocky  Mountains.  The  sujjposed  original  of  llovey's  Seedling,  Bos- 
ton Pine,  and  other  cultivated  varieties. 

2.  F.  v6sca,  L.  Aclienia  superjicial  on  the  glabrous  conical  or  hemispherical 
fruiting  receptacle  (not  sunk  in  pits);  calyx  remaining  spreading  or  rcflexed ; 
hairs  on  the  scape  mostly  widely  spreading,  on  the  pedicels  apjuessed  ;  leaflets 
thin,  even  the  upper  face  strongly  marked  by  the  veins.  —  Fields  and  rocky 
places:  common;  certainly  indigenous  northward.     (En.) 

3.  P.  Indica,  L.  (or  Duche'snea  fragario'ides,  Smith),  —  which  differs  from 
the  true  Strawberries  in  having  leafy  runners,  a  calyx  with  incised  leafy  bract- 
lets  larger  than  the  sc\n\\s,  yeltoiv  ])eifds,  and  insipid  fruit,  —  has  sparingly  estab- 
lished itself  in  copses  around  Philadelijhia  (Charles  E.  Smith,  &e.),  and  in  the 
Southern  States.     (Adv.  from  Ind.) 

13.    DALIBARDA,    L.        Dalibarda. 

Calyx  deeply  5  -  6-partcd,  3  of  the  divisions  larger  and  toothed.  Petals  5, 
sessile,  deciduous.  Stamens  ma-ny.  Ovaries  5-  10,  becoming  nearly  dry  seed- 
like drupes:  styles  terminal,  deciduous.  —  Low  perennials,  with  creeping  and 
densely  tufted  stems  or  rootstocks,  and  roundisli-heart- shaped  erenate  leaves  on 
slender  petioles.  Flowers  1  or  2,  white,  on  scape-like  peduncles.  (Named  in 
honor  of  Thomas  Dalibard,  a  French  botanist  of  the  time  of  Linniieus.) 

1.  D.  ripens,  L.  Downy;  sepals  spreading  in  the  flower,  converging  and 
enclosing  the  fruit.  —  Wooded  banks:  common  northward.  June -Aug. — 
In  aspect  and  foliage  resembling  a  stcmless  Violet. 

14.     RUBtrS,     Tourn.        Bramble. 

Calyx  .5-parted,  without  bractlets.  Petals  .5,  deciduous.  Stamens  numerous. 
Achenia  usually  many,  collected  on  a  spongy  or  succulent  recejjtacle,  becoming 
small  drupes  :  styles  nearly  terminal.  —  Perennial  herbs,  or  somewhat  shrubby 
plants,  with  white  (rarely  reddish)  flowers,  and  edible  fruit.  (The  Roman 
name,  kindred  with  ruber,  red.) 

§  1.  RASPBERRY.     Fruit,  or  collective  mass  of  drupes,  falling  off  whole  from  the 

dry  receptacle  iche.n  ripe,  or  of  few  grains  ichichfall  sepnrutcli/. 

*  LeaiX'S  simple  :  flowers  larq> :  jirickles  none;  fruit  and  receptacle  flat  and  broad. 

1.  R.  odoratUS,  L.  (Plrple  Flowuiuxg-Hasfbicury.)  Stem  shrubbij 
(3° -5°  high);  branches,  stalLs,  and  calyx  bristlij  with  glandular  clammi/  hairs; 
leaves  3  -  5-lobed,  the  lobes  pointed  and  minutely  toothed,  the  middle  one  pro- 
longed  ;  peduncles  many -flowered ;  calyx-lobes  tipped  with  a  long  narrow  ap- 
pendage;  ]>(lals  rounded,  purple  rose-color ;  irult  rcckVmh.  —  Dells,  &c.  :  common 
northward.     June -Aug.  —  Flowers  showy,  2'  broad. 

2.  R.  Nutkknus,  Mocino.  (White  F.)  Glandular,  scarcely  bristly; 
leaves  almost  cciually  .")-lobed,  coarsely  toothed  ;  ])eduncles  few-flowered  ;  petah 
oval,  white.     (R.  parviflorus,  NtUt.)  —  Upper  Michigan,  and  westward. 


ROSACEA,     (rosk  family.)  157 

3.  R.  ChameembrUS,  L.  (Ci.oun-itEUUv.)  Ilohuceous,  low,  dujen'ons; 
stem  simple,  2-3-ltaviJ,  l-Jtuwend ;  leaves  rouiidisli-kiiincy-Conn,  somewliat  5- 
loltcd,  serrate,  wrinkled;  calyxlohes  pointless;  petals  obovule,  white;  fruit  of 
few  grains,  amber-color.  —  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire  at  the  limit  of 
trees :  also  on  the  coast  at  Lubeek,  Maine,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Li-jijlits  (piiinateJij)  3-5;  petals  small,  end,  white. 
•*-  Stints  iiniiuiil,  heib(Keous,  not  jiricklij :  fruit  of  few  separate  (/rains. 

4.  R.  trifl6rus,  Hichardson.  (Dwakf  Uasi-hekuy.)  Steins  ascending 
(0'-12'  hij^ii)  or  trailing;  leaflets  3  (or  pcdately  5),  ihombie-ovate  or  ovalc- 
lanceoiate,  acute  at  both  ends,  coarsely  doubly  serrate,  thin,  smooth;  jjedunclc 
1-3-flowcrcd.  —  Wooded  hillsides,  New  England  to  rcnnsyiviniia,  Wisconsin, 
and  northward.     June.  —  Sepals  and  petals  often  6  or  7. 

+-■•-  Steins  biennial  and  woodi/,  prickli/ :  receptacle  oblonrj :  fruit  hemispherical. 

5.  R.  Strig6sus,  Michx.  (Wild  Red  H.\si'iJt;imY.)  Stems  upright,  ar\A 
with  the  stalks,  &c.  beset  with  stiff  straight  bristles  (or  a  few  becoming  weak 
hooked  prickles),  glandular  when  young,  somewhat  glaucous;  leaflets  3-5, 
oblong-ovate,  pointed,  eut-serrate,  whitish-downy  underneath ;  the  lateral  ones 
sessile  ;  petals  as  long  as  the  sepals  ;  fruit  light  red.  —  Thickets  and  hills  :  com- 
mon evcrywhci'e,  espccirtlly  northward.  June,  July.  —  Fruit  ripening  all  sum- 
mer, more  tender  than  that  of  the  Garden  or  European  Raspberry  (R.  Id.ecs), 
which  it  too  closely  resembles. 

6.  R.  oceidentMis,  L.  (Bl.\ck  Raspberry.  TiiniBLEBEnRY.) 
Glaucous  a'l  orer ;  stems  recurved,  armed  like  the  stalks,  &c.,  with  hooked  prickhs, 
not  brisllji :  leaflets  3  (rarely  5),  ovate,  pointed,  coarsely  doubly  serrate,  whitened- 
downy  underneath  ;  the  lateral  ones  somewhat  stalked  ;  petals  sliorter  than  the 
sepals  ;  fruit  ]>ur pie-black  (rarely  a  whitish  variety),  ripe  early  in  July.  —  Very 
conniion  northward,  especially  where  ground  has  been  burned  over. 

§  2.    BLACKBERRY.     Fruit,  or  collectire  drupes,  not  separating  from  the  juicy 
prolonged  receptacle,  mostly  ovale  or  oblong,  blackish. 

7.  R.  vill6sus,  Ait.  (Common  or  High  Blackberry.)  Shrubby  (1°- 
6°  hiuli),  furrowed,  upright  or  reclining,  armed  with  stout  curved  prickles;  branch- 
lets,  stalks,  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  hitirij  and  glandular ;  leaflets  3  (or 
pcdately  5),  ovate,  pointed,  unequally  serrate ;  the  terminal  ones  somewhat 
heart-shaped,  conspicuously  stalked  ;  fowers  racemed,  numerous,  bracts  short ; 
se])als  linear-])ointcd,  much  shorter  than  the  obovate-oblong  spreading  petals.  — 
Var.  1.  FROND6srs  :  smoother  and  much  less  glandular;  flowers  more  corym- 
bose, with  leafy-  bracts  ;  petals  roundish.  Var.  2.  iic.mifitsis  :  trailing,  smaller; 
peduncles  few-flowered. — Borders  of  thickets,  &c. :  common.  May,  June  :  the 
jileasant  large  fruit  ripe  in  Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Plant  very  variable  in  size,  aspect, 
and  slia])e  of  the  fruit :  —  the  varieties  connecting  with 

8.  R,  Canadensis,  L.  (Low  Blackulrry.  Dicwblruy.)  ShrulAi/, 
exiensiveli/  trailing,  s'ightig  prickli/ ;  leaflets  3  (or  pcdately  5-7),  oval  or  ovate-" 
lanceolate,  mostly  jwintcd,  thin,  marli/  smooth,  sharply  eut-scrratc ;  flowers  ra- 
cemed, with  leaf-like  bracts.  (R.  triviidis,  Pursh,  Bigd.,  <Jr. ;  not  of  Michr.)  — 
Rocky  hills  and  copses :  common.  May  ;  ripening  its  excellent  fruit  earlier 
than  No.  7. 


158  ROSACE.E.       (rose    FAMILY.) 

9.  E.  hispidus,  L.  (Rinmng  SwAMr-BL.vcKnERRY.)  Stfms  slender, 
scarctly  v.rjocljj,  extciisivtly  procumbent,  beset  icit/i  simtll  rtjlextd  pricLbs:  leaflets  3 
(or  rarely  jjcilateiy  5),  smooth,  ihickish,  mostly  persistent,  obovatc,  obtuse,  coarsely 
serrate,  entire  towards  the  base;  peduncles  hajiess,  several -flowered,  often  bristh/; 
Jloirers small.  (H.  obovhlis,  Michj-.  R.  sempe'rvirens  and  K.  setosus,  Bifjdotc.) 
—  Low  w<Joils  :  lomnion  northward.  June. — Flowering  shoots  short,  ascend- 
ing ;  sterile  ones  t'ormiuu-  lonj^-  runners.    Fruit  of  few  grains,  red  or  purjile,  sour. 

10.  B,.  cuneildlius,  Fursh.  (8and  Blackberry.)  Shruhbii  (lo-.3° 
liigh),  upright,  armed  with  stout  rtcwved  prickles  ;  hranchlets  and  lower  sin-face  of 
the  leaves  whitish-woolly;  leaflets  3-5,  wedge-obovate,  tliickish,  serrate  above; 
peduncles  2  -4-flowered  ;  petals  larye.  —  Sandy  woods,  S.  New  York,  Pcnn.  and 
southward.     May  -  July ;  ripening  its  well-flavored  black  fruit  in  August. 

11.  R.  trivialis,  Michx.  (Low  Brsn-IJLACKBiiRUY.)  Shrubby,  procum- 
bent, bristly  and  ])riikly ;  leaves  evergreen,  coriaceous,  nearly  glabrous:  leaflets  3  (or 
p.edate]y  5),  ovatc-oblong  or  lanceolate,  siiarj)ly  serrate  ;  peduncles  1  -3-flowered; 
petals  large.  —  Sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.     ISlarcli  -  Jlay. 

15.     ROSA,     Tourn.        Rose. 

Calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit. 
Petals  5,  obovatc  or  obcordate,  inserted,  with  the  many  stamens,  into  the  edge 
of  the  hollow  thin  disk  that  lines  the  calyx-tube  and  within  bears  the  numerous 
pistils  below.  Ovaries  hairy,  becoming  bony  achcnia  in  fruit.  —  Shrubby  and 
prickly,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  stipides  cohering  with  the  petiole  :  stalks, 
foliage,  &c.  often  bearing  aromatic  glands.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

*  Styles  cohering  in  a  protruding  column,  as  long  as  the  stamens. 

1.  R.  setigera,  Michx.  (CLniBixu  or  Prairik  Rose.)  Stems  climbing, 
armed  with  stout  nearly  straight  prickles,  not  bristly  ;  leaflets  3-5,  ovate,  acute, 
sharply  serrate,  smooth  or  downy  beneath  ;  stalks  and  calyx  glandular ;  flowers 
corymbed ;  sepals  pointed;  petals  deep  rose-color  changing  to  wkitc;  fruit 
(hip)  globular.  — Borders  of  prairies  and  thickets,  W.  New  York  (indigenous  7) 
to  Wisconsin  and  southwestward :  also  cultivated.  July. —  The  only  Ameri- 
can climbing  rose,  or  with  united  protruding  styles:  sti'ong  shoots  growing 
10° -20°  in  a  season. 

*  *  Stifles  separate,  included  in  the  calyx-tuhe :  petals  rose-color. 

2.  R.  Carolina,  L.  (Swamp  Rose.)  Stems  tall  (4° -7°  high),  armed 
with- stout  hooked  priikles,  not  bristly;  leaflets  5-9,  elliptical,  often  acute,  dull 
above  and  pale  beneath;  stipules  nan'ow;  flowers  numcious,  in  corymbs;  pcdimcles 
and  calyx  (with  leaf-like  appendages)  glandular-bristly;  fi-uit  (hip)  depressed- 
globular,  somewhat  bristly.  —  Low  grounds  :  common.    June -Sept. 

3.  R.  lucida,  Elirhan.  (Dwarf  Wild-Rose.)  Stems  (l°-2°high), 
armed  with  uueqncd  bristly  prickles,  which  arc  mostly  deciduous,  the  stouter  per- 
sistent ones  nearly  straight,  slender  ;  leafl'ls  5-9,  elliptical  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
shining  above,  sharply  serrate;  stipules  broad;  peduncles  I  -S-floivend,  mid  ^^ith 
the  appendaged  calyx-lobes  glandular-bristly  ;  fruit  depressed-globular,  smooth 
■when  ripe. —  Common  in  dry  soil,  or  along  the  borders  of  swamps.  May- 
July.  —  R.  m'tida,  Willd.,  is  a  smooth  and  narrow-leaved  form.  .  .. 


nosAOEiE.     (rosk  family.)  159 

4.  R.  bl^nda,  Ait.  (Eakly  Wild-Rose.)  NcuiIi/  unarmed,  or  with 
scattered  straij^lit  dueiduous  prickles  (l°-3°  high) ;  kajlels  5-7,  oral  or  Mony, 
obtuse,  jmie  on  both  sides  and  minutely  downi/  or  Itounj  beneath,  serrate ;  stipules 
large;  flowers  1  -3,  ihc  juduncks  and  liili/x-lulie  smooth  and  ijlaucous ;  fruit  glo- 
bose, crowned  with  the  persistent  erect  and  conniveiit  entire  calyx-lobes.  — 
Rocks  and  i)anks,  Vermont  to  I'cnn.  and  Wisconsin,  cliicHy  northward.  May, 
June.  —  Petals  light  rose-color. 

5.  R.  rubigin6sa,  L.  (Swkkt-Brikr.)  Ciinilnng  high;  prickles  numer- 
ous, the  larijerones  stromj  and  hooked,  the  smaller  awl-sluiped ;  leaflets  doubly  serrate, 
rounded  at  the  base  ;  downy  and  clothed  with  /rafjranl  russet  glands  beneath ;  fruit 
pear-shaped  or  olmrate,  crowned  u-ith  the  mostly  persistent  calyx-lobes.  —  Roadsides 
and  thickets.     June- Aug.     (Nat.  from  Ku.) 

6.  R.  MicR.ixTUA,  Smith.  (Smaller-fl.  S.)  Prickles  uni/orm  and  hooked ; 
fruit  elliptical  and  ovate ;  calyx-lobes  deciduous ;  flowers  smaller:  otherwise  as  the 
last:  a  mere  variety  of  it.  —  E.  New  England  to  Virginia.     (Nat.  from  En.) 

16.     CRATJEGUS,    L.        IIawtiiokn.     Wiutk  Tuork. 

Calyx-tuhe  uin-sliaiK'd,  the  limh  .'i-clcft.  Petals  5,  roundisli.  Stamens  many, 
or  only  10-5.  Styles  I  -5.  Pome  drupe-like,  containing  1-5  liony  1-sceded 
stones.  —  Thorny  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  simple  and  mostly  lobed  leaves, 
and  white  (rarely  rosc-colorcd)  blossoms.  (Name  from  Kpdros,  strength,  on  ac- 
count of  the  hardness  of  the  wood. ) 

*  Cvrymhs  many-floiuered. 
T-  Fruit  very  small,  depressed-globose   (not  larger  than  pens),  bright  red:  flowers 
small :  calyx-teeth  short  and  broad:  styles  5  :  plants  glabrous  (except  No.  1)  and 
gland/ess. 

1.  C.  PvRACANTHA,  Pcrs.  (EviiUGUKKV  TiiORV.)  Tjcaves  evergreen,  shiTi- 
ing  (1'  long),  Mong  or  spatuUite-lanceolate,  crenulatc;  the  short  petioles  and 
young  branchlcts  pubescent ;  corymbs  small.  —  Shrub,  spontaneous  at  Wash- 
ington, and  near  Philadeli)hia,  Isaac  Martindale.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

•2.  C.  Spathulata,  Michx.  Leaves  thickish,  shining,  hut(\cckhiow>,  sjiatu- 
lute  or  oblanceulate,  with  a  long  tapering  base,  cremtte  above,  rarely  cut-lobcd, 
nearly  sessile.  —  Virginia  and  southward.     May.  —  Shrub  10°  -  15°  high. 

3.  C.  COrdita,  Ait.  (Wa.«iiixgton  Tuorx.)  Ltaves  broadly  ovate  or 
triangular,  mostly  truncate  or  a  little  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  on  a  slender 
petiole,  lariously  3  -  ^-xlffl  or  cut,  serrate.  —  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward, 
June  — Trunk  15° -25°  high. 

■*-■*-  Fruit  small  (1'  —  J'  long),  ovoid,  deep  red:  /lowers  rather  large:  styles  1  -3. 

4.  C.  OxYAC.iNTHA,  L.  (English  IIawtiiorx.)  Smooth;  leaves  ol>ovate, 
cnt-lobed  and  tuothvd,  wedge  form  sit  the  base;  calyx  not  glandular.  May. — 
More  or  less  spontaneous  as  well  as  cultivated.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.  C.  apiifolia,  Michx.  Sottly  pubescent  when  young  ;  leaves  roundish, 
with  a  broad  truncate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  base,  pinnattly  5-7-r/»/?,  the 
crowded  divisions  cut-lubed  and  sharply  serrate ;  petioles  slender ;  calyx-lobetj 
glandular-toothed,  slender.  —  Virginia  and  southward.     March,  April 


160  ROSACE.E.       (rose    FAMILY.) 

•*-■*-■*-  Fruit  larfje  {h'-^'  lonrj),  red:  flowers  larfje:  styles  and  stones  of  the  fruit 
even  in  the  same  specie's  1  -3  {when  the  fruit  is  ovoid  or  pear-shaped),  o/-  4-5 
(wheii  the  fruit  is  globular):  stipules,  calyx-teeth,  bracts,  Sfc.  often  beset  with 
glands. 

6.  C.  COCCinea,  L.  (Scarlet-fruited  Thorx.)  Glabrous  throughont; 
leaves  thin,  roiiiulisli  ovate,  sharply  toothed  and  cut,  or  somewhat  cut-lobed, 
usually  abrupt  at  the  base,  on  slender  petioles;  flowers  white,  often  with  a  rosy 
tinj^e  {§' broad)  ;  /iu/(  bright  coral-red,  ovoid  (.^'  broad),  scarcely  edible. — 
Thickets  and  rocky  banks  :  common.     May.  —  A  low  tree. 

7.  C.  tomentbsa,  L.  (Ur..\CK  or  Pear  Thorn.)  Downy  or  vilJous- 
ptibescent  at  least  when  young  on  the  peduncles,  calyx,  and  lower  side  of  the 
leaves  ;  leaves  thic/cish,  rather  large,  oval  or  ovate-oblong,  sharply  toothed  and 
often  cut,  abruptly  nan'owed  at  the  base  into  a  somewhat  margined  jxtiole,  the 
uf)per  surface  more  or  less  furrowed  along  the  veins;  flowers  large  (often  1, 
broad),  white  ;  fruit  scarlet  or  orange,  large  (§'-4'  broad),  globular  or  somewhat 
pear-shaped,  edible.  —  Thickets:  common.  May,  June.  —  A  tall  shrub  or  low 
tree,  of  many  varieties,  of  which  the  following  are  the  most  marked. 

Var.  pyrifblia.  Leaves  sparingly  pubescent  beneath  when  young,  soon 
glabrous,  smooth  above,  and  shining  often  slightly  cut-lobed ;  fruit  large,  bright- 
colored,  sparingly  dotted,  of  a  j)leasant  flavor.     (C.  pyrifblia.  Ait.) 

Var.  punctata.  Leaves  rather  small,  mostly  wedge-obovate,  with  a  longer 
tapering  and  entire  base,  unequally  toothed  above,  rarely  cut,  villous-pubesccnt 
Avhen  young,  smooth  but  dull  when  old,  the  numerous  veins  more  strongly  im- 
pressed on  the  upper  surfice  and  prominent  underneath;  fruit  globose,  usually 
dull  red  and  yellowish  with  whitish  dots.     (C.  punctata,  Jarq.) 

Var.  mollis.  Leaves  rounded,  al)rupt  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the 
base,  soft-downy  both  sides,  or  at  least  beneath,  very  sharply  doubly-toothed 
and  cut;  fruit  often  downy,  dull  red.  (C.  subvillosa,  Schrader.  C.  coccinea, 
var.?  mollis.     Torr.  t^  Gray.)  —  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southwestward. 

8.  C.  Crus-g&lli,  L.  (CofKSi'irR  Thorn.)  Glabrous ;  leaves  thirl; 
shining  al.ove,  wcdge-ohovate  and  ohlanceolate,  tapering  into  a  very  short  petiole, 
serrate  above  the  middle;  fruit  globular,  bright-red  (i'  broad).  —  Thickets. 
June.  —  Shrub  or  tree  10° -20°  high,  with  firm  dark-green  leaves  very  shining 
above,  and  slender  thorns  often  2'  long.     This  is  our  best  species  for  hedges. 

*  Corymbs  simple,  few-  (1  -  Q-)  Jlowered :  calyx,  bracts,  ^c.  glandular. 

9.  C.  flava,  Ait.  (Summer  Haw.)  Somewhat  pubescent  or  glabrous; 
leav/s  wedge-obovate  or  rhonthic-ohovate,  narrowed  into  a  glandular  petiole,  utiequdlly 
toothed  and  somewhat  cut  above  the  middle,  rather  thin,  the  teeth  glandular;  styles 
4-  5  ;  fruit  somewhat  pear-shaped,  yellowish,  greenish,  or  reddish  {^'  -  §'  broad*. 
—  Sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.  May.  —  Tree  ir)°-20°  high,  with 
rather  large  flowers,  2  -  6  in  a  corymb. 

Var.  pub6scens.  Downy  or  villous-pubescent  when  young  ;  leaves  thie"k- 
ish,  usually  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  summit.  (C.  elhptica.  Ait.  C.  glandu- 
losa,  Mirhr.     C  \'irginica,  Lodd.)  —  Virginia  and  southward. 

10.  C.  parvif61ia,  Ait.  (Dwarf  Thorn.)  Downy  ;  leaves  thick,  ohovale- 
tputulatc,  crenatc-tootlitd  (i'  -  1^'  long),  almost  sessile,  the  upper  surface  at  length 


I 


K06ACIJ.K.     (K06K    lAMlLV.)  ICl 

shining;  flowers  solitary  or  2 -3  together  on  a- n/  short  /jicluiwks  ;  calyx-lobes  a$ 
Ion;/  us  the  petals ;  styles  5;  Iruit  globuhir  or  pear-shaped,  yellowish.  —  Sandy 
soil,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and  southward.     May. —  blirub  3° -6°  high. 

17.     PYRUS,     L.        I'lOAK.     AiTLK. 

Calyx-tulx;  urn-shaiK-d,  the  linil)  .'i-eleft.  Petals  i-oundish  or  ohovato.  Sta- 
mens numerous.  Styles  2-5.  Tome  fleshy  or  herry-like  ;  the  2-5  carpels  or 
cells  of  a  ])ai)ery  or  cartilaginous  te.\ture,  2-seeded.  —  Trees  or  sliruhs,  witli 
liandsonie  flowers  in  coryuil)ed  cymes.     (Tlie  classical  name  of  the  Pear-tree.) 

§  1.  MALUS,  Toiirn.      (Api-Hi.)     Liaves  sini/de:  rijiius  slnijile  and  iiinbil-like: 
po»ie_ft('x/ii/,  (jlubnlar,  sunk  in  at  the  attachment  of  the  stalk. 

1.  P.  COron^ria,  L.  (A.MiiRiCAN  Ckah-Ai'I'LE.)  Leaves  ovate,  often 
rather  heart-shapetl,  cut-serrate  or  lobed,  soon  glabrous  ;  styles  woolly  and  united  at 
the  base. — Glades,  \V.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  May. — Tree 
20'  high,  with  large^  rose-colored,  fragrant  blobsonis,  few  in  the  corynih,  and 
fragrant,  grecnisli  fruit. 

2.  P.  angUStif61ia,  Ait.  (NAHUOWi.KAViiiJ  C.)  Leaves  oblong  or  lance- 
olate, often  acute  at  the  base,  mostly  toothed,  glabrous  ;  styles  distinct.  —  Glades, 
from  Pennsylvania  southward.     April.  —  Perhaps  a  variety  of  No.  1. 

§  2.  ADEN6IIHACH1S,  DC.     Leaves  simple,  the  mid-rib  glandular  along  the  up- 
per side :  ryni's  compound :  styles  united  at  the  base:  fruit  berry-like,  small. 

3.  P.  arbutif61ia,  L.  (Choke-berry.)  Leaves  oblong  or  ohovate,  finely 
serrate;  fruit  pear-shaped,  or  when  ripe  globular. —  Var.  1.  ervtiirocAupa, 
has  the  cyme  and  leaves  beneath  woolly,  and  red  or  purple  fruit.  Var.  2.  me- 
i.AXOC.iRi'A,  is  nearly  smooth,  with  black  fruit.  —  Damp  thickets:  common. 
Mu}',  June.  —  Shrub  2° -10°  high.     Flowers  white,  or  tinged  with  ])urple. 

§3.   SORBUS,  Tourn.     Leaves  odd-pinnate,  with  rather  numerous  leojhts :  cymes 
compound :  styles  separate :  pome  berry-like,  small. 

4.  P.  Americana,  DC.  (American  Mountain-Ash.)  Nearly  glabrous 
or  soon  becoming  so ;  Uajiets  13-15,  lanceolate,  taper -pointed,  sharply  serrate  with 
pointed  teeth,  bright  green ;  cymes  large  and  flat ;  berries  globose,  not  larger 
than  peas;  leaf -buds  pointed,  glabrous  and  somewhat  glutinous.  —  Swamps  and 
mountain-woods,  Maine  toPcnn.and  Michigan,  and  southward  along  the  whole 
length  of  the  Alleghanics.  June.  (P.  microcarpa,  DC.)  —  Tree  or  tall  shrub, 
with  leaflets  rather  shining  above  and  scarcely  pale  underneath,  the  rhachis  and 
petiole  redilish  and  ek)ngatc(l :  prized  in  cultivation  for  the  autunmal  clusters 
of  bright-red  berries. 

5.  P.  sambucifblia,  Cham.  &  Schlccht.  LkiJI  ts  oblong,  oral,  or  lance- 
ovate,  mostly  olituse  or  abruptly  short-pointed,  serrate  (mostly  doubly)  with  more 
spreading  teeth,  often  pale  beneath  ;  cymes  smaller  ;  flowers  and  berries  larger, 
the  latter  (4"  broad)  when  young  ovoid,  at  length  globose;  leaf-buds  sparingly 
hairy:  otherwise  nearly  as  the  ])reccding.  (Sorbus  aucuparia,  var. /3.  Miehx.) 
—  Along  the  northern  frontiers  of  the  United  States,  northward  and  westward 
to  the  I'aciflc,  &c.  IVrhaps  passes  into  No.  4  :  it  is  sumetinies  cultivated  for  it, 
and  nearlv  connects  it  with 

L  &  M-L'7 


162  CALYCANTIIACE-rE.       (CALYCANTHUS    FAMILY.) 

P.  aucupXria,  GaTtn.,  the  EtuorEAN  Mountain  Ash  or  Rowan-tree, 
the  one  more  commonly  planted  in  grounds :  it  has  paler,  oblong,  and  obtuse 
leaflets,  their  lower  surface  downy,  larger  globose  berries,  and  blunter  and 
tomentose  leaf-buds. 

18.    AMELANCHIER,     Medic.        June-ui;ruy. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  oblong,  elongated.  Stamens  numerous,  short.  Styles 
5,  united  below.  Ovary  .5-celled,  each  cell  2-ovuled ;  but  a  projection  grows 
from  the  back  of  each,  and  forms  a  false  partition ;  the  berry-like  pome  thus 
10-ceIled,  with  one  seed  in  each  cell  (when  all  ripen) :  jmrtitions  cartilaginous. 

—  Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  sharply  serrated  leaves,  and  white  Huwers 
in  racemes.     (Ameluncier  is  the  popular  name  of  A.  vulgaris  in  Savoy.) 

1.  A.  Canadensis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Shad-bush.  Service-berry.) 
Calyx-lobes  triaiigiihu-hinie-form ;  fruit  globular,  purplish,  edible  (sweet,  ripe 
in  June).  —  Along  streams,  &c.  :  common,  especially  northward.     April,  May. 

—  Varies  exceedingly  ;  the  leading  forms  are,  — 

Var.  Botrykpium;  a  tree  10° -30°  high,  nearly  or  soon  glabrous;  leaves 
ovate-oblong,  sometimes  heart-shaped  to  the  base,  pointed,  very  sharply  serrate ; 
flowers  in  long  drooping  racemes ;  the  oblong  petals  4  times  the  length  of  the 
calyx.      (Pyrus  Botrya])inin,   Wilhl.) 

Var.  oblongifolia ;  a  smaller  tree  or  shrul) ;  leaves  oblong,  beneath,  like 
the  branchlets  white  downy  when  young ;  racemes  and  petals  shorter. 

Var.  rotundifolia ;  with  broader  leaves  and  smaller  petals  than  in  the  first 
variety  ;   racemes  6  -  10-flowered. 

Var.  alnifdlia;  shrub,  with  the  roundish  leaves  blunt  or  notched  at  both 
ends,  serrate  towards  the  summit ;  racemes  dense  and  many-flowered.  —  Chiefly 
in  the  Western  States  and  westward. 

Var.  oligoearpa ;  shrub,  with  thin  and  smooth  narrowly  oblong  leaves, 
and  2  -  4-flowered  racemes,  the  broader  petals  scarcely  thrice  the  length  of  the 
calyx.  —  Cold  and  deep  mountain  swamps,  northward. 

Order  34.     CAL-YCANTHACE^.     (Calycantiius  Family.) 

Shrubs  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  the  sepals- a jid  petals  similar 
and  indefinite,  the  anthers  adnate  and  extrnrse,  and  the  cotyledons  convolute : 
the  fruit  like  a  rose-hip.      Chiefly  represented  by  the  genus 

1.      CALYCANTHUS,      L.  Carolina    Allspice.      Sweet- 

SCENTLI)    Siiuun. 

Calyx  of  many  sepals,  united  below  into  a  fleshy  inversely  conical  cup  (with 
some  leaf-like  bractlets  growing  from  it) ;  the  lobes  lanceolate,  mostly  colored 
like  the  petals ;  which  arc  similar,  in  many  rows,  thickish,  inserted  on  the  top 
of  the  closed  calyx-tube.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  just  within  the  petals, 
short;  some  of  the  inner  ones  sterile  (destitute  of  anthers).  Pistils  several  or 
many,  enclosed  in  the  calyx-tubc,  inserted  on  its  base  and  inner  face,  resembling 
those  of  the  Pose ;  but  the  enlarged  hip  dry  when  ripe,  enclosing  the  achenia. 


SAXIFKAOACKiE.       (SAXIFRAGK    FAMILY.)  1 G3 

—  The  lurid  puri>k'  flowers  terminating^  the  lertfy  branches.  Bark  and  foliage 
aromatic;  the  crushed  flowers  exhaling  more  or  less  the  fragrance  of  .strawber- 
ries. (Name  composed  of  kuXv^,  a  aip  or  cali/x,  and  iivdus,  jiuwer,  from  the 
closed  cup  which  contains  the  pistils.) 

1.  C.  fl6ridus,  L-  Ltures  oral,  soft-downy  underiwath. — Virginia?  and 
southwiinl,  on  hillsides  in  rich  soil.     Common  in  gardens.     April -Aug. 

2.  C.  laevigitUS,  Wilkl.  Inures  oUotuj,  thin,  either  blunt  or  taper-pointed, 
Iritiltt  ijruDi  and  (jiahrous  or  nearly  so  on  both  sides,  or  rather  pale  beneath  ;  flow- 
ers smaller.  —  Mountains  of  Franklin  Co.,  i'enn.  [Prof.  Porter),  and  southward 
along  tlie  Alleghauies.     May -Aug. 

3.  C.  glaucus,  Willd.  Leaves  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate ;  conspicu- 
ousli/  ta/jer-/K)iiit,d,  (/luucoiis-white  ben&dh,  roughish  above,  glabrous,  large  (4' -7' 
long);  probably  a  variety  of  the  preceding. —  Virginia?  near  the  mountains 
arid  southward.     Mav-Aug. 


Order  35.     SAXIFKAGACE.S:.     (Saxifrage  Family.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  of  various  aspect,  distinguishable  from  Rosacese  by  hav- 
ing copious  albumen  in  the  seeds,  opposite  as  well  as  alternate  leaves,  and 
usually  no  stipules  when  the  leaves  are  alternate ;  the  stamens  mostly  definite, 
and  the  carpels  commonly  fewer  than  the  sepals,  either  separate  or  partly 
so,  or  all  combined  into  one  compound  pistil.  Calyx  either  free  or  adher- 
ent, usually  persistent  or  withering  away.  Stamens  and  petals  almost  al- 
ways inserted  on  the  calyx.  Ovules  anatropous.  —  A  large  family,  to 
which  Parnassia,  formerly  associated  with  Drosera,  is  commonly  referred, 
—  now  made  to  include  Ilibes  also. 

Tribe  I.  GKOS.SVL.ARIE.K.  Shrubs,  with  alternato  and  palmatcly  veined  and  lobed 
leaves :  stipules  none  or  united  with  the  base  of  the  petiole.  Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the 
one-celled  ovary,  which  has  2  parietalplacentre  and  forms  a  many-seeded  berry.  Seed-coat 
externally  pelutinous.     Embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  the  hard  albumen. 

1.  Ribes.     Characttr  of  the  tribe.     Stamens  and  small  petals  5 

Tribe  II.  ESCALLOXIE^E.  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  and  simple  pionately 
veined  leaves,  and  no  stipules.     Ovary  2-5-cclled 

2.  Itea.     Calyx  5-cleft,  free  from  the  2celled  ovary,  which  becomes  a  septicidal  pod. 
Tribe   III.     II YDR  ANGIKiG.     Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  simple  leaves,  and  no 

stipules.     Ovary  2  -  5-cclIed  ;  the  calyx  coherent  at  least  witli  its  base.     Fruit  (in  the  fol- 
lowinj;)  a  many -seeded  pod. 

3.  Ily  cli-aiig;i-a.     Lobes  of  the  calyx  minute  in  complete  flowers.     Pctal.s  valvatc  iu  the  bud. 

Stiimens  8  or  10. 

4.  PhllailclpUuH.     Lobes  of  the  calyx  and  petals  conspicuous;  the  former  valvate,  the 

latter  convolute  in  the  bud.     Stamens  20-40. 
Tribe  IV.     SAXIFRAGE.^.     ITerbo,  withunt  stipules,  except  p<Thaps  a  niomhranous 
dilatation  of  the  base  of  the  ])etiole.     Petals  imbricated  or  rarely  convolute  in  the  bud.    Fruit 
dry,  capsular  or  follicular. 
•  A  cluster  of  sterile  or  Bland-tipped  filaments  at  the  base  of  each  petal.     Stigmas  3  or  4,  Bito- 
ated  ilirectly  ov^r  ns  many  pnrii't-il  placenta?  ! 
S.    Pnrnnxglik.     S<.'puU,  peUUn,  uud  projier  slameus  5.     iVduuclo  u  scapu  or  scape-like,  1> 
flowcjtxl. 


164  SAXIKKAGACE^:.       (SAXIFUAGE    I'AMILT.) 

»  •  No  sterile  stamens  or  bodies  resembling  them. 
•*-  Poil  2-3-celled  and  2- 3-beakfd,  or  of  as  many  distinct  folliclei. 

6.  Astilbe.     Flowers  polygamous.    Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  small  petals.    Seeds  feir. 

LeavfS  decompound. 

7.  Saxifraga.     Flowers  perfect.     Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.    Seeds  numerous, 

with  a  close  coat. 

8.  Boykiiiia.     Flowers  perfect.    Stamens  only  iis  many  as  the  petals,  which  are  convolute 

in  the  bud  and  dtciduous.     Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary.     Seed-coat  close. 

9.  Sulllvaiilia.    Flowers  perfect.     Slameus  5.     Calyx  nearly  free.    Seeds  wing-margined. 

—  —  Pod  one-celled  with  2  parietal  placentas 
++  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  namely  5. 

10.  Heucliera.     Calyx  bell-shaped,  coherent  with  the  ovary  below.     Petals  small,  entire. 

++  -M-  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  namely  8  or  10. 

11.  Mitella.     Calyx  partly  cohering  with  the  depressed  ovary.     Petals  small,  pinnatifid. 

12.  Tiai-ella.     Calyx  nearly  free  from  the  slender  ovary.     Petals  entire. 

13.  Chrysospleiiiuni.     Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary.     Petals  none. 

1.     HIBES,    L.         Clek.v.vt.     Gooseberry. 

Calyx  5-lobc(l,  often  colored ;  the  tube  coherent  with  the  ovary.  Petals  5, 
inserted  in  tlie  throat  of  the  calyx,  small.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals. 
Ovary  1 -celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae  and  2  distinct  or  united  styles.  Berry 
crowned  with  the  shrivelled  remains  of  the  calyx ;  the  surface  of  the  numerous 
seeds  swelling  into  a  gelatinous  outer  coat  investing  a  crustaceous  one.  Em- 
bryo minute  at  the  base  of  hard  albumen.  —  Low,  sometimes  prickly  shrubs, 
with  alternate  and  palmately-lobed  leaves,  which  are  plaited  in  the  bud  (except 
in  one  species),  often  clustered  in  the  axils ;  the  small  flowers  from  the  same 
clusters,  or  from  separate  lateral  buds.  (An  Arabic  name,  properly  belonging 
to  a  species  of  Rheum.  Grossularia  was  the  proper  name  to  have  been  adopted 
for  the  genus.) 

§  1.  GROSSULARIA,  Tourn.  (GoosEnERUV.)  Stems  mostly  hearing  thorns 
at  the  base  of  the  Jeujltalks  or  clusters  of  leaves,  and  ojten  with  scattered  bristly 
prickles :  buries  prickly  or  smooth.  ( Our  species  are  indiscriminately  called 
AViLD  Gooseberry:  the  flowers  greenish.) 

*  PcJiiiicles  l-3flowered:  leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  3  -  ^-lobed. 

1.  B,.  Cyn6sbati,  L-  Leaves  pubescent ;  ;i<'(/«nc/es  s/tjx/tr,  2- 3-flowered; 
stamens  and  undivided  style  not  longer  than  the  broad  calyx.  —  Rocky  woods  :  com- 
mon, especially  northward.  May.  —  Spines  small  or  obsolete.  Berry  large, 
armed  with  lonu  prickles  like  a  burr,  or  rarely  smooth. 

2.  R.  hirtellum,  Michx.  Leaves  somewhat  pubescent  beneath  ;  po'iwc/es 
very  short,  1  -  2-flowered,  deflexcd  ;  stamens  and  2-clefl  style  scarcely  longer  than  the 
bell-shaped  calyx;  fruit  smooth,  small,  purple,  sweet.  —  Moist  grounds.  New  Eng- 
land to  Illinois,  common.  May.  —  Stems  either  smooth  or  prickly,  and  with 
very  short  thorns,  or  none.  —  This  yields  the  commonest  smooth  gooseberry  of 
New  England,  &c.,  and  usually  passes  for  R.  triflbrum,  Willd.,  which  name  be- 
longs to  the  next. 

3.  R.  rotundifblium,  Michx.  Leaves  smooth  or  downy  ;  peduncles  slen- 
der, 1  -  3-flowere(l ;  stamens  and  2-parted  style  slender,  longer  than  the  narrow  cylin- 
drical calyx ;  fruit  smooth,  pleasant. — Rocks,  W.  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin, 
and  southward  along  the  mountains  to  Virginia,  &c.     June. 


SAXIFRAGACK.E.       (SAXIFRAOK    FAMILY.)  1  Go 

♦  «  Rnremes  4  -  9-Jlowered,  slender,  norkUng. 

4.  R.  lacustre,  Poir.  Young  stems  clotliecl  witli  bristly  jjricklcs,  and 
witli  wiaU  tliuiii^;  leaves  heart-sliaijcii,  3  -  5-j)aricd,  with  the  lobes  dee|)ly  cut; 
calyx  broad  and  Hat;  stamens  and  style  not  longer  than  the  petals  ;  fruit  bristly 
(small,  un])lcasant).  —  Cold  woods  and  swamps,  Is'ew  England  to  Wisconsin 
and  northward  ;  south  to  Pennsylvania.     June. 

§  2.  RIIJESIA,    Bed.     (Currant.)     Stems  neither  jin'rkli/  nor  Ihorni/ :  flowers 
{i/reenis/i )  iit  racemes :  bciries  never  prklcly. 

5.  R.  prostritum,  L'ller.  (Fktid  Clruant.)  Stems  reclined  ;  leaves 
dccjdy  hcart-shapi'd,  5-  7-lobed,  smooth  ;  the  lobes  ovate,  acute,  doubly  senate ; 
racemes  erect,  slender  ;  calyx  fiattish  ;  pedicels  and  the  (pale  red)  fruit  r/landular- 
bristli/.  —  Cold  damp  woods  and  rocks,  from  N.  England  and  Penn.  northward. 
May.  —  Tlie  bruised  plant  and  berries  exhale  an  unpleasant  odor. 

6.  R.  floridum,  L.  (Wild  Black  Currant.)  Leaves  sprinkbd  with 
res/»io«s  f/o^«,  sliglitly  heart-shaped,  sharply  3- 5-lobed,  doubly  serrate  ;  racemes 
droopinff,  doirni/ ;  lintels  lonr/er  than  the  pedicels ;  calyx  tubular-bcll-shaped,  smooth  ; 

fruit  roHiid-ovoid,  black,  smooth.  —  Woods:  common.  May.  —  Much  like  the 
DIark  Currant  of  the  gardens,  wliich  the  berries  resemble  in  smell  and  flavor. 
Flowers  large,  whitish. 

7.  R.  rubrum,  L.  (Red  Curr.vnt.)  Stems  straggling  or  reclined; 
leaves  somewhat  heart-shaped,  obtusely  3  -  5-lobed,  serrate,  downy  beneath 
when  young  ;  racemes  from  lateral  buds  distinct  from  the  leuf-lmds,  drooping ;  calyx 
flat  (green  or  purplish) ;  fruit  globose,  smooth,  red ;  on  our  wild  plant  apt  to  turn 
upwards  in  the  drooping  raceme :  the  veins  of  the  leaves  are  whitish  beneath 
(whence  the  name  R.  albinervium,  Michx.)  :  but  apparently  not  distinct  from 
the  garden  AW  Currant  of  the  Old  World.  —  Cold  bogs  and  damp  woods,  New 
Hampshire  to  Minnesota  and  northward.     May,  June.     (Eu.) 

R.  .\imEi;M,  Pursh,  the  Buffalo  or  Missouri  Currant,  remarkable 
for  the  spicy  fragrance  of  its  yellow  blossoms  m  early  spring,  is  widely  culti- 
vated for  ornament.     Its  leaves  arc  convolute  (instead  of  plaited)  in  the  bud. 

2.    I  TEA,    L.        Itea. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  free  from  the  ovary  or  nearly  so.  Petals  5, lanceolate,  much 
longer  than  the  calyx,  and  longer  than  the  5  stamens.  Pod  oblong,  2-grooved, 
2-celled,  tipped  with  the  2  united  styles,  2-parted  (septicidal)  when  mature, 
several-seeded.  —  Shrubs,  with  simple,  alternate,  petioled  leaves,  without  stip- 
ules, and  small  white  flowers  in  simple  racemes.     (Greek  name  of  the  Willow.) 

1.  I.  Virginica,  L.  Leaves  deciduous,  oblong,  pointed,  minutely  ser- 
rate; seeds  oval,  llattish,  with  a  crustaceous  coat.  —  Wet  places,  New  Jersey 
and  southward,  near  the  coast.     June. 

3.     HYDRANGEA,     Gronov.        Hydrangea. 

Calyx-tube  hcmisjdierical,  8- lO-ribbcd,  coherent  with  the  ovary;  the  limb 
4  -  5-tootUcd.  Petals  ovate,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  8-  10,  slender.  Pod 
cro^vncd  with  the  2  diverging  styles,  2-celIed  below,  many-seeded,  opening  by  a 
hole  between  the  styles. —  Shrubs,  with  opposite  petioled  leaves,  no  stipules. 


IGG  SAXiKiJAGAcn^.     (saxifrage  family.) 

and  niimoroiis  il<nvcrs  in  (.•oiiijiound  ovmcs.  The  marginal  flowers  arc  usually 
sterile  aiul  r;i(liiiiif,  euiisisiiiii;  nuiilv  of  a  nuiuhranaeeous  and  colored  flat  and 
dilatetl  ealyx,  and  siiowy.      (Xante  from  vBoip,  water,  and  (i-yyos,  a  vxise.) 

1.  H.  arboreseens,  h.  (Wild  Hyukangea.)  Glabrous  omearly  so; 
haves  ovate,  rarely  heart-shaped,  pointed,  serrate,  fjreen  both  sides ;  cyrnes  flat. 

—  Koeky  banks,  N.  Jersey  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  July. —  Flowers  often 
all  lertile,  rarely  all  radiant,  like  the  Ganlm  J/i/flraiigea. 

4.     PHILADEL^HUS,    L.        Mock  Orange  or  Strinca. 

Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  coherent  with  the  ovary ;  the  limb  4  -  5-parted,  spread- 
ing, persistent,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals  rounded  or  obovate,  large,  eouvolute 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  20-40.  Styles  3- 5,  united  below  pr  nearly  to  the  top. 
Stigmas  oblong  or  linear.  Pod  3  -  5-celled,  splitting  at  length  into  as  many 
pieces.  Seeds  very  numerous,. on  thick  placentie  projecting  from  the  axis,  ])en- 
dulous,  with  a  loose  membranaceous  coat  prolonged  at  both  ends.  —  Shrubs, 
with  oppositu  often  toothed  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  solitary  or  eymose-clu.Sfered 
showy  white  flowers.  (An  ancient  name,  applied  by  Linnaius  to  this  genus  for 
no  obvious  reason.) 

1.  P.  inoddrus,  L.  Glabrous;  leaves  ovate  or  ovatc-oblong,  pointed, 
entire  or  Avitii  some  spreading  teeth ;  flowers  single  or  few  at  the  ends  of  the 
diverging  branches,  pure  white,  scentless ;  calyx-lobes  acute,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  tube, — Mountains  of  Virginia,  and  southward. 

Var.  grandifl6rus.  Somewhat  pubescent ;  flowers .  larger  ;  calyx-lobes 
longer  and  ta]ier-pointed.  —  Virginia  and  southward,  near  the  mountains. 
May-July. —  A  tall  shrub,  with  long  and  rccun-ed  branches  :  often  cultivated. 
P.  coroxXrius,  L.,  the  common  Mock  Or.^^ge  or  Syrixga  of  the  gar- 
dens, with  cream-colored,  odorous  flowefs,  in  full  clusters,  the  crushed  foliage 
with  the  odor  and  taste  of  cucumbers,  •^  has  sometimes  escaped  from  grounds. 

5.     PAENASSIA,     Tourn.        Grass  of  Parnassus. 

Sepals  5,  imhricated  in  the  bnd,  slightly  united  at  the  base,  and  sometimes 
also  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  persistent.  Petals  5,  veiny,  spreading,  at  length 
deciduous,  imbricated  in  the  bud  :  a  cluster  of  somewhat  united  gland-tipped 
sterile  filaments  at  the  base  of  each.  Proper  stamens  5,  alternate  \Vith  the 
pct4»ls-  filaments  persistent:  anthers  opening  inwards.  Ovary  1 -celled,  with 
4  projecting  parietal  plnccntie  :  stigmas  4,  sessile,  directly  over  the  phicentie. 
Pod  4-valve(l,  the  valves  bearing  the  plaeent^B  on  their  middle.  Seeds  very  nu- 
merous, anatropous,  with  a  thick  wing-like  seed-coat  and  little  if  any  albumen. 
Embryo  straight :  cotyledons  very  short. — Perennial  smooth  herbs,  with  the 
leaves  entire  and  chiefly  radical,  and  the  solitary  flowers  terminating  the  long 
naked  stems.  Petals  white,  with  greenish  or  yellowish  veins.  (Named  from 
Mount  Parnassus  :  called  Grass  of  Parnassus  by  Dioscorides.)  In  former 
edition  placc<l  between  Droseraceae  and  Hypericaceae. 

I.  P.  parvifldra,  DO.  PcUtts  sessile,  httlc  longer  than  the  calyx;  sterile 
fitamn}ls  ahniit  5  in  cnrh  set,  slender ;  leaves  OiKite  or  ohlonf),  tapering  at  the  base. 

—  N.  W.  shore  of  L.  Michigan  (White-Fish  Bay^  Wisconsin,  Henri/  Gillman), 


SAXlFUACwVCK.E.       (SAXIFIIAGK    FAMILY.)  1 G7 

fuid  westward.  Jul}-.  — More  slender  than  the  next,  and  tlic  (lower  only  lialf 
the  size. 

2.  P,  pallistris,  L.  Petah  sessile;  rather  longer  than  the  calyx,  fcw- 
vcined  ;  sttiih-  jihiiiu^nts  9  -15  in  each  set,  slendci- ;  leaves  heart-shaped.  —  Shore 
t)t'  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.  Aug.  —  Stalks  3'-  10'  high.  Flower  nearly 
I'l.road.     (Ell.) 

•T.  P.  Carolini^na,  Michx.  Petuh  xessile,  more  than  twice  the  length 
oi'  tlie  (mIvn,  niany-M'iiied  ;  sterile  Jilaments  ^  in  each  set,  stout,  distinct  almost  to 
tlic  Ixise.  —  Wet  hanks,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward,  especially 
along  the  mountains.  July -Sept.  —  Leaves  thickish,  ovate  or  i-ounded,  often 
heart-shaped,  usually  but  one  on  the  stalk,  and  that  low  down  and  elasi)ing. 
Stalk  9'  -  2°  lii.-h.     Flower  1'- 1^'  broad. 

4.  P.  asarifdlia,  Vent.  Petals  abruptlji  (milmcted  into  a  claw  at  the  base  ; 
sterile  filaments  3  in  each  set ;  leaves  rounded  kidnei/shajied :  otherwise  as  in  the 
foregoing.  —  High  Allcghanics  of  Virginia  and  southward. 

6.     ASTILBE,     Don.        False:  Goatsbe.vrd. 

Flowers  dia>ciously  polygamous.  Calyx  4-.5-parfed,  small.  Petals  4-5, 
spatnlate,  small,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  8  or  10.  Ovary  2-eelIed,  almost 
free,  many-ovuled  :  styles  2,  short.  Pod  2-Gclled,  separating  into  2  follicles, 
each  rijjening  few  seeds  Seed-coat  loose  and  thin,  tapering  at  each  end.  — 
Perennial  herbs,  with  twice  or  thrice  tcrnatcly-compound  ample  leaves,  cut-lobed 
and  toothed  leaflets,  and  small  white  or  yellowish  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes, 
which  arc  disposed  in  a  compound  panicle.  (Name  composed  of  a  privative  and 
aTikjir],  a  briqlit  surface,  because  the  foliage  is  not  shining.) 

1.  A.  dec^udra,  Don.  Somewhat'  pubescent ;  "leaflets  mostly  heart- 
shaped;  petals  minute  or  wanting  in  the  fertile  flowers;  stamens  10,  —  Rich 
woods,  Alleghanics  of  S.  W.  Virginia  and  southward.  July.  — -  Plant^ipLtating 
Spira;a  Aruncus,  but  coarser,  3°-. 5°  high. 

7.    SAXIFRAGA,    L.       S.vxifrage. 

Calyx  either  free  from  or  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  5-clcft  or 
parted.  Petals  5,  entire,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  commonly  deciduous.  Stamens 
10.  Stjles  2.  Pod  2-beaked,  2-ccllcd,  opening  down  or  between  the  beaks  ;  or 
sometimes  2  almost  separate  follicles.  Seeds  numerous,  %vith  a  close  coat. — 
Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with  the  root-leaves  clustered,  those  of  the  stem  mostly 
alternate.  (Name  from  saxum,  a  rock,  a.nd  /lango,  to  breilk ,'  manj  species 
rooting  in  the  clefts  of  rocks. ) 

*  S/ftHW  prostrate,  in  tufts,  leofij :  leaves  opposite  :  cali/.r  free  from  the  pod. 
1.    S.    oppositif61ia,    L.      (Mointain    SAXHUAr.i;.)      Leaves   fleshy, 
ovate,  keeled,  ciliate,  imbricated  on  the  sterile  branches  (l"-2"  long)  ;  flowers 
solitary,  large  ;  ])etals  purjjle,  obovatc,  much  longer  than  the  S-t'left-caly.x.  — 
Rocks,  Willoughby  Mountain,  Vermont,  and  northward.     (En.) 
♦  ♦  Stems  ascendin;/,  leafy  :  stt-m-lfows  alternate :  cali/x  coherent  Mow  with  the  pod. 

2.  S. '  rivuliris,  L.  (ALriNii  Brooic-S.)  Small;  stems  weak,  3-5- 
flowercd  ;  lower  leans  rounded,  3  -  b-lobtd,  on  slender  petioles,  the  ujiper  lance- 


168  SAXIFRAG.VCE^.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.) 

olatc ;  pctiih  ivhi/r,  omie.  —  Alpine  region  of  Mount  Washington,  New  Hamp- 
shire (Oiikex,  &e.)  :  rare.     (Vai.) 

3.  S.  aizoldes,  L.  (Yki.low  Modntajn-S.)  Low  (3'-5'  high),  in 
tufts,  witii  few  or  several  eorvuibose  flowers;  leaves  linear-hinrcokUe,  entire,  fli shy , 
distantly  spinulose-eiiiate  ;  petals  i/ellow,  spotted  tvith  oravfje,  olilonr/.  —  Wiliougiiby 
Mountain,  Vermont ;  near  Oneida  Lake,  New  York  ;  N.  Rlieliigan  ;  and  north- 
ward.    Jinie.     (Eu.) 

4.  S.  triCUSpidata,  Retz.  Stems  tufted  (4' -8'  high),  naked  above; 
floweis  eorymbose ;  leaves  ohlomj  or  spatulate,  icilli  3  rit/kl  sharp  teeth  at  the  sun?- 
mit ;  petals  ohomte-oblonc),  yellotv.  —  Shore  of  L.  Superior  and  nortinvard.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Leaves  clustered  at  the  root :  scape  manipjlowered,  erect,  <:lammy -pubescent. 
•  -t-  Petals  all  alike. 

5.  S.  Aiz6on,  Jaetj.  Leaves  persistent,  tidck,  spatulate,  ivith  ivhite  cartila;/i- 
tious  toothed  nuiif/iiis ;  ealyx  partly  adherent ;  petals  obovatc,  creara-eolor,  often 
spotted  at  the  base.  —  Moist  roeks.  Upper  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  ;  Willoughhy 
Mountain,  Vernumt  (.1/;-.  Blake),  and  northward.  —  Scajjc  ."J'-  10'  high.    (Ku.) 

6.  S.  Virginiensis,  Michx.  (Early  S.)  Low  (4' -  9'  higli)  ;  lenvts 
obovate  or  oval-sputulate,  narrowed  into  a  broad  petiole,  crenate-toothed,  thiekish  ; 
flowers  in  a  clustered  cyme,  which  is  at  length  open  and  loosely  panicled  ;  lobes 
of  the  nearly  free  caljjx  erect,  not  half  the  length  of  the  ohlomj  obtuse  {ivhite)  petals; 
pods  2,  united  merely  at  the  base,  divergent,  purplish.  —  Exposed  rocks:  com- 
mon, cs])ccially  northward.     April -June. 

7.  S.  Pennsylvaniea,  L.  (Swamp  S.)  Large  (1° -2°  high);  leaves 
ohhina oUite ,  obscnreli/  toothed  (4' -8'  long),  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  short  and 
broad  petiole ;  cymes  in  a  large  oblong  panicle,  at  first  clustered  ;  lobes  of  the 
nearly  free  calyx  recurved,  about  the  length  of  the  linear-lanceolate  (greenish)  small 
petals ;  filaments  aid-shaped:  pods  at  length  divergent. — Bogs:  common,  es- 
pecially northward.     May,  June.  —  A  homely  species. 

8.  S.  erdsa,  Pursh.  (Lettuce  S.)  Leaves  oblong  or  oblanceohtte,  obtuse, 
sharplji  toothed,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole  (8' -12'  long)  ;  scape  slender 
(1°-;?°  higli)  ;  panicle  elongated,  loosely  flowered;  pedicels  slender ;  eali/r  re- 
Jlexed,  entirely  free,  nearly  as  long  as  the  oval  obtuse  {white)  petals;  filaments  club- 
shaped;  pods  2,  nearly  separate,  diverging. — Oold  mountain  brooks,  Penn- 
sylvania (near  Bethlehem,  Mr.  Wolle),  and  throughout  the  Alleghanies,  south- 
ward.    June. 

■I-  ^^-  Petals  unequal,  with  claws,  white,  all  or  some  of  them  with  a  pair  of  yellow 
spots  near  the  base :  leaves  oblong,  ivedge-shaped  or  spatulate ;  calyx  fee  and 
refiexed. 

9.  S.  leueanthemifblia,  Lapcyronse,  Michx.  Leaves  coarsely  toothed 
or  cut,  tapering  into  a  petiole  ;  scapes  (5'- 18'  high)  bearing  one  or  more  leaves 
or  leafy  bracts  and  a  loose,  spreading  eorymbose  or  paniculate  cyme ;  petals 
lanceolate  ;  the  3  larger  ones  with  a  heart-shaped  base  and  a  pair  of  spots  ;  the  2 
smaller  with  a  tapering  base  and  no  spots.  —  Salt  Pond  Mountain,  Virginia 
(  Wm.  ^f.  Cauby),  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies. 

10.  S.  Stellkris,  L.,  var.  eom6sa,  Willd.  Leaves  wedge-shaped,  more 
or  less  toothed  ;  scape  (4' -5'  high)  bearing  a  small  contracted  panicle;  many 


saxifragaceyE.     (saxikuage  family.)  1G9 

or  most  of  the  flowers  changed  into  little  tufts  of  preen  leaves ;  ]>rtnls  all  lancro- 
late  and  laixrini/  into  the  cluiu.  — Mount  Katalidiu,  Maine  (luv.  J.  Blukc)  mid 
high  northward.     (Hu.) 

8.    BOYKiNIA,    Nutt.        BovKiMA. 

Calyx-tube  toij-shajied,  euhereut  with  the  2-eelled  and  2-heaked  pod.  Sta- 
mens 5,  as  many  as  the  deciduous  petals,  these  mostly  conyolute  in  the  bud. 
Otherwise  as  in  Saxil'raga. — I'erennial  herbs,  with  alternate  palmately  5  -  7- 
lobcd  or  cut  pctioled  leaves,  anil  white  flowers  in  cymes.  (Dedicated  to  the 
late  Dr.  Boi/lciu  of  Georgia.) 

1.  B.  aconitiI61ia,  Nutt.  Stem  glandular  (C- 20' high) ;  leaves  deeply 
5_7.1obed. — JIuuutaius  of  S.  W.  Virginia,  and  southward.     July. 

9.     SULLIVANTIA,     Torr.  &  Gray.        Slllivaxtia. 

Calyx  bcU-shapcd,  cohering  below  only  ^tith  the  base  of  the  ovary,  5-cleft. 
Petals  5,  entire,  acutish,  withering-]>ersistent.  Stamens  5,  shorter  than  the 
petals.  Pod  2-cclled,  2-bcaked,  many-seeded,  opening  between  the  beaks :  the 
seeds  wing-margined,  imbricated  upwards.  —  A  low  and  reclined-sprcading  per- 
ennial herb,  with  rounded  and  cut-toothed,  or  slightly  lobed  smooth  leaves-,  on 
slender  petioles,  and  small  white  flowers  in  a  branched  loosely  cymose  panicle, 
raised  on  a  nearly  leafless  slender  scape  (C- 12' long).  Peduncles  and  calyx 
glandular:  pedicels  recurved  in  fruit.  (Dedicated  to  the  distinguished  bryolo- 
gist  who  discovered  the  only  species.) 

1.  S.  Ohidnis,  Torr.  &  Or.  {Grai/,  Chlorh  Bor.-Am..  pf.  6.)— "Limestone 
cliflTs,  Highland  County,  Ohio,  SuUivant :  Wisconsin  River,  Lapham.     June. 

10.     HEUCHEKA,    L.        Alumroot. 

Calyx  bell-shajird,  the  tube  cohering  at  the  base  with  the  ovary,  .5-cleft.  Pet- 
als 5,  spatulate,  small,  entire.  Stamens  5.  Styles  2,  .slender.  Pod  1-cellcd, 
with  2  parietal  many-seeded  placcnt.TC,  2-beaked,  opening  between  the  beaks. 
Seeds  oval,  with  a  rough  and  close  seed-coat. — Perennials,  with  the  round 
heart-shaped  leaves  principally  from  the  rootstock ;  those  on  the  scapes,  if  any, 
alternate.  Petioles  with  dilated  margins  or  adherent  stipules  at  their  base. 
Flowers  in  small  clusters  dispo.sed  in  a  prolonged  and  narrow  panicle,  greenish 
or  purplish.  (Named  in  honor  of  John  Henri/  llcucha;  a.  German  botanist  of 
the  beginning  of  the  18th  century.) 

*  Flowrrs  smnll,  looxely  panirhd :  slnmrn-f  and  sli/lrs  ergcii'd :  calijr  r<i]nhir. 

1.  H.  Vill6sa,  Michx.  Scapes  (I°-.1°  high),  jietioles,  and  veins  of  the 
acutely  7-0-Iolx'd  leaves  beneath  villous  with  i-ust;/  lutirs ;  calyx  1 V'  long  ;  prtnls 
spatuhitf -linear,  ahout  as  long  as  the  stumctis,  soon  twisted.  —  Rocks,  Maryland, 
Kentucky  and  !^outhward,  in  and  near  the  mountains.     Aug.  -  Sept. 

2.  H.  Americana,  L.  (Common  A LCM-noor.)  Scapes  (2° -3^  high), 
Sn.-.  i/l(nidu>ar  and  more  or  less  hirsute  with  short  huirs ;  leaves  roundish,  with 
short  rounded  lobce  and  crcnatc  teeth ;  calyx  broad,  2"  long,  the  spntnlnte  intals 
not  lon(jfr  than  its  lobes.  —  Rocky  woodlands,  Connecticut  to  Wisconsin  and 
southward.     June. 

GM-8 


J 70  SAXIFRAOACEiE.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.) 

♦  *  Flowers  larger:  cali/r  {3" - 4" long)  more  or  less  oblique:  stamens  short:  panicle 
verj/  uanvir:  leaves  rounded,  stif/lgli/  5-9-lobed. 

3.  H.  hispida,  Pmsh.  J/ispid  or  hirsute  witli  lony;  spreading  hairs  (oc- 
casionally almost  ylabioiis),  scaiTcly  glandular ;  sfamfins  soon  exseilid,  longer  than 
the  spatulute  petals.  (H.  Ilichardsonii,  R.  Br.) — Mountains  of  Virginia.  Also 
Illinois  (Dr.  Mead)  and  northwestward.     May -July. — Scapes  2° -4°  hi-h. 

4.  H.  pub6scens,  Pursh.  Scape  (l°-3°  high)  and  petioles  .9ran«/ffr- 
puhiscoit  or  glandular  above,  not  hairy,  below  often  glabrous  ;  stamens  shorter  than 
the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  the  spatulatc  petals.  — Rich  woods,  Lancaster,  Penn.  to 
Virginia  and  Kentucky,  along  the  mountains.     June,  July. 

11.     MITIJLLA,     Tourn.     Mitre-wokt.     Bisiiop's-Cap. 

Calyx  short,  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  5-clcft.  Petals  .5,  slender, 
pinuatilid.  Stamens  10,  included.  Styles  2,  very  short.  Pod  short,  2-beaked, 
1-celled,  with  2  parietal  or  rather  basal  several-seeded  placenta;,  2-valvcd  at  the 
summit.  Seeds  smooth  and  shinin*g.  — Low  and  slender  perennials,  with  round 
heart-shaped  alternate  leaves  on  the  rootstock  or  runners,  on  slender  petioles  ; 
those  on  the  scapes,  opposite,  if  any.  Flowers  small,  in  a  simple  slender  raceme 
or  spike.  (Name  a  diminutive  from  ixirpa,  a  mitre  or  cap,  alluding  to  the  form 
of  the  young  pod.) 

1.  M.  diphylla,  L.  Ilairij,  leaves  heart-shaped,  acute,  somewhat  3-5- 
loI)ed,  toothed,  those  on  the  niany-Jlowered-scape  2,  opjwsite,  nearly  sessile.  —  Hill- 
sides in  rich  woods :  common,  especially  westward  and  northward.  May.  — 
Flowers  white,  in  a  raceme  6' -8'  long. 

2.  M.  nuda,  L.  Small  and  slender;  leaves  rounded  or  kidney- form ,  dQcjAy 
and  doubly  crcnate  ;  scape  usually  leafless,  feiv-flowered,  very  slender  (4'- 6' 
high).  (M.  cordifolia.  Lam.  M.  prostrata,  Michx.)  —  Deep  moist  woods  in 
moss,  Maine  to  Penn.,  III.,  and  northward.  May -July.  —  A  delicate  little 
plant,  sending  forth  runners  in  summer.     Blossoms  greenish. 

12.     TIARELLA,     L.        False  Mitre-wort. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  nearly  free  from  the  ovary,  5-partcd.  Petals  5,  with  claws, 
entire.  Stamens  10,  long  and  slender.  Styles  2.  Pod  membranaceous,  1-celled, 
2-valved;  the  valves  unequal.  Seeds  few,  at  the  base  of  each  parietal  placenta, 
globular,  smooth.  —  Perennials  :  flowers  white.  (Name  a  diminuiive  from 
Tiapa,  a  tiara,  or  turban,  from  the  form  of  the  pod,  or  rather  pistil,  which  is  like 
that  of  Mitella,  to  which  the  name  of  Mitre-wort  projierly  belongs.) 

1.  T.  COrdifblia,  L.  Leaves  from  the  rootstock  or  summer  runners  heart- 
shaped,  sharply  lobc-d  and  toothed,  sparsely  hairy  above,  downy  beneath;  scape 
leafless  (5'- 12'  high);  raceme  simple;  petals  oblong.  —  Rich  rocky  woods: 
common  northward,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.     April,  May. 

13.     CHRYSOSPLENIUM,     Touni.        Golden  Saxifr.vge. 

Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary;  the  blunt  lobes  4-5,  yellow  within. 
Petals  none.      Stamens  8-10,  very  short,  inserted  on  a  conspicuous  disk. 


CRASSULACK.-K.       (ORIMMC    lAMILY.^  171 

Styles  2.  Pod  inversely  heart-shaiied  or  2-l<)iK'(l,  flMttciicd,  very  short,  l-ccllcd, 
with  2  parietal  ])laceiit;B,  2-valved  at  tiie  to]),  iiiaiiy-see<led.  —  Low  and  small 
smooth  herl)S,  with  tender  siieeulent  leaves,  and  small  solitary  or  leaty-eymed 
flowers,  (\iimc  eoinixmnded  uf  xPv<t6s,  f/oldoi,  and  ititXt]v,  tlw  siiUiii,  prohahly 
from  some  rcpntid  nu'dieiual  iiualities.) 

1.  C.  Americ^num,  Seliweln.  Stems  slender,  sjireadinj;-  and  forking; 
leaves  priueipally  opposite,  roundish  or  somewhat  heart-shaped,  obseurely  ere- 
nate-lobed;  ftowcrs  distant,  ineonspieuous,  nearly  sessile  (j;reenish  tinyed  with 
yellower  purple.)  —  Cold  wet  places:  common  northward.     April,  May. 

OuDEU  3().     CRASSUL.ACE.E.     (Oiu-ine  Family.) 

Succulent  kerbs,  with  pcrfeclli/  si/mmetiical  /lowers :  viz.  the  petals  and 
pistils  equalling  the  sepals  in  number  (3  -  20),  and  the  stamens  the  same  or 
double  their  number,  —  technically  different  from  Saxifrageae  only  in  this 
complete  symmetry,  and  in  the  carpels  being  quite  distinct  from  each 
other,  but  even  this  does  not  hold  in  two  N.  American  genera.  Also,  in- 
stead of  a  perigynous  disk,  there  are  usually  little  scales  on  the  receptacle, 
one  behind  each  carpel.  Fruit  dry  and  dehiscent;  the  pods  (follicles) 
opening  down  the  ventral  suture,  many-  rarely  few-seeded.  —  Stipules 
none.  Flowers  usually  cymose,  small.  Leaves  mostly  sessile,  in  Pentho- 
rum  not  at  all  fleshy. 

*  Nut  succulent :  the  carpels  united,  forming  a  5-colle(l  pad.    Transition  to  tlic  Saxifrajro  Fainiljr. 

1.  Pfiilliorum.     Sepals  5      Petals  none.     Stamens  10.     Pod  5-l)L'akt'd,  many-secilcd. 

•  •  Leaves,  &c.,  thick  and  succulent.     Carpels  distinct. 

2.  Tillcca.     Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils  3  or  4.     Seeds  few  or  many. 

3.  Seduin.     Sepals,  petals,  and  iiislils  4  or  5.     Stamens  10- S.     Seeds  many. 

1.     PENTHORUM,     Gronov.        Ditch  Stoxe-cuop. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  rare,  if  any.  Stamens  10.  Pistils  .'j,  united  below,  forming 
a  5-angled,  5-horncd,  and  fj-eelled  ])od,  which  ojjens  by  the  falling  off  of  the 
Leaks,  many-seeded.  —  Upright  weed-like  perennials  (not  fleshy  like  the  rest  of 
tlie  family),  with  scattered  leaves,  and  yellowish-green  flowers  loosely  spiked 
along  the  upper  side  of  the  naked  branches  of  the  cyme.  (Xame  from  tt(vt(, 
Jive,  and  opos.  n  rule  or  mode,  probaljly  from  the  (juinary  order  of  the  flower.) 

1.  P.  sedoides,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends.  —  0])en  wet 
places,  everywhere.    July  -  Oct.  —  Parts  of  the  flower  rarely  in  sixes  or  sevens. 

2.     TILLJEA,     L.         T11.1..EV. 

Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  jiistils  3  or  4.  Pods  2  -  many-seeded.  —  Very 
small  tufted  anuiuds,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  and  axillary  flowers.  (Named 
in  honor  i)\'  Mirhncl  Ani/'to  Tilli,  an  early  Italian  botanist.) 

1.  T.  simplex,  Nntt.  Rooting  at  the  bjuse  (l'-2'  high)  ;  leaves  linear- 
oblong;  (lowers  .solitary,  nearly  sessile;  calyx  half  the  length  of  the  (greenish- 
white)  petals  and  the  narrow  8- lO-seeded  pods,  the  latter  with  a  scale  at  the 
base  of  each.  (T.  asce'ndens,  Eulon.j  —  MiuUy  river-banks,  Nantucket  to  Ma- 
ryland.    July -Sept. 


172  CRASSULACE.?::.       (OUri.VK    FAMILY.) 

3.     SEDUM,     Touin.     SxoNK-cRor.     Orpine. 

Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5.  Stamens  8  or  10.  Pods  many-seeded  ;  alrttlcscale 
Kt  tiie  base  of  eaeh.  —  Chiefly  perennial,  smooth,  and  thick-leaved  herbs,  with 
the  lk)\vers  eymose  or  one-sided.  Petals  alnio.-st  always  narrow  and  acute  or 
pointed.  (Name  from  sideo,  to  sit,  alluding  to  the  manner  in  which  these  plants 
tix  themselves  upon  rocks  and  walls.) 

«  Flowers  perfect  and  sessile,  as  it  were  spiked  along  one  side  of  spreading  flowering 
branches  or  of  the  divisions  of  a  scorpioid  cyme,  the  first  ur  central  flower  mostly 
5-iiierous  and  lO-androus,  the  otiiers  oflen  <^-mtrous  and  8-aiidrous. 

1.  S.  XcRE,  L.  (Mossy  Stoxe-crop.)  Spreading  on  the  ground,  moss- 
like; leaves  very  small,  alternate,  almost  imbricated  on  the  branches,  ovate, 
vcrv  thick ;  jjctals  yellow.  —  Escaped  i'rom  cultivation  to  rocky  roadsides,  &c. 
July.     (Adv.  from  Ku.) 

2.  S.  pulchellum,  jNIichx.  Stems  ascending  or  trailing  (4'- 12' high) ; 
leaces  terete,  linear fli ifonn,  much  cro\vded  ;  spikes  of  the  cyme  several,  densely 
flowered ;  petals  rose-purple.  —  Virginia  to  S.  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward  ; 
also  cultivated  in  gardens.     July. 

3.  S.  N6vii,  Gray.  Stems  spreading,  simple  (3' -5' high)  ;  leaves  all  alter- 
nate, those  of  the  sterile  shoots  wedfje-ohorate  or  spatidate,  on  flowering  stems  lin- 
ear-sputulate  and  flattish ;  cyme  about  3-spikcd,  densely  flowered ;  petals  white, 
more  pointed  than  in  the  next ;  the  flowering  3  or  4  weeks  later ;  leaves  and 
blossoms  smaller. — Mountains  of  Virginia  (Salt  Pond  ^luuutain,  ir.  M.  Can- 
by)  to  Alabama  (R.  D.  JVevius). 

4.  S.  ternktum,  Michx.  Stems  spreading  (3' -6' high);  /eat-e,s/fj<;  the 
lower  ivhorlcd  in  threes,  icedge-obovate,  the  upper  scattered,  ohlowj  ;  cyme  3-spiked, 
leafy;  petals  white. — Rocky  woods,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southward:  common 
in  gardens.     May,  June. 

*  *  FloiLvrs  in  a  terminal  naked  and  regular  cyme  or  cluster,  more  or  less  ped uncled: 

haves  flat,  ohovate  or  oblong,  mostly  alternate. 

•f-  Flowers  perfect,  ri-merous,  \0-androii^. 

5.  S.  telephioides,  Michx.  Stems  ascending  (6' -12' high),  stout,  leafy 
to  the  top;  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed;  cyme  small; 
petals  fltsh-cotor,  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed  ;  jmds  tapering  into  a  slender  style. 
—  Dry  rocks,  Alleghany  Mountains,  from  Maryland  southward,  and  sparingly 
in  New  Jersey?  W.  New  York  ?  and  Indiana.     June.  —  Too  ne:ir  the  next. 

6.  S.  TEL]i;pniuM,  L.  (Gardkn  Orpine  or  Live-for-ever  )  Stems 
erect  (2°  high),  stout;  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  toothed;  cymes  compound;  /letals 
jntrplc,  oblong-lanceolate ;  jiols  abru/illi/  poiiit(d  with  a  short  style.  —  Rocks  and 
banks,  escaped  from  cultivation  in  some  ])laces.     July.      (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

•<-  -t-   Flowers  ditrrlous,  mostly  4-ni'rous  and  S-androus. 

7.  S.  Rhodiola,  Dr.  (Roseroot.)  Stems  erect  (.'5'- 10' high)  ;  leaves 
oblong  or  ovmI,  smaller  than  in  the  preceding ;  flowers  in  a  close  cyme,  greenish- 
yellow,  or  the  fertile  turning  purplish.  —  Pennsylvania,  on  cliffs  of  Delaware 
River,  below  Easton  !  {Pnfe.sxo'S  Porter  if  Green)  ;  Quoddy  Head,  Maine  {Prof 
Verrill),  and  nortiiward.     May,  June.     (Eu.) 


IIAMAMEL.vrK.r..       ( WITCII-IIAZKL    FAMILY.)  173 

Order  37.     II.4I?I.4ITIElACE.«:.     (Witcii-IIazel  Family.) 

Shrubs  or  tires,  with  alternate  simple  leaves  and  deciduous  stipules ;  floic- 
ers  in  heads  or  spikes,  often  poli/yainous  or  monacious ;  the  calyx  cohering 
with  the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  which  consists  of  2  pistils  united  below,  and  forms 
a  •2-btaked,  2-celled  woody  pod,  opening  at  the  summit,  uith  a  sinr/le  bony  seed 
in  each  cell,  or  several,  only  one  or  two  of  them  ripening.  —  Petals  inserted 
on  tlie  caly.x,  narrow,  valvate,  or  involute  in  tlie  bud,  or  often  none  at  all. 
Stamens  twice  as  many  as  tiie  petals,  and  half  of  them  sterile  and  changed 
into  scales,  or  numerous.  Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo  large  and  straight, 
in  sparing  aU)umen  :  cotyledons  broad  and  flat. 

Tribe  I.     Il.VItl  AltlELE^.     Flowers  with  a  manifest  calyx  or  cilyx  and  corolla,  and  a 
siiifjlf  ovulf  suspeiKleil  from  the  summit  of  each  cell. 

1.  Ilnmainells.     Petals  4,  strap-shaped.     Stamens  and  scales  each  4,  shirt. 

2.  Kolhergilla.     Petals  none.    Stamens  about  24,  long :   filaments  thickened  upwards. 
Tribe  II.     BALSAMIPMiiE.     Flowers  naked,  with  barely  rudiments  of  a  calyx,  and 

no  corolla,  crowded  into  catkin-like  heads.     Ovules  several  or  many  in  each  cell 

3.  Liquid uiiibar.     Monoecious  or  polygamous.     Stamens  very  numerous.     Pods  consoli- 

dated by  tluir  bases  in  a  dense  head. 

1.     HAMAMELIS,    L.        Witch-Hazel. 

Flowers  in  little  axillary  clusters  or  heads,  usually  surrounded  hy  a  scale-like 
3-leavcd  involucre.  Caly.x  4-partcd,  and  with  2  or  3  hractlcts  at  its  hase.  Pet- 
als 4,  strap-sha])cd,  lonj^  and  narrow,  spirally  iuvuliite  in  the  hud.  Stamens  8, 
very  short;  the  4  alternate  with  the  petals  anthcr-hcariun:,  the  others  imperfect 
nnd  scale-like.  Stvles  2,  short.  Pod  o])cning  loeulicidally  from  the  top ;  the 
outer  coat  separating  from  the  inner,  which  encloses  the  single  hirge  and  hony 
seed  in  each  cell,  hut  soon  hursts  elastically  into  two  pieces.  —  Tall  shruhs,  with 
straight-veined  leaves,  and  yellow,  perfect  or  polygamous  flowers.  (From  afxa, 
lib'  to,  and  fiT)\is,  an  npple-tree ;  a  name  anciently  applied  to  the  Medlar,  or  .-iome 
other  tree  resomhling  the  Apple,  which  the  Witch-IIazel  docs  not.) 

1.  H.  Virginica,  L.  Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  wavy-toothed,  .«onicwhat 
downy  when  young. — Damp  woods:  blossoming  late  in  autumn,  when  the 
leaves  arc  falling,  and  maturing  its  seeds  the  next  summer. 

2.    FOTHERGILLA,     I.,  f.        Fotiiekgii.i.a. 

Flowers  in  a  terminal  cntkin-liko  spike,  mostly  perfect.  Calyx  hell-shaped, 
the  summit  truncate,  slightly  .'j-7-toothed.  Petals  none.  Stamens  about  24, 
borne  on  the  margin  of  the  calyx  in  one  row,  all  alike  :  filaments  very  long, 
thickened  at  the  top  (white).  Styles  2,  slender.  Pod  cohering  with  the  base 
of  the  calyx,  2-lol)ed,  2-celled,  with  a  single  bony  seed  in  each  cell.  —  A  low 
shrub ;  the  oval  or  obovate  leaves  smooth,  or  hoary  underneath,  toothed  at  the 
summit ;  the  flowers  appearing  rather  before  the  leaves,  eneh  jiartly  covered  by 
a  scale-like  l.ract.     (Dedicated  to  the  distinguished  Dr.  ./ohn  Folli, ri/ill.) 

1.  F.  alnif61ia.  L.  f.  —  Low  grounds,  Virginia  and  southward.  April, 
May. 


174  HALOKAGEiE.       (WATEU-MILFOIL    FAMILY.) 

3.     LIQXJIDAMBAR,     L.         Sweet-Gum  Tree. 

Flowers  usually  monaciuus,  in  {^lobular  heads  or  catkins ;  the  sterile  arranged 
in  a  conical  cluster,  naked  :  stamens  very  numerous,  intermixed  with  minute 
scales:  filaments  short.  Fertile  flowers  consisting;;  of  many  2-eelled  2-beaked 
ovaries,  subtended  by  minute  scales  in  place  of  a  calyx,  all  more  or  less  cohering 
together  and  hardening  in  fruit,  forming  a  spherical  catkin  or  head ;  the  pods 
opening  between  the  2  awl-shaped  beaks.  Styles  2,  stigmatic  down  the  inner 
side.  Ovules  many,  but  only  one  or  two  perfecting.  Seeds  with  a  wing-angled 
seed-coat.  —  Catkins  racemcd,  nodding,  in  the  bud  enclosed  by  a  4-leaved  decid- 
uous involucre.  (A  mongrel  name,  from  //^w/V/hs,  fluid,  and  the  Arabic  «»(/«!/•, 
nmbcr;  in  allusion  to  the  fragrant  terebinthinc  juice  which  exudes  from  the 
tree.) 

1.  L.  Styraciflua,  L.  (Sweet  Gum.  Bilsted.)  Leaves  rounded, 
deei)ly  5-7-lol)ed.  smooth  and  shining,  glandular-serrate,  the  lobes  pointed. — 
Motst  woods,  from  Connecticut  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  April.  —  A  large 
and  beautiful  tree,  with  fine-grained  wood,  the  gray  bark  commonly  with 
corky  ridges  on  the  branchlets.  Leaves  fragrant  when  bruised,  turning  deep 
crimson  in  autumn.  The  woody  pods  filled  mostly  with  abortive  seeds,  re- 
sembling sawdust. 

Order  38.     II.lLORAGE.i:.     (Water-Milfoil  Family.) 

Aquatic  or  marsh  plants  (at  least  in  northern  countries),  with  the  incon- 
spicuous symmetrical  Jiowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  leaves  or  brads,  cahjx-lube 
coherent  icith  the  ovary,  which  consists  0/2-4  niore  or  less  united  carpels 
(or  in  Ilippuris  of  only  one  carpel),  the  styles  or  sessile  stir/mas  distinct. 
Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete  or  very  short  in  (crtile  flowers.  Petals  small 
oi;  none.  Stamens  1-8.  Fruit  indehiscent,  1-4-celled,  with  a  single 
jwiatropous  seed  suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  cell.  Embryo  in  the 
axis  of  flcsliy  albumen  :  cotyledons  minute.  —  Formerly  attached  as  a  sub- 
order to  Onagracea?,  but  now  deemed  quite  distinct. 

1.  Myriophyllutn.     Flowrers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  the  part?  in  fours,  with  or  without 

petals.     Stamens  4  or  8.     Immersed  leaves  pinnately  disseoteil. 

2.  Proserpinaca.     Flowers  perfect,  the  parts  in  threes.     Petals  none.    Immersed  leaves 

pinnately  dissected. 
8.    Hippuris.     Flowers  usually  perfect.     Petals  none.     Stamen,  style,  and  cell  of  the  ovary 
only  one.     Leaves  entire. 

1.     MYEIOPHYLLUM,     Vaill.        Water-Mii.foii.. 

Flowers  monaeious  or  polygamous.  Caly.x  of  the  sterile  flowers  4-parted, 
of  the  fertile  4-toothed.  Petals  4,  or  none.  Stamens  4-8.  Fruit  nut-like,  4- 
celled,  deeply  4-lobed :  stigmas  4,  recurved.  —  Perennial  aquatics.  Leaves 
crowded,  often  whorlcd  ;  those  under  water  pinnately  parted  into  cnpillnry  divis- 
ions. Flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  ujiper  leaves,  usually  above  water  in 
summer ;  the  uppermost  staminatc.  (Name  from  fivpios,  a  t/iousaiul,  and  ^vX- 
Xov,  a  leaf,  i.  e.  Milfoil.) 


I 


HALOUAGE^E.        (WATEK-JIII.FOIL    FAMILY.)  175 

•  Stdtnetis  8:  jntuls  (hcidiioiis:  carpels  even:  leaves  irlwilfd  in  llireei  or  fours. 

1.  M.  spiCcltum,  L.  Leaves  uU  piiinately  parttd  ami  capillary,  except 
ilnijlural  outs  or  hracls ;  these  ovule,  entire  or  tuvthul,  and  diiejlij  slioiler  than  the 
Jiuwers,  wliiiU  tluis  lonii  an  inlerrupted  sijike.  — Deep  water:  eoiuiuoti.     (Vm.) 

2.  M.  Verticillatum,  -L.  Flund  kaces  iiiHcli  louijer  titan  Iht-  Jluwers,  jiec- 
tinate-pinnulijid :  otherwise  nearly  as  ^'o.  1.  —  Tonds,  &.Q.  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Stamens  4:  pettds  rather  persistent:  carpels   \-2-ridijed  and ronijht ned  on  tlie 

lath:  If-aces  wliorleti  in  fours  and  fives,  the  lower  with  capdlanj  divisions. 

3.  M.  heterophyiium,  Miehx.  Sti:m  stont ;  Jloral  leavis  ovate  and  lance- 
oltite,  thick,  crowded,  sharjily  serrate,  the  lowest  pinnatifid ;  fndt  ohsrure/y  rough- 
ened.—  Lakes  and  rivers,  from  N.  New  York  westward  and  southward. 

4.  M.  scabr^tum,  Miehx.  Stem  rather  slender;  lower  leaves  pinnatcly 
parted  with  tew  capillary  divisions  ;  Jlorul  leaves  linear  {rurcly  scattei'cd),  jMctinute- 
tuothed  or  cut-serrate:  carpels  strom/ly  2-rid(/ed  and  roughened  on  the  hack.  —  Shallow 
ponds,  from  S.  New  England  and  Ohio  sonthw^ard. 

*  *  *  Stamens  \:  petals  rather  persistent :  carpels  even  on  the  hack :  leaves  chiefly 

sctittered,  or  waiitinrj  on  the  flowering  stems. 

5.  M.  ambigUUm,  Nutt.  Immersed  leaves  immatthj  parted  into  about  10 
very  delicate  capillary  divisions;  the  emerging  ones  pectinate,  or  llf  tipper  floral 
linear  and  s])arin};iy  toothed  or  entire;  flowers  viostli/  perfect;  fruit  (minute) 
smooth.  —  Var.  1.  n.Vtaxs  ;  stems  floatinp;,  prolonjjed.  Var.  2.  cai'ili-Xceim: 
stems  floating,  long  and  very  slender ;  leaves  all  immersed  and  capillary.  Var. 
3.  mm6sum  :  small,  rooting  in  the  mud ;  leaves  all  linear,  incised,  toothed,  or 
entire.  —  Ponds  and  ditclies,  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvanin,  and 
southward,  near  the  coast. 

6.  M.  teil611um,  Bigelow.  Flowering  stems  nenrlg  leafless  and  scape-like, 
(3'- 10'  high),  erect,  simple;  the  sterile  shoots  creeping  and  tufted;  bracts 
small,  entire  ;  flowers  alternate,  monoecious ;  fruit  smooth.  —  Borders  of  ponds,  N. 
New  York,  New  England,  and  northward. 

2.     PROSERPINACA,     L.        Meumaid-weed. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx-tube  3-sided,  the  limb  3-parted.  Petals  none.  Sta- 
miMis  ;3.  Stigmas  3,  cylindrical.  Fruit  bony,  3-angled,  3-celled,  3-seeded,  nut- 
like.—  Low,  perennial  herbs,  with  the  stems  creeping  at  the  base  (whence  the 
name,  Irom  proserpo,  to  creep),  alternate  leaves,  and  small  Howers  sessile  in  the 
axils,  .'olitary  or  3-4  together,  in  sunnuer. 

1.  P.  pallistriS,  L.  /x«ics  lanceolate,  sharply  senate,  the  lower  pectinate 
when  under  water;  fruit  sharply  angled.  —  Wet  swamps:  not  rare. 

2.  P.  pectin^cea,  Lam.  Leaves  all  pectinate,  the  divisions  liuear-awl- 
shaped  ;  fruit  rather  obtusely  angled.  —  Sandy  swamps,  near  the  coast. 

9.     HIPPURIS,     L.     .Mahl's  Tail. 

Flowers  jK-rfect  or  ])o!yganious.  Calyx  entire.  IVtals  none.  Stamen  one, 
inserted  on  the  edge  of  the  calyx.  Stylo  single,  thrend-shaj;ed,  stigniatie  down 
one  side,  received  in  the  groove  Ix'twceu  the  lobes  of  the  largo  anther.     Frui' 


176  OXAGRACE^.       (KVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.) 

nut-likc,  l-cellcd,  l-sccdcd.  —  Perennial  aquatics,  with  simple  entire  leaves  in 
wiiorls,  and  niiniite  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  in  suiiinicr.  (Name  from  "nrnos, 
a  hui^r,  an<l  ovpti,  <i  tail.) 

1.  H.  vulgaris,  L.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  8  or  12,  linear,  acute.  —  Tends 
and  springs.  New  York  to  Kentucky  and  northwiud  :  rare.  Stems  simple,  1°- 
2°  high.     Flowers  very  inconspicuous.     (Eu.) 

Order  39.  OJ^AGRACE.E.  (E vexing-Primrose  Family.) 
Herbs,  with  -i-inerous  (sometimes  2-3-  or  5  -  6-merous)  perfect  and  si/m- 
vietricul  Jlowers ;  the  tube  of  the  calyx  cohering  with  the  2-4-celled  ovary, 
its  lobes  valoate  in  the  bud,  or  obsolete;  the  petals  convolute  in  the  bud,  some- 
times wanting;  and  the  stamens  us  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or 
calyx-lobes,  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube.  Style  single,  slen- 
der :  stigma  2  -  4-lobed  or  capitate.  Pollen  grains  often  connected  by  cob- 
webby threads.     Seeds  anatropous,  small,  without  albumen. 

«  Pai'ts  of  the  flower  in  twos. 

1.  CIrctea.     Petals  2,  obcordate  or  2-lobed.     Stamens  2.     Fruit  1  -  2-secdecl,  bristly. 

*  #  Parts  of  the  flowers  in  fours  or  more. 
--  Fruit  dry  and  indehiscent,  mostly  becoming  l-celled,  1-4-seeded. 

2.  Gaura.     Petals  -t     Stamens  8  and  with  the  long  style  turned  downwards. 

H-  ..-  Fruit  a  many-seeded  pod,  usually  loculicidal. 

3.  Epilobium,     Stamens  8,     Petals  4.     Seeds  with  a  large  downy  tuft  at  the  apex. 

4.  CEiiothera.     Stumens  S  and  petals  4  on  the  prolonged  caly.x-tulie.     Seeds  naked. 

5.  Jiissirea.     Stamens  8-12.     Petals  4 -6.     Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary. 

6.  Itudwigia.     Slamens  4.     Petals  4  or  more.     Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary. 

1.     CIRC^A,     Tourn.         Enciiantek's  Nightshade. 

Calyx-tube  slightly  prolonged,  the  end  filled  by  a  cup-shaped  disk,  deciduous; 
lobes  2,  reflcxed.  Petals  2,  inversely  heart-shaped.  Stamens  2.  Fruit  inde- 
hiscent,  small  and  bur-like,  bristly  with  hooked  hairs,  1  -2-cclled :  cells  1-secdcd. 
—  Low  and  inconspicuous  perennials,  in  cool  or  damp  woods,  with  oj)positc  thin 
leaves  on  slender  petioles,  and  small  whitish  flowers  in  racemes,  produced  in 
summer.     (Named  from  Cin-e,  the  enchantress.) 

1.  C.  Luteti^na,  L.  Taller  (1°- 2°  high);  /mrra  o?-n/c,  slightly  toothed ; 
bracts  none;  hairs  of  the  roundish  2-rel/pd  fruit  bristly.  —  Very  common.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  alpina,  L.  Low  (.3' -8'  high),  smooth  and  weak;  leaves  hexirt -shaped, 
thin,  shining,  coarsely  toothed;  bracts  minute;  hairs  of  the  obovatc-oblong  l-celled 
fruit  soft  and  slender. — Deep  woods  .  common  northward.     July.     (Eu.) 

2.     GAURA,     L.        Gaura. 

Calyx-tube  much  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  deciduous  ;  the  lobes  4  (rarely 
3),  reflcxed.  Petals  clawed,  unequal  or  turned  to  the  upper  side.  Stamens 
mostly  8,  often  turned  down,  as  is  also  the  long  style.  A  small  scale-like  ap- 
pendage before  the  base  of  each  filament.  Stigma  4-lobed,  .surrounded  by  a 
ring  or  cup-like  border.     Fruit  hard  and  nut-like,  3- 4-ribbe<l  or  angled,  inde- 


ONAGRACE^.     (evemno-primuosi-:  familv.)  177 

liiscont  or  nearly  so,  iisnnlly  hrcoiiiiriG:  1 -rclloil  and  1  -4-.';oo(lc(l.     Socfls  naked. 

—  Leaves  alternate,  sessile.  Flowers  rose-color  or  white,  rlmnf^in^  to  reddish 
in  fadin-j,  in  wand-like  sj)ikes  or  raeenies  ;  in  our  species  quite  small  (so  that 
the  name,  from  yavpos,  siipnh,  does  not  seem  appropriate). 

1.  G.  biennis,  L.  So/l-hain/ or  doirm/ {:i°-S°  h\<;h);  leaves  oblonrj-lanceo- 
Inle,  acute,  denticulate  ;  fmit  oval  or  ohlonjr,  nearlfi  Sfssi/e,  ribbed,  downy.  — 
Dry  banks,  from  New  York  westward  and  southward :  common.     Aug. 

2.  G.  filipes,  Spaeh.  Nearly  smooth;  stem  slender  (2° -4°  high)  ; /ea?'cs 
liniar,  mostly  toothed,  tajiering  at  the  base  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  very  slen- 
der, naked  ;  fruit  obovate-club-sliaj)ed,  4-angled  at  the  summit,  slender  pedicelkd. 

—  Open  ]jlaces,  Virginia  to  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug. 

3.    EPILOBIXTM,    L.        Willow-heub. 

Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary  ;  the  limb4-cleft,  deciduous.  Pet- 
als 4.  Stamens  8:  anthers  short.  Pod  linear,  many-seeded.  Seeds  with  a  tuft 
of  long  hairs  at  the  end.  —  Perennials,  with  nearly  sessile  leaves,  and  violet, 
purple,  or  white  flowers;  in  summer.  (Name  composed  of  ini  Xo'iiov  lov,  viz. 
a  violet  on  a  pod.) 

♦  Flowers  hnrje  in  a  lonrj  spike  or  raceme :  petals  widely  spreading,  on  claws,  entire : 
stamens  and  sli/le  turned  downicards  :  stii/ma  of  4  lone/  lobes:  leaves  scattered. 

1.  E.  angustifdlium,  L.  (Great  Willow-herb.)  Stem  simple,  tall 
(4° -7°);  leaves  lanceolate. — Low  grounds,  especially  in  newly  cleared  land: 
common  northward.  —  Flowers  pink-purple,  very  showy.     (Eu.) 

«  *  Flowers  rather  large,  regular :  petals  obcordate :  stamens  and  style  erect:  stigma 
of  4  long  linear  lobes :  leaves  mostly  opposite. 

2.  E.  HiRsijTL-.M,  L.  Soft-hair)',  branching  (3° -5°  high);  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  serrulate  ;  flowers  in  the  upper  axils  or  in  a  leafy  short  raceme ;  petals 
rose-purj)le,  6"  long. ^Spontaneous  in  waste  grounds.  New  Bedford,  Mass. 
{T.  A.  Greene)  and  Roxbury  (/).  Mutray) ;  and  in  a  ravine  near  Albany,  New 
York  (C.  //.  Peck).     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

»  *  Flouvrs  small,  corymhed  or  puniclcd :  petals  (mostly  notched  at  the.  end),  sta- 
mens, and  style  erect :  stigma  club-shaped,  nearly  entire :  lower  leaves  opposite, 
entire  or  denticulate. 

3.  E.  alpinum,  L.  Low  (2'-G'  high),  nearly  glabrous;  stems  ascending 
from  a  stolonifcrous  base,  simple ;  leaves  elliptical  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  nearly 
entire,  on  short  petioles  ;  flowers  few  or  solitary,  drooping  in  the  bud  ;  petals 
purple;  pods  long,  glabrous.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains  of 
New  IIami)shirc,  and  Adirondack  Mountains,  New  York.     (En.) 

Var.  m^jUS,  Wahl.  Tiiller  ;  upper  leaves  more  or  less  acute  and  toothed, 
po.I  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent.  (E.  alsinifoliiim,  Vill.  E.  origanifolium, 
Lum.)  —With  the  ty])ical  form:  alf-o  upper  Wisconsin  and  Michigan.     (Eu.) 

4.  E.  pallistre,  L.,  var.  line^re.  Fnct  and  slender  (10-2°  hi-h), 
branched  above,  minutily  luHiry-piilii.'niiil  ;  stem  roundish  ;  hares  narmu-li/  lanceo- 
late or  linear,  nearly  entire  ;  flower-buds  somewhat  nodding  ;  petals  pur]tlisli  or 
white;    pods  hoary.      (E.  lineare,  J/h/i/.      E.  .squauiatum,  Xtitt.)  —  Bogs,  N. 

12 


178  ONAGRACE^.       (eVENING-I'RIMROSE    FAMILY.) 

England  to  Pcnn.,  Illinois,  and  northward.  There  is  also  a  small  an  simple 
I  -  luw-flowcrcd  form  (4' -9'  high),  less  hoary  or  nearly  glabrous,  with  shorter 
leaves  (E.  oligauthum,  Mirh.c),  found  in  N.  New  York,  White  Mountains  of 
New  Hampshire,  and  northward.  This  is  E.  nutans,  Soinmerf.  &,  E.  lineare, 
Fries,  but  tiic  pods  are  usually  a  little  hoary.     (Eu.) 

5.  E.  molle,  Torr.  Sojt-donny  alt  over,  strietly  erect  (I°-2|°  high),  at 
length  branching;  letives  crowdcA;  liiiear-oUonc/  or  lanceolate,  blunt,  mostly  peti- 
oled ;  petals  rose-color,  notched  (2" -3"  long). — Bogs,  Khode  Island  and 
Pennsylvania  to  Michigan,  and  northward.     Sept. 

6.  E.  coloi'atum,  Muhl.  Glabivus  or  nearly  so  ;  stem  roundish,  not 
angled,  much  branched  (1°  -3°  high),  uiany-flowered  ;  Icaces  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
oblong,  acute,  denticulate,  ojlen  petioled,  not  at  all  decurrent,  thin,  usually  pur- 
ple-veined;  flower-buds  erect ;  petals  purplish,  2-cleft  at  the  summit  (l^"-2" 
long).  —  Wet  places  :  common.     July -Sept. 

4.     CENOTHERA,    L.        Evening  Primrose. 

Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  deciduous;  the  lobes  4,  rcflexcd. 
Petals  4.  Stamens  8  :  anthers  mostly  linear  and  versatile.  Pod  4-valved, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  naked.  —  Leaves  alternate.  (Name  from  oivos,  wine,  and 
6f]pa,  a  hunt  or  eager  pursuit,  given  to  some  plant  the  roots  of  which  were  eaten 
to  provoke  a  relish  for  wine.) 
§  1 .    Tube  of  the  calyx  filiform  or  cylindrical  and  much  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary : 

stamens  nearly  equal :  antheis  linear  :  stiyma  of  4  filiform  or  linear  divergent 

lobes. 
*  Annuals  or  biennials:  flowers  nocturnal,  odorous,  yellow,  withering  the  next  day: 
pods  fusiform  or  cylindrical,  closely  sessi'e. 
I.  CE.  biennis,  L.  (Common  Evening-Primrose.)  Erect,  mostly 
hairy ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  obscurely  toothed  ;  flowers  in  a  terminal 
rather  leafy  spike ;  calyx-tube  much  prolonged ;  petals  inversely  heart-shaped 
(light  yellow);  pods  o'llong,  somewhat  tapering  above. — Varies  grcatlj' ;  as 
Var.  1.  muric.\ta,  with  rough-bristly  stem  and  pods,  and  petals  rather  longer 
than  the  stamens.  "Var.  2.  grandifi.Ara,  with  larger  and  more  showy  petals. 
Var.  3.  parvifl6ra,  with  petals  about  the  length  of  the  stamens.  Var.  4. 
critciXta,  with  singularly  small  and  narrow  linear-oblong  petals,  shorter  than 
the  stamens,  and  smooth  pods.  Var.  .5.  Oakf.si.Vxa  (CE.  Oakesiana,  Iiol)lii)is\, 
with  a  minute  and  wholly  appressed  pubescence,  or  almost  glabrous  :  otherwise 
as  Var.  3.  —  Fields  and  waste  places  :  very  common.     June-  Sept. 

2.  CE.  rhombipetala,  Nutt.  Petals  rhombic-omte,  acute  :  calyx-tube  very 
slender,  extended  an  inch  longer  than  the  short  cylindrical  ovary  :  otherwise 
rescmblinfr  a  smoothish  or  rather  hoary  narrow-leaved  state  of  No.  1 .  —  Sandy 
soil,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  westward.     July- Sept. 

3.  CE.  sinukta,  L.  Hairy,  low,  «.sr^nrf/j/7,  or  at  length  procumbent;  leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  sinuate-toothed,  often  pinnatifid,  the  lower  petioled  ;  flow- 
ers (small)  axillary;  petals  not  longer  than  the  stamens  (pale yellow,  rose-color 
in  fading);  pods  cylindrical,  elongated.  —  Sandy  fields,  New  Jersey  and  south- 
M-ard,  principally  a  dwarf  state.    Juno. 


ONAGRACK.*:.       (KVENING-PKIMUOSE    FAMILY.)  179 

♦  *  Biennials  or  perennials :  flowers  diurnal  (opening  in  sunshine),  yellow:  pods  club- 
shaped,  with  4  strong  or  winged  angles  and  4  intennediale  rihs. 

4.  CE.  glauca,  Miehx.  Very  glal)rous,  glaucous;  leaves  onite  or  ovate- 
laiHcolaio  ;  pmls  oliovoicl-oblong,  A-wingnl,  almost  sessile;  root  perennial.  —  Moun- 
tains of  ^'irJJ;inia,  Kentiu-ky,  an<l  sotitiiward.  May -July.  —  heavLs  bromlcr 
and  tlowors  larirer  than  in  the  next. 

5.  CE.  fruticbsa,  L.  (Sinduoi-s.)  Hairy  or  nearly  smooth  (l°-3° 
liiuh)  ;  leaves  laiirtohite  or  ol>lotig  ;  raceme  corynibcd,  naked  below  ;  petals  broadly 
obcordatt',  lonj;er  than  the  calyx-lobes  and  stamens  ;  pods  olilong-cluh-sh'iped,  4- 
icinged,  longer  than  the  pedicels ;  root  perennial.  —  Open  ])laccs,  S.  New  England 
to  Illinois,  and  southward.     June -Aug.  —  Corolla  1^'  broad. 

C.  (E.  rip^ria,  Nutt.  Scarcely  pubescent;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elon- 
gated, tapering  below  and  somewhat  stalked ;  flowers  (large)  in  a  rather  leafy  at 
length  elongated  raceme ;  petals  slightly  obcordatc  ;  pods  Mong-chtb-sliaped,  slen- 
der-pedicelled,  scarcely  4-wiiiged ;  root  biennial.  —  River-banks  and  swamps,  Qua- 
ker llridge,  New  Jersey,  to  Virginia  and  southwiird. 

7.  QE.  linearis,  Miehx.  Slender,  minutely  hoary-pubescent ; /rarrsZ/nrdr,- 
flowers  (rather  large)  somewhat  corymbed  at  the  end  of  the  branches  ;  pods  ob- 
orate,  hoary,  scarcely  ■i-winged  at  the  summit,  tapering  into  a  slender  pedicel.  —  Mon- 
tauk  Point,  Long  Island,  to  Virginia  and  southward.  June,  July.  —  Plant  1° 
high,  bushy-branched:   flowers  I'wide. 

8.  CE.  chX'ysantha,  Miehx.  Slender,  sniootli  or  i)ube,sccnt ;  leaves  lanre- 
vUite,  rather  blunt ;  flowers  crowded  or  at  first  corymbed  ;  petals  obovate,  notched 
at  the  end  (orange-yellow),  longer  than  the  stiimens  :  pods  alt  jmlicelleil ,  ol)long-club- 
sha/ml,  scarcely  wing-aiigled ;  root  biennial?  —  Banks,  Oswego,  New  York,  to 
Wisconsin  and  northward.  July.  —  Stem  12'- 15'  high  ;  flowers  larger  than  in 
No.  0,  from  which  it  may  not  be  distinct. 

9.  CE.  pumila,  L.  Almost  smooth,  small ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ohlanceolate, 
mostl}-  obtuse ;  llo^vcrs  in  a  loose  and  prolonged  leafy  raceme ;  petals  obcordate 
(pale  yellow),  scarcely  longer  than  the  stamens  ;  pods  almost  sessile,  oblong-club- 
shaped,  strongly  wing-angled;  root  perennial  or  biennial  ?  —  Dry  fields:  com- 
mon northward,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.  June.  —Stems  mostly 
simple,  5'- 12'  high:  the  corolla  ^  broad. 

§  2.  Tulie  of  the  calyx  funnel-form,  strongly  4-nerved,  and  shorter  than  the  cylindrical 
ovary,  its  lobes  keeled  tvith  the  midrib:  Jilaments  opposite  the  jwtals  shorter :  an- 
thers ohioog,  versatile:  stigma  disk-shaped,  almost  entire:  Jlowers  ojwiing  in  sun- 
shine or  dayll/jhi. 

10.  GE.  serrul^ta,  Nutt.  Stems  low,  slightly  woody  at  the  base ;  leaves 
lance-linear,  oi>l:\ncc<)]ate  or  linear-si)atulate,  sliari>ly  .serrulate  or  toothed;  flow- 
ers axillary  mostly  small ;  i>etals  yellow,  obovate,  wavy-erenulate,  much  longer 
than  the  stamens  ;  pods  cylindrical,  puberulent.  —  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  Wis- 
consin (tesquereui,  T.  .1   Ilale),  and  westward. 

5.     JUSSI^A,     L.        Jrssi.ij.v. 

Calyx-tube  elongated,  not  at  all  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary  ;  the  lobes  4  -  6, 
herbaceous  and  jiersistcnL     Petals  4-9.     Staineus  twice  an  mauy  us  tlic  petals. 


180  OXAGRACE.E.       (kVKNING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.) 

Porl  4-G-ccllccl,  usually  lonjr,  opcninp;  hotwccn  the  rilis.  Seeds  very  numerous. 
—  Ilerhs  (ours  oliibroiis  perennials),  with  mostly  entire  and  alternate  leaves, 
and  axillary  yellow  flowers,  in  summer.  (Dedieated  to  Bcrwird  de  JiiS'iicu,  the 
founder  of  the  Natural  System  of  Botany,  as  further  developed  by  his  illustrious 
nephew. ) 

1.  J.  deciirrens,  DC.  Stem  erect  (l°-2°  high),  branchinf^,  ivlnrjed  hy 
the  deeurrent  lanceolate  leaves ;  calyx-lobes  4,  as  lonjj  as  the  petals  ;  pod  oblong- 
club-shaped,  wing-angled.  —  Wet  places,  Virginia  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

2.  J.  rdpens,  L.  Stemcreepinfj,orJloatimi  and  rootim/ ;  leaves  oblong,  ta- 
pering into  a  slender  petiole;  flowers  large,  long-peduncled ;  calyx-lobes  and 
obovate  petals  .5 ;  pod  cylindrical,  with  a  tapering  base.  —  In  water,  Illinois, 
Kentucky,  and  southward.     Also  nat.  near  Philadelphia. 

6.     LUDWIGIA,     L.        F.vlse  Loosestrife. 

Calyx- tube  not  at  all  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ;  the  lobes  4,  usually  persist- 
ent. Petals  4,  often  small  or  wanting.  Stamens  4.  Pod  short  or  cylindrical, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  minute,  naked,  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  axillary  (rarely 
capitate)  flowers,  produced  through  summer  and  autumn.  (Named  in  honor 
of  Christian  G.  Liiduug,  Professor  of  Botany  at  Leipsie,  contemporary  .vith  Lin- 
naeus.) 

*  Leaves  all  alternate,  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

•*-  Flowers  peduricled  in  the  upper  axils,  with  conspicuous  yellow  petals  (4"  -  8"  long), 

equallinff  the  ovate  or  lanceolate  foliaceous  lobes  o/  the  cali/x. 

1.  L.  alternifdlia,  L.  (Seed-box.)  Smooth  or  nearly  so,  branched 
(3°  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed  at  both  ends  ;  pods  cubical,  rounded 
at  the  base,  wing-angled.  —  Swamps  :  common,  especially  near  the  coast.  — Pods 
opening  first  by  a  hole  where  the  style  falls  off,  afterwards  splitting  in  pieces. 

2.  L.  hirtella,  Haf.  Hairy  all  over ;  stems  nearly  simple  (1°- 2°  high) ; 
leaves  oblony,  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  blunt  at  Ixtth  ends :  pods  nearly  as  in  the  last, 
but  scarcely  wing-angled.  —  Moist  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and 
southward.  —  Fascicled  roots  often  tuberous-thickened. 

•*-  ■*-  Flowers  small,  sessile  (solitary  or  sometimes  clustered  or  crowded)  in  the  axils, 
with  very  small  greenish  petals  {in  No.  5)  or  mostly  none:  leaves  mostly  lanceolate 
or  linear  on  the  erect  stems  (l°-3°  high)  and  numerous  branches;  but  prostrate 
or  creeping  sterile  shoots  or  stolons  are  nfhn  produced  from  the  base  of  the  stem, 
these  are  thickly  beset  icilh  shorter  olmrate  or  s/iatulate  kavcs.  ( Our  species  gla^ 
brous,  except  No.  3.) 

3.  L.  sphseroearpa,  Ell.  Minutely  pubescent,  especially  the  calyx,  or 
nearly  glabrous  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute,  tapering  at  the  base ;  those 
of  the  runneps  obovate  with  a  wedge-shaped  base  and  glandular-denticulate; 
bractlets  minute,  obsolete,  or  none ;  pods  glolmlar  or  depressed  (sometimes  acute  at  the 
base),  not  longer  than  the  caly.x-lobcs  (less  than  2"  long).  —  AVater  or  wet 
swamps,  E.  Mass.,  S.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pcnn.,  and  .'^outliwanl.  —  Bark 
of  lower  part  of  the  stem  often  spongy-thickened. 

4.  L.  polycarpa,  Short  &  Peter.  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at 
both  ends;  those  of  the  runners  oblong-spatulatp,  acute,  entire;  bractlets  linear- 


MELASTOMACE^.       (mELASTOMA    l-AMILY.)  181 

awl-shaped,  and  conspicuous  on  the  base  of  the  4-sidtd  somewhat  top-shaped  pod, 
which  is  lonj,fer  tlum  tlie  caljx-iolics.  —  Swamps,  Micliifj^aii  to  lUiiiuis,  Ken- 
tucky, and  southward. 

5.  L.  linearis,  Walt.  Slender,  mostly  low  ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  those 
of  the  short  riniiRTs  obovate;  minute  petals  usually  j)rcsent ;  bractlets  minute  at 
the  base  oftltc  doiii/uled  top-shajkd  \-sid(d  pod,  which  is  ."5"  lony  and  much  longer 
than  the  ealyx-lohes.  —  Bogs,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  and  southward. 

6.  L.  cylindrica,  Ell.  Much  branched ;  leaves  oblong-  or  spatuhite- 
lanecolatc,  much  tapering  at  the  base,  or  even  petiolcd ;  bractieis  very  viinuteat 
the  base  of  the  ci/lihdrical  pod,  which  is  3"  long,  and  several  times  exceeds  the 
calyx-lobes.  —  Mound  City,  S.  Illinois,  Dr.  Vaseij,  and  southward. 

«  *  Leaves  all  opposite:  stems  creepincj  or  floating 

7.  L.  pallistris,  Ell.  (Water  Purslane.)  Smooth  :  leaves  ovate  or 
oval,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole ;  petals  none,  or  small  and  reddish  when  the 
plant  grows  out  of  water;  calyx-lobes  very  short;  pods  oblong,  4-sided,  not  ta- 
pering at  the  base,  sessile  iu  the  axils  (2"  long).  (Isna'rdia  palustris,  L.)  — 
Ditches:  comiuon.     (Eu.) 

8.  L.  arcuata,  Walt.  Smooth,  small  and  creeping ;  leaves  oblanceolate, 
nearly  sessile ;  ilowers  solitary,  long-peduneled ;  petals  yellow,  exceeding  the 
calyx  (3"  long)  ;  pods  oblong-club-shapcd,  somewhat  curved  (i'  long).  — 
Swamp.s,  Eastern  Virginia  and  southward. 


Order  40.    MEL.ASTOMACE.I:.      (Melasto.aia  Family.) 

Plants  loith  opposite  3-  1-rihhcd  leaves,  and  definite  stamens,  the  anthers 
opening  l»j  pores  at  the  apex ;  otherwise  much  as  in  the  Evening-IViuirose 
Family.  —  All  tropical,  e.\cept  the  genus 

1.     RHEXIA,     L.        Deer-Grass.     Meadow-Beaut  v. 

Calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  coherent  with  the  ovary  beloW.  and  continued  above 
it,  persistent,  4-cleft  at  the  apex.  Petals  4,  convolute  in  the  bud,  oblique,  in- 
serted, along  with  tlw  8  stamens,  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube.  Anthers 
long,  1-ccllcd,  inverted  in  the  bud.  Style  1  :  stigma  1.  Pod  invested  by  the 
permanent  calyx,  4-cclIed,  with  4  many-seeded  placenttc  ]irojeeting  from  the 
central  axis.  Seeds  coiled  like  a  snail-shell,  without  albumen.  — Low  |)crennial 
herbs,  often  bristly,  with  sessile  3-5-nerved  and  bristle-edged  leaves,  and  large 
showy cymose  flowers;  in  summer;  the  petals  falling  early.  (Name  from  ^v^if, 
a  rupture,  applied  to  this  genus  for  no  obvious  reason.) 

*  Anthers  linear,  curved,  with  a  minute  spur  on  the  back  at  the  attachment  of  the 
filame.nl  aliove  its  base :  flowers  cipnose,  peduncled. 

1.  R.  Virginica,  L.  Stem  se/uare,  with  wing-like  angles;  leaves  oval- 
'aiictolate,  anil,';  petals  bright  jjurple.  —  Sandy  swamps,  E.  Massachusetts  to 
Peiiu.,  WiMonsin.  Illinois,  and  southwiird. 

2.  B,.  Marikna,  L.  Stems  ci/lindric<d  ;  leaves  Unrar-obluni/,  nnvro\wd  below; 
petals  paler.  —  Sandy  swamps,  New  Jersey,  Kentucky,  aud  southward. 


182  LYTUUACE^.       (loosestrife    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Anlhrrs  nhlonrj,  strnif/ht,  iritliout  any  spur:  flowers  fetv,  se«s(7e. 
3.    R.    eilidsa,    Michx.      Stem   ^^qllin•c,  f;liibious;    leaves  broaiilj  ovate, 
ciliate  with  low^  bristles;  ealyx  <,dabrous.  —  Maryland  and  southward. 

Oiii>Eii   41.     L,YTIIBACE^.     (Loosestrife  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  mostly  opposite  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  the  calyx  enclosing 
but  free  from  the  1  -i-celled  many-seeded  ovary  and  membranous  pod,  and 
hearing  the  4-7  deciduous  petals  and  4-14  stamens  on  its  throat ;  the  latter 
lower  down.  Style  1  :  stigma  capitate,  or  rarely  2-lobed.  —  Flowers  axillary 
or  whorled,  rarely  irregular,  perfect,  souietinies  dimorphous  or  even  tri- 
morphous,  those  on  dill'erent  plants  with  filaments  and  style  reciprocally 
longer  and  shorter.  Petals  sometimes  wanting.  Pod  often  1-celled  by 
the  early  breaking  away  of  the  thin  partitions  :  placentte  in  the  axis. 
Seeds  anatropous,  without  albumen.  —  Branches  usually  4-sided. 

*  Flowers  rej^ukr,  or  nearly  so. 

1.  Amman  Ilia.     Calyx  sliort,  4-:iii^led.  not  striate.     Petals  4.  or  none.    Stamens  4,  rarely  2. 

2.  Lytliruiii.     Calyx  tubular-cyliiiilrioal,  striate.     I'eUils  5-7.     Stamens  5  -  14. 

3.  IVessea.     Calyx  sliurt-campauulate  or  liemispherical.     Stamens  10  - 14,  e.xserted. 

*  *  Flowers  irregular  :  petals  unequal. 

4.  Cuphea.     Calyx  spurred  or  enlarged  on  one  side  at  the  base.     Stamens  12. 

1.     AMMANNIA,     Houston.         Ammaxnia. 

Calyx  globular  or  bell-shaped,  4-angled,  4-toothed,  usually  with  a  little  horn- 
shaped  appendage  at  each  sinus.  Petals  4  (purplish),  small  and  deciduous, 
sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  4,  rarely  2,  sliort.  Pod  globular,  2 - 4eclled. 
—  Low  and  inconspicuous  smooth  herbs,  with  opposite  narrow  leaves,  and  small 
greenish  flowers  in  their  axils,  produced  all  summer.  (Named  after  Paul 
Ammann,  a  German  botanist  anterior  to  Linna'us.) 

§  1.    Calyx  with  manifest  tooth-like  or  horn-shaped  appendnyes  at  the  sinuses:  pod  4- 
cilUd :  plants  of  low  or  ivet  ground ;  ours  are  annwils. 

1.  A.  htiniilis,  Michx.  Leaves  tapering  at  the  base  or  into  a  short  petiole, 
linear-oblanceolate  or  somewhat  spatulate  ;  flowers  solitary  or  3  together  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves,  sessile  ;  style  very  short.  —  Massachusetts  to  Michigan, 
Illinois  and  southward. 

2.  A.  Iatif61ia,  L.  Leaves  linear-laiireolntc  (2' -.3'  long),  irilh  a  hrond 
auricled  sessile  base;  style  sometimes  very  short,  sometimes  slender.  —  Oliio, 
Illinois,  and  southward.  Ship-yards,  I'luladeliihia,  an  immigrant  from  thu 
south,  C.  F.  Parker. 

§  2.    HYPOBRYCHIA,  M.  A.  Curtis.     Appendages  at  the. sinuses  of  the  calyx 
mere  callous  jmints  or  none  :  petals  none :  pod  2<elled. 

3.  A.  Nuttallii,  Gray.  Submersed  aquatic,  or  sometimes  terrestrial, 
rooting  in  the  mud  ;  leaves  linear,  when  immersed  elongated,  thin,  and  closely 
sessile  by  a  broad  base,  when  out  of  water  shorter  and  contracted  at  the  base ; 
flowers  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils,  sessile,  small ;  calyx  with  broad  triangular 
lobes;  style  very  short.     (Pe'plis  diandra,  iV«<^,  but  stamens  usually  4.     Hypo- 


LYTHRACEiE.       (LOOSESTRIFE    FAMILY.)  183 

brichia  Nnttallii,  Af.  A.  Curtis.) — Wisconsin  and  Minnesota  (7".  .7.  Jlalc), 
Illinois  (Buckley,  Vasei/,  Hall,  &.C.),  and  soutiiward.  —  Wiieii  in  deep  water  tiie 
stems  arc  l°-30  lonj,',  very  leafy,  the  flowers  and  pods  not  larger  than  a  pin's 
head  :  when  terrestrial  2'  -  6'  long,  larger-flowered,  resembling  depauperate 
specimens  of  No.  1,  with  obsolete  projections  at  the  sinuses. 

2.    LYTHRUM,    L.        Loosestrife. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  5-  7-toothed,  with  as  many  little  processes  in  the 
sinuses.  Petals  .5-7.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  or  twice  the  number,  in- 
serted low  down  on  the  calyx,  commonly  nearly  ciiual.  Pod  oblong,  2-celled. 
—  Slender  herbs,  with  opposite  or  scattered  mostly  sessile  leaves,  and  purple 
(rarely  white)  flowers;  produced  in  summer.  (Name  from  \v6poVi  blood;  pen 
haps  from  the  crimson  blossoms  of  some  species.) 

*  Stamens  and  petals  5-  7  :  flowers  small,  solitury  and  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  of 

the  mostly  scattered  upper  leaves :  proper  calyx-teetli  often  shorter  than  the  inter- 
mediate processes :  plants  smooth. 

1.  L.  Hyssopifblia,  L.  Low  annual  (C- 10' high),  pale;  leaves  oblong- 
liiuur,  oltluse,  loiii/i:r  than  the  inconspicuous  floirtrs ;  petals  (pale-purple)  5-6. — • 
Marshes,  coast  of  New  England  and  New  Jersey.     (Eu.) 

2.  Ii.  alktum,  Pursh.  Tall  and  wand-like  perennial ;  branches  with 
murgim d  (UKjlts ;  leaves  from  ohlony-ocale  to  lanceolate,  the  upper  not  longer  than  the 
flowers;  petals  (deep  purple)  G.  —  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  southward. 

3.  L.  line^'e,  L.  Stem  slender  and  tall  (3° -4°  high),  bushy  at  the  top, 
two  of  the  uni/lcs  margined;  leaves  linear,  short,  chiefly  opposite,  obtuse,  or  the 
ui)i)cr  acute  and  scarcely  exceeding  the  flowers  ;  calyx  obscurely  striate;  petals 
(whitish)  6.  —  Brackish  marshes,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 

*  *  Stamens  12,  twice  the  numlxn-  of  the  petals,  6  longer  and  G  shorter :  floivers  large, 

crowded  and  ichorled,  in  an  inteirupted  wand-likv  spike. 

4.  L.  Salickria,  L.  (Spiked  Loosestrife.)  Leaves  lanceolate,  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base,  sometimes  whorled  in  threes.  —  Wet  meadows.  Eastern  New 
England,  and  Orange  County,  New  York  :  also  cultivated.  —Plant  more  or  less 
downy,  tall :  flowers  large,  purple,  trimoridioiis,  as  to  respective  length  of  stvle 
and  filaments  in  3  different  kinds  of  individuals. 

3.     NES^A,     Commerson,  Juss.         Swamp  Loosestrife. 

Calyx  short,  broadly  hckl-shaped  or  hcmis])hcrical,  with  5-7  erect  teeth,  and 
ns  many  longer  and  sjireading  horn-like  i>rocesscs  at  the  sinjises.  Petals  5. 
Stamens  10-14,  exsertcd,  of  two  lengths.  Pod  globose,  3-5-eelled. — Peren- 
nial herbs  or  slightly  .shrubby  i)lants,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  and  ax- 
illary flowers  (these  ])robably  dinioridious  or  trimorphous). 

1.  N.  veX'ticill^ta,  IL  B.  K.  Smooth  or  downy ;  stems  recurved  (2°- 
8°  lung),  4-C-sided  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  opposite  or  whorled,  the 
npjicr  with  clustered  flowers  in  their  axils  oji  short  pedicels ;  petals  5,  wedgc- 
laneeolate.  rose-])nrple  \^  long) ;  stamens  10,  half  of  them  shorter.  (Dc'codon 
vertieillatum,  Cmelin.].  —  Swamj)y  grounds  :  common  eastward.     July-  Sept. 


184  CACTACEuE.       (CACTUS    FAMILY.) 

4.    CUP  HE  A,    Jacq.        Cupiiea. 

Calyx  tubular,  12-ribbocl,  somcwbat  inflated  below,  gibbous  or  spurred  at  the 
base  on  tbc  upper  side,  C-tootlied  at  the  apex,  and  usually  with  a.s  many  little 
processes  in  the  sinuses.  Petals  6,  very  unequal.  Stamens  mostly  12,  appro.xi- 
inate  in  2  sets,  included,  unequal.  Ovary  with  a  curved  <.rlaiul  at  the  base  next 
the  spur  of  the  calyx,  1  -  2-celled  :  style  slender :  stij^ma  2-lobed.  Pod  oblong, 
few-seeded,  early  ruptured  through  one  side. — Flowers  solitary  or  racemose, 
stalked.     (Name  from  Kv<ji6s,  gibbous,  from  the  shape  of  the  calyx,  &c.) 

1.  C.  viseosissima,  Jacq.  (Clammy  Cupuea.)  Annual,  very  viscid- 
hairy,  branching :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate ;  petals  ovate,  short-clawed,  purple. 
—  Dry  fields,  from  Connecticut  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  Aug.  —  Seeds  flat, 
borne  on  one  side  of  the  placenta,  which  is  early  forced  out  the  ruptured  pod. 

Order  42.     L.OASACJEiE.     (Loasa  Family.) 

Herbft,  icith  a  rough  or  si ingiiu/  pubescence,  no  stipules,  the  cahjx-tube  ad- 
herent to  a  l-cclled  ovary  with  2  or  3  parietal  placcntte;  —  represented  here 
only  by  the  genus 

1.     MENTZELIA,     Plumicr.         (Bart6nia,  Nutt.) 

Calyx-tube  cylindrical  or  club-shaped  ;  the  limb  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals 
5  or  10,  regular,  spreading,  flat,  convolute  in  the  Inul,  deciduous.  Stamens  in- 
definite, rarely  few,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Styles 
3,  more  or  less  united  into  one :  stigmas  terminal,  minute.  Pod  at  length  dry 
and  opening  irregularly,  few  -  many-seeded.  Seeds  flat,  anatropous,  with  little 
albumen.  —  Stems  erect.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowei-s  terminal,  soHtary  or  cy- 
mose-clustered.     (Dedicated  to  C.  Mentzd,  an  early  German  botanist.) 

1.  M.  oligosperma,  Nutt.  Rough  and  adhesive  (l°-30  high),  much 
branched,  the  brittle  branches  spreading;  leaves  ovate  and  oblong,  cut-toothed 
or  angled;  flowers  yellow  (7"- 10"  broad),  opening  in  sunshine;  petals  wedge- 
oblong,  pointed  ;  stamens  20  or  more:  filaments  fililbrm  :  pod  small,  about  9- 
seeded. — Prairies  and  plains,  Illinois,  and  on  the  western  jjlains  ; — wliei-e  M. 
OKNATA  and  M.  nuda,  with  large  white  flowers,  arc  showy  representatives  of 
the  genus. 

Ordkr  43.     CACTACEJE.     (Cactus  Family.) 

Flesh >/  anil  tliickemd  mnstlij  lea/less  j)lauls,  of  jttculiar  asjicci,  (/lobular, 
or  columnar  and  inanij-amjled,  or  jlattcned  and  jointed,  usualhj  willi  prickles. 
Flowers  solitary,  sessile  ;  the  sepals  and  petals  numerous,  imbricated  in  sev- 
eral rows,  adherent  to  the  l-celled  ovary.  —  Stamens  numerous,  with  long 
and  slender  filaments,  inserted  on  the  inside  of  the  tube  or  cup  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  sepals  and  petals.  Style  1  :  stigmas  numerous.  Fruit  a 
l-celled  berry,  with  numerous  campylotropous  seeds  on  several  parietal 
placenta;.  —  Represented  east  of  the  Mississippi  only  by  the  genus 


J 


PASSIFLOUACE^.       (I'ASSION-FLOWEU    FAMILY.)  185 

1.     OPUNTIA,     Toiini.        ruiCKLY  I'lCAR.      Indian  Fig. 

Sepals  and  petals  not  united  into  a  prolonged  tube,  spreading,  regular,  the 
inner  roundish.  Berry  often  priekly.  Seeds  flat  and  margined.  Embryo 
coiled  around  albumen:  cotyledons  large,  ibliaceous  in  germination.  —  Stem 
composed  of  joints,  bearing  very  small  awl-shaped  and  usually  deciduous  leaves 
arranged  in  a  s))iral  order,  with  clusters  of  barbed  bristles  and  often  spines  also 
in  their  axils.  Flowers  in  our  species  yellow,  opening  in  sunshine  for  more  than 
one  dav.  (A  name  of  Theophrastus,  originally  belonging  to  some  different 
plant.)" 

1.  O.  VUlg^l'is,  Mill.  (Cactus  Opuntia,  L.)  Low,  prostrate  or  spreading, 
pale,  with  flat  and  l)roadly  obovute  joints;  the  minute /eaccs  oi-ate-suimlnte  and 
oppressed;  the  axils  bristly,  rarely  with  a  few  small  spines;  flowers  sulphur-yel- 
low; betTi/  netirlj/  smooth,  pulpy,  eatable.  —  Sandy  fields  and  dry  rocks,  from 
Nantucket,  Mass.,  southward,  usually  near  the  coast.     June. 

2.  O.  Raflnesquii,  Engelm.  Joints  {deep  fjreen)  and  flowers  larger  than 
in  the  i)receding,  the  latter  often  with  a  red  centre,  and  with  more  numerous 
(10-12)  petals;  liarts  i^pnadiii;/,  longer  and  narrower  (.3"-4");  axils  some  of 
them  bearing  a  few  small  spines  and  a  single  strong  one  (9"- 12"  long). — 
"Wisconsin  to  Kentucky  and  westw'ard.     June. 

.'5.  O.  Missouriensis,  DC.  Prostrate;  thy  joints  broadly  obovate  and 
flat  (2'--l'  long),  tuberculate;  leaves  minute;  axils  armed  with  a  tuft  of  straw- 
colored  bristles  and  5-10  slender  radiating  spines  (I '-2'  long) ;  flowers  light 
yellow ;  bcrri/  dri/,  prickly.  —  Borders  of  Wisconsin  and  westward.     May  -July. 

OuiMCK   44.     PASSIFLORACEiE.     (Passiox-Flo\vi;u  Family.) 

Herbs  or  woody  plants,  climbing  bij  tendrils,  icitk  perfect  Jlowers,  5  mona- 
dclphous  stamens,  and  a  stalked  l-celled  ovarii  free  from  the  calyx,  icilh  3  or 
4  jiarietal  j>lacenl(c,  and  as  many  club-shaped  styles;  —  represented  by  tiie 
typical  genus 

1.    PASSIFLORA,     L.        Passion-Flovver. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals  united  at  the  base  into  a  short  cup,  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
usually  colored  like  the  jxjtals,  at  least  within  ;  the  throat  crowned  with  a  double 
or  triple  fringe.  Petals  5,  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  5 :  filaments 
united  in  a  tube  which  sheathes  the  long  stalk  of  the  ovary,  separate  above : 
anthers  large,  fixed  by  the  middle.  Berry  (often  edible)  many-seeded  ;  the  ami- 
tropous  albuminous  seeds  invested  by  a  pulpy  covering.  Seed-coat  brittle, 
grooved.  —  Leaves  alternate,  generally  palmatcly  lobed,  witli  stipules.  Pedun- 
cles axillary,  jointed.  Ours  are  perennial  herbs.  (Name,  irom  passio,  passion, 
and  Jlos,  a  flower,  given  by  the  early  missionaries  in  South  America  to  these 
blossoms,  in  which  they  fancied  a  n|)re.sentation  of  the  implements  of  the  cru- 
cifixion.) 

1.  P.  Itltea,  L.  Smooth,  slender;  loires  olitusely  S-lolxd  at  the  summit,  the. 
IoIhs  entire;  j)eti«)les  glandless;  flowers  greenish-yellow  (I'  broad).  —  Dump 
thickets,  S.  I'enn.  to  III.  and  suutlnvard.  Julv-Sejit. —  Fruit  J'  in  diameter. 
L  .^  M—-2A 


s 


186  CUCURBITACE^-.       (gOURD    FAMILY.) 

2.  P.  incarn^ta,  L.  Nearly  smooth ;  leaves  3-cleJl ;  the  lobes  serrate ;  peti- 
ole bearing  2  glands;  flower  large  (2'  broad),  nearly  white,  with  a  triple  purple 
and  flesh-colored  crown;  involucre  3-leavcd.  —  Dry  soil,  Virginia,  Kentucky, 
and  southward.  May  -  July.  —  Fruit  of  the  size  of  a  hen's  egg,  oval,  called 
yy  Mat/pops. 

'        (\ 

•      OuDF.R  45.     CUCURBITACEiE.     (GoruD  Family.) 

Mostly  succulent  herbs  with  tendrils,  dicecioiis  or  monoicious  (^often  7nono- 
petalous)  Jlowers,  the  calyx-tube  cohering  v/ith  the  1-3-celled  ovary,  and  the 
5  or  usually  2^  stamens  (i.  e.  one  with  a  one-celled  and  2  with  two-celled 
anthers)  commonly  united  by  their  often  tortuous  anthers,  and  sometimes  also 
by  the  filaments.  Fruit  (pepo)  jleshy,  or  sometimes  membranaceous.  — 
Limb  of  the  calyx  and  corolla  usually  more  or  less  combined.  Stigmas  2 
or  3.  Seeds  large,  usually  flat,  anatropous,  with  no  albumen.  Cotyledons 
leaf-like.  Leaves  alternate,  palmately  lobed  or  veined.  —  Mostly  a  troj)- 
ieal  or  subtropical  order;  represented  in  cultivation  by  the  GouuD  (La- 
GEXARiA  vulgaris),  Pumpkin  and  Squash  (.species  of  Cucurijita), 
MusKMKLON  (CiJCUMis  Melo),  Cucumber  (C.  sativus),  and  Wa- 
termelon (CiTKULLUS  vulgaris)  ;  while  as  wild  plants,  there  are  only 
the  three  following:  — 

1.  .Sicyos.     Corolla  of  the  sterile  flowers  flat  and  spreading,  5-lobed.     Fruit  prickly,  iiidehis- 

ceiit,  1-CfIled,  1-seeded. 

2.  Kchiiiocystis.     Corolla  of  the  sterile  flowers  flat  and  sprea<ling,  6-partcd.     Pod  prickly, 

2-celled.  4-seeded,  bursting  at  the  top. 

3.  Melothria.     Corolla  of  the  sterile  flowers  somewhat  campanulate,  5-cleft.     Berry  smooth, 

many-seeded. 

1.     SICYOS,     L.         One-seeded  Star-Cuccmbek. 

Flowers  moncecious.  Petals  5,  united  below  into  a  bell-shaped  or  flattish  co- 
rolla. Anthers  cohering  in  a,  mass.  Ovary  1-cellcd,  with  a  single  suspended 
ovule  :  style  slender :  stigmas  3.  Fruit  ovate,  dry  and  indehiscent,  filled  by  the 
single  seed,  covered  with  barbed  prickly  bristles  which  arc  rc:ulily  detached. — 
Climbing  annuals,  with  3-forked  tendrils,  small  whitish  flowers  ;  the  sterile  and 
fertile  mostly  from  the  same  axils,  the  former  corymbed,  the  latter  in  a  capitate 
cluster,  long-j)e(luncled.     (Greek  name  for  the  Cucumber.) 

1.  S.  angulatus,  L.  Leaves  roundish  heart-shaped,  5-angled  or  lobed, 
the  lobes  jKjinted;  plant  clammy-hairy.  —  River-banks;  and  a  weed  in  damp 
yards.     July  -  Sept. 

2.    ECHINOCYSTIS,     Torr.  &  Gray.        Wild  Balsam-ai>ile. 

Flowers  monrccious.  Petals  6,  lanceolate,  united  at  the  base  into  an  open 
spreading  corolla.  Anthers  more  or  less  united.  Ovary  2  celled,  with  2  erect 
ovules  in  each  cell :  stigma  broad.  Fruit  fleshy,  at  length  dry,  clothed  with 
weak  prickles,  bursting  at  the  summit,  2-celIed,  4-seeded,  the  inner  part  fibrous- 
netted.  Seeds  large,  with  a  thickish  hard  coat.  Tall  climbing  ])lants,  nenrly 
smooth,  with  3-forkcd  tendrils,  thin  leaves,  and  very  numerous  small  greenish- 


UMBELLIFEU.E.        (I'Ar.SLEV    KAMII-Y.)  187 

white  flowers;  the  sterile  in  compound  racemes  often  1°  lonjr,  the  fruitful  in 
small  cluster*  or  solitary,  from  the  same  axils.  (Name  composed  of  «;(4i/or, 
a  hnhjclioi) ,  aiitl  Kvcms,  a  bladder,  from  the  prickly  covering  of  the  at  length 
bladdery  fruit.) 

1.  E.  lob^ta,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Knot  annual;  leaves  deeply  and  sharjdy  5- 
lobcd  ;  fruit  oval  (2'  long);  seeds  Hat,  dark-colored.  (Sicyos  lobatus,  Mkhx. 
ilomurdica  echinUta,  Muhl.)  —  Rich  soil  along  rivers,  W.  New  England  to 
Wisconsin  and  Kentucky  :  also  cult,  for  arbors.     July -Oct. 

OQ    3.     MELOTHRIA,    L.        MiiixminiA. 

Flowers  polygamous  or  monoecious ;  the  sterile  campanulatc,  the  corolla  5- 
lobed ;  the  fertile  with  the  calyx-tube  constricted  above  the  ovary,  then  cam- 
panulatc. Anthers  more  or  less  united.  Berry  small,  pulpy,  filled  with  many 
flat  and  horizontal  seeds.  —  Tendrils  simple.  Flowers  very  small.  (Altered 
from  ^lr;^aJ^po^',  an  ancient  name  for  a  sort  of  white  grape.) 

1.  M.  pendula,  L.  Slender,  from  a  perennial  root,  climbing;  leaves 
small,  ruundi,vh  and  heart-shaped,  fj-angled  or  lobed,  roughish ;  sterile  flowers 
few  in  small  racemes ;  the  fertile  solitary,  greenish  or  yellowish  ;  berry  oval, 
green.  —  Copses,  Virginia  and  southward.     June -Aug. 

Q      OuDER  4G.     UMBELLirER^.     (Parsley  Family.) 

^^ Herbs,  icilfi  small  flowers  in  umbels  (or  rarely  in  heads),  the  calyx  entirely 
adhering  to  the  2-celled  and  2-ovulcd  ouary,  the  5  petals  and  5  stamens  in- 
serted on  the  disk  that  crowns  the  ocary  and  surrounds  the  base  of  the  2 
styles.  Fruit  consisting  of  2  seed-like  dry  carpels.  Limb  of  the  calyx 
obsolete,  or  a  mere  5-toothecl  border.  Petals  either  imbricated  in  the  bud 
or  valvate  with  the  point  inflexed.  The  two  carpels  (called  viericarps) 
cohering  by  their  inner  face  (the  com)nissure),  when  ripe  separating  from 
each  other  and  usually  suspended  from  the  sunnnit  of  a  slender  prolon- 
gation of  the  axis  (carpophore)  :  each  carpel  marked  lengthwise  with  5 
primary  ribs,  and  often  with  5  intermediate  (secondary)  ones  ;  in  the  inter- 
stices or  interi-als  between  them  are  commonly  lodged  the  oil-tubes  (villa:), 
wliich  are  longitudinal  canals  In  the  substance  of  the  fruit,  containing 
aromatic  oil.  (These  are  best  seen  in  slices  made  across  the  fruit.)  Seed 
suspended  from  the  summit  of  the  cell,  anatroj)ous,  with  a  minute  embryo 
in  hard  albumen.  —  Stems  usually  hollow.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly  com- 
pound, tlie  petioles  expanded  or  sheatliing  at  the  b;use :  rarely  with  true 
stipules.  Umbels  usually  compound  ;  when  tlie  secondary  ones  are  termed 
umbellets :  each  oflen  subtended  by  a  whorl  of  bracts  (that  under  the 
umbel  is  the  involucre;  that  of  the  umbellet,  invohicel).  —  In  many  the 
flowers  are  dichogamous,  i.  e.  the  styles  are  protrudeil  from  the  bud  some 
time  before  tlie  anthers  develop,  —  an  arrangement  for  cross-fertilization. 
—  A  large  family,  some  of  the  plants  innocent  and  aromatic,  others  with 
very  poisonous  (acrid-narcotic)  properties;  the  (lowers  much  alike  in  all. 


188  umbei.lifi:r^.     (parsley  family.) 

—  therefore  to  be  studied  In-  their  fruits,  inflorescence,  &c.,  -which  likewise 
exhibit  comparatively  small  diversity.  The  family  is  therefore  diflicult 
for  the  young  student. 

I.    Inner  face  of  each  seed  flat  or  nearly  so  (not  hollowed  out). 

•  UmbeU  or  heads  simple  or  irregularly  compound,  sometimes  proliferous  (i.  e.  one  from  the 
summit  of  another). 

1.  Hydrocotj-le.     Fruit  smooth,  orbicular  or  shield-shaped,  flattened  laterally.     Leaves 

with  an  orbicular  or  roundish  blade. 

2.  Crantzla.     Fruit  smooth,  globular,  corky.     Leaves  are  thread-shaped  or  awl-shapcd 

|)Ctiole3,  with  no  true  blade. 

3.  Sail  tenia.     Fruit  clothed  with  hooked  prickles,  globular.    Flowers  pol3'gamous,  capitate 

in  the  umbellets. 

4.  Eryngium.     Fruit  clothed  with  appressed  scales  or  tubercles,  top-shaped.     Flowers 

perfect,  in  dense  heads. 
»  *  Umbels  compound  and  perfect  ;  i.  e.  its  rays  regularly  bearing  umbellets. 
•^  Fruit  lieset  with  bristly  prickles,  not  flat. 

5.  Daucus.     Fruit  beset  with  weak  prickles  in  single  rows  on  the  ribs. 

—  —  Fruit  smooth,  strongly  flattened  on  the  back,  and  single-winged  or  margined  at  the  junc- 

tion of  the  2  carpels  (next  to  the  commissure). 

6.  Polytseuia.     Fruit  surrounded  with  a  broad  and  tumid  corky  margin  thicker  than  the 

fruit  itself,  which  is  nearly  ribless  on  the  back. 

7.  Heracleum.     Fruit  broadly  wing-margined  :  the  carpels  minutely  5-ribbed  on  the  back  : 

lateral  ribs  close  to  the  margin.     Flowers  white,  the  marginal  ones  radiant. 

8.  Pastiiiaca.     Fruit  wing-margined  :  ribs  of  the  carpels  as  in  No.  7.    Flowers  yellow,  the 

marginal  ones  perfect,  not  radiant. 

9.  Arclieinuia.     Fruit  broadly  winged  :  the  5  ribs  on  the  back  equidistant  ;  the  2  lateral 

ones  close  to  the  wing.     Flowers  white.     Leaves  pinnate  or  3-foliolate. 

10.  Tiedemaiinia.     Fruit  winged,  much  as  in  No.  9.    Leaves  simple,  long  and  cylindrical, 

hollow,  with  some  cross  partitions. 

—  .^  <-  Fruit  smooth,  flat  or  flattish  on  the  back,  and  double-winged  or  margined  at  the  edge, 

each  carpel  also  3  ribbed  or  sometimes  3-wingedon  the  back. 

11.  Angrlica.     Carpels  with  3  slender  ribs  on  the  back  ;  a  single  oil-tube  in  each  interval. 

Seed  not  loose. 

12.  Archanselica.     Carpels  with  3  rather  stout  ribs  on  the  back,  and  2-3  or  more  oil- 

tubes  in  each  interval  adhering  to  the  loose  seed. 

13.  Conioselinum.  Carpels  with  3  wings  on  the  back  narrower  than  those  of  the  margins. 
^  ^  ^  ^  Fruit  smooth,  not  flattened  either  way,  or  only  slightly  so,  the  cross-section  nearly 

orbicular  or  quadrate  ;  the  carpels  each  with  5  wings  or  strong  ribs. 

14.  .X^thnsa.     Fruit  ovate-globose  :  carpels  with  5  shari.ly  keeled  ridges,  and  with  single 

oil-tubes  in  the  intervals. 

15.  Ligusticiim.     Fruit  elliptical:  carpels  with  5  sharp  almost  winged  ridges,  and  with 

several  oil-tubes  in  each  interval. 

16.  Tlinspium.     Fruit  elliptical  or  ovoid  :  carpels  Swinged  or  5-ribbed,  and  with  single 

oil-tubes  in  each  interval      Flowers  yellow  or  dark  puri>le. 

.^  .^  *.  H Fruit  smooth,  flattened  laterally  or  contracted  at  the  sides,  wingless. 

17.  Zizin.     Flowers  yellow.     Fruit  oval,  somewhat  twin  :   the  carpels  narrowly  5-ribbed  :  oil- 

tubes  3  in  each  interval.     Leaves  compound. 

18.  Biipleiirum.      Flowers  yellow.     Fruit  ovoid-oblong  :  the  carpels  somewhat  5-ribbed. 

T.A'aves  all  simple. 

19.  Di!<co|>Ieura.     Flowers  white      Fruit  ovoid  :   the  lateral  ribs  united  with  a. thick  corky 

margin.     Leaves  cut  into  capillary  division*. 


UMBliLLIKER/E.       (rARSI.F.Y    FAMILY.)  1B9 

20.  CIciita.     Flowers  white.     Fruil  subglobo3e,  twin:  the  carpels  Btrongly  and  equally  5- 

ribbeil.     Lsaves  twice  or  tlirice  teriiate. 

21.  Slum.     Flowers  white.     Fruit  ovate  or  globular :  the  carpels  S-ribbeJ.     Leaves  all  simplj 

l)liiiiate. 
22    Cryptotieiiia.     Flowers  white.     Fruit  oblong.     leaves  3- parted.    Umbel  irregular. 

II.  Inner  face  of  the  seed  hollowed  out  lengthwise,  or  the  margins  invo- 
lute, .<;o  that  the  cross-section  is  semilunar.     (Umbels  compound.) 

23.  CIiK^rophy  Hum.     Fruit  linear  or  oblong,  narrowed  or  beaked  at  the  apex. 

21.  Ortiiiorrliiza.     Fruit  linear-club-shaped,  tapering  below  :  ribs  bristly. 

25.  Con  I  urn.     Fruit  ovate,  flattened  at  tlie  sides  :  ribs  prominent,  wavy. 

20.  Kulophiis.     Fruit  ovoid,  somewhat  twin,  ueaiffy  destitute  of  ribs. 

III.  Inner  face  of  the  seed  hollowed  in  the  middle,  or  curved  inwards  at 
the  top  and  bottom,  so  that  the  section  lengthwise  is  semilunar. 

27.    Erigenia.     Fruit  twin  :  carpels  nearly  kidney-form.     UmbelleU  few-flowered. 

1.     HYDROCOTYLE,     Tourn.        Water  rENNYwoRX. 

Caly.x-tcctli  obsolete.  Fruit  flattened  laterally,  orbicular  or  shiekl-shapcd  ; 
the  carpels  5-ribbed,  two  of  the  ribs  enlarged  and  often  forming  a  thickened 
margin :  oil-tubes  none.  —  Low,  mostly  smooth,  marsh  or  aquatic  perennials, 
witii  slender  crcci)ing  stems,  and  round  shield-shaped  or  kidney-form  leaves, 
with  scale-like  stipules.  Flowers  snuill,  white,  in  simple  umbels  or  clusters, 
which  are  cither  single  or  proliferous,  appearing  all  summer.  (Name  from 
v8iop,  water,  and  kotvKt],  a  Jlal  cup,  the  peltate  leaves  of  several  species  being 
somewhat  cup-shaped.) 

*  Peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  petioles:  pedicels  short  or  none :  leaves  not  peltate. 

1.  H.  repanda,  Pers.  retioies  (2'-9' long)  and  peduncles  (l'-2'long) 
clustered  on  the  creeping  stems  or  runners  ;  leaves  ovatc-heart-shipcd  with  a  shal- 
low open  sinus,  repand-tooth'd,  thickish;  flowers  2-4  in  a  head  or  cluster,  with 
a  cons])icuons  2-leaved  involucre;  ripe  fruit  ribbed,  reticulated  between  the 
ribs.  —  Maryland  ( IF.  M.  Canby)  and  southward.  —  Probably  a  variety  of 
II.  Asiatica,"  L. 

2.  H.  ranunculoides,  L.  Petioles  (2' -9' long)  and  peduncles  (i'-l' 
long,  in  fruit  reflcxed)  from  long  commonly  floating  creeping  stems;  leaves  or- 
bicular or  kidneij-form,  3-7-cleft,  the  lobes  broad  and  crenate;  flowers  5-  10  in  a 
capitate  luubtd  ;  fruit  smooth,  scarcely  ribbed.  — Pennsylvania  to  Virginia,  and 
southward. 

3.  H.  Americana,  L.  "  Stents jUlfonn,  branching,  sprc:uling  and  cree])inLr ; 
leaves  rounded  Lidiiei/-/orm,  crenate-lohed  and  the  lobes  crenate,  thin,  verv  smooth  and 
shining,  short-petioled  ;  the  f.;w-tlowered  umbels  of  minute  flowers  in  their  a.xils 
almost  sessile.  —  Shady  damp  places  :  common  northward. 

•  #  Peduncles  scajw-lilce,  as  long  as  the  slender  petioles,  all  from  slender  runners  or 

rootstoi'/cs  creepimj  in  tlir  mud:  leaves  orbicular,  centrallij  jultate,  simply  or  doubly 
crenate:  fruit  shifrp-margined. 

4.  H.  umbell^ta,  L.  Undwl  many-flowered  and  simple  or  sometimes 
proliferous  (2  or  3,  above  one  another);  pedicels  slender  l^"-3"  long);  fruit 


190  UMBKLLIFKR^.       (rARSLEY    FAMILY.) 

notched  at  base  and  apex.  —  Massachusetts  on  the  coast,  to  Penn.  (on  the  Juni- 
ata Hivcr,  Prof.  Porter),  and  southward. — Petioles  and  peduncles  3' -8"  high: 
leaves  1'- 2' wide. 

Var.  ?  ambigua.  Umtuls  .3  -  4  ;  pedicels  only  once  or  twice  the  length  ot 
the  fniit.  —  Maivlaiul,  W.  M.  Cdnhi/.  lutciinediate  between  H.  umbellata  and 
H.  vul<;aris  :  dilK  is  IVoni  the  next  i)y  the  distinctly  pedicellcd  fruit. 

5.  H.  interitipta,  Muhl.  Umbels  or  rather  little  heads  few-flowcrcd, 
proliferous  and  tbriiiiiig  an  interrupted  spike ;  pedicels  scarcely  any,  the  broadly 
marjiined  fruit  acutish  at  the  base.  —  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  and  southward, 
along  the  coast.  —  Usually  smaller  than  No.  4. 

2.    CRANTZIA,    Nutt.        Cr.wtzia. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  globose ;  the  carpels  corky,  ,'j-ribbed  :  an  oil-tube 
in  each  interval. — Minute  perennials,  creeping  and  rooting  in  ihe  mud,  like 
Hydrocotyle,  but  with  fleshy  and  hollow  cylindrical  or  awl-shaped  ])etioles,  in 
place  of  leaves,  marked  with  cross  divisions.  Umbels  few-tlowcrcd,  simple. 
Flowers  white.  (Named  for  Prof.  Iltnrij  John  Craiilz,  an  Austrian  botanist  of 
the  18th  century.) 

1.  C.  lineclta,  Nutt.  Leaves  somewhat  club-shnped,  very  obtuse  (r-2' 
long) ;  lateral  ribs  of  the  fruit  projecting,  forming  a  corky  margin.  —  Brackish 
marshes,  from  Massachusetts  southward  along  the  coast.     July. 

3.    SANICULA,    Tourn.        Saxicle.    Black  Snakeroot. 

Calyx-teeth  manifest,  persistent.  Fruit  globular ;  the  carpels  not  separating 
spontaneously,  ribless,  thickly  clothed  with  hooked  prickles,  each  with  .5  oil-tubes. 
—  Perennial  rather  tall  herbs,  with  palmately-lobed  or  parted  leaves,  those  from 
the  root  long-petioled.  Umbels  irregular  or  compound,  the  flowers  (greenish  or 
yellowish)  capitate  in  the  umbcllcts,  perfect,  and  with  staminate  ones  intermixed. 
Involucre  and  involucels  few-leaved.     (Name  from  f^nno,  to  heal.) 

1.  S.  Canaddnsis,  L.  Leaves  3-5-  (the  upper  only  3-)  parted;  sfrrile 
flowers  few,  scarcdi/  pediceUeil,  shorter  than  the  fertile  ones ;  sli/les  shorter  than  the 
pricL/e.'i  of  the  fruit.  — Copses.  June  -  Aug.  —  Plant  10-2°  high,  with  thin 
leaves ;  their  divisions  wedgc-obovate  or  oblong,  sharply  cut  and  serrate,  the 
lateral  mostly  2-lobcd.     Fruits  few  in  each  umbellet. 

2.  S.  Maril^ndica,  L.  Leaves  all  5  -  7-parted ;  sterile  flowers  nitinerous, 
on  slender  perlicels,  about  the  length  of  the  fertile  ;  sti/les  elonr/dted  and  conspicuous, 
recurved.  —  Woods  and  copses  :  common.  —  Stem  2°  -3°  high  ;  the  leaves  more 
rigid  and  with  narrower  divisions  than  in  the  former,  with  almost  cartilaginous 
teeth.    Fruits  several  in  each  umbellet. 

4.    ERYNGIUM,     Tourn.        Eryxgo. 

Ciilyx-teeth  manifest,  persistent.  Styles  slender.  Fruit  top-shaped,  covered 
with  little  scales  or  tubercles,  with  no  ribs,  and  scarcely  any  oil-tubes.  —  Chiefly 
perennials,  with  coriaceous,  toothed,  cut,  or  prickly  leaves,  and  blue  or  white 
bracted  flowers  closely  sessile  in  dense  heads.  (A  name  used  by  Dioscorides, 
of  uncortaiu  origin.) 


UMIIKLI.IFKR/E.       (PAUSLEY    FAMILY.)  191 

1.  E.  yucC8ef61ium,  Miclix.  (Rattlesnake-Mastks.  Button  Snakk- 
ROOT.)  Iawcs  liru'iu",  tapcr-pointi'd,  ri<;id,  rfniss-likr,  nerved,  bristi ji-fi  imjrd ;  leaf- 
lets of  the  involiicio  mostly  entire  and  sliorter  than  tlie  liiads ;  root  jjereniiial. 
(E.  aquaticuin,  L.,  in  part,  but  never  acjuatic.)  —  Dry  or  dani])  pine-barrens  or 
prairies,  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin,  and  soutliward.     July,  An{f. 

2.  E.  Virgini^UUm,  Lain.  Lmvcs  linear-lanceolate,  serrate  with  hooked 
or  somnchtU  ^/linij  tdth,  veiny;  leaflets  of  the  involucre  cleft  or  spiny-toothed, 
lonj^er  than  the  cyniose  whitish  or  bluish  heads ;  root  biennial.  —  Swamps,  New 
Jersey  and  southward  near  the  coast.     July. 

5.     DAtrCUS,     Touni.        Cakhot. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  irrej^ular.  Fruit  ovoid  or  oblong;  the  carpels 
scarcely  flattened  on  the  back,  with  b  primary  slender  bristly  ribs,  two  of  them 
on  the  inner  face,  also  with  4  equal  and  more  or  less  winged  secondary  ones, 
each  hearing  a  single  row  of  slender  bristly  prickles  :  an  oil-tube  under  each  of 
these  ribs.  —  Biennials,  with  finely  2  -3-])innate  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  cleft  invo- 
lucres, and  concave  umbels,  dense  in  fruit,     ('riic  ancient  (Ireek  name.) 

1.  D.  Cakota,  L.  (Common  Caruot.)  Stem  bristly ;  involucre  pinnati- 
fid,  equalling  the  umbel.  —  Spontaneous  in  old  fields.  July- Sept.  —  Flowers 
white  or  cream-color,  the  central  one  of  each  umbellet  abortive  and  dark-purple. 
Umbel  in  fruit  dense  and  concave,  resembling  a  bird's  nest.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.  POLYT^NIA,    DC        Polyt^nia. 

Calyx  .5-toothed.  Fruit  oval,  very  flat,  with  an  entire  broad  and  thick  corky 
margin,  the  impressed  back  very  obscurely  ribbed  :  oil-tubes  2  in  each  interval, 
and  many  in  the  corky  margin.  —  A  smooth  herb  (2°-3°  high),  resembling  a 
Parsni]),  with  twice-])innate  leaves,  the  uppermost  opposite  and  3-cleft,  no  invo- 
lucres, bristly  involucels,  and  bright  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  ttoXvs,  many, 
and  Taiv'uiy  a  jilld,  alluding  to  the  numerous  oil-tubes.) 

1.  P.  Nuttallii,  DC.  —  Barrens,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  southwcstward. 
May. 

7.  HERACLEUM,     L.        Cow-Parsnip. 

Calyx-teeth  minute.  Fruit  as  in  Pastinaca,  but  the  oil-tubes  shorter  than  the 
carpels  (reaching  from  the  summit  to  the  middle).  Petals  (white)  inversely 
heart-shaiH^d,  those  of  the  outer  flowers  commonly  larger  and  radiant,  apjxiaring 
2-cleft.  —  Stout  iKM-ennials,  with  broad  sheathing  petioles  and  large  flat  umbels. 
Involucre  deciduous  :  involucels  many-leaved.     (Dedicated  to  Hercules.) 

1.  H.  lanMura,  Michx.  Woolly;  stem  grooved;  leaves  1 -2-ternately 
compound;  leallets  somewhat  heart-shaped;  fruit  obovate  or  orbicular.  —  Moist 
rich  ground  :  most  common  northward.  June.  —  A  very  large,  strong-scented 
plant,  4*^-8°  high,  in  some  places  wrongly  called  Masterwort. 

8.    PASTINACA,    Tourn.        Par,snip. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oval,  flat,  with  a  thin  single-winged  margin  ;  the 
carpels  minutely  5-ribbcd ;  three  of  the  ribs  equidistant  on  the  back,  the  lateral 


192  UMBELLIFKR.E.       (I'ARSLEY    FAMILY.) 

ones  distant  from  them  and  near  the  margin :  an  oil-tube  in  each  interval,  of  the 
Icnj^th  of  tlie  fruit.  Petals  yellow,  roumli.sli,  entire  ;  none  of  tlic  flowers  radiant 
—  Chieflj'  biennials,  with  spindle-shaped  roots,  and  pinnatcly-conipound  leaves. 
Involucre  and  involuecls  small  or  none.  (The  Latin  name,  from  pa.stits,  food.) 
1.  P.  8ATivA,  L.  (Co.MMON  P.\KSNiP.)  Stem  <,M-ooved,  smooth;  leatlcts 
ovate  or  oblonp:,  obtuse,  cut-toothed,  somewhat  shining  above.  —  Piclds,  &c. 
July.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

9.    ARCHEMORA,    DC.        Cowbane. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  with  a  broad  single-winged  margin,  oval,  flattish ; 
the  carpels  with  5  obtuse  and  approximated  equidistant  ribs  on  the  convex  buck : 
oil-tubes  one  in  each  interval,  and  4-6  on  the  inner  face.  —  Smooth  perennials, 
with  rather  rigid  leaves  of  3-9  lanceolate  or  linear  leaflets.  Involucre  nearly 
none:  involuecls  of  numerous  small  leaflets.  Flowers  white.  (Name  applied 
to  this  poisonous  umbelliferous  plant  in  fanciful  allusion  to  Ardicmorus,  who  is 
said  to  have  died  from  eating  parsley.     DC.) 

1.  A.  rigida,  DC.  Leaves  simply  pinnate;  leaflets  3-9,  varying  from 
lanceolate  to  ovatc-oblong,  entire  or  remotely  toothed,  or,  in  Var.  ambigia, 
linear,  long  and  narrow.  —  Sandy  swamps.  New  Jersey  and  W.  New  Yoik  to 
Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Stem  2°  -  5°  high. 

10.     TIEDEMANNIA,    DC.        False  WATER-DnopwonT. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  with  a  single-winged  margin,  obovate,  flattish ;  the 
carpels  with  .'5  equidistant  slender  ribs  on  the  convex  back  :  oil-tubes  one  in  each 
interval,  and  2  on  the  inner  face.  —  A  smooth  and  erect  aquatic  herb,  with  a 
hollow  stem  (2° -6°  high),  and  cylindrical  pointed  and  hollow  petioles  (the 
cavity  divided  by  cross  pai'titions)  in  place  of  leaves.  Involucre  and  involuecls 
of  few  subulate  leaflets.  Flowers  white.  (Dedicated  to  the  distinguished  anat- 
omist the  late  Prof.  Ticrktnaun,  of  Heidelberg.) 

1.    T.  teretifolia,  DC.     Virginia  (Harper's  Ferrv)  and  southward.    Aug. 

11.    ANGELICA,    L.        Anuklka. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  flattened,  with  a  doublc-wingcd  margin  at  the 
commissure ;  i.  e.  the  lateral  rib  of  each  oval  carpel  expanded  into  a  wing;  their 
flattish  backs  each  strongly  3-ribbed  :  an  oil-tube  in  each  interval,  and  2-4  on 
the  inner  face.  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp.  —  Stont  perennial  herbs,  more 
or  less  aromatic,  with  first  ternately,  then  once  or  twice  pinnately  or  ternatcly 
divided  leaves,  toothed  and  cut  ovate  or  oblong  leaflets,  large  terminal  umbels, 
scanty  or  no  involucre,  .ind  small  many-leaved  involuecls.  Flowers  white  or 
greenish.  Petioles  meml)ranaccous  at  the  base.  (Named  unrjdic  from  its  cor- 
dial and  medicinal  pro])erties.) 

1.  A.  Curtisii,  Buckley.  Nearly  glabrous;  leaves  twice  ternate  or  the 
divisions  (juiiiate  ;  leaflets  thin,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply  cut 
and  tootlied  ;  invohicels  of  small  subulate  leaflets  ;  wings  of  the  fruit  broad. — 
Mountains  of  Pennsylvania  {Prof.  Porter),  Virginia,  and  southward  in  the  Alle- 
ghanies.     Aug. 


DMBELLIFERiE.       (PARSLF.Y    FAMILY.)  193 

12.    ARCHANGELICA,     IIofTm.        Arciiaxgelica. 

Calyx-tectli  sliort.  Seed  hecoiiiiii^'  loose  in  tlic  pericarp,  coated  with  numer- 
ous oil-tubes  which  adhere  to  its  surliuo.  Otherwise  as  in  Angelica,  from  which 
the  species  have  heen  separated,  with  hardly  sufhcient  reason. 

1.  A.  hirstlta,  Torn  &,  Gr.  Woollij  or  dowiiy  at  the  top  (SO-fjO  hifrh), 
rather  slender;  leaves  twice  pinnately  or  ternatcly  divided;  leaflets  thickish, 
ovatc-ohlon^'-,  often  blunt,  serrate  ;  involiicels  ivs  long  jis  the  uni!)ellcts  ;  pedun- 
cles &ud  fiitit  dotriii/,  broadli)  icimied.  (Angt'lica  triquinUta,  A'«<^)  —  Dry  open 
woods,  New  York  to  Michigan,  and  southward.     July.  — Flowers  white. 

2.  A.  atropui'purea,  Hort'in.  (Gkk.vt  Angelica.)  6^woo//(  .•  stem  dark 
purple,  W'/v/ .s7oH<  (4°-(i°  iiigh),  hollow;  leaves  2 -3-ternately  compound;  the 
leaflets  pinnate,  5-7,  sharply  cut  serrate,  acute,  pale  beneath;  petioles  much 
inflated ;  involucels  very  short ;  fruit  smooth,  ii-inged.  (Angelica  tri(|uinata, 
Mich.r.)  —  Low  river-banks,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  nortliward. 
June.  —  Flowers  greenish-w^hitc.     Plant  strong-scented. 

3.  A.  Gm61ini,  DC.  Stem  a  little  downy  at  the  summit  ( l°-.3°  high) ; 
leaves  2-.3-ternatcly  divided;  the  leaflets  ovate,  acute,  cut-scrratc,  glabrous ;  in- 
volucels about  as  long  as  the  umbellets  ;  Jruit  oblong  with  5  thick  and  corky  wing- 
like  ribs  to  each  carpel,  rte  immjiiial  ones  little  brouder  than  the  others.  (A.  pcro- 
gn'na,  Xutt.,  &  ed.  2.)  —  Kocky  coast  of  Massachusetts  Bay  and  northward. 
July.  —  Flowers  greenish-white.  Plant  little  aromatic.  Fruit  so  thick  and  so 
equally  ribbed,  rather  than  winged,  that  it  might  be  taken  for  a  Ligusticum. 

13.     CONIOSELINUM,    Fischer.        Hemlock-Parsley. 

Ciilyx-tceth  obsolete.  Fruit  oval :  the  carpels  convcx-flattish  and  narrowly 
3-winged  on  the  back,  and  each  more  broadly  winged  at  the  margins  :  oil-tubes 
in  the  substance  of  the  pericarp,  1  -3  in  each  of  the  intervals,  and  several  on 
the  inner  face.  —  Smooth  perennials,  with  finely  2-3-pinnatcly  compound  thin 
leaves,  inflated  petioles,  and  white  flowers.  Involucre  scarcely  any  :  leaflets  of 
the  involucels  awl-shajied.  (Name  compounded  of  Conium,  the  Hemlock,  and 
Selihuin,  Milk-ParsIcy,  from  its  resemblance  to  these  two  genera.) 

1.  C.  Canadense,  Ton-.  &  Gr.  Leaflets  pinnatifid  ;  fruit  longer  than  the 
pedicels.  —  Swamps,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  northward,  and  southward  through 
the  Alleghanies.     Aug.  —  Herbage  resembling  the  Poison  Hemlock. 

14.     JETHITSA,      h.        Fool's  Paksley. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate-globose  ;  the  carpels  each  with  .')  thick 
phaqily-keelcd  ridges:  intervals  with  single  oil-tubes.  —  Annual,  poisonous 
herbs,  with  2 -3-ternately  compound  and  many-cleft  leaves,  the  divisions  pin- 
nate, and  white  flowers.     (Name  from  aWoi,  to  burn,  from  the  acrid  taste.) 

1.  -S3.  CvnXphtm,  L.  Divisions  of  the  leaves  wedge-lanceolate;  involucre 
none  :  involucels  3-lcavcd,  long  and  narrow.  —  Al)out  cultivatinl  grounds,  New 
England  to  Penn.  July.  — A  fetid,  poi,«onous  herb,  with  much  the  aspect  of 
Poison  Hemlock,  but  with  dark-green  foliage,  long  hanging  involucels,  and 
unspotted  stem.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

G  M-9 


194  UMBKLLIFER^.       (PAUSLEY    FAMILY.) 

15.    LIGUSTICUM,    L.        Lovage. 

Calyx-tccth  small  or  iniimtc.  Fruit  elliptical,  round  on  the  cross-section,  or 
sliylitly  flattened  on  the  sides;  the  carpels  each  with  5  sharp  and  projcctinj,'  or 
narrowly  winged  ridjifes:  intervals  and  inner  face  with  many  oil-tubes.  —  Peren- 
nials, with  aromatic  roots  and  fruit,  2  -  3-ternately  compound  leaves,  and  white 
flowers.  (Named  from  the  country  IJguiia,  where  the  oflicinal  Lovage  of  the 
gardens,  L.  /^vi.sticum,  abounds.) 

1.  L.  Sc6ticum,  L.  (Scotch  Lovage.)  Very  smooth;  stem  (2°  high), 
simple;  Uuvcs  2-tcniiite ;  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  coarsely  toothed  or  cut;  leaflets 
of  the  involucre  and  involuccls  linear ;  calyx-teeth  distinct ;  fruit  narrowly  oblong. 

r  Salt  marshes,  from  Kliode  Island  northward.     Aug.  —  (Eu.) 

2.  L.  actseifblium,  Michx.  (Noxdo.  Angelico.)  Smooth;  stem  (3°- 
6°  high)  branched  above;  the  numerous  umbels  forming  a  loose  and  naked 
somewhat  whorkd  panicle,  the  lateral  ones  mostly  barren  ;  leaves  3-ternate ;  leaf- 
lets broadly  ovate,  equally  serrate,  the  end  ones  often  3-partcd  ;  calyx-teeth  mi- 
nute ;  ribs  of  the  short  fruit  wing-like.  —  Rich  woods,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and 
southward  along  the  mountains.  July,  Aug.  —  Root  large,  with  the  strong 
aromatic  odor  and  taste  of  Angelica.  (Michaux's  habitat,  "Banks  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,"  is  probably  a  mistake.) 

16.     THASPIUM,    Nutt.        Meadow-Parsnip. 

Calyx-tccth  obsolete  or  short.  Fruit  ovoid  or  oblong,  somewhat  flatfish  or 
contracted  at  the  sides  (the  cross-section  of  each  seed  orbicular  and  somewhat 
angled  or  5-angular) ;  the  carpels  each  with  5  strong  and  equal  ribs  or  wings, 
the  lateral  ones  marginal:  oil-tubes  single  in  each  mterval.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  1  -  2-tcrnately  divided  leaves  (or  the  root-leaves  simple),  umbels  with  no 
involucre,  minute  few-leaved  involuccls,  and  jellow  or  sometimes  dark-purple 
flowers.  (Name  a  play  upon  Tliapsia,  a  genus  so  called  from  the  island  of  Thap- 
sus.)  I  include  in  this  genus  Zizia,  Koch,  —  because  the  same  species  has  fruit 
either  ribbed  or  winged,  — and  retain  the  name  of  Zizia  for  Z.  integerrlma,  DC. 
*  Stems  looKfli/  branched,  2° -5°  high,  mosthj  pubescent  on  the  joints:  calyx  short  but 
mnnifest:  corolla  light  yellow:  leaves  all  ternately  compound. 

1.  T.  barbinbde,  Nutt.  Leaves  l-3-tcrnate;  leaflets  ovate  or  lance-ovate 
and  acute,  mostly  with  a  ivedge-shaped  base,  above  deeply  cut-serrate,  often  2-3-cleft 
or  parted,  the  terminal  one  long-stalked  (l'-2'  long) ;  fruit  oblong,  6-\0-winged 
(3"  long),  some  of  the  dorsal  wings  often  narrow  or  obsolete.  — River-banks, 
W.  Now  York  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.     July. 

2.  T.  pinnatifidum,  Gray.  Branchlets,  umbels,  &c.  roughish-puberulent ; 
leaves  1-3-ternatc;  Uaflits  1  -2-pinnatifid,  the  lobes  linear  or  oblong ;  fruit  oblong, 
narrowly  8-lO-winged  (1^'  long),  the  intervals  minutely  scabrous.  (Zizia  pin- 
natifida,  Buckley.  Thaspium  Walteri,  Shutllew.,  cxcl.  syn.  Walt.)  —  Barrens  of 
Kentucky  (Short),  and  southward  in  the  mountains. 

«  «  Stems  somewhat  branched ;  tlie  whole  plant  glabrous  :  calyx -teeth  obscure. 

3.  T.  atireum,  Nutt.  Leaves  all  l- 2-lernat<ly  divided  or  parted  (or  i-Mdy 
Bome  of  the  root-leaves  simple  and  heart-shaped) ;  the  divisions  or  leaflets  oblong- 


UMBELLIFKR.'E.       (PAUSLEY    FAMILY.)  195 

lanceolate,  ven/  sharply  cut-senate,  with  a  wcdgc-slmpcd  entire  base  ;  flowers  deep 
}cllow  •,J'ruit  obluiHj-omI ,  witli  10  wiii;^ed  ridyes.  —  Moist  river-biiiiks,  &c.   June. 

Viir.  apterum.  Fruit  with  stronjj^  and  shaqj  ribs  in  place  of  win^^s. 
(Sni^'iniiiin  iiurcmn,  L.     Zizia  aiirea,  Koch.)  —  With  the  winged  form. 

4.  T.  trifoliatum.  lluot-Uaves  or  some  of  tiicm  round  and  heart-shaped; 
stcm-lcares  sim/ili/  termite  or  quinate,  or  3-partcd;  the  divisions  or  leaflets  ovate- 
liiiiceolate  or  roundish,  mostly  abrupt  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  cnnuti I y  toothed ; 
flowers  deep  yellow  ;  Jruitj/lohusc-oroiil,  with  10  winged  ridges.  —  Kocky  thickets, 
Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward  :  rare  eastward.     June. 

Var.  atropurpureum,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Petals  deep  dark-purple.  (Thap- 
sia  trifoliata,  />.  ISniyrnium  cordatum,  Walt.  Thaspium  atropurpureum, 
Nutt.)  —  From  New  York  westward  and  southward. 

Var.  ^ptei'Um.  Petals  yellow  :  fruit  with  sharp  ribs  in  place  of  wings. 
(Zizia  conlata,  Koch,  Torr.)     With  the  preceding  form. 

17.     ZIZIA,     DC.    partly.      (Zizia  §  T.T.NfDiA,  Torr.  &  Gr.) 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovoid-oblong,  contracted  at  the  junction  of  the 
carpels  so  as  to  become  twin,  the  cross-section  of  each  seed  nearly  orbicular; 
carpels  somewhat  fleshy  when  fresh,  with  .')  slender  ribs  (which  are  more  con- 
sj)icuous  when  dry)  :  oil-tubes  .'5  in  each  interval  and  4  on  the  inner  face.  — A 
perennial  smooth  and  glaucous  slender  herb  (2° -3°  high),  with  2  - 3-ternately 
compound  leaves,  the  leaflets  with  entire  margins  ;  umbels  with  long  and  slen- 
der rays,  no  involucre,  and  hardly  any  involucels.  Flowers  yellow.  (Named 
for  /.  B.  Ziz,  a  Rhenish  botanist.) 

1.   Z.  integeXTima,  DC  — Rocky  hillsides  :  not  rare.     May,  June. 

18.     BUPLEURUM,     Tourn.        Tiiorougii-wa.x. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  o\atc-ol)long,  flattened  laterally  or  .somewhat 
twin,  the  carj)els  .'i-ribbed,  with  or  without  oil-tubes.  Plants  with  simple  entire 
Ie»ves  and  yellow  flowers.     (Name  from  ^ovs,  an  ox,  and  ivXtvpov,  n  rib.) 

I.  B.  u<)Tuxnii-bLii:.M,  L.  Leaves  ovate,  perfoliate ;  involucre  none;  in- 
volucels of  .")  ovate  leaflets.  —  Fields,  New  York  to  Virginia:  rare.  (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

19.  DISCO  PLEURA,  DC.  Mock  Bishop-weed. 
Calyx-teeth  awl-shaped.  Fruit  ovoid  ;  the  carpels  each  with  3  strong  ribs  on 
the  back,  and  2  broad  lateral  ones  united  with  a  thickened  corky  margin  :  in- 
tervals with  single  oil-tubes.  —  Smooth  and  slender  branched  annuals,  with  the 
leaves  finely  dissected  into  bristle-form  divisions,  and  white  flowers.  Involucre 
and  involucels  conspicuous.     (Name  from  bicrKm,  n  disk,  and  ■K\fvp6v,  a  rib.) 

1.  D.  capill^cea,  DC.  Unib.l  few-rayed  ;  leaflets  of  the  involucre  .3  -  5- 
cleft;  involucels  longer  than  the  umbellcis  ;  fruit  ovate  in  outline.  —  Rrackish 
swamps,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  -southward.     Jul v- Oct. 

Var.  ?  costita,  DC.  Larger;  rays  and  divisions  of  the  involucre  numer- 
ous; ribs  of  the  fruit  stronger.  — S.  Illinois  (  Fasw/)  and  sonthwe.stward. 

2.  D.  Nutt^IIii,  DC.  Uniiiel  many-rayed  ;  leaflets  of  the  involucre  entire 
and  shorter  ;  fruit  globular.  —  Wet  prairies,  Kentucky  and  southward. 


196  UMBEI.LIFERyE.       (tAUSLEY    FAMILY.) 

20.     ClCUTA,     L.         Water-Hemlock. 

Calyx  miiuitelv  j-toutlad.  rniit  sul)<i,lol)osc,  a  little  contracted  at  the  sides, 
the  carpels  with  5  flatti^h  and  strong  ril)s :  intervals  with  single  oil-tubes.  — 
Marsh  perennials,  very  poisonous,  smooth,  with  tliricc  piiinately  or  ternately 
conij)Ound  leaves,  the  veins  of  the  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaflets  tcrniinating  in 
the  notches.  Involucre  lew-leaved:  involucels  many-leaved.  Flowers  white ; 
in  summer.     (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Hemlock.) 

1.  C.  macuiata,  L.  ( Spotted  Cowba^e.  Musquash  Root.  Bea- 
ver-Poison.) Stem  streaked  with  purple,  stout  ;  leuJJcts  oUoiKj-lancpolate, 
coarselji  serrate,  sometimes  lobed,  pointed.  —  Swamps  :  common.  Aug.  — 
Plant  3' -  6°  high,  coarse;  the  root  a  deadly  poison. 

2.  C.  bulbifera,  L.  /rf'«y/e/A- //Htar,  remotely  todtlicd  or  cut-lobcd  ;  upper 
axils  bcartiiy  cliistrrcd  buHdels.  —  Swamps  :  common  northward  :  seldom  Iruiting. 

21.     SiUM,     L.         AVater-Parsnip. 

Calyx-teeth  small  or  none.  Fruit  oblong,  ovate  or  globular,  flatfish  or  con- 
tracted at  the  sides;  the  carpels  with  5  mostly  strong  rii)s  :  intervals  with  l- 
several  oil-tubes.  — Marsh  or  aquatic  perennials,  smooth,  poisonous,  with  sharp- 
angled  or  grooved  stems,  simply  pinnate  leaves,  and  serrate  or  incised  leaflets, 
or  the  immersed  leaves  more  compound.  Involucre  several-leaved.  Flowers 
•white;  in  summer.    (Name  supposed  to  be  from  tiic  Celtic  siu,  water.) 

*  Pericarp  thin  between  the  siroiit;  projectinc/  ribs:  lateral  ribs  maryimd. 

1.  S.  lineare,  Michx.  Tall  (2° -4°);  leaflets  linear,  lanceolate,  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  sharp  point,  very  sharply  serrate  ;  calyx-teeth  none  or 
obsolete  ;  fruit  globular,  with  corky  and  very  salient  ribs,  or  rather  wiii(js  ;  oil-tubes 
1-3  in  the  rery  narroio  intervals.  (S.  cicutajfblium,  Gmelin,  of  Siberia  is  prob- 
ably the  same,  and  if  so,  the  older  nam6.)  —  In  water  or  wet  places  :  common. 

S.  latif6lium,  L.,  of  Europe  (for  which  broad-leaved  forms  of  our  plant 
have  been  mistaken),  if  ever  found  in  this  country,  will  be  known  by  its  blunt 
or  less  tapering  leaves,  slender  calyx-teeth,  and  much  less  ]>rojecting  or  wing- 
like  ribs  to  the  more  oval  fruit. 

2.  S.  Cars6nii,  Durand,  ined.  Smaller  (1°- 2°  high),  branched  ;  leaflets 
3-7,  thin,  varying  from  linear  to  oIjIohl;,  mute,  sharply  serrate;  calyx-teeth 
none  or  obsolete  ;  fruit  oroicl-f/lobnlur,  irilh  slrnnrj  filiform  ribs,  the  broad  inter- 
vals with  1-3  conspicuous  oiI-tnl)es.  —  Wet  banks  of  streams,  or  in  flowing; 
water  (when  the  submei-.sed  or  floating  leaflets  are  very  thin,  sometimes  reduced 
to  the  terminal  one,  ovate  or  oblong,  and  usually  laciniate-toothed  or  dissected : 
in  this  state  it  was  doubtfully  referred  to  Ilelosciiidium  nodiflorum,  fCoeh,  in 
addend,  to  ed.  2). — Pennsylvania,  around  the  Pocono  Mountain, /Vc/".  Traill 
Green,  Prof.  T.  C.  Porter,  Dr.  Carson.     Connecticut,  Prof.  D.  C.  Eaton. 

*  *  Ribs  inconspieiio'is  or  confluent  in  the  thick  texture  of  the  pericarp,  concealing 
the  numerous  oil -tubes,  the.  lateral  ones  not  quite  marginal.  (Be'rula,  Koch.) 
2.  S.  angUStifblium,  L.  I>ow  (9'- 20'  high);  leaflets  varying  from 
oblong  10  linear,  mostly  cut-toothed  and  cleft  or  even  pinnatifid  ;  peduncles 
short;  fruit  ovate  ;  calyx-teeth  scarcely  any.  —  Wet  places,  MassaHiu.setts  [M. 
A.  Cuitis  in  herb  Durand),  Michigan,  Illinois  (Dr.  Vnxey),  and  westward      (Ku.) 


UMBELLIFER.E.       (I'ARSLKY    FAMILY.)  197 

22.  CRYPTOTJENIA,    DC.        IIonf.wort. 

C.ilyx-tectli  ol)solete.  Fruit  ohloii};,  contnicted  at  tlic  sides;  tlic  carpels 
equally  aiui  obtusely  S-ribbed  :  oil-tubes  very  slender,  one  in  caeli  interval  and 
one  under  caeh  rib.  Seed  slightly  concave  on  the  inner  face.  —  A  perennial 
smooth  herb,  with  thin  3-foliolatc  leaves,  the  undieJs  and  unibellets  with  very 
unequal  rays,  no  involucre,  and  few-leaved  involucels.  Flowers  white.  (Name 
composed  of  k/jutttos.  /lidda),  and  raivia,  ajillcl,  from  the  concealed  oil-tubes.) 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  DC.  —  Thickets:  common.  June- Sept.  —  Plant 
2°  hiyh.     Leaflets  larye,  ovale,  jioiuted,  doubly  serrate,  the  lower  ones  lobed. 

23.  CH^ROPHYLLUM,     L.        Chervil. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  linear  or  obloiijj;,  ])ointed  or  short-beaked,  con- 
tracted at  the  sides  ;  the  carpels  .'i-riljbed,  at  least  at  the  apex  :  inner  face  of 
the  seed  deejily  grooved  lengthwise  :  intervals  usually  with  single  oil-tulws.  — 
Chiefly  annuals  or  biennials  :  leaves  ternately  decompound  ;  the  leaflets  lobed 
or  toothed  :  involucre  scarcely  any  :  involucels  many-leaved.  Flowers  cliiclly 
white.  (Name  from  ;:^aipa),  to  (jludden,  and  (pvXXov,  a  buj]  alluding  to  the 
agreeable  aromatic  o<lor  of  the  foliage.) 

1.  C.  prociimbens,  Lam.  Stems  slender  (C- 18'),  spreading,  a  little 
hairy  ;  lobes  of  the  pinnatifid  leaflets  obtuse,  oblong  ;  umbels  few-rayed  (sessile 
or  pcduncled) ;  fruit  imrrowly  oblong,  with  conspicuous  narrow  ribs,  not  beaked. 
—  Moist  coj)scs.  New  Jersey  to  Illinois  and  southward.     May,  June. 

2.  C.  .s.vTivuM,  Lam.  (G.vrden  Chervil.)  Taller;  lobes  of  the  leaves 
ovate  and  pinnatifid  ;  fruit  oblong-linear,  ribless,  but  tapering  into  a  ribbed  beak 
shorter  than  the  seed.  (Anthri'scus  Ccrefolium,  Ilqff'm.) — Karely  seen  in 
gardens  (as  a  sweet  herb),  but  thoroughly  spontaneous  in  fields  and  copses  near 
Lancaster,  reuii.,  /'ri>f.  T.  C.  Porter.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

24.     OSMORRHIZA,     Raf        Sweict  Cicely. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  linear-oblong,  angled,  ta]iering  downwards  into 
a  stalk-like  base,  contracted  at  the  sides,  crowned  with  the  styles  ;  the  carpels 
with  sharj)  upwardly  bristly  ribs  :  inner  face  of  the  nearly  terete  seed  with  a 
deep  longitudinal  channel :  oil-tubes  none.  — Perennials,  with  thick  sweet-aro- 
matic roots,  and  large  2  -  3-tcrnately  compound  leaves  ;  the  leaflets  ovate, 
pinnatifid-toothed.  Livolucreand  involucels  few-leaved.  Flowers  white.  (Name 
from  u(Tfi.rj.  It  sniit.  and  f)iC^<  <i  root,  from  the  anise-like  flavor  of  the  latter.) 

1.  O.  longistylis,  DC.  (Smoother  Sweet  Cicely.)  Styles  slmder, 
nrarfij  as  loiifj  as  the  oviirij  ;  laiflets  s/inrhufli/  pithfsrciit  or  smooth  wjieii  old,  slioii- 
/Joi/iW,  cut-toothed,  sometimes  lobed.  —  Rich  moist  woods:  conniKmest  north- 
ward.    May,  June  — Plant  .3°  high,  branching  :  stem  reddish. 

2.  O.  brevistylis,  DC.  (IIairv  SwEin'  Cicely.)  Sti/lrs  ronlad  and  uot 
liDK/rr  thdii  t/tc  hriadlli  of  tin-  orari/ ;  fruit  somewhat  tai)eriug  at  the  summit;  liaf- 
Icls  downi/dtain/,  taiifr-jioliitid,  jiiiiiintijid-iut.  —  Common  :  root  less  sweet. 

25.     CONtUM,     L.        Poison  Hemlock. 

Calyx-tccth  ol)solete.  Fniii-  ovale,  flattened  at  the  .sides,  the  carpels  with  .") 
prominent  wavy  rib.-;,  and  no  oil-tubes  :  inner  face  of  the  seed  with  a  deep  uar 


198  j^RALIACKiE.       (ginseng    FAMILY.) 

row  longitudinal  proovc.  —  Biennial  poisonous  herbs,  with  large  decompound 
leaves.  Involucre  aiul  involucels  3  -  5-lcaved,  the  latter  1-sided.  Flowers  wliitc. 
(Kuvfiov,  the  Greek  name  of  the  Hemlock,  by  whieli  criminals  and  pliilosophers 
were  put  to  death  at  Atliens.) 

I.  C.  macll.VtuiM,  L.  Smooth;  stem  spotted;  leaflets  lanceolate,  pinnati- 
lid  :  involucels  shorter  than  the  umbellets.  —  Waste  places.  July.  —  A  largo 
brandling  herb  :  the  pale  green  leaves  exhale  a  disagreeable  odor  when  bruised. 
A  virulent  narcotico-acrid  poison,  used  in  medicine.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

26.    EULOPHUS,    Nutt.       Eulopiics. 

Calyx-teeth  small.  Fruit  ovoid,  contracted  at  the  sides  and  somewhat  twin ; 
the  carpels  suiootii,  indistinctly  ribbed,  and  with  a  close  row  of  oil-tubes :  inner 
face  of  the  seed  longitudinally  channelled,  the  cross-section  semilunar.  —  A  slen- 
der, smooth  perennial :  leaves  2-ternatc!y  divided  into  narrow  linear  leaflets.  In- 
volucre scarcely  any  :  involucels  bristle-form.  Flowers  white.  (Name  from  eu, 
well,  and  Xotpos,  a  cnst,  not  well  applied  to  a  plant  with  no  crest  at  all.) 

1.  E.  Americ^nus,  Nutt.  —  Darby  plains,  near  Columbus,  Ohio  {Sulli- 
vant),  Illinois,  and  southwcstward.     July.  —  Koot  a  cluster  of  small  tubers. 

27.    ERIGENIA,    Nutt.        H.vrbixgkk-of-Spkixg. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  obovate  or  spatulate,  flat,  entire.  Fruit  twin  ; 
the  carpels  incurved  at  top  and  bottom,  nearly  kidney-form,  with  5  very  slender 
ribs,  and  several  small  oil-tubes  in  the  interstices  :  inner  face  of  the  seed  hollowed 
into  a  broad  deep  cavity.  —  A  small  and  smooth  vernal  plant,  producing  from 
a  deep  round  tuber  a  simple  stem,  bearing  one  or  two  2  -  3-ternately  divided 
leaves,  and  a  somewhat  imperfect  and  Icafy-bracted  compound  umbel.  Flowers 
few,  white.     (Name  from  fjpiyfvris,  born  in  the  spring.) 

1.  E.  bulbosa,  Nutt.  —  Alluvial  soil,  Western  New  York  and  Pcnn.  to 
Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  &c.     March,  April.  —  Stem  3'  -9'  high. 

Order  47.    ARAJLIACE.i:.     (Ginseng  Family.) 

Herbs,  n/iruhs,  or  trees,  with  much  the  same  characters  as  UmbelliferaG,  hut 
with  usiia/li/  more  than  2  st)jles,  and  the  fruit  a  few  —  several-celled  drupe. 
(Albumen  mostly  fleshy.  Petals  not  inflo.xed.)  —  Represented  here  only 
by  the  genus 

1.    ARALIA,    Tourn.        Ginseng.    Wild  Sars.vparilla. 

Flowers  more  or  less  polygamous.  Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary,  the 
teeth  very  short  or  almost  obsolete  Petals  .5,  epigynous,  oblong  or  obovate, 
lightly  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  5,  epigynous,  alternate  with 
the  petals.  Styles  2-5,  mostly  distinct  and  slender,  or  in  the  sterile  flowers 
short  and  united.  Ovary  2  -  S-cellcd,  with  a  single  anatropous  ovule  suspended 
from  the  top  of  each  cell,  ripeninj,'  into  a  berry-like  drupe,  with  as  many  seeds 
as  eells.  Embryo  minute.  —  Leaves  compound  or  decomjjound.  Flowers  white 
or  greenish,  in  umbels.  Roots  (perennial),  bark,  fmit,  &e.  warm  and  aromatic. 
(Derivation  obscure.) 


CORNACEJE.       (dogwood    FAMILT.)  199 

§  1.  ARALJA,  L.  Floioers  mon(ccioushj  poli/rfomoiis  or  perfect,  the  umheh  tisitalltf 
ill  coi  1/ litis  or  iHinicles  :  sli/lisuiid  cells  of  lite  (hUtck  or  duik  purple)  fruit  5  :  stents 
herbaceous  or  ivooilj :  ultimate  dicisioiis  of  the  leaves  pinnate. 

*  Umbels  very  numeious  in  a  lanje  compound  /xinicle :  leaves  vtrij  Inrt/e,  quinattly  or 
pinnately  di compound. 

1.  A.  spin6sa,  L.  (Angelica-tkke.  Herctles'  Cluu.)  Shrub,  or  a 
low  tree;  the  stout  stem  and  slnlks  prickly  ;  leaflets  ovate,  pointed,  serrate,  ))alc  1)C- 
neath. — River-banks,  Pennsylvania  to  Keutueky  and  southward:  common  in 
cultivation.     July,  Auj;ust. 

2.  A.  I'acem6sa,  L.  (Spikenard.)  Herbaceous;  stem  widely  branched; 
leaflets  heaii-orate,  pointed,  doubly  serrate,  sligiitly  downy;  umbels  racemose; 
styles  united. —  Rich  woodlands.  July.  —  Well  known  for  its  spicy-aromatic 
large  roots.     There  are  traces  of  stipules  at  the  dilated  base  of  the  leafstalks. 

*  *  I  'iiilirls  2-7,  corymbed :  stem  short,  somewhat  woody. 

3.  A.  hispida,  Michx.  (Bristly  Sarsaparilla.  Wild  Elder.)  Stem 
(l°-2°  high),  bristly,  leafy,  terminating  in  a  peduncle  bearing  several  umbels; 
leaves  twice  pinnate;  leaflets  oblong-ovate,  acute,  cut-serrate.  —  Rocky  places: 
common  northward,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.     June. 

4.  A.  nudicaulis,  L.  (Wild  Sarsaparilla.)  Stem  scarcely  rising  out 
of  the  (/round,  snioulh,  bearimj  a  siiiyle  lony-stalked  leaf  and  a  shorter  naked  scape,  with 
2-7  umbels;  leaflets  oblong-ovate  or  oval,  pointed,  serrate,  5  on  each  of  the  3 
divisions.  — Moist  woodlands;  with  the  same  range  as  A"o.  3.  May,  June. — 
The  aromatic  horizontal  roots,  which  are  several  feet  long,  arc  employed  as  a 
substitute  for  the  officinal  Sarsaparilla.     Leafstalk  1°  high, 

§  2.  GINSEXG,  Decaisnc  &  Tlanchon.  (Panax,  L.)  Floweis  dinciously  poly- 
giimous :  styles  and  cells  of  the  (red  or  reddish)  fuit  2  or  3:  stem  herbaceous,  low, 
simple,  Imiring  at  its  summit  a  ivhorl  of  3  jialmately  3  -  Ifoliolate  leaves  (or  per- 
haps reilher  a  single  and  sessile  twice-eonijjound  leaf),  and  a  single  umbel  on  a 
sleiid(  r  nak-  d  vedunrle. 

5.  A.  quinquef61ia.  (Ginsexc:.)  Hoot  large  ar.d  spindle-shaped,  often 
forked  (4' -9'  long,  aromatic);  stem  1°  high;  hafl<ts  long-stnlked,  mostly  5, 
large  and  thin,  obovatc-oblong,  pointed  ;  styles  mostly  2  ;  fruit  bright  rid.  (Pa- 
niux  quinqucfoliinn,  L.)  —Rich  and  cool  woods:  becoming  rare.     July. 

6.  A.  trifblia.  (Dwauk  Cinsexo.  Gi!orxD-NUT.)  "Root  or  tuber  ghibnlnr, 
deep  in  the  ground  (|)ungent  to  the  taste,  not  aromatic) ;  stems  4'  -  8'  high  ;  leaf- 
lets 3 -b,  sessile  at  the  summit  of  the  leafstalk,  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse ;  styles 
usually  3  ;  fmit  yellowish.  —  Rich  woods  :  common  northward.     April,  May. 

IliDERA  HfcLix,  the  European  Ivy,  is  almost  the  only  other  representative 
of  this  family  in  the  northern  temperate  zone. 

OiJDKU   48.     CORW.iCE.E.     (Do(;\vo(.i>  Family.) 

SJiruhx  or  trees  (rarely  herhacenus).  with  opposite  or  allenm'e  simple  leaves^ 
thr  ralyr-fuhr  roherrni  with  the  1  -  2-celled  ovary,  jV.s-  limb  minute,  the  petals 
(valcate  in  the  hud)  and  as  many  stamens  home  on  the  margin  of  an  epigy- 
tious  dink  in  the  perfect  flowers ;  style  one ;  a  single  anatropous  ovule  hang- 


200  CORXACE^.     (dogwood  family.) 

inrj  from  the  top  nf  the  cell ;  the  fruit  a  l-2-needed  drupe;  embryo  nearly 
the  length  of  the  albumen,  tcilh  larr/e  and  foliaceoux  cotyledons.  —  A  small 
family  represented  by  Cornus,  and  by  a  partly  apetalous  genus,  Nyssa. 
(Bark,  bitter  and  tonic.) 

1.    CORNUS,    Tourn.        Corvel.    Dogwood. 

Flowers  perfect  (or  in  some  foreign  species  dioecious).  Calyx  minutely  4- 
toothed.  Petals  4,  oblong,  spreading.  Stamens  4 :  filaments  slender.  Style 
slender :  stigma  terminal,  flat  or  cai)itate.  Drupe  small,  with  a  2-cellcd  and  2- 
seedcd  stone.  —  Leaves  opposite  (excei)t  in  one  species),  entire.  Flowers  small, 
in  open  naked  cymes,  or  in  close  heads  which  are  surrounded  by  a  corolla-like 
involucre.  (Name  from  cornu,  a  horn ;  alluding  to  the  hardness  of  the  wood.) 
§  1.  Flowers  (/reenlsh,  in  a  head  or  close  cluster,  ichich  is  surrounded  by  a  larye  and 
shoivy,  4-leuvtd,  corolla-like,  white  or  rarely  pinkish  involucre :  fruit  bright  red. 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  L.  (Dwarf  Cornel.  Bunch-berry.)  Stems  low 
and  siinjile  (o'-  7'  liigli)  from  a  slender  creeping  and  subterranean  rather  woody 
trunk  ;  leaves  se;irccly  petioled,  the  lower  scale-like,  the  upper  crowded  into  an 
apj)arent  whorl  in  sixes  or  fours,  ovate  or  oval,  pointed  ;  haves  of  the  involucre 
ovate;  fruit  globular. — Damp  cold  woods :  common  northward.     June. 

2.  C.  florida,  L.  (Flowering  Dogwood.)  Leaves  ovate,  pointed, 
acutish  at  the  base;  haves  of  the  involucre  inveisely  heart-shaped  or  notched  (1^' 
long);//u(<  oval.  —  Rocky  woods:  more  common  southward.  Maj,  June. — 
Tree  12° -30°  high,  very  showy  in  flower,  scarcely  less  so  in  fruit. 

§  2.  Flowers  ichite,  in  open  and  fat  spreading  cymes :  involucre  none :  fruit  sjiherical. 
*  Leaves  all  opposite :  shrubs. 

3.  C.  circinata,  L'Hcr.  (Round-leaved  Cornel  or  Dogwood.) 
Branches  greenish,  warty-dotted  ;  leaves  round-oval ,  abruptly  pointed,  woolly  beneath 
(2' -5'  broad);  cymes  ^nt;  fruit  light  blue.  —  Copses;  in  rich  soil.  June. — 
Shrub  6°-  10°  high.     Leaves  larger  than  in  any  other  species. 

4.  C.  sericea.  L.  (Silky  Cornel.  Kinnikinnik.)  Branche.<> purplish ; 
the  branchlets,  stalks,  and  lower  surface  of  the  narrowly  orate  or  elliptiad.  pointed  haves 
silhy-dou-ny  (often  rusty),  pale  and  dull ;  cymes  flat,  close ;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate ; 
fruit  jinle  blue.  —  Wet  places  :  common.     June.  —  Shrub  3°  -  10°  high. 

5.  C.  Stolonifera,  Michx.  (Red-osier  Dogavood.)  Branches,  especially 
the  osier-like  anmud  shoots,  bright  red-ptirj)le,  smooth ;  leaves  ovate,  rounded  at  the 
base,  abruptly  short-pointed,  roughish  with  a  minute  close  pubescence  on  both 
sides,  ichitish  underneath  ;  cymes  small  and  flat,  rather  few-flowered,  smooth ;  /noY 
white  or  Icad-rolor.  —  Wet  places:  common,  especially  northward.  Multiplies 
freely  by  prostrate  or  sul)tcrranean  suckers,  and  forms  broad  clumps,  3° -6° 
high.     June. 

6.  C.  asperif61ia,  Michx.  (Rough-leaved  Dogwood.)  Branches 
broivnish;  the  branchlets,  ^c.  rough-pubescent ;  leaves  oblong  or  otate,  on  very  short 
petioles,  pointed,  rough  with  a  harsh  pubescence  altove,  aiul  downy  Iteneath ;  calyx- 
teeth  minute.  — Dry  or  sandy  soil,  Illinois  and  southward.     May,  June. 

7.  C.  stricta.  Lam.  (Stiff  Cornel.)  Branches  brownish  or  reddish, 
smooth ;  leaves  ovale  or  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  acutish  at  the  base,  glabrous, 


C0R^AC^:.'E.     (dogwood  family.)  201 

vf  nearly  the  same  hue  both  side^ ;  cymes  loose,  flattish;  anthirs  and  fruit  pale  blue. 
—  Swamps,  Virginia  and  southward.     April,  May.  —  Shrub  8° -15°  liigh. 

8.  C.  paniculata,  LIltT.  (Paxicled  Coknel.)  Blanches  ymy,  smooth; 
leaves  ovatt-Uimeululc,  taper-pointed,  acute  at  the  base,  whitish  beneath  but  not 
downy;  cymes  convex,  loose,  often  ijaiiiclcd  ;  fruit  white,  depressed-f^loliosc. — 
Thickets  and  river-banks.  Jniie. —  Slirub  4°  -  8°  high,  very  much  branched, 
bearing  a  profusion  of  pure  white  blossoms. 

*  *  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

9.  C.  altei'nif61ia,  1^.  (ALTERXATK-LiiAVKi)  Couxel.)  Branches  (jrem- 
ish  strriikfd  iriih  ir/ii/r,  dl/irnate ;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  long-pointed,  acute  at  the 
base,  whitish  and  minutely  pubescent  underneath  ;  //•(((<  dicp  blue  on  rv.'d<lish 
stalks.  —  Hillsides  in  copses.  May,  June.  —  Slirub  or  tree  8° -20°  high,  with 
flattish  top,  and  very  open,  broad  cymes. 

2.     NYSSA,     L.        Tlpllo.     I'ErrEKiDGE.     Sour-Gum  Tree. 

Flowers  diceciously  polygamous,  clustered  or  rarely  solitary  at  the  summit 
of  axillary  peduncles.  Stam.  Ft.  numerous  in  a  simple  or  compound  dense 
cluster  of  fiiscicles.  Caly.K  small,  5-parted.  Petals  as  in  fertile  flower  or  none. 
Stamens  5-1-2,  oftener  10.  inserted  on  the  outside  of  a  convex  disk  :  filaments 
slender :  anthers  short.  No  pistil.  Pist.  Fl.  solitary,  or  2-8,  sessile  in  a  bracted 
cluster,  much  larger  than  the  staminate  flowers.  Calyx  with  a  very  short  re- 
pand-truncate  or  minutely  .5-toothed  limb.  Petals  very  small  and  fleshy,  decidu- 
ous, or  often  wanting.  Stamens  b  -  10,  with  perfect  or  imperfect  ai.tlu-rs.  Style 
elongated,  rcvolutc,  stigmatic  down  one  side.  Ovary  one-celled.  Drupe  ovoid 
or  oblong,  with  a  bony  and  grooved  or  striate  1-celled  and  1 -seeded  stone. — 
Trees  with  entire  or  sometimes  angulatc-toothed  leaves,  which  are  alternate,  but 
mostly  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets,  and  greenish  flowers  appearing- 
with  the  leaves.  (The  name  of  a  Nym])h  :  "so  called  because  it  [the  original 
species]  grows  in  the  water.") 

1.  N.  multiflbra,  Wang.  (Tupelo.  Pepperidge.  Black  or  Sour 
Gum.)  Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  commonly  acuminate,  glabrous  or  villous-pubes- 
cent  when  young,  at  least  on  the  margins  and  midrib,  shining  above  when  old 
(2'  -  5'  long) ;  fori  He  flowers  3  -  8,  at  the  summit  of  a  slender  peduncle  :  fru't  ovoid, 
bluish-black  (about  i' long).  (N.  sylvatica,  J/ars/i.  N.  villosa,  Willd,&.c.)  — 
Kich  .soil,  either  moist  or  nearly  dry,  Massachusetts  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 
April,  May.  —  A  middle-sized  tree,  with  liorizontal  branches  and  a  light  Hat 
spray,  like  the  Beech  :  the  wood  firm,  close-grained  ami  very  unwedgeable,  on 
account  of  the  obli(pie  direction  and  crossing  of  the  fil)re  of  ditlcrent  layers. 
Leaves  turning  bright  crimson  in  autumn. 

2.  N.  uniflora,  Walt.  (Large  Tupelo.)  Loaves  oblong  or  ovate,  some- 
times slightly  eonlatc  at  the  ba.se,  long-])Ctiuled,  entire  or  angulatc-toothed,  jiale 
and  downy-pubescent  beneath,  at  least  when  young  (4' -12'  long) ;  fertile  Jtower 
solitary  on  a  slender  peduncle ;  fruit  cHilimij,  blue  (1'  or  more  in  length).  (N.  dcn- 
ticulata.  Ait.  N.  tomentosa,  and  angulisans,  Michr.  \.  grandidentata,  Miclix. 
f.) — In  water  or  wet  swamps,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  .southward.  April.-  - 
Wood  soft :  that  of  the  root^  very  light  and  spongy,  used  for  corks. 


202  CAPKXFOLlACEJi.       (HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY.) 

Division  n.    MONOPETALOUS  EX6GEN0US  PLANTS. 
Floral  envelopes  consisting  of  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the  lattei 
com[)Osetl  of  more  or  less  united  petals,  that  is,  luonopetalous.* 

Okder  49.     CAPRIFOClACEiE.     (Honeysuckle  Family.) 

Shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  no  (f/enuine)  stipules,  (he 
cali/x-tube  coherent  icith  the  2-5-celled  ooary,  the  stamens  as  many  as  (or 
one  fewer  than)  the  lobes  of  the  tubular  or  wheel-shaped  corolla,  and  inserted 
on  its  tube.  —  Fruit  a  berry,  drupe,  or  pod,  1  -several-seeded.  Seeds  au- 
atropous,  with  a  small  embryo  in  flesliy  albumen. 

Tribe  I.     LONICEREiE.     Corolla  tubular,  often  irregular,  sometimes  •i-lipped.     Style 
slender :  stigma  capitate. 

1.  Liiiiiiiva.     Stunieiis  4,  one  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.     Fruit  dry,  3-celIed,  but  only 

1-seeded  ;  two  of  the  cells  sterile. 

2.  Syinphoriciii-pus.    Stamens  4  or  5,  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  bell-shaped  regular 

corolla.     Berry  4-celled,  but  only  2-seeded  ;  two  of  the  cells  sterile. 

3.  LiOiitcera.    Stamens  5,  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  tubular  and  more  or  less  irregular 

corolla.    Berry  several-seeded  ;  all  the  2  or  3  cells  fertile. 

4.  Diervilla.     Stamens  5.     Corolla  funnel-form,  nearly  regular.     Pod  2-cclled,  2-valved, 

many-seeded,  slender. 

5.  Triosteum.     Stamens  5.     Corolla  gibbous  at  the  base.     Fruit  a  3-celled  drupe. 
Tribe  H.     SAMBUCEiE.     Coralla  wheel  shaped  or  um-shapeil,  regular,  deeply  5-lobed. 

Stittmas  1-3,  rarely  5,  sessile.     Flowers  in  broad  cymes. 

6.  Saiitbiicus.     Fruit  berry-like  containing  the  small  seed-like  nutlets.     Leaves  pinnate. 

7.  Viburnum.     Fruit  a  1-celled  1-seeded  drupe,  with  a  compressed  stone.     Leaves  simple. 

1.     IjINN.S1A,     Gronov.        Linn^a.     Twin-flower. 

Calyx-tccth  .5,  awl-shaped,  deciduous.  Corolla  narrow  bcll-sliapcd,  almost 
equally  .5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  two  of  them  shorter,  inserted  toward  the  base  of 
the  corolla.  Ovary  and  die  small  dry  pod  3-cellcd,  hut  only  1 -seeded,  two  of  the 
cells  having  only  abortive  ovules.  — A  slender  creeping  and  trailing  little  ever- 
green, somewhat  hairy,  with  rounded-oval  sparingly  crenate  leaves  contracted  at 
the  base  into  short  petioles,  and  thrcad-Iikc  upright  peduncles  forking  into  2 
pedicels  at  flic  top,  each  bcuring  a  delicate  and  fragrant  nodding  flower.  Co- 
rolla purple  aiul  whitish,  h;urv  inside.  (Dedicated  to  the  immortal  Limicvns, 
who  first  pointed  out  its  characters,  and  with  whom  this  pretty  little  plant  was  a 
special  favorite.) 

1.  L.  bore^lis,  Gronov.  —  Moist  mossy  woods  and  cold  bogs:  common 
northward,  but  towards  the  south  of  rare  occurrence  as  far  as  New  Jersey,  and 
along  the  mountains  to  Maryland.     June.     (Eu.) 

♦  In  certain  families,  such  as  Ericaceae,  &c.,  the  petals  in  some  genera  are  nearly  or  quite  sep- 
arate. In  CompositsB  and  some  others,  the  calyx  is  mostly  reduced  to  a  pa|)pus,  or  to  scales,  or  a 
mere  border,  or  even  to  nothing  more  than  a  covering  of  the  sm-face  of  the  ov;u-y.  The  student 
might  look  for  these  in  the  first  or  the  third  division.  But  the  artificial  analysis  prefixed  to  the 
volume  provides  for  such  anomalies,  and  will  lead  the  student  to  the  proper  order. 


CAPKIFOLIACE-E.       (HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY.)  203 

2.  SYMPHORICARPUS,    Dill.        SNOwHEnnr. 

Calyx-tcctli  sliort,  jxT.sistL-nt  on  the  fruit.  Corolla  l)ell-.sha])e(l,  rc<,nil!irly  4- 
5-lobi;il,  with  as  many  short  stamens  inserted  into  its  throat.  Ovary  4-ccllcd, 
only  2  of  the  eells  with  a  fertile  ovule  ;  the  berry  therefore  4celled  l)ut  only  2- 
sccded.  Seeds  bony. — Low  and  branching  upright  shrubs,  with  oval  short> 
petioled  leaves,  which  are  downy  underneath  and  entire,  or  wavy-toothed  or 
lobed  on  the  young  shoots.  Flowers  white  tinged  with  rose-color,  in  close 
short  spikes  or  clusters.  (Name  composed  of  (rvficpoptu),  to  bear  together,  axiA 
KapTTus,  fruit ;  from  the  clustered  berries.) 

1.  S.  OCCidentillis,  R.  Brown.  (WoLKnEURV.)  Flowers  in  dcn.«c  ter- 
minal and  axillary  spikes  ;  corolla  much  bearded  within  ;  the  stnmeiis  and  sti/le 
protruded;  beiries  white  —  Northern  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  westward.  —  Flow- 
ers larger  and  more  funnel-form,  and  stamens  longer,  than  in  the  next. 

2.  S.  raceradsus,  Michx.  (Sxowherry.)  Flowers  in  a  loose  and  some- 
what leafy  iiittrrupted  spike  at  the  end  of  the  branches  ;  corolla  bearded  inside  ; 
berries  large,  bright  white.  —  Rocky  banks,  W.  Vermont  to  Pennsylvania  and 
Wisconsin  :  common  in  cultivation.     June -Sept.  —  Berries  rijjc  in  autumn. 

Var.  pauciflbrus,  Bobbins.  Low,  dirtuscly  branched  and  sjjrcading ; 
leaves  smaller  (about  1'  long),  the  spike  reduced  to  one  or  two  flowers  in  the 
axils  of  the  upi)erinost.  —  Hocky  woods  of  L.  Superior,  Dr.  Rabbins,  and  north- 
westward.    Allcghanics  of  Pennsylvania,  ./.  R.  Lowrie,  Mr.  Borldii;/. 

3.  S.  vulgaris,  Michx.  (Indian  Ccrr.vnt.  Coral-berry.)  Flowers 
in  small  close  clusters  in  the  axils  of  nearly  all  the  leaves  ;  corolla  sparingly 
bearded  ;  berries  small,  dork  red.  —  Rocky  banks,  W.  New  York  and  Penn.  to 
Illinois  and  southward  :  also  cultivated.     July. 

3.  LONICERA,    L.        Hoxeysuckle.    Woodrixe. 

Calyx-teeth  very  short.  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel-form,  often  gibbous  at  the 
base,  irregularly  or  almost  regularly  5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  2-3-cellcd. 
Berry  several-seeded.  —  Leaves  entire.  Flowers  often  showy  and  fragrant. 
(Named  in  honor  of  ^Ja/n  Lonitzer,  latinized  Lonicerus,  a  German  herbalist  of 
the  16th  century.) 

§  1.  CAPRIFOLIUM,  Juss.  Twining  shrubs,  with  the  flowers  in  sessile  whorhd 
clusters  from  the  arils  of  the  {oflen  connate)  upper  lea  res  and  forming  iitte)Tujited 
terminal  spikes: jcali/x-tceth  persistent  on  the  (red  or  orange)  bcrrg. 

#  Corolla  trumpet-shaped,  almost  regularli/  and  equally  5-lobed. 

1.  L.  Semp6rvirens,  Ait.  (Trumpet  IIoNEYsrcKLE.)  Flowers  in 
somewhat  distant  wiioils  ;  leaves  oblong,  smooth  ;  the  lower  petioled,  the  up- 
permost pairs  united  round  the  stem.  —  Copses,  New  York  (near  the  city)  to 
Virginia,  and  southward:  common  also  in  cultivation.  May -Oct, — Leaves 
deciduous  at  the  North.  Corolla  scentless,  nearly  2'  long,  deep  red  outside, 
yellowish  within  or  rarely  throughout. 

*  »  Corolla  ringent :  the  lower  lip  narrow,  the  upper  broiul  and  \-lol>ed. 

2.  L.  grita,  .\it.  (American  \Vo(H)niXK.)  hares  smoolh,  glaucous  be- 
neath, obovate,  the  2  or  3  upper  pairs  united ;  flowers  whorled  in  the  oxiib  of 


204  CAPRIFOLIACE.E.       (HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY.) 

the  uppermost  leaves  or  leaf-like  connate  bracts ;  corolla  smooth  {whitish  with  a 
puri>li'.  tube,  failing'  yellowisii),  not  gibbous  at  the  base,  fragrant.* — Kocky  wood- 
lands, New  York,  Tenn.,  and  westward  :  also  cultivated.     May. 

3.  L.  flciva,  Sims.  (Yellow  Honeysuckle.)  Leaves  smooth,  very  jmle 
and  glaucous  bulk  sides,  thickish,  obovatc  or  oval,  the  2-4  upjjcr  pairs  united  into 
round  cup-like  disks ;  flowers  in  approximate  whorls  ;  tube  of  the  smooth  (li</lif 
yellow)  corolla  somewhat  gibbous;  lilaments  almost  or  quite  smooth.  —  lioeky 
banks.  Catskill  mountains  (Pursh),  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  (a  Ibrm  with  rather 
short  flowers),  ami  SDiithward  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains.     June. 

4.  L.  parvifl6ra,  J^am.  (Small  IIoneyslckle.)  Leaves  smooth,  ob- 
long, (jneii  above,  very  ijlaucous  beneath,  the  ujiper  pairs  united,  all  closely  sessile; 
flowers  in  2  or  3  closely  appro.ximate  whorls  raised  on  a  peduncle ;  corolla  gib- 
bous at  the  base,  smooth  outside  [greinisli-yillow  tinged  with  dull  purple),  short 
(9"  long) ;  filaments  rather  hairy  below.  —  Rocky  banks,  mostly  northward. 
May,  June.  —  Stem  commonly  bushy,  only  2° -4°  high. 

Var.  Douglasii.  Leaves  greener,  more  or  less  downy  underneath  when 
young,  or  ciliate  ;  corolla  crimson  or  deep  dull  purple.  (L.  Douglasii,  D<J.)  — 
Northern  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  northward. 

5.  L.  hirsuta,  Eaton.  (Hairy  Honeysuckle.)  f^eaves  not  glaucous, 
downy-hairy  beneath,  as  well  as  the  branches,  and  slightly  so  above,  veiny,  dull, 
broadly  oval ;  the  uppermost  united,  the  lower  short-petioled ;  flowers  in  ap- 
proximate whorls  ;  tube  of  the  [orange-yellow)  clammy-pnlx scent  corolla  gibbous  at 
the  base,  slender.  —  Damp  copses  and  rocks,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  northward. 
July.  —  A  coarse,  large-leaved  species. 

§2.    XYLOSTEON,  Juss.      Upright  bushy  shrubs:  leaves  all  distinct  at  the  base : 
peduncles  axdiary,  single,  2-Jiowered  at  the  summit ;  the  two  berries  sometimes 
united  into  one :  calyx-teeth  not  peisistent. 
*  The  two  flowers  involucrate  by  4  conspicuous  and  broad  foliaceous  bracts. 

6.  L.  involucrata,  Banks.  Pubescent,  or  becoming  glabrous  ;  branches 
4-angular  ;  leaves  (3'  -  6'  long)  ovate-oblong,  mostly  pointed,  petiolcd,  and  with 
a  strong  midrib,  exceeding  the  peduncle ;  corolla  yellowisii,  viscid-pubescent, 
cylindraceous  (6" -8"  long);  ovaries  and  globose  berries  distinct.  —  Deep 
woods.  Lake  Superior  ( C.  G.  Loring,  Jr.,  Dr.  Robbins)  and  westward.     June. 

*  *  Brads  (2  or  sometimes  4)  at  the  base  of  the  ovaries  minute. 

7.  L.  ciliata,  Muhl.  (Fly-Honeysuckle.)  Branches  straggling  (3° - 
5°  high)  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  ojlen  heart-shaped,  petiohd,  thin,  downy  beneath  ; 
Jiliform  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves;  corolla  funnel-form,  almost  spurred 
at  the  base  (greenish-yellow,  3'  long),  the  lobes  nearly  equal ;  berries  separate 
{red).  —  lioeky  woods,  Mass.  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     May. 

8.  L.  caerMea,  L.  (Mountain  F.)  Low  (1° -2°  high)  ;  branches  up- 
right; leuves  oval,  downy  when  young;  peduncles  very  short;  brncls  awl-shaped, 
longer  than  the  ovarie.i  of  the  two  (yellowish)  _/7o«v/s,  which  are  united  into  one  (blue) 
berry.  (Xylosteum  villbsum,  Miclix.) — Mountain  woods  and  bogs,  Khode  Isl- 
and  to   Wisconsin,  northward.     May.      (En.) 

9.  L.  oblongifdlia,  Muhl.  (Swamp  F.)  Branches  upright;  leaves  ob- 
long, downy  when  young,  smooth  when  old;  peduncles  long  and  slender;  bractt 


CAruiroi.iACEJi.     (iioneysucklk  family.)  205 

minute  or  deciduous;  corolla  deeply  2-lipped  (^'  lonp,  yellowish-white);  berries 
(purple)  uniud  or  nearly  distinct.  —  Bogs,  Nortlicrn  New  York  to  Wisconsin. 
June.  —  yiinib  2°  -  5°  hij,-li.     Leaves  2' - 3'  lon■,^ 

4.     DIERVILLA,     Tourn.        Blsii-IIoxevsuckle. 

Ciilyx-tiihe  tapering  at  the  summit ;  the  lobes  slender,  awl-shaped,  persistent 
Corolla  funnel-forin,  5-lobed,  almost  regular.  Stamens  5.  I'od  ovoid-oblong, 
pointetl,  2-celled,  2-valved,  scpticidal,  many-seeded.  —  Low,  upright  shrubs, 
with  ovate  or  oblong  pointed  serrate  leaves,  and  cymosely  3  -  several-tlowcrcd 
peduncles,  from  the  u|)per  axils,  or  terminal.  (Named  in  compliment  to  M. 
Ditrville,  who  brought  it  from  Canada  to  Tournefbrt.) 

1.  D.  trifida,  Maueh.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  taper-pointed,  pctioled ;  pe- 
duncles mostly  .'J-llowered  ;  pod  long-beaked.  (D.  Canadensis,  Mufd.)  —  Kocks: 
common,  especially  northward.  June  -Aug.  — Flowers  hone\' -color,  not  showy, 
like  the  Japanese  sjieeies  cultivated  under  the  name  of  Weigkla. 

D.  SESSinF(')LiA,  Buckley,  of  the  mountains  of  North   Carolina,  may 
occur  in  those  of  S.  W.  Virginia. 

5.     TRIOSTEUM,    L.        Fever-wokt.     IIokse-Gentiak. 

Calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate,  leaf-like,  persistent.  Corolla  tubular,  gibbous 
at  the  base,  somewhat  equally  5-lobed,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  Stamens 
5.  Ovary  mostly  3-celled,  in  fruit  forming  a  ratlier  dry  drupe,  containing  as 
many  angled  and  ribbed  1 -seeded  bony  nutlets. —  Coarse,  hairy,  perennial 
herbs,  leaty  to  the  top ;  with  the  ample  entire  pointed  leaves  tapering  to  the 
base,  but  connate  round  the  simple  stem.  Flowers  sessile,  and  solitary  or 
clustered  in  the  axils.  (Name  from  rpfls,  three,  and  uareot>,  a  bone,  alluding  to 
three  bony  seeils,  or  rather  nutlets.) 

1.  T.  perfoliatum,  L.  S(;flli/  kiiri/  (2°-4°  higli);  leaves  oval,  abruplli/ 
narrowed  helnw,  downy  i)eneath  ;  flowers  brownish-jjurple,  mostly  clustered.  — 
Rich  woodlands  :  not  rare.     June.  —  Fruit  orange-color,  h'  long. 

2.  T.  angUStifblium,  L.  Smaller;  brisdy-huiry ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tajier- 
ing  to  the  base;  flowers  greenish-creani-color,  mostly  single  in  the  axils.  —  S. 
Pennsylvania  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     May. 

6.    SAMBUCUS,     Touru.        Elder. 

Calyx-lobes  minute  or  obsolete.  Corolla  open  urn-sliaped,  with  a  broadly 
spreading  5-eleft  limb.  Stamens  5.  Stignias  ."5.  Fruit  a  berry-like  juicy 
drupe,  containing  3  small  seed-like  nutlets.  —  Shrubby  plants,  with  a  rank 
smell  when  bruised,  pinnate  leaves,  serrate  jwinted  leaflets,  and  numerous  small 
and  white  flowers  in  comj)ound  cymes.  (Name  from  aap^vKt],  an  ancient  nm- 
sical  instrument,  sui)posed  to  have  been  made  of  Elder-wood.) 

1.  S.  Canadensis,  L.  (Common  Elder.)  Stems  scarcely  woody 
(5°-  10°  hi-h)  ;  l:itih/s  7-11,  oUoii'j,  mostly  smooth,  the  lower  often  3-partcd  ; 
ci/mts  flat :  fruit  lliirk-jiin-jile.  —  Piich  soil,  in  oikmi  ])Iaces.     June.  —  Pitli  white. 

2.  S.  pilbens,  Michx.  (RED-nLKUiLD  Elder.)  Stems  woody  (2° -  IS® 
high),   the  bark  warty;    leajlets  5-7,  ovate-lanccolalc,  doivny  undcrncalli ;  cyiiiLS 


206  CAriiiFOLiACE^.     (honeysuckle  family.) 

pauicled,  convex  or  pyramidal ;  fruit  hrir/hl  red  (rarely  white).  —  Eocky  woods; 
cliieHy  northward,  and  southward  in  the  mountains.  May  :  the  fruit  ripening 
in  June.  —  I'ith  brown.  — Var.  with  dissected  leaves,  Lake  buijerior,  Ltvcis  Foote, 
Dr.  Ilobbins. 

7.    VIBURNUM,    L.        Akrow-wood.        L.vukestixcs. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  spreading,  deeply  5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas 
1-3.  Fruit  a  1-celled,  1-seeded  drupe,  with  soft  pulp  and  a  thin-crustaeeous 
(flattened  or  tumid)  stone.  —  Shrubs,  with  simple  leaves,  and  white  (lowers  in 
flat  compound  cymes.  Petioles  sometimes  bearing  little  appendages  which  are 
evidently  stipules.  Leaf-buds  naked,  or  with  a  pair  of  scales.  (The  classical 
Latin  name,  of  unknown  meaning.) 

§  1 .    Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect. 

*  Leaves  fnelt/  serrate  or  entire,  bri(jht  (jreen ;  veiiis  not  prominent :  no  stipular  ap- 

pendatjes:  ivliole  plant  glabrous  or  with  some  minute  rusty  scurf :  fruit  black  or 
ivilh  a  blue  bloom,  sweet;  the  stone  very  flat  and  even,  broadly  oval  or  orbicular. 

1.  V.  Lentigo,  L.  (Sweet  Vibuknum.  Siieei'-bekkv.)  Leaves  ovate, 
strom/ly  jiointcd,  closely  and  very  sharply  serrate ;  petioles  long  and  margined  ; 
cyme  sessile ;  fruit  oval,  h'  or  more  long,  rii)c  in  autumn,  edible  ;  tree  15° -30° 
high.  —  Copses,  &c.  :  common,  especially  northward.     May,  June. 

2.  V.  prunif61ium,  L.  (Black  Haw.)  Leaves  oval,  obtuse  or  sli<;litly 
pointed,  flnely  aiid  sharply  seirate,  smaller  than  in  the  preceding  (l'-2'  long) ; 
fruit  similar  or  rather  smaller;  cyme  sessile.  —  Dry  copses;  Connecticut  to  Illi- 
nois, and  common  southward.     May.  —  A  tall  shrub  or  small  tree. 

3.  V.  nudum,  L.  (Withe-rod.)  Leaves  thickish,  oval,  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  not  shiniinj,  the  maryins  entire,  repand,  or  crenale ;  cynw  shoi  t-jiedunrUd ; 
fruit  round-ovoid  (3"  long).  —  Var.  1.  Claytoxi  has  the  leaves  nearly  entire, 
the  veins  somewhat  prominent  underneath,  and  grows  in  swamps  from  Massa- 
chusetts, near  the  coast,  to  Virginia  and  southward.  Var.  2.  cassinoides  (V. 
pyrifolium,  Pursh,  ^r.)  has  more  opaque,  often  toothed  leaves ;  and  grows  in  cold 
swamps  from  Pennsylvania  northward.     May,  June.  —  Shrub  e° -  10°  high. 

4.  V.  Obov^tum,  Walt.  Letivea  obovate  or  s/iatiilate,  dituse,  entire  or  denticu- 
late, thickish,  small  (1'- 1^' long),  shining;  cymes  sessile,  small;  fruit  ovoid- 
oblong.  —  River-banks,  Virgiuu\  and  southward.     May.  —  Shrub  2°  -  8°  high. 

*  *  Leaves  (with  base  inclined  to  heart-shaped)  coarsely  toothed,  prominently  pinnately 

veined,  the  veins  straight  and  simple  or  sparingly  forked :  no  rusty  scurf:  fruit 
small,  ovoid,  blue  or  purple;  the  stone  tumid  and  grooved :  cymes  pedunded. 

5.  V.  dent^tum,  L.  (Arrow-wood.)  Smooth;  leaves  broadly  ovate, 
very  numerously  sharp-toothed  and  strongly  veined,  on  slender  petioles ;  fruit  bright 
blue;  the  turgid  stone  deeply  excavated  on  one  face;  cross  section  of  the  seed 
between  kidney-  nr.d  horseshoe-shaped.  —  Wet  places,  common  northward.  June 
—  Slirub  5°  -  10°  high,  with  ash-colored  bark  ;  the  pale  leaves  often  with  hairy 
tufts  in  the  axils  of  the  straight  veins. 

6.  V.  m611e,  INIiclix.  leaves  broadly  oval,  obomte  or  ovate,  scarcely  pointed, 
coarsely  eremite  or  rcpand-toothcd,  the  lower  surface,  rather  slender  petioles,  brunch- 
kts  and  cymes  soft-downy,  the  latter  with  stellate  pubescence;    fruit  oily  [En- 


i 


OAPUIFOLIACE^.       (honeysuckle    FAMILY.)  207 

(jchii.),  tlic  stone  as  in  No.  5,  but  less  deeply  excavated  on  tlic  fare.     (V.  dcnta- 
tum,  var.  scabrfllmn,  To)r.  <j-  dr.) —  Rich  woods,  Kentucky  and  southward. 

7.  V.  pub6scens,  Pursh.  (Downv  a.)  Leaves  ovule  or  olJonc/ -ovale, 
acute  or  tapcr-iiointcd,  tiic  veins  and  teeth  fewer  and  less  conspicuous  than  in 
No.  5,  the  lower  sitrfuce  and  very  sitoit  petioles  soft-doivny,  at  least  when  young; 
fruit  dark-purple  ;  the  stone  plano-convex  and  3-4-groovcd  on  tlie  flat  face.  — 
Kocks,  &c.,  W.  Vermont  to  New  Jersey,  Kentucky,  Wisconsin,  and  nortliward, 
June.  — A  low,  straggling  shrub. 

*  *  *  Leaves   coarseli/  toothed  and  someichat   3-lol>ed,    rou7idish,    the   base   mostly 

truncate  or  somewhat  h(art-sha/j(d,  3  -  b-ribbed  from  the  base,  the  ribs  and  veins 
prominent  Imieath :  stijiular  appendayes  bristle-shaped :  cymes  small,  slender- 
pi'dunclcd :  fruit  red ;  the  stone  fattened. 

8.  V.  acerifdlium,  L.  (M.vi'lk-lkaved  A.  Dockmackie.)  Leaves 
sof -downy  beneath,  3-ribbed,  the  pointed  lobes  diverging,  unequally  toothed  ; 
stamens  cxserted ;  fruit  crimson  turning  purple ;  the  lenticular  stone  undulately 
2-grooved  on  one  face  and  3-groovcd  on  the  othci'.  —  Rocky  woods  :  common. 
May,  June.     Shrub  3°  -  6°  high. 

9.  v.  paueifl6rum,  Pylaie.  Leaves  glabrous  or  loosely  pubescent  beneath, 
t)-rilil)(d  at  /»/s  ,  uncciually  serrate  nearly  all  round,  with  3  short  lol)es  at  the 
summit ;  cyme  fcw-flowercd  ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla  ;  fruit  red,  sour,  glob- 
ular ;  the  stone  very  flat  and  even.  (V.  Oxycoccus,  var.  eradiatum,  Oahes.)  — 
Cold  woods,  Northern  N.  Hampshire,  New  York,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  — 
A  low  straggling  shrub,  most  related  to  the  next;  the  leaf-buds  similar. 

§  2.  Marginal  fuwers  of  the  cyme  destitute  of  stamens  and  jiistils,  and  with  corollas 
many  times  larger  than  tlie  others,  forming  a  kind  of  ray,  as  in  Hydrangea : 
stipular  appendages  conspicuous  on  the  petiole. 

*  Fruit  spherical,  pleasantly  acid,  bright  red;  the  stone  very  flat,  smooth  and  even, 

nearly  orbicular :  lenfbnds  enclosed  in  one  or  two  pairs  of  scales. 

10.  V.  Opulus,  L.  (CiJAxnERUY-TjiEE.)  Nearly  smooth,  upright  (5°- 
10°  high) ;  leaves  .'5  -  .')-ril)bed,  strongly  3-lobcd,  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  trun- 
cate at  the  base,  the  spreading  lobes  pointed,  mostly  toothed  on  the  sides,  entire 
in  the  sinuses;  petioles  bearing  2  glands  at  the  apex,  cymes  ])cduncled.  (V. 
Oxyco'ccus  and  V.  cdulc,  Pursh.)  —  Low  grounds,  along  streams:  common 
northward,  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanics  to  the  borders  of  Maryland. 
June,  July.  —  The  acid  fruit  is  a  substitute  for  cranberries,  whence  the  name 
Uigh  Cranberry  bush,  &c.  —  The  well-known  Snow-ball  Tree,  or  Guelder- 
RosE,  is  a  cultivated  state,  with  the  whole  cyme  turned  into  showy  sterile 
flowers.     (Eu.) 

*  ♦  Fruit  ovoid,  red,  turning  darker ;  the  stone  tumid,  G-^/roorrd :  Imds  wholly  naked. 

11.  V.  lantanoides,  Michx.  (Honiu-E-nrsu.  A.MKUUAN  Wavfar- 
ING-TREE.)  Leaves  roimd-ovate,  abru])t!y  pointed,  hcart-.sha])ed  at  the  base, 
closely  serrate,  pinnatcly  many-veined  ;  the  veins  and  veinlets  underneath  alonp 
with  the  stalks  and  brancblets  very  rusty-scurfy  ;  cymes  sessile,  very  broad  and 
flat.  —  Cold  moist  woods,  New  Knginnd  to  Pcnn.  and  northward,  and  southward 
in  the  Alleghanics.  May.  —  A  straggling  shrub  ;  the  reclining  branches  often 
taking  root.     Flowers  handsome.     Leaves  4' -8' across. 


208  RUBiACE^:.     (maddeu  family.) 

Order  50.     BUBIACE.E.     (Maddkr  Family.) 

Shrubs  or  kerbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  connected  by  interposed  stipules, 
or  in  whorls  without  apparent  stipules,  the  calyx  coherent  icith  the  2  -  4-cclled 
ovary,  the  stamens  as  many  as  the  lubes  of  the  rerjular  corolla  (3-5),  and 
inserted  on  its  tube.  —  Flowers  perfect,  but  often  diinorplious  (as  in  Mitch- 
ella  and  Houstonia).  Fruit  various.  Seeds  anatropous  or  anipliitropous. 
Embryo  conimouly  pretty  laro;e,  in  copious  hard  albumen.  —  A  very  large 
family,  the  greater  part,  and  all  its  most  important  plants  (such  as  the 
Coffee  and  Peruvian-Bark  trees)  tropical ;  not  sulHciently  represented  in 
our  district  to  render  it  worth  while  to  note  the  tribes  and  the  larger 
systematic  divisions. 

I.    STELLATE.     Leaves  in  whorls :  no  apparent  stipules. 

1.  Galium.     Corolla  wlieel-shaped,  4-  (or  rarely  3-)  partciL     Calyx-tettli  obsolete.     Fruit 

twill,  separating  into  2  indehiscent  one-seeded  carpels. 

II.    CINCHONE-tE,  &c.      Leaves  rarely  in  whorls,  with  stipules. 

*  Ovules  and  seeds  solitary  in  each  cell. 
■*-  Flowers  axillary,  separate.     Fruit  dry  when  ripe.     Herbs. 

2.  Spcrmacoce.     Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-form -.  lobes  4     Fruit  separating  when  ripe 

into  2  carpels,  one  or  both  of  them  opening. 

3.  Diodia.     i'ruit  separating  into  2 or  3  closed  and  indehiscent  carpels  :  otherwise  as  No.  2. 

—  —  Flowers  in  a  close  and  globose  long-peduncled  head.     Fruit  di-y.    Shrubs. 

4.  Cephalaitthua.     Corolla  tubular  :  lobes  4     Fruit  inversely  pyramidal,  2- 4-seeded. 

.^  *-  —  Flowers  twin;  their  ovaries  united  into  one.     Fruit  a  2-eyeJ  berry. 

6.  Mitcliella.     Corolla  funnel-form  ;  its  lobes  4. — A  creeping  herb. 

*  «  Ovules  and  seeds  many  or  several  in  each  cell  of  IIk'  (loculicidal)  pod. 
6     01<leiilun(lia.     Corolla  wheel-shaped  in  our  species,   4-lobfJ.     Si;ods   very  numerous 
and  minute,  angular. 

7.  Houstonia.     Corolla  salver-form  or  funnel-form,  4-lubed.      Seeds  rather  few,  thimble- 

shai)ed  or  saucer-shaped. 

1.     GALIUM,     L.         Bedstuaw.     Cleavers. 

Calyx-tcctli  obsolete.  Corolla  4-partcd,  rarely  3-parted,  wheel-shaped,  valvatc 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  rarely  3,  short.  Styles  2.  Fruit  dry  or  flesliy,  globu- 
lar, twin,  separating  when  ripe  into  the  2  seed-like,  indehi.scent,  1 -seeded  carpels. 
—  Slender  herbs,  with  small  eymosc  flowers  (produced  in  summer),  square  stems, 
and  whorled  leaves  :  the  roots  often  containing  a  red  coloring  matter.  (Name 
from  ydXa,  milk,  which  some  species  are  used  to  curdle.) 

*  Annual:  haves  ahout  8  in  a  irhnri :  peduncles  1  - '2- flowered ,  a.rillari/. 
1.  G.  Aparlne,  f-^  (rr.i:.\vi;i!s.  Goose-Grass.)  Stem  weak  and  re- 
clining, bristle-])riekly  backwards,  liairy  at  the  joints  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tay)ering 
to  the  base,  short-pointed,  rough  on  the  margins  and  midrib  (l'-2'  long)  ;  flow- 
ers white  ;  fruit  (kirrje)  hristhj  iritk  hooked  prickles.  —  Moist  thickets.  Doubtful 
if  truly  indigenous  in  our  district.     (I-u.) 

*  *  Perennial,  ascendintj  ;  If  ares  4  -G  or  S  in  a  whorl,  with  prominent  midriti,  hut 
no  lateral  nerves  :  flow  rs  white,  few  or  numerous,  on  slender  pedicels :  fruit  smooth. 


RUBIACE.t.       (madder    FAMILY.)  209 

1-  Flovns  very  abundant,  the  small  clusters  or  ci/nies  jxinkUd  on  the  branches. 

2.  G.  Moi.Lt'GO,  L.  Stems  (l°-3°  long)  very  smooth;  liuves  mostly  in 
whorls  of  8,  oblanccoliite  or  obloii};-linear,  biurly  rough  on  tlie  margins,  slen- 
der-pointed;  flowers  forming  a  lomj  punkie.  —  Washington  Heights,  near  New 
York,   ir.   W.lhnslow.     (A.lv.  ^om  Eu.) 

.J.  G.  aspr611um,  Miilix.  (ixoicai  Bkdstraav.)  Sttm  weak,  nuuli 
branehed,  ronijh  lidcLuards  inth  liouhd  prickles,  leaning  on  bushes  (3°  -  5°  high); 
leans  in  u-horlso/6,  or  4-5  on  the  brumhlets,  oval-luuceulate,  jiointed,  with  almost 
priekh-  margins  and  midrib;  peduneles  short,  2-3  times  forked. — Low  thick- 
ets :  eoninioM  nortliward. 

4.  G.  COncinnum,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Stems  low  and  slender  (C  -  12' high), 
with  minutely  roughened  angles;  leaces  all  in  whorls  of  6,  linear,  sliyhtlij jminltd, 
vcinless,  the  margins  upwardly  roughened;  peduncles  slender,  2-3  times  forked, 
diffusely  panielcd  at  the  summit ;  pedicels  short.  —  Dry  ground,  Pennsylvania 
from  the  Susquehanna,  to  Virginia,  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  Kentucky.  —  Leaves 
not  blackening  in  drying. 

■t-  t-  Flowers  ftic,  lalend  or  lerminatiny  the  branches,  not  panirled. 

5.  G.  trifidum,  L,  (Small  Blustk.vw.)  Stems  weak,  ascending  (5'- 
20'  high),  branching,  mostly  roughened  backwards  on  the  angles;  leaves  in 
whorls  of  4  to  G,  linear  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  the  margins  and  midrib  rough; 
corolla-lobes  and  stamens  often  only  3.  —  Var.  1.  prsfLLUM  :  stems  rather 
simple,  5' -8'  high,  nearly  smooth;  leaves  only  3" -4"  long,  all  in  fours,  soon 
i*eflcxed;  peduncles  1 -3-flowered.  (In  deep  sphagnous  swamps,  northward.) 
Var.  2.  TiNCToKiUM  :  stem  taller  and  stouter,  and  with  nearly  smooth  angles; 
peduncles  3 -"-flowered,  the  corolla-lobes  and  stamens  4.  Var.  3.  latifof.iim 
( G.  obtusum,  Biytl. ) :  stem  smooth  and  widely  i)ranchcd  ;  leaves  oblong  or  ellip- 
tical, quite  rough  on  the  midrib  and  margins.  —  Swamps:  connnfn,  and  very 
variai)le.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Perennial,  procumbent :  leaves  6  or  rarely  .5  in  a  whorl,  with  prominent  midrib 
and  no  bthral  nerces :  flowers  greenish :  fruit  bur-like,  beset  with  hooked  bristles. 

6.  G.  triflbrum,  Michx.  (Sweet-sckxtkd  Bedstkaw.)  Stem  (l°- 
3°  long)  bristly -roughened  backwards  on  the  angles;  leaves  elliptical-lanceolate, 
bristle-jwinted,  with  slightly  roughened  margins  (l'-2'  long) ;  peduncles  3-How- 
ered,  the  flowers  all  i)ediccllcd.  —  Kich  wootllands  :  common.  —  Sweet-scented 
in  drying.     (Eu.) 

«  «  «  *  Perennial,  uscendinr)  or  npriyht :  leaves  all  in  fours,  more  or  lets  3-ncrved : 

jKdiincles  loosely  or  remotely  3  -  several-flowered :  corolla  dull-purple,  brownish,  or 

rarely  cream-color ;  the  lobes  pointed  or  bristle-tipped :  fruit,  except  in  No.  10, 

bur-like,  Ix'sH  icith  hooked  bristles. 

1.    G.  pildsum,  Ait.     //«/>(/ ,-/«Jirsorfj/,  (lotted,  hairy  (1'  long),  .vni/n/^  3- 

nerred ;  jiidnnclis  twice  or  thrice  2  -  3-forki d,  thf  flowi-rs  all  judicelkd.  —  Dry  C»)|)Ses, 

Rhode  Island  and  Vermont  to  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Var.   PfxCTicLi.68iM 

is  a  nearly  smooth  Inrm  ((i.  punciic  iilosuni.  Mirhr.):  Virginia  and  southward. 

8.    G.  Circoezans,  Michx.     (Wild  Lh-ioimce.)     Snumth  or  downy  (1° 

high)  ;  leavei  oval,  varying  to  ovate-oblong,  mostly  ol>tuse,  ^-nerrid,  cili.ifi'  (!'-  li' 

long) ;  peduncles  usually  oncefvrkid,  the  branches  elonyated  and  widely  diverging  in 

L  &  M— 29 


210  RUBIACE^.       (madder    FAMILY.) 

fruit,  bearing  several  remote  flowers  on  veri/ short  latciol  pedicels,  roi[Qxcd  in  frnit; 
lobes  of  the  rw'o//fi /«i//7/  outside  above  the  middle.  —  Rich  woods:  common. — 
The  var.  moxt.\m  .m  is  a  dwarf,  broad-leaved  form,  from  mountain  woods. 

9.  G.  lanceolatum,  Torr.  (Wild  Liquokice.)  Leaves  (except  the 
lowest)  Idiiceolute  or  uvute-tunaolute,  tuperini)  to  the  apex  (2'  long) ;  corolla  (jUibrous: 
Otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Woodlands  :  common  northward. 

10.  G.  latifblium,  Mich.x.  Smooth  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  lanceolate  or 
ovute-hinreoiiite,  acute,  .3-ncrved  below ;  the  midrib  and  margins  rough ;  cymes 
paniclcd,  U)Osily  many-flowered,  tlie  purple  flowers  all  on  slendei-  sprcadinr/  pedi- 
cels;  fniil  siiwotli. —  Dry  woods,  Mercersberg,  Penn.  {Prof.  Porto-),  Maryland, 
and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.     (Also  Arkansas,  EiKjelmaun.) 

•  *  *  *  *  Perennial,  erect:  leaves  4  or  8  in  a  wliorl :  floivcrs  irri/  ninnrroas  and 
crowded  in  a  narroiv  and  compact  terni'mil  paiiiclt',  ivltUe  or  ijellow. 

11.  G.  bore^le,  L.  (NonxiiiiKN  Bkdstraw.)  Smooth  (l°-2°high); 
leaves  in  fours,  lin  ur-lanceolati',  3-nerved ;  flowers  white;  fruit  minutehj  hristljj,  some- 
times smooth.  —  Rocky  banks  of  streams  :  common,  especially  northward.    (Eu.) 

12.  G.  viiKUM,  L.  (Yelloav  Bedstraw.)  Leaves  in  eiijhls  (or  some  in 
si.xes),  linear,  grooved  above,  roughish  deflcxed  ;  flowers  yellow ;  fruit  smooth. — 
Dry  fields,  E.  Massachusetts,     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.    SPERMACOCE,    L.        Button-weed. 

Calyx-tube  short;  the  limb  parted  into  4  teeth.  Corolla  funnel-form  or 
salver-form  ;  the  lobes  valvate  in  the  l)ud.  Stamens  4.  Stigma  or  style  2-cleft. 
Fruit  small  and  dry,  S-i-elled,  2-seeded,  splitting  when  ripe  into  2  carpels,  one 
of  them  usually  carrying  with  it  the  partition,  and  therefore  closed,  the  other 
open  on  the  inner  face.  —  Small  herbs,  the  bases  of  the  leaves  or  petioles  con- 
nected by  a  bristle-bearing  stii)ular  membrane.  Flowers  small,  crowded  into 
sessile  axillary  whorled  clusters  or  heads.  Corolla  whitish.  (Name  compounded 
of  anepfia,  seed,  and  aKaxrj,  a  point,  probably  from  the  pointed  calyx-teeth  on 
the  fruit.) 

1.  S.  glabra,  Mich.x.  Ghii)rous  j)crennial ;  stems  sjircading  (9' -20'  long) ; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate;  whorled  heads  many-dowered  ;  corolla  little  exceeding 
the  calyx,  bearded  in  the  throat,  bearing  the  anthers  at  its  base;  filaments  and 
style  hardly  any.  —  River-banks,  S.  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug. 

3.       DIODIA,       L.  BlTTON-WEED. 

Calyx-teeth  2 -.5,  often  unequal.  Fruit  2-  (rarely  3-)  celled;  the  crustaccous 
carpels  into  which  it  splits  all  closed  and  indehisccnt.  Otherwise  resembling 
Spermaeoce.  Flowering  all  summer.  (Name  from  8io6os,  a  thoroughfare ;  the 
species  often  growing  by  the  wayside.) 

1.  D.  Virginica,  L.  Smooth  or  hairy  perennial ;  stems  spreading  (1°- 
2°  long) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile ;  flowers  1-3  in  each 
axil;  corolla  white  {V  long),  the  .flnidcr  tube  nhrupllij  expanded  into  the  large 
limb;  style  2-p<(rted ;  friit  ohiinii/,  stronglii  fnrrowid,  crowiu'd  mostly  with  2  slender 
calyx-teeth.  —  River-banks,  Maryland,  and  southward.  Also  naturalized  near 
Fhiladelphia,  C.  F.  Parker. 


KUBIACEyE.       (mAUDF.R    FAMILY.)  211 

2.  D.  tdres,  Walt.  Hairy  or  minutely  ])uhcscent  annual ;  stem  spreading 
3 '-  9'  long),  nearly  terete ;  leaves  iinear-Ianei.olatc,  elosely  sessiile,  ri<,nd  ;  Howers 
1-3  in  each  axil;  corolla  Juiinel-form  (2"-3"  lony,  whitish),  witii  short'lobes, 
not  exeeeiling  the  long  bristles  of  the  stipules;  sti/lc  tnKlividal ;  fruit  obovate- 
turbinate,  nut  furroiad,  erownetl  witii  4  short  ealyx-teeth.  —  bandy  liclds,  from 
New  Jersey  and  Illinois  southward. 

4.    CEPHALANTHUS,    L.        BLXTOx-nrsii. 

Calyx-tube  inversely  pyramidal,  the  limb  4-toothed.  Corolla  tubular,  4- 
toothed ;  the  teeth  imbrieated  in  the  bud.  Style  thread-form,  much  protruded. 
Stiy:ma  capitate.  Fruit  dry  and  hard,  small,  inversely  pyramidal,  2-4-celled, 
at  length  splitting  from  the  base  upward  into  2  -  4-closed  1-seeded  j)ortions. — 
Shrubs,  with  the  flowers  densely  aggregated  in  spherical  pedunded  heails.  Flow- 
ers white.     (Xame  composed  ol'  K((f}a\T],  a  lund,  and  livdos,  d  Jlouxr.) 

1.  C.  OCCident^lis,  L.  Smooth  or  ])ul)esccnt;  leaves  ijctiokd,  ovate  or 
lanceolate-oblong,  pointed,  opposite  or  whorled  in  threes,  with  short  intervening 
stipules.  —  Wet  places  :  common.     July,  Aug. 

5.    MITCHELLA,    L.        Paktuidg^-berry. 

Flowers  in  pairs,  with  their  ovaries  united.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Corolla  fun- 
nel-form, 4-lobed ;  the  lobes  spreading,  densely  bearded  inside,  valvate  in  the 
bud.  Stamens  4.  Style  I  :  stigmas  4,  linear.  Fruit  a  berry-like  double  drupe, 
crowned  with  the  calyx-teeth  of  the  two  tiowers,  eueh  with  4  small  and  seed-like 
bony  nutlets.  —  A  smooth  and  trailing  small  evergreen  herb,  with  round-ovate 
and  siiining  petioied  leaves,  minute  stipules,  wiiite  fragrant  flowers  often  tinged 
with  |mr])le,  and  scarlet  edible  (but  nearly  tasteless)  dry  berries,  which  remain 
overwinter.  Flowers  occasionally  3  -  G-raerons,  always  dimorphous  ;  all  those 
of  some  individuals  having  exserted  stamens  and  included  stigmas;  of  others, 
included  stamens  and  exserted  style.  (This  very  jiretty  plant  commemorates 
Dr.  John  Mitch' II,  an  early  correspondent  of  Linnieus,  and  an  excellent  botanist, 
who  roidcd  in  Virginia.) 

1.  M.  l'6pens,  L.  —  Dry  wooils,  creeping  about  the  font  of  trees  :  common. 
June,  July.  —  Leaves  often  variegated  with  whitish  lines.  Karely  the  two  flow- 
ers arc  completely  confluent  into  one,  with  a  10-lobed  corolla. 

6.     OLDENLANDIA,    Plumier,  L.        Oi-dicnlamiiv. 

Calyx  4-  (rarely  5-)  lohcd,  persistent.  Corolla  short,  in  our  species  wheel- 
shaped ;  the  limb  4-  (rarely  .")-)  parted,  v.ilvatc  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4  (rarely 
5):  anthers  short.  Style  1  or  none:  stigmas  2.  Foil  thin,  2-celled,  many- 
8ce<led,  opening  loculicidally  across  the  summit.  Seeds  concave,  very  numer- 
ous, minute  and  angidar.  —  Low  herbs,  with  small  sti[iules  united  to  the  peti- 
oles. (Dedicated,  in  I70.T,  to  the  memory  of  O'ihnhnul,  a  German  jihysiciaii 
and  botanist,  wiio  died  varly  at  the  ('iii>e  of  (Jood  IIo]r'.) 

1  O.  glomer^ta,  Michx  An  iiuonspienous,  pubescent  or  smoothish, 
brauehed  and  spreading  annual  (2'- 12' high) ;  leaves  oblong ;  flowers  in  sessile 


212  RUBIACK^.       (madder    FAMILY.) 

axillary  clusters ;  corolla  nearly  wheel-shaped  (white),  much  shorter  than  the 
calyx.  (().  uniflura,  L.  Ikdyotis  glouierata,  EU.)  —  Wet  places,  S.  New  York 
to  Virginia  near  the  coast,  aud  southward. 

7.    HOUSTONIA,    L.        IIoustonia. 

Calyx  4-lol)ed,  persistent;  the  lobes  in  fruit  distant.  Corolla  salver-form  or 
funnel-form,  usually  much  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  4-lobed,  the  lobes  valvate 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  4  :  anthers  linear  or  oblong.  Style  1  :  stigmas  2.  Ovary 
2-cellcd.  Pod  top-shaped,  globular,  or  didymous,  thin,  its  summit  or  upper 
half  free  from  and  projecting  beyond  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  loculicidal  across  the 
top.  Seeds  rather  few  (4-20  in  each  cell),  peltate  and  saucer-shajjed  or  globu- 
lar-tiiimble-shaped.  pitted.  —  Small  herbs,  with  short  entire  stipules  connecting 
the  petioles  or  narrowed  bases  of  the  leaves,  and  cymosc  or  solitary  and  pedun- 
cled  flowers.  These  are  dimorphous,  in  some  individuals  with  the  anthers  borne 
high  up  on  the  tube  of  the  cofolla  and  projecting  from  its  throat,  while  the  style 
is  short  and  the  stigma  therefore  included  :  in  the  other  sort  the  anthers  are  low 
down  in  the  corolla  and  the  style  long,  the  stigmas  therefore  protruding ;  —  an 
arrangement  for  cross-fertilization.  (Named  for  Dr.  Wm.  Houston,  an  English 
botanist  who  collected  in  Central  America.)  The  genus,  formerly  merged  in 
Oldenlandia,  merits  S-estoration. 

*  Erect,  mosf/i/  perennial  herbs  (G'-20'  hir/h),  tvith  siern-leaves  sessile,  and  flowers 

in  terminal  small  cymes  or  clusters:  corolla  funnel-form,  purplish,  often  hairy  in- 
side: seeds  meniscoiddl ,  ivith  a  ridije  acj-oss  the  hollowed  inner  face. 

1.  H.  purpurea,  L.  Pubescent  or  smooth  (8'- 1 5' high);  leaves  varyiu;/ 
from  roundish-ovate  to  lunceolote,  3  -  5-ribbed ;  calyx-lobes  longer  than  the  Imlf 
free  globular  pod.  (IIoustonia  purpurea,  Z.  H.  varians,  ^l/(t7ij-.  Oldenlandia 
purpurea,  ed.  2.)  —  Woodlands,  W.  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and  southward. 
May- July.  —  Varying  wonderfully,  as  into  :  — 

Var.  longif61ia.  Leaves  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  1-ribbed  ;  calyx-lobes  scarcely  as  long  as  the  pod ;  stems  5'- 
12'  high.  ( IIoustonia  longifolia,  Willd.)  —  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 
—  A  narrow-leaved,  slender  form  is  11.  tenuifolia,  Nutt. 

Var.  ciliolata.  More  tufied  stems  .3'-G'  high;  root-leaves  in  rosettes, 
thickish  and  ciiiate  ;  calyx-lobes  about  as  long  as  the  pod.  (Houstonia  ciliolata, 
Torr.)  — Along  the  Great  Lakes  and  rivers,  from  N.  New  York  to  Wisconsin. 

2.  H.  angustif61ia,  Michx.  Stems  tufted  from  a  hard  or  woody  root; 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  acute.  1-ribbed,  many  of  them  fascicled;  flowers  crowded, 
short-pedicelled  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  densely  bearded  inside ;  pod  oboroid,  acute  at 
the  l)a.<ip,  only  its  summit  free  from  the  calyx,  opening  first  across  the  top,  at  length 
through  the  partition.  (Oldenlandia  angustifolia,  ed.  2.  Hcdyotis  stcnophylla, 
Torr.  ^-  Gray.)  —  Plains  and  banks,  from  Illinois  southward.     June -Aug. 

*  *  Small  and  delicate,  chiefly  annuals  or  biennials,  vernal-flowerinf] :  ptdunchs  \-flow- 

ered :  corolla  sed  vi-r-furm  :  upper  half  of  the  broad  and  somewhat  '2-lobed  pod  free : 
seeds  (/lobular,  ivith  a  very  deep  round  cavity  occupying  the  inner  face. 

3.  H.  minima,  Beck.  Scabrous;  stems  at  length  much  branched  and 
spreading  (l'-4'  high);  lowest  leaves  ovate  or  spatulate,  the  upper  oblong  or 


I 


VALEKIANACE^.   (VALEUIAX  FAMILY.)  213 

nearly  linear;  earlier  peduncles  elonjjatcd  and  spreading  in  fruit,  the  later  ones 
sliort ;  titl>e  of  the  pnrijlish  corolla  not  lom/ir  than  its  loln's  nor  than  the  amjth.  calijX' 
lobes  (\V  lonjr).  —  Dry  hills,  W.  Illinois  and  south  westward.     March -May. 

4.  H.  casi'tllea,  L.  (Bluets.)  (^^Ai/^johs;  stems  erect,  slender,  sparingly 
branched  from  the  base  (.3'- 5' high)  ;  leaves  oblong-spatulate  (."J" -4"  long) ; 
peduncle  lilitbrni,  erect ;  corolla  with  tube  much  loni/cr  than  its  l(Jtes  or  than  those 
of  tlie  calyx.  (Oklenlandia  cKrulea,  cd.  2.)  Moist  and  grassy  places;  produ- 
cing from  early  spring  to  niitlsuniuier  its  delicate  little  flowers,  light  blue,  pale 
lilac,  or  nearly  white  with  a  yellowish  eye. 

H.  sERi'YLLiFoi-iA,  Michx.,  —  with  similar  flowers,  but  with  slender 
creeping  stems,  abounding  in  the  mountains  of  N.  Carolina,  —  may  occur  in 
those  of  Virginia. 

H.  ROTLXDiFOLiA,  Miclix.,  —  also  Creeping,  but  with  much  larger  round- 
ish leaves,  and  axillary  peduncles  nodding  in  fruit,  —  belongs  to  the  low  country 
of  the  Southern  States,  and  may  occur  in  S.  E.  Virginia. 


Order   51.     VALERIANACEiE.     (Valeriax  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules :  the  calyx-tube  coherent  with 
the  ovary,  which  has  one  fertile  l-ovulerl  cell  and  two  abortive  or  empty  ones  ; 
the  staynens  distinct,  I  -  3,  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  inserted 
on  its  tube.  —  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel-form,  often  irregular,  mostly  5- 
lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Style  slender  :  stigmas  1  -  3. 
Fruit  indeliisoent,  1-celled  (the  two  empty  cells  of  the  ovary  disappear- 
ing), or  3-celleil,  two  of  them  empty,  the  other  1-seeded.  Seed  suspended, 
anatropous,  with  a  large  embryo  and  no  albumen.  —  Flowers  in  panicled 
or  clustered  cymes.  (Roots  often  odorous  and  antispasmodic.)  —  Repre- 
sented by  only  two  genera. 

1.    VALERIANA,    Toum.        Valeriax. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  of  several  plumose  bristles  (like  a  pappus)  which  are  rolled 
up_  inwards  in  flower,  but  unroll  and  spread  as  the  seed-like  1-celled  fruit  ma- 
tures. Corolla  commonly  gibbous  near  tlie  base,  the  ij-lobed  limb  nearly  regular. 
Stamens  3.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  thickened  strong-scented  foots,  and  simple 
or  pinnate  leaves.  Flowers  in  many  species  imperfectly  dicecious,  or  iliniorphous. 
(Name  from  valere,  to  have  efficacy,  alluding  to  the  medicinal  qualities.) 
*  Unot  Jihrons :  leaves  thin.      {Stems  l°-S°  hiyh  ) 

1.  V.  paucifl6ra,  Michx.  Smooth,  slemler,  sureulose  ;  root-leaves  ovate, 
heart-slia/ied,  toothed,  pointed,  sometimes  with  2  small  lateral  divisions  ;  stem- 
leaves  piimate,  with  3-7  ovate  toothed  leaflets  ;  branches  of  the  panicled  cyme 
few-flowered  ;  tube  of  the  (pale  pink)  corolla  lony  and  slender  {y  long).  —  Wood- 
lands, and  alluvial  banks,  IVnn.  (near  Lancaster,  Prof.  Porter)  ami  Ohio  to  S. 
Illinois  and  southward.     June. 

2.  V.  sylv^tica,  Richards.  Smooth  or  minutely  pubescent ;  root-leaves 
ovate,  or  oblong,  entire,  rarely  with  2  small  lobCB  ;  stem-leaves  pinnate,  with  5-11 


214  VALKUIANACK-K.   (VALKUIAN  FAMILY.) 

ob!ong-ovate  or  lanceolate  nearly  entire  leaflets ;  cyme  at  first  close,  many- 
flowered  ;  corolla  Inviri^ilij  conical  (3"  loni;,  rosc-eolor  or  white).  —  Cedar  swamps, 
Western  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and  nortinvanl.  June.  (Probably  a  form  of 
V.  dioiea,  L.)  n. 

*  Hoot  s/iindh'-shapcd,  larr/e  and  deep  (6' -12'  long)  :  leaves  thickish. 
3.  V.  6dulis,  Nutt.  Smooth,  or  minntcly  downy  when  very  yonng  ;  stem 
straight  (l°-4°  high),  few-leaved;  leaves  commonly  minutely  and  densely 
ciliate,  those  of  the  root  spatulate  and  lanceolate,  of  the  stem  pinnately  parted 
into  3-7  long  and  narrow  divisions  ;  flowers  in  a  long  and  narrow  interrupted 
panicle,  nearly  diu'cious ;  corolla  whitish,  obconieal  (2"  long).  (V.  ciliiita, 
Torr.  ^-  Gr.) — Alluvial  ground,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  and  westward.     June. 

2.     FEDIA,     Gicrtn.        Coun  Salad.     L.vmb-Lettuce. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete  or  merely  toothed.  Corolla  funnel-form,  equally 
or  unequally  5-lobed.  Stamens  3,  rarely  2.  Fruit  3-celled,  two  of  the  cells 
empty  and  sometimes  confluent  into  one,  the  other  1-seeded. — Annuals  and 
biennials,  usually  smooth,  with  forking  stems,  tender  and  rather  succulent  leaves 
(entire  or  cut-lobed  towards  the  base),  and  white  or  whitish  cymose-clustered 
and  bracte'd  small  flowers.  (Name  of  uncertain  derivation.)  —  Our  species  all 
have  the  limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete,  and  are  so  much  alike  in  aspect,  flowers, 
&c.,  that  good  characters  are  only  to  be  taken  from  the  fruit.  They  all  have 
a  rather  short  corolla,  the  limb  of  which  is  nearly  regular,  and  therefore  be- 
long to  the  section  (by  many  botanists  taken  as  a  genus)  Valkuianella. 

1.  F.  OLiTURiA,  Vahl.  Fndt  compressed,  oblique,  at  length  broader  than 
long,  with  (I  corkij  or  sponpi/  moss  at  the  buck  of  the  fi-rlUe  cell  nearli/  as  larfje  as  the 
(often  confluent)  emj)ti/  cells;  flowers  bluish. —  Fields,  New  York  and  Peim. 
to  Virginia  :  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  F.  Fagopyrum,  Ton-.  &  Gr.  Fruit  ordte-triniifjiilnr,  smooth,  not  t/rooued 
between  the  (at  length  confluent)  em pti/ cells,  which  form  the  anterior  am/le,  and  are 
much  smaller  than  the  broad  and  JIat  fertile  one  ;  flowers  white.  —  Low  grounds, 
from  Western  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  May,  June. — Plant 
l°-20  high. 

3.  F.  radi^ta,  Michx.  Fruit  ovoid,  downi/  (rarely  smooth),  oldnseli/  and 
tmequally  somewhat  A-amjled ;  the  empti]  cells  parallel  and  contifjuons,  but  with  a 
deep  groove  between  them,  rather  narroicer  than  the  flat tish  fertile  cell.  —  Low 
grounds,  Penn.  to  Michigan,  an<l  southward.  —  Plant  6' -15'  high. 

4.  F.  Umbilic^ta,  Sulliv.  Fmit  (/lolndar-omte,  smooth;  the  much  in  flat  d 
sterile  cells  wider  and  many  times  thicker  than  the  flattish  feHile  one,  contiguous,  and 
when  yovmg  with  a-common  partition,  u-hen  grown,  indented  with  a  deep  circular 
depressiou  in  the  middle,  opening  into  the  confluent  sterile  cells;  bracts  not  cili- 
ate.—  Moist  grounds,  Columbus,  Ohio,  SulJivant.     (Sill.  Jour.  Jan.  1842.) 

5.  F.  patell^l'ia,  Sulliv.  Fruit  smooth,  circular,  platter-shafied  or  disk-like, 
slightly  notched  at  both  ends,  the  flattrned-concave  sterile  cells  widili/  divergent, 
much  broader  than  the  fertile  one,  and  forming  a  kind  of  wing  arotmd  it  when 
ripe.  —  Low  grounds,  Columbus.  Ohio,  Sullivant.  —  Plant  l°-2°  high,  resem- 
bling the  last,  but  with  a  very  diflerent  fruit. 


COMPOSIT.E.       (COMPOSITK    FAMILY.;  215 

Ordkr  52.     DIPSACE.'E.     (Tkaskl  Family.) 

Herbs,  witli  opposite  or  tchor/ed  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  the  flowers  in  dense 
heads,  surrounded  by  an  involucre,  as  in  the  Composite  Funiily  ;  but  the  sta- 
mens are  distinct,  and  the  suspended  seed  has  albumen.  —  Represented  by 
the  Scabious  (cultivated)  and  the  genus 

1.     DIPSACUS,     Tourn.        Teasei- 

InvohicTC  maiiy-lcavi'd,  lonj^er  than  tlie  chaffy  Icafy-tippcd  and  pointed  bracts 
amon^  the  (k-nsdy  capitate  Ho\vor.>( :  cm\\  tlower  with  a  4-lcaved  calyx-like  in- 
voluccl  investin},^  the  ovary  and  fruit  (aclicniuni).  Ciilyx-tubc  coherent  with 
the  ovary,  the  limb  cup-.shapcd,  without  a  pappus.  Corolla  nearly  regular, 
4-clcft.  Stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  corolla,  t^tyle  slender.  —  Stout  and  coarse 
biennials,  hairy  or  priekly,  with  large  oblong  heads.  (Name  from  5(^da>, 
to  thirst,  probably  because  the  united  cup-shaj)cd  bases  of  the  leaves  in  some 
species  hold  water.) 

1.  D.  SYLVESTRis,  Mill.  ( W I'D  Tkasel. )  Prickly  ;  Icavcs  lancc-oblong ; 
leaves  of  the  involucre  slender,  longer  than  the  head  ;  bracts  (chart)  tapering 
into  a  long  fle.xiblc  awn  with  a  straight  jwint.  —  Roadsides  :  rather  rare.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.)     Susjx:cted  to  be  the  original  of 

'2.  D.  Fllloxum,  L.,  the  cultivated  Fi;i.ler's  TEASKi^.wbich  has  a  shorter 
involucre,  and  stifJ"  chaff  to  the  heads,  with  hooked  points,  used  for  raising  a 
nap  upon  woollen  cloth  :  it  has  escaped  from  cultivation  in  some  places.  (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

OuDEu  53.     COItlPOSIT.E.      (Composite  Family.) 

Flowers  in  a  close  head  (tlie  compound  flower  of  the  older  botanists), 
on  a  common  receptacle,  surrounded  by  an  involucre,  with  5  (rarely  4) 
stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla,  their  anthers  united  in  a  tube  (synyenesious). 
—  Calyx-tube  united  with  the  1-celled  ovary,  the  limb  (called  a.  pappus) 
crowning  its  summit  in  the  form  of  bristles,  awns,  scales,  teeth,  &c.,  or 
cup-shaped,  or  else  entirely  absent.  Corolla  either  strap-shaped  or  tubu- 
lar ;  in  the  latter  chielly  5-lobed,  valvat«  in  the  bud,  the  veins  bordering 
the  margins  of  the  lobes.  Style  2-cleft  at  the  ape.x.  Fruit  seed-like 
(achenium),  dry,  containing  a  single  erect  "aiiatropous  seed,  with  no  albu- 
men. —  An  immense  family,  in  temperate  regions  chiefly  herbs,  without 
stipules,  with  perfect,  polygamous,  monoecious,  or  di<rcious  flowers.  The 
flowers  with  a  strap-shaped  (liyulate)  corolla  are  called  rays  or  ray-Jlotc- 
ers:  the  head  which  presents  such  flowers,  either  throughout  or  at  the 
margin,  is  radiate.  The  tubular  flowers  compose  the  disk  ;  and  a  head 
■which  has  no  ray-flowers  is  said  to  be  discoid.  When  the  head  contains 
two  sorts  of  flowers  it  is  saitl  to  be  hflcrdyamous  :  when  oidy  one  sort, 
homdyamous.  The  leaves  of  the  involucre,  of  whatever  form  or  texture, 
are  termed  scales.     The  bracts  or  scales,  which  often  grow  on  the  recep- 


216  COMPOSITyE.       (COMPOSITK    FAMILY.) 

tacle  among  the  flowers,  are  called  the  chaff:  when  these  are  wanting, 
the  receptacle  is  s.iid  to  he  naked.  —  The  largest  order  of  Phfcnoganious 
plants.  It  is  divided  by  the  corolla  into  three  suborders,  only  two  of 
which  are  represented  in  the  Northern  United  States.  The  first  is  much 
the  larger. 

SunonnF.n  I.     TUBUHFtORiE. 

Corolla  tubular  in  all  the  perfect  flowers,  regularly  5-  (rarely  3-4-) 
lobed,  ligulate  only  in  the  marginal  or  ray-tlowers,  which  when  present 
are  either  pistillate  only,  or  neutral  (with  neither  stamens  nor  pistil). 

The  technical  characters  of  the  five  tribes  of  the  vast  sul)ordcr  TubuliJIora, 
taken  from  the  styles,  rc(iuirc  a  magnifyinj^-glass  to  make  tliem  out,  and  will 
not  always  be  clear  to  the  student.  Tiic  following  artificial  analysis,  founded 
upon  other  and  more  obvious  distinctions,  will  be  useful  to  the  beginner.  (The 
numbers  are  those  of  the  genera.) 

Artificial    Key   to    the   Genera    of  this   Suborder. 

§  1.    Rays  or  ligulate  flowers  none:  corollas  all  tubular  (or  rarely  none). 
*  Flowers  of  the  head  all  perfect  and  alike. 
Pappus  composed  of  bristles  ; 

Double,  the  outer  of  very  short,  the  inner  of  longer  bristles No.  1 

Simple,  the  bristleoi  all  of  the  same  sort. 

Heads  few-flowered,  themselves  aggregated  into  a  compound  or  dense  cluster.  .         .         2. 
Heads  separate,  few-flowered  or  many-flowered. 

Keceptacle  (when  the  flowers  are  pulled  off)  bristly-hairy    .        .        .        .      67,  68,  "0. 

Kcceptacle  deeply  honeycomb-like 69. 

Keceptacle  uaked. 

Pappus  of  plumose  or  bearded  stiff  bristles.     Flowers  purple 4. 

Pappus  of  very  plumose  bristles.     Flowers  whitish •        .        5. 

Pappus  of  slender  but  rather  stiff  rough  bristles 6,7,8,20. 

Pappus  of  very  soft  and  weak  naked  bristles 62,  63. 

Pappus  composed  of  scales  or  cbatf. 

Receptacle  naked.     Leaves  in  whorls.  3. 

Iteceptiicle  naked.     Leaves  alternate 45. 

lleceptncle  bearing  chaff  among  the  flowers. 49. 

Pappus  of  2  or  few  barbed  awns  or  teeth 41,42. 

Pappus  none,  or  a  mere  crown-like  margin  to  the  fruit. 65,  57. 

*  *  Flowers  of  two  kinds  in  the  .same  head. 
Marginal  flowers  neutral  and  sterile,  either  conspicuous  or  inconspicuous.         .        .        65,  66. 
Marginal  flowers  pistillate  and  fertile. 

Keceptacle  elongated  and  bearing  broad  chaff  among  the  flowers 60. 

Receptacle  naked  or  bearing  no  conspicuous  chalf. 

Pappus  of  capillary  bristles.     Involucre  imbricated 23,  fiS.  59 

Pappus  of  capillary  bristles.     Involucre  merely  one  row  of  scales.  .  .     14,61. 

Pappus  obsolete  or  none. 

Achenia  becoming  much  loneer  than  the  involucre. 11 

Acheiiia  not  exceeding  the  involucre 29,  56,  57. 

♦  »  *  Flowers  of  two  kinds  in  .separate  heads,  the  one  pistillate,  the  other  staminate. 

Heads  dioecious  ;  in  both  kinds  many-flowered.     Pappus  capillary 24,  59 

Heads  monoecious  ;  the  fertile  1  -  2-flowered  and  closed.     Pappus  none.       .        .        .  30,  31 


COMPOSURE,     (composite  famii,\-.)  217 

{  2.    Rays  present ;  1.  c.  the  mnrginal  flowers  or  some  of  thein  with  ligulate  corollas. 
•  I'uppus  of  cupillujy  bristles.     (Iluys  uU  pistillate.) 

RajR  occupy  ing  several  rows 9,  10,  14. 

Ka>8  ill  oue  iii.irKiiiiil  row,  mid 

\Vhit«,  purple  or  blue,  uever  yellow 12-15. 

Yellow,  of  the  niuiu  color  as  the  il'i^k. 

Pappus  double,  the  outer  short  and  minute 21. 

Pappus  ^illlple. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  equal  and  all  in  one  row.    Leaves  alternate.        .        .  C3. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  in  two  rows.     Leaves  opposite 04. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated.     Leaves  alternate 19,  22. 

*  •  Pappus  a  circle  of  shafTy  scales,  dissected  into  bristles.     ...      44. 
•  •  *  Pappus  a  circle  of  tliin  chuffy  scales  or  short  chaffy  bristlea. 

Heads  several-flowered.     Receptacle  chaffy. 50. 

Heads  8-10  Hi>weri'd.     Keceptacle  naked 18. 

Heads  many-flowered.     Kcceptacle  dei-ply  honeycombed 48. 

Heads  mil ny- flowered.     Keceptacle  naked 45.},  46,  47. 

•  »  *  Pappus  none,  or  a  cup  or  crown,  or  of  2  or  3  awns,  teeth,  or  chaffy  scales  corresponding 

with  the  edges  or  angles  of  the  ucheniuui,  often  with  intervening  minute  bristles  or  scales. 

1-  Keceptacle  naked. 

Acbenia  flat,  wing-margined.     Pappus  of  separate  little  bristles  or  awns 16. 

Acbcnia  fliit,  marginless.     Pappus  none.     Receptacle  conical 17. 

Achenia  terete  or  angled.     Pappus  none.     Receptacle  flattish 54. 

Achenia  angled.     Pappus  a  little  cup  or  crown.     Receptacle  conical.  ....      55. 

4-  -I-  Receptacle  chaffy. 
Rays  neutral  (rarely  pistillate  but  sterile)  ;  the  disk-flowers  perfect  and  fertile. 
Receptacle  elevated  (varying  from  strongly  convex  to  columnar;,  and 

Chaffy  only  at  the  summit ;  the  chaff  deciduous.     Pappus  none 5I. 

Chaffy  Ihrous'iout.     Achenia  flattened  laterally  If  at  all 8G-40. 

Receptacle  flat  or  fliltish.     Achenia  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  or  chaff.       .    41,42. 
Rays  pistillate  .ind  fertile  ;  the  disk-flowers  also  perfect  and  fertile. 

Achenia  much  flattened  laterally,  1-2-awned 43. 

Achenia  flattened  p.irallel  with  the  scales  and  chaff.     Pappus  none.        ...  53. 

Achenia  3- 4-angular   terete  or  laterally  flatfish,  awnless. 

Receptacle  convex  or  conical.     Leaves  alternate  dissected 52. 

Receptacle  conical.     Leaves  opposite   simple. 

Achenia  ohovoid.     Involucre  a  leafy  cup 32. 

.Achenia  4-angular.     Involucre  of  separate  scales. S.'S. 

Recppticle  flat.     Leaves  opposite  and  simple 33,  34. 

Rays  pistillate  and  fertile  :  the  disk -flowers  staniinat«  and  sterile  (pistil  imperfect). 

Receptacle  chaffy 25-28. 


Systemalic    Synopsis. 
Tribe  I.     VKRNOXIACF^..     Heads  discoid  ;  the  flowers  all  alike,  perfect  and  tubu- 
lar.    Branches  of  the  style  long  and  slender,  terete,  thread-shaped,  minutely  bristly -hairy 
all  over.  —  Leaves  alternate  or  scattered. 
1.  Vernoiiln.     Heads  several -many-flowered,  separate.    Involucre  of  many  scales.     Pap- 
pus of  many  capillary  bristles 
2    Elrpliniilopiis.     Heads  .l-o-flowered,  several  crowded  topether  into  a  compound  head. 

Involucre  of  S  .scales.     Pappus  of  several  chaffy  bristles. 
Tribe  II.     ErP.\TORf.\rFiK.     Heads  di.scoid,  the  flowers  all  alike,  perfect  and  tu- 
bular ;  or  in  a  few  cases  dissimilar,  and   the  outer  ones  ligulate      Ilranches  of  the  style 
thickened  upwards  or  club-shaped,  obtuse,  very  mlnutbl/  and  uniformly  pubescent  -,  tb* 
siigmaUc  Unee  indistinct,  , 

G  M— 10 


218  CO-MPOSIT.E.       (cOMrOSITE    FAMILY.) 

Subtrlbe  1.     EupatorU-rc.     Flowers  all  perfect  and  tubular,  never  truly  yellow. 

*  Pappus  a  row  of  hard  scales. 

8.  Sclerolepis.     Head  many -flonereJ.     Scales  of  the  involucre  equal.    Leaves  wborled. 

»  *  I'appus  of  slender  bristles. 

4.  Lilatris.    Achenia  many-rihbcd.     Bristles  of  the  pappus  plumose  or  barbellate.     Corollas 

red-purple,  .strongly  5-lobed. 

5.  Kiiliiiiii.     Aohenia  many -ribbed.     Bristles  of  the  pappus  very  strongly  plumose.  Corol- 

liui  whitish,  5-toothed. 

6.  Eu|>atui-iiim.     Achenia  5-angled.     Bri.«tles  of  the  pappus  roughish.     Scales  of  the 

involucre  many  or  several.     Ueieptacle  of  the  5 -many  flowers  flat  or  barely  convex. 

7.  nilkaiiia.     Acbenia  and  pappus  as  No.  6>     Scales  of  the  involucre  and  flowers  only  4. 

8.  Couoclluiuin<     Acbenia,  pappus,  &c.  as  No.  6.    Receptacle  conical. 

iSubtribe  3.     Tussilasinrte.     Flowers  (sometimes  yellow,  more  or  le.'s  monoecious  or 
diwi'ious)  of  2  sorts  iu  the  same  head. 
*  Outer  flowers  of  each  (many-flowered)  head  l>istillate  and  ligulate.     Scape  leafless. 
9    NardoMiiiiu.     Heads  corymbed.     Flowers  somewhat  dioecious.     Pappus  capillary. 

10.  Tussilujjo.    Ilead  single  ;  the  outer  pistillate  flowers  in  many  rows.     Pappus  capillary. 

♦  *  Flowers  all  tubular.     Stem  leafy. 

11.  Adenocauloii.     Uead  few-flowered  ;  the  ouler  flowers  pistillate.     Pappus  none. 

Tribe  III.  ASTEROIDEiE.  Heads  discoid,  with  the  flowers  all  alike  and  tuhular  ; 
or  else  radiate,  the  outer  ones  ligulate  and  pistillate.  Bl-auches  of  the  style  in  the  perfect 
flowers  flat,  smooth  up  to  where  the  conspicuous  marginal  stigmatic  lines  abruptly  termi- 
nate, and  prolonged  above  this  into  a  flattened  lance-shaped  or  triangular  appendage  which 
is  evenly  hairy  or  pubescent  outside.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Keceptacle  naked  (destitute  of 
chafl^)  in  all  our  species. 

Subtrlbe  1.  Asterliiere.  Flowers  of  the  head  all  alike  and  perfect,  or  the  marginal 
ones  ligulate  and  pistillate.     Anthers  without  tails  at  the  base. 

»  Kay -flowers  white,  blue,  or  purple,  never  yellow. 
^-  Pappus  of  numerous  long  and  capillary  bristles :  receptacle  flat. 

12.  Sericocnrpus.    Heads  12  -  15  flowered  :  rays  4  or  5.     Involucre  oblong  or  club-shaped, 

imbricated,  carJ;ilaginous.     Ac  .euia  short,  narrowed  downwards,  silky. 

13.  Aster.     Heads  many-flowered.    Involucre  loosely  or  closely  imbricated,    .\chenia  flattish. 

Pappus  simple,  copious. 

14.  Eriseroii.       Heads   many-flowered.      Involucre  of  narrow   scales,   little  imbricated. 

Achenia  flattened.     Pappus  simple  and  rather  scanty,  or  with  some  outer  minute  scales. 

15.  DIplopappus.      Heads  many-flowered.     Involucre  imbricated.     Pappus  double;  the 

outer  obscure,  of  minute  slitt  bristles, 
t-  I-  Pappus  of  very  short  rigid  bristles,  or  none  :  receptacle  conical  or  hemispherical. 

16.  Boltonia.     Achenia  flat  and  wing-margined.     Pappus  very  short. 

17.  Bellis.     Achenia  marginless.     Pappus  none.     Recepta<;le  conical. 

*  *  Ray-flowers  yellow  (in  one  species  of  Polidago  whitish),  or  sometimes  none  at  all. 

18.  Brachj-rhreta.    Heads  8-10  flowered,  clustered:  rays  4  or  5.     Pappus  a  row  of  mi- 

nute bristles  shorter  than  the  achenium. 

19.  !SoIifIii;;o.     Heads  few  -  many-flowered  :  rays  1  -  16.     Pappus  simple,  of  numerous  slen- 

der and  erjual  capillary  bristles. 

20.  Bigelovia.     Heads  3- 4-flowered  :  rays  none.     Receptacle  awl-shapcd.     Pappus  simple, 

a  single  row  of  capillary  bristles. 

21.  Chrysopsia.     Heads  many-flowered:  rays  numerous.     Pappus  double;  the  outer  of 

very  small  chaffy  bristles,  much  shorter  than  the  inner  of  copious  capillary  bristles. 

Subtrlbe  2.     Inulrse.     Anthers  with  tails  at  their  base  :  otherwise  as  Subtribe  1. 

22.  luulo.     Heads  many-flowered.     Rays  many.     Pappus  capillary  and  copious. 


COMPOSITyr,.       (COMPOSITK    FAMILY.)  219 

Snbtribc  3.  Bncchnricletv  &.  Tart-honaiithfoe.  Flowors  of  the  head  all  tuba- 
Ijir,  eitlier  dineoious  or  iiioiia'ciou-',  n.-iim-ly,  the  Ktiiniinitto  and  pistillate  (lowtTH  eitlier  in 
different  la-ads  on  distinct  plants,  or  in  the  sanii-  liead.  Corolla  of  the  pistillate  fertile  flow- 
ers a  very  slender  tube  fiheathing  the  style,  and  truncat4!  at  the  summit. 

23.  Pliichrn.     Heads  contJiining  a  few  perfect  but  sterile  flowers  in  the  centre,  and  many 

pistillate  fertile  ones  around  them.     Anthers  tiileJ  at  the  base.     I'uppus  capillary. 

24.  BacchnrU.     Heads  dicGcious,  some  all  pistillate,  others  all  stamiaate,  on  different  plants. 

Anthers  tailles-s.     Pappus  capillary. 

Tribe  IV.  SENECIOXIDE.^.  Heads  various.  Branches  of  the  style  in  the  fertile 
flowers  linear,  thiokish  or  convex  externally,  flat  intemalh,  hairy  or  pi^ncil-tufted  at  the 
apex  (where  the  stiginatic  lines  terminate  abruptly),  and  eitlier  truncate,  or  continued  be- 
yond into  a  bristly-hairy  appendage.  —  Leaves  either  opposite  or  alternate. 

Subtribe  1.  Melnmpodiiierc.  Flowers  none  of  them  truly  perfect,  but  either  stam- 
inate  or  pistillate  ;  the  two  sorts  either  in  the  same  or  in  different  heads.  Anthers  tailless. 
I'uppus,  if  any,  never  of  bristles. 

•  Heads  containing  two  kinds  of  flowers,  the  marginal  ones  pistillate,  the  central  and  tubular 

Rtaminate  flowers  having  a  style,  but  alwais  sterile. 
<-  Fertile  flowers  with  a  li^ulate  corolla  (rarely  wanting  in  No.  25)     receptacle  chaffy. 

25.  Polyimiln.     Achenia  thick  and  turgid,  roundi.sh.     Pappus  none. 

26.  Chrysnjfonum.     Achenia  flattish.     I'appus  a  one-sided  2  -  S-toothed  chaffy  crown. 

27.  Sil|ihluin.      Achenia  flat,  wing-margined,  numerous  in  several  rows :  rays  deciduous. 

28.  Pat-theiiiuin.     Achenia  fl.at, slightly  margined:  rays  very  short,  persistent. 

<-  t-  Fertile  flowers  with  tubular  or  no  corolla :  no  pappus. 

29.  Ivn<     Achenia  short  and  thick  :  recept;icle  with  narrow  <'haff. 

57.   Arlemlsln,  in  part.     Achenia  short  and  small :  receptHcle  naked. 

11.  Adeiiocauloii.     Achenia  elongated,  bearing  stalked  glands  :  receptacle  naked. 

•  *  Heads  of  two  sorts,  one  containing  staminate,  the  other  pistillate  flowers,  both  borne  on 

the  same  plant ;  the  pistillate  only  1  or  2.  in  a  closed  involucre  re.-sembling  an  achenium  or 
a  bur  ;  the  st.iuiinate  several,  in  an  open  cup-shaped  involucre. 

30.  Ambrosia.     Fertile  involucre  (fruit;  .small,  l-flowered,  pointed  and  often  tubercled. 

31.  Xaiithluin.     Fertile  involucre  (fruit)  an  oblong  prickly  bur,  2-celled,  2-flowered. 

Sul>tribe  '4.  Ilrlinitlhrie.  Hcadsradiate.orr.irely  discoid;  the  rays  ligulatc.  the  disk- 
flowers  all  perfect  and  fertile.  Uecept.icle  chaffy.  Anthers  bl.ickish,  taillejss.  Pappus  none, 
or  a  crown  or  cup,  or  of  one  or  two  chaffy  awns,  never  capillary,  nor  of  several  uniform 
chaffy  scales.  —  Leaves  more  commonly  opposite. 

*  Kays  pistillate  and  fertile :  achenia  3 -4-sided,  slightly  if  at  all  flattened. 
1-  Involucre  double  ;  the  outer  forming  a  cup. 

32.  Tetragonotheca.     Outer  involucre  4-leaved.     Achenia  obovoid.     Pappus  none. 

<-  ^-  InV' 'lucre  of  one  or  more  rows  of  separate  scales. 
3.3.   Ec-lipta.     Receptacle  flat ;  its  chaff  bristle-shaped.    #appus  obsolete  or  none. 
3t.  Ilorrlvhia.     Ueccpt.acle  flat,  its  chaff  .-icale-like  and  rigid.     Pappus  an  obscure  croTrn. 
35.  HeliopMis.     Receptacle  conical ;  ita  chaff  linear.     Pappus  none  or  a  mere  border. 

•  •  Kays  sterile  (either  entirely  neutral  or  with  an  imperfect  style),  or  occa.'sionally  none  ;  ache- 

nia 4-angular  or  flatteneil  laterally,   i.e.  their  edges  directed  iuwards  and  outwards,  th^ 
ch;iff  of  the  receptacle  embracing  their  outer  edge. 

<-  Receptacle  elevaU^d,  conical  or  columnar.     Pappus  none  or  a  short  crown. 
3f).  Echiiinrrn.     Kays  (very  long)  pistillate,  but  sterile.     Achenia  short,  4-sided. 
37    Riiilberkin.     Kays  neutn\l.     Achenia  4sicliMl,  flat  at  the  top,  inarginless. 
3.S.   Ltiint  liys.     Itays  few,  neutral.     Achenia  flattened  laterally  and  margined. 
«-  <-  Receptacle  flattish  or  conical.     Pappus  chaffy  or  awned. 

39.  HclianthuH.    Achenia  flatteneil,  margiulcss.    Pappus  of  2  very  deciduous  chaffy  scales. 

40.  Actliionierlii.     Achenia  very  flat,  wing-margined,  bearing  2  persistent  awns. 


220  coMPOSiT.E.     (composite  family.) 

•  •  •  Rays  sterile,  tieutrnl :  achenia  obcompressed,  I.  e.  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  of  the 
involuore,  the  faces  looking  inwards  and  outwards.  Involucre  double  ;  the  outer  spreading 
and  often  foliaceous.     Iteceptiicle  flat. 

41.  Coreopsis.     Pappus  of  2  (or  rarely  more)  scales,  teeth,  or  awns,  which  are  naked  or 

barbed  upwards,  sometimes  obsolete  or  a  mere  crown. 

42.  Bid«ii8>     Pappus  of  2  or  more  rigid  and  persistent  downwardly  barbed  awns  or  teeth. 

«  •  *  »  Rays  pistillate  or  fertile  (rarely  none):  achenia  laterally  flattened,  2-awned. 

43.  Vtrbesliia.     Itays  few  and  small,  or  rarely  none.     Receptacle  convex.     Achenia  some- 

times winged. 
Subtribe  :t.    TRg^etiiiere.    Heads  commonly  radiate  ;  the  r.iys  ligulate  ;  the  disk-flowers 
all  perfect  and  fertile.     Receptacle  naked,  fiat.     Scales  of  the  involucre  united  into  a  cup. 
Pappus  various.  —  Herbage  strong-sceuted  (as  in  Tagetes  of  the  gardens),  being  dotted  with 
large  pellucid  glands  containing  a  volatile  oil. 

44.  DysoUia.     Pappus  a  row  of  chally  scales  dissected  into  many  bristles. 

Subtribe  4.  Heleiiierc.  Heads  radiate  or  .sometimes  discoid  ;  the  disk-flowers  perfect. 
Pappus  a  circle  of  several  chaify  scales.     Anthers  tailless. 

«  Receptacle  naked  (not  chaffy  nor  honeycombed.) 

46.  Hymeiiopnppus.     Ra>8  none.     Receptacle  flat.     Scales  of  the  involucre  colored. 
45}.  Acliiiella.     Itays  pistillate,  merely  toothed.   Receptacle  elevated,   rnvolui're  appressed. 
40.     Heleiiiuin.     Rays  pistillate,  3    5-cleft.    Receptacle  elevated.  Involucre  small,  reflexed. 

47.  Leptopotla.     Rays  neutral  or  sterile  :  otherwi.se  as  i\o  40. 

«  *  Receptacle  deeply  pitted,  like  hone.conib. 

48.  Balcl^viiiia.     Rays  numerous:  neutral,  elongated.     Involucre  much  imbricated. 

*  *  «  Receptacle  chaffy. 

49.  Mnrshallia.  Rays  none.     Involucre  of  many  narrow  and  foliaceous  scales. 

50.  Gnlliisoga.    Rays  4  or  5,  short,  pistillate,  whitish  ;  the  disk  yellow.    Involucre  of  4  or 

5  ovate  and  thin  scales. 

Subtribe  5.  Anthemidree.  Heads  radiate  or  discoid  ;  the  perfect  flowers  sometimes 
infertile,  and  the  jiistillate  flowers  rarely  tubular.  Pappus  a  short  crown  or  none.  Other- 
wise nearly  as  Subtribe  4. 

»  Receptacle  chaffy,  nt  least  in  part:  rays  ligulate. 

51.  Maruta.     Ravo  neutral.     Achenia  ohovoid  .and  many-ribbed.     Pappus  none. 

.')2.   Aiitlieinis.     Rays  pistillate.     Achenia  terete  or  4  angular.     Pappus  minute  or  none. 

53.  Acliillea.     Rays  pistillate,  short.     Achenia  flattened  and  margined. 

*  *  Receptacle  naked. 

54.  Leucniilliemiini.     Rays  numeroas,  pistillate.     Receptacle  flatfish.     Achenia  striate 

or  ribbed.     Pappus  none. 

55.  Matricaria.     Rays  pistillate,  or  none,  and  then  all  the  flowers  perfect.     Receptacle  con- 

ical.    Pappus  crown-like  or  none. 

56.  Tanacetiiin.     Rays  none,  but  the  marginal  flowers  pistillate.     Achenia  broad  at  the 

top.     Pappus  a  short  crown. 

57.  Artemisia.     Rays  none  ;  some  of  the  outer  flowers  often  pistillate.     Achenia  narrow  at 

the  top.     Pappus  none. 

Subtribe  0.     Gnaphalinrnc.     Heads  all  di.scoid,  with  tubular  corollas;  those  of  the 
fertile  flowers  filiform.     Anthers   with   tails  at  their  b.ise.     Pappus  of  capillary  bristles. 
Flocculent-wnolly  herbs  :  leaves  alternate. 
68.  Gnaphaliuin.     Receptacle  naked,  flat.    Heads  containing  both  perfect  and  pistillate 

flowers.     Bristles  of  the  pappus  all  slender. 
59.  Aiitciiiiaria.     Receptacle  naked,  flat.     Heads  dioecious,  or  nearly  so.     Pappus  of  the 

staminate  flowers  thickened  or  club-shaped  at  the  summit. 
CO.  Fila^o.     Receptacle  columnar  or  top-sh<aped,  chaify.     Pappus  of  the  inner  flowers  capil- 
lary, of  the  outer  often  none. 


COMPOSIT.E.        (COMPOSITF,    FAMILY.)  221 

Snbtribe  7.  Senvcionero.  Heads  rniliate  or  disroiJ  ;  the  rentrnl  flowers  perfect.  An- 
thers t^iii  less.  I'iippus  ciipillury.  KeccpCaeIc  nukcJ.  (Scales  of  the  involucre  cutnoionly 
iu  a  siugle  row.) 

•  Heads  discoid.     Leaves  alternate. 

6L  EreclilUitcs.      Heads  many  -  liowercd :   flowers  wiiitifh  ;   the  marginal  ones  pistillate 
and  witli  liliforni  corollas. 

62.  Cacalla.     Heads  5-uiaoy-flowercd:  flowers  white  or  cream-color,  all  tubular  and  perfect. 

63.  Seueclo.     Heads  mauy-flowered :  flowers  yellow,  all  perfect. 

♦  •  Heads  radiate,  many-flowered. 

<-  Rays  conspicuous  and  in  a  single  row  :  flowers  all  fertile,  yellow. 
63.   Senecio.     I'appus  fine  and  soft.     Leaves  alternate. 

C4.  Arnica.     I'appus  of  more  rigid  and  rough-denticulate  bristles.     Leaves  all  oppo.site. 
<-  <-  Rays  narrow  or  small,  in  more  than  one  row,  at  least  in  fertile  heads.     Leaves  all  radical. 
9.  Niii'dotiiiila.     Flowers  whitish  or  purplish.     Scape  bearing  several  beads. 
10.  Tu8!*iInKO.     Flowers  yellow.     Scape  bearing  a  single  bead. 

Tribe  V.  CYNAREjE.  Heads  (in  our  species)  discoid,  with  the  flowers  tubular,  or 
some  of  the  outer  corollas  enlarged  and  appearing  like  rjvys  but  not  truly  li^'ulate.  Style 
thickened  or  tbickisb  near  the  summit ;  the  branches  stigmatic  to  the  apex,  without  any 
appendage,  ofien  united  below.     (Heads  large.) 

*  Marginal  flowers  mostly  neutral  or  sterile.     Pappus  not  plumose. 

65.  Centnurcn.    Achenia  flat.    Pappus  of  short  naked  bristles,  or  none.    Marginal  neutral 

flowers  commonly  enlarged  or  ray-like. 

66.  Ciiiciis.     Achenia  terete,  bearing  10  horny  teeth  and  a  pappus  of  10  long  and  10  shorter 

rigid  naked  bristles.    Marginal  flowers  inconspicuous. 

«  »  Flowers  all  alike  in  the  (ovoid  or  globular)  head. 

67.  Cirsiiim.     .\chenia  smooth.    Pappus  of  plumose  bristles.    Receptacle  clothed  with  long 

and  soft  bristles  or  hairs. 

68.  Cardiiiis.     Pappus  of  naked  bristles  :  otherwise  as  No.  67. 

69.  Onopordon.     Achenia  wrinkled  transversely,  4angled.    Pappus  not  plumose.    Recep- 

tacle hone)  combed. 

70.  Lnppn.     Achenia  wrinkled,  flattened.     Pappus  of  short  and  rough  bristles.     Receptacle 

bristly. 

SUBORDKR    II.      L.IG1JLIFL,0R.1E:.  Tribe  VI.     CICHORACEiE. 

Corolla  lifjulate  in  all  the  flowers  of  the  head,  and  all  the  flowers  per- 
fect. —  Herbs,  with  milky  juice.     Leaves  alternate. 

*  Pappus  none. 

71.  Lampsana.     Involucre  cylindrical,  of  8  scales  in  a  single  row.  8-12-flowercd. 

*  •  Pappus  chaffy,  or  of  both  chaff  and  bristles. 

72.  Cicborium.     Pappus  a  small  crown  of  many  bristle-form  scales.     Involucre  double. 

73.  Kri^ia.     Pappus  of  5  broad  chaffy  scales,  and  5  slender  bristles. 

74.  Cynthia.     Pappus  double  -,  the  outer  short,  of  many  minute  chaffy  scales,  the  inner  of 

numerous  long  capillar.,  bristles. 

•  •  •  Pappus  plumose. 

75.  Lcontodon.     Bristks  of  the  pappus  several,  chaffy -dilated  at  the  base,  tawny. 

•  •  •  •  Pappus  compo.sed  entirely  of  capillary  bristles,  not  plumose. 

■<-  Achenia  not  flattened  nor  distinctly  beaked,  columnar  or  terete,  often  slender:   pappus 

rather  stiff,  mostly  tawny  or  ilirty-wliite. 

76.  Troximon.     Involucre   loosely   imbricated,  many-flowered,    corolla  yellow.     Achenia 

lO-ribbeil.     Pappus  very  copious  and  unequal. 

77.  Ilic-rarliim.     Involucre  more  or  less  imbricated,  12  -  many-flowered  :  corolla  yellow. 

Achenia  short.     Pappus  of  rather  scanty  and  tawny  roughish  bristle*. 


222  composit.t:.     (composite  family.) 

78.  Nabnlna.    Involucre  cylindriral,  of  5-14  linear  equal  scales  in  a  single  row  and  a  ftw 

little  scales  at  base,  5  -  manj-flowered  :  corolla  whitish,  cream-color,  or  purplish.    Ache- 
ni;i  rather  short  and  blunt.     I'appus  ol' very  copious  tavinj  or  brown  roughish  bristles. 

79.  lij'gollesinla,    Involurre  as  the  preceding,  5  -  10-Howered  .  corolla  rose-purple.    Ache- 

nia  long  and  slender,  tapering  at  the  summit.     i'ai>pus  of  copious  whitish  bristles. 
t-  t-  Achenia  terete  or  ndkrly  so,  ribbed,  rou;:bish  above,  abruptly  slender-beaked.     Pappu« 
soft,  fine,  and  flaccid.     Involucre  cylindrical,  of  several  linear  scales  in  a  single  row  and 
some  .small  short  ones  at  the  ba.«e.     Corolla  yellow. 

80.  (lion  il  I'll  la.     Involucre  few-tlowered.     I'appus  white.     Stems  branching,  le.afy. 

81.  Pyrrliopnppus.      Involucre    many-flowered.      Pappus    reddish  or  rusty.      Stemi 

bnmching,  leafy  below. 

82.  Taraxacum.     Involucre  many-flowered.     Pappus  whitish.     Scape  naked,  simple. 

^-  <-  <-  Achenia  flat  or  fl.ittish.     Involucre  somewhat  imbricated,  mostly  many-flowered. 
S3.  LaclucB.     Achenia  abruptly  long  and  slender-beaked,  very  flat :  pappus  bright  white. 

84.  Mulgertiuin.     Achenia  flattish,  and  with  a  short  and  thick  beak. 

85.  Soncliiis.     Achenia  flattish,  bcakless.     Pappus  white.     Flowers  yellow. 

1.     VERNONIA,     Sdircb.        Iuox-weed. 

Heads  15-many-flo\vcrc'(l,  in  corymbose  cymes;  flowers  all  perfect.  Invo- 
lucre shorter  than  the  flowers,  of  many  apprcssed  closely  imbricated  scales. 
Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  cylindrical,  ribbed.  Pappus  double ;  the  outer 
of  minute  scale-like  bristles;  the  inner  of  copious  capillary  bristles.  —  Peren- 
nial herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  mostly  i>urplc  flowers.  (Named  in  honor 
of  a  Mr.  Vernon,  an  early  Eni^lish  botanist  who  travelled  in  this  country.) 

1.  V.  Noveboraeensis,  WiUd.  Scales  of  the  involucre  tipped  with  a  long 
bristle-form  or  awl-shapHl  sjnriulinf/  appendnrje  or  awn  ;  in  some  varieties  merely 
pointed. — Low  grounds  near  the  coast,  Maine  to  Virginia;  and  river-banks  in 
the  Western  States,  from  Wisconsin  southward.  Aug. — A  tall  coarse  weed 
with  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves. 

2.  V.  fascieulata,  Michx.  Sraks  of  the  involnrre  (all  but  the  lowest) 
rounded  and  obtuse,  icitiiout  appendage.  —  Prairies  and  river-l)anks,  Ohio  to  Wis- 
consin and  southward.  Aug.  —  Leaves  narrowly  or  broadly  lanceolate  :  heads 
mostly  crowded.     Very  variable,  and  manifestly  passing  into  Xo.  1. 

2.     ELEPHANTOPUS,    L.        Elei'ii.\xt's-foot. 

Heads  .3  -  5-flowered,  several  together  clustered  into  a  compound  head  :  flow- 
ers perfect.  Involucre  narrow,  flattened,  of  8  oblong  dry  scales.  Achenia 
many-ribbed.  Pappus  of  stout  bristles,  chaffy-dilated  at  the  base. — Perennials, 
with  alternate  leaves  and  purplish  flowers.  (Name  composed  of  eXfCpas,  ele- 
phant, and  TT oil s,  fool.) 

1.  E.  Caroliniauus,  Willd.  Somewliat  hairy,  corymbose,  leafy  ;  leaves 
ovate-oblong,  thin.  —  Dry  soil,  IVnnsylvania  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

3.     SCLEROLEPIS,     Cas.        K(  lkuouu-is. 

Head  many-flowered  :  flowers  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  equal, 
in  1  or  2  rows.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Achenia  5-angIed.  Pappus  a  single  row  of 
almost  horny  oval  and  obtuse  scales.  —  A  smooth  perennial,  with  simple  stems, 
rooting  at  the  base,  linear  entire  leaves  in  whorls  of  5  or  6,  and  a  terminal  head 


COMPOSITE.       (composite    FAMILY.)  223 

of  flesh-colored  flowers.     (Xamc  of  a-KXtjpus,  hard,  and  Xfirir,  a  scale,  from  tfio 
pappus.) 

1 .  S.  verticill^ta,  Cass.  —  la  water  :  pine  barrens,  Isew  Jersey  and 
southward.     Any. 

4.     LIATRIS,     Sehrel).        Bltton  Sxakekoot.     Blazing-Star. 

Head  several  -  many-flowered  :  flowers  perfeet.  Seales  of  tlic  involuerc  iin- 
brieatfd,  appressed.  Keeejjtaelc  nakeil.  Corolla  5-lobed.  Aelienia  slender, 
tapering  to  the  base,  about  10-ribbed.  Pappus  of  15-40  eapillary  bristles, 
which  arc  manifestly  plumose,  or  only  barbellate.  —  rcrcnnial  herbs,  often 
resinous-dotted,  with  riyid  alternate  entire  leaves  (these  sometimes  twisted  .-o 
as  to  become  vertical),  and  heads  of  handsome  rose-purple  flowers,  spieatc, 
racemose,  or  panieled-cymose,  appearing  late  in  summer  or  in  autumn.  (Deri- 
vation of  the  name  unknown.) 

§  1.  Stem  usually  icamUike  and  si m pic,  from  a  fjlohular  or  roundish  corm  or  tuber 
(impreijnated  with  resiuous  matter),  very  leaf i/ :  leaves  narrow  or  (jrass-l ike,  1- 
5-nervcd:  heads  spicate  or  racemed:  involucre  well  imbricated:  lobes  of  the 
corolla  long  and  slenda: 

*  Pappus  vertj  plumose ;  srafcs  of  the  ^-/lonrred  involucre  ivith  ovale  or  lanceolate 

Sjircadimi  petal -like  (purple  or  sometimes  white)  tips,  exceeding  the  fowers'i 

1.  L.  61egans,  Willd.  Stem  (3° -5°  high)  and  involucre  hairy;  leaves 
short  and  >prea(ling  ;  spike  or  raceme  compact  (1°  long).  —  Barren  soil,  Vir- 
ginia and  soutliwanl. 

*  »  Pappus  VI  ry  phnnosc :  scales  of  the  ri/lindrical   mnnip/lowered  involucre  imbri- 

c(it(d  in  mauji  rou-s,  the  tips  rigid,  not  petal-like :  corolla  huirg  within. 

2.  L.  squarr6sa,  Willd.  (Blazixg-Star,  &e.)  Often  hairy  (l°-30 
high);  leaves  linear,  elongated;  heads  few  (1' long)  ;  scales  of  the  inrolucre 
mostlij  with  ehingaldl  and  leaf  like  spreading  tips.  —  Dry  soil,  TcnnsylvaTiia  to 
Illinois  and  soutliwMrd. 

3.  L.  cylindr^cea,  ]\Iichx.  Commonly  smooth  (G'-IS'  high);  leaves 
linear;  heads  few  (i'-j'  long)  ;  i-cales  of  the  involucre  with  short  and  rounded  ap- 
pressed tips.  —  Dry  o])en  places,  Niagara  Falls  to  Wisconsin,  and  south  westward. 

«  *  *  Pappus  not  obviously  plumose  to  the  naked  eye :  corolla  stnooth  inside. 

4.  L.  scari6sa,  Willd.  Stem  stout  (2°-50high)  pubescent  or  hoary; 
leaves  (smooth,  rough,  or  pubescent)  lanceolate  ;  the  lowest  o'llong-lanceolatr  or 
olwate-oblong,  tai)ering  into  a  petiole;  heads  few  or  many,  large,  30-40-ilow- 
cred  ;  .scedis  of  the  broad  or  dipressid  involucre  ohovatc  or  sjtutulate,  very  numerous, 
with  dry  and  scarious  of  en  colored  tips  or  margins.  —  Dry  soil,  New  England  to 
Minnesota,  and  southward.  —  Widely  variable  :  heads  1'  or  less  in  diameter. 

,5.  L.  pil6sa,  Willd.  Beset  with  long  scattered  hairs  ;  stem  stout;  hares 
linear  or  lincar-lanctolate,  elongated;  heads  few,  1 0  - 1  .")-flowercd  ;  scales  of  the 
to/)-shajwd  or  bell-shaped  involucre  slightly  margined,  the  outer  narrow'y  oblong,  very 
ol/tuse,  the  innermost  linear.  — fountains  of  Virginia  and  southward  :  rare  and 
obscure.  rerliai>s  a  remarkable  state  of  the  ne.\t ;  but  the  flowers  as  largo 
aa  in  the  preceding. 


224  coMrosiT.E,     (composite  family.) 

6.  L.  spic^ta,  Willd.  Smooth  or  somewhat  hairy  ;  stems  very  leafy 
(2°-;")°  hiuh)  ;  liavcs  linear,  the  lower  3-5-ncrved  ;  heads  8 - 1 2-fiowcred  (i'- 
^'  lonjr),  erowdcd  in  a  long  spike  ;  scales  of  the  rijlindricul-bell-shaped  involncre 
Mony  or  oval,  olliiae,  upprtssed,  with  sli(jht  margins ;  achenia  jiubesceiit  or  smoothish. 

—  Moi>t  grounds :  roniinon  from  S.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. — 
Involucre  somewhat  resinous,  very  smooth. 

7.  L.  graminif61ia,  Wilid.  Hairy  or  smoothish;  stem  (10-3°  high) 
slender,  leafy ;  leaves  linear,  elongated,  1-nerved  ;  heads  several  or  numerous, 
in  a  spike  or  raceme,  7  -  12-flo\vcred  ;  scales  of  the  obconical  or  obovoid  involucre 
spatulate  or  oblony,  obtuse,  or  somewhat  pointed,  riyid,  appres&ed ;  achenia  hairy. — 
Virginia  and  southward.  —  Inflorescence  sometimes  panicled,  especially  in 

Var.  dubia.  Scales  of  the  involucre  narrower  and  less  rigid,  oblong,  often 
ciliate.     (L.  dubia,  Barton.)  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  and  soutliward. 

8.  L.  pyeuostaehya,  Michx.  Hairy  or  smoothish  ;  stem  stout  (3°  -  5° 
liigh),  very  Icafv ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  the  upper  very  narrowly  linear; 
spike  thick  and  dense  (G'-20'  long)  ;  heads  alwut  ."i-flowercd  (^'  long)  ;  scales  of 
the  cijliudrical  involucre  olilong  or  lanceolate,  with  recurved  or  sjn-eciditiy  colored  tips. 

—  Prairies,  from  Indiana  southward  and  westward. 

§  2.  Stem  simple  or  branched  above,  not  from  a  tuber:  heads  small,  corymbed  or  pan- 
icled, A  -  Id-flowered :  involucre  little  imbricated:  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate: 
pappus  not  plinnoxe. 

9.  L.  Odoratissima,  Willd.  (A^vxilla-plaxt.)  Very  smooth;  leaves 
pale,  thickish,  obovate-spatulate,  or  the  upper  oval  and  clasping ;  heads  corymbed. 

—  Low  j)ine  barrens,  Virginia  and  southward.  —  Leaves  exhaling  the  odor  of 
Vanilla  when  bruised. 

10.  L.  paniculkta,  Willd.  Viscid-hairy;  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate, smoothish,  those  of  the  stem  partly  clasping,  heads  panicled.  —  Virginia 
and  southward. 

5.    KUHNIA,    L.        KcuNiA. 

Heads  10-2.'j-flowcred  :  flowers  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  few  and 
loosely  imbricated,  lanceolate.  Corolla  slender,  5-toothcd.  Achenia  cylindri- 
cal, many-striate.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  very  plumose  (white)  bristles.  —  A 
perennial  herb,  resinous-dotted,  with  mostly  alternate  lanceolate  leaves,  and 
paniculate-corymbose  heads  of  crenm-colorcd  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Dr.  Kuhn, 
of  Pennsylvania,  who  brought  the  living  plant  to  Linnaeus.) 

1 .  K.  eupatorioides,  L.  Leaves  varying  from  broadly  lanceolate  and 
toothed,  to  linear  and  entire.  — Dry  soil,  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward.    Sept. 

6.     EUPATORIUM,     Toum.        TiioitouGinvoRX. 

Heads  3-many-flowcrod  :  flowers  perfect.  Involucre  cylindrical  or  bell- 
shaped.  Receptacle  flat  or  barely  convex.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Achenia  .5- 
anglcd.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  slender  capillary  barely  roughish  bristles.  — 
Perennial  herbs,  often  sjn-inklcd  with  bitter  resinous  dots,  with  generally  co- 
rymbose heads  of  white,  bluish,  or  purple  blossoms,  appearing  near  the  close  of 


COMPOSITE.       (composite    FAMILY.)  225 

summer.     (Dedicated  to  Enpnior  Milhrkhites,  wlio  is  said  to  have  used  a  species 
of  the  pcnusin  mcdiiine.) 

*  Heads  ri/limlrlcal,  5  -  ICi-Jloireivfl ;  llie  purplish  scales  nnmrroiis,  closely  imbricated 

in  several  rows,  of  unequal  len;/t/i,  sllr/litli/  striate :  stout  herbs,  with  ample  mostly 
whorled  leans,  and  fli sh-colored  flowers. 

1.  E,  purpureum,  I>.  (Jok-Pye  Wked.  Trumpet-Weed.)  Stems  tall 
and  .stout,  simple  ;  leaves  .'3-6  in  a  whorl,  oblon<^-ovate  or  lanceolate,  pointed, 
very  veiny,  rouf>liish,  toothed  ;  corymb.s  very  dense  and  compound.  —  Varies 
greatly  in  size  (2° -12°  liij^h),  &c.,  and  with  spotted  or  unspotted,  often  dotted 
stems,  &c.,  —  including  several  nominal  species.  —  Low  grounds:  common. 

*  «  Uexids  3  -  20-Jlowered :  involucre  o/"  8-  15  more  or  less  imbricated  and  unequal 

scales,  the  outer  ones  shorter :  flowers  white. 
■*-  Leaves  all  alternate,  mostly  dissected :  heads  panichd,  very  small,  3  -^flotfered. 

2.  E.  foenicul^ceum,  Willd.  Smooth  or  nearly  so,  pauiculutely  much- 
hranclied  (.iO-loo  liiuli)  ;  leaves  1  - 2-pinnately  parted,  filiform.  —  Virginia, 
near  the  coast,  and  southward.     Adv.  near  Philadelphia. 

-!-  -t-  fj'iircs  mnxlly  opposite  and  sessile:  heads  5-8-flowered,  corytnbed. 

3.  E.  hyssopif61ium,  L.  Minutely  pubescent  (1°- 2°  high) ;  /eawi 
narrow,  linear  or  lanceolate,  elongated,  obtuse,  1-3-ncrved,  entire,  or  the  lower 
toothed,  often  crowded  in  the  axils,  acute  at  the  base;  scahs  of  the  involucre  obtuse. 
—  Sterile  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  E.  Kentucky  and  southward. 

4.  E.  leucolepis,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Minutely  pubescent,  simple  (l°-2°high); 
leaves  linear -lanceolate,  closely  sessile,  \-nerved,  obtuse,  serrate,  rough  Imth  sides; 
corymb  hoary  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  with  white  and  scarious  acute  tips.  —  Sandy 
bogs.  Long  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  .southward. 

.').  E.  parvifldrum,  Ell.  Minutely  velvety -pubescent,  branching  (20-3° 
high)  ;  leaves  laiiciolote  or  oblomj,  triple-ribbed  and  veiny,  serrate  above  the  middle, 
tapering  to  the  ba.se,  the  lower  slightly  petioled  ;  scales  of  the  short  involucre 
obtuse.  (Leaves  sometimes  whorled  in  threes,  or  the  upper  alternate.)  —  Damp 
soil,  Virginia  and  southward. 

6.  E.  altissimum,  L.  Stem  stout  and  taW  (3°  -  7°  high),  f/wny;  leaivs 
lanceolate,  tapering  at  both  ends,  conspiciwusly  3-nerred,  entire,  or  toothed  above  the 
middle,  the  upperiitost  alternate ;  corymbs  dense ;  scales  of  the  involucre  Ql)tuse, 
shorter  th:in  the  flowers.  —  Dry  soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.— 
Leaves  3' -  4'  lung,  somewhat  like  tlio.sc  of  a  Solidago. 

7.  E.  ilbum,  L.  Rixigliish-hniry  (2°  high)  ;  leaves  ol)long-lanceolate,  coarsely 
toothed,  veiny;  heads  clustered  in  the  corymb;  .w/teo/'/Af  in  w/wrz-ff  closely  imbri- 
cated, rigid,  narrowly  lanceolate,  jiointnl,  white  and  scnrions  aliove,  lowjer  than  the 
flow.rs.  —  Sandy  and  barren  places,  ])iue  barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and 
southward. 

8.  E.  teucrifdlium,  Willd.  Koitghish-pubescent  (20-30  high);  Imves 
ovate-ohlong  and  ovuii-bnifeoliite,  obtuse  or  truiu-ate  at  the  base,  slightly  triplc- 
n  Tved,  veiny,  roarseli/  lonlhtd  or  incised  towards  the  base,  the  npjwroiiis  alternate.' 
branches  of  the  corymb  few,  uno(iiial ;  scahs  of  the  involucre  ohlonfjlmwi  o'ate,  rather 
o'ltuse,  at  li-ngfh  shorter  than  the  flowers.  (E.  verlieniefoliiim,  Michc.) — Low 
grounds,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  and  soutliwanl  near  the  coast. 

15 


226  coMrosnvE.     (compositk  family.) 

9.  E.  rotundifblium,  L.  Downy-pubescent  (2°  high) ;  hares  ronndish- 
ovalf,  obliise,  tnincato  or  slij:htly  heart-shaped  at  tlie  base,  deeply  erenate-tootlicd, 
triple-nerved,  veiny,  I'oughish  (I' -2'  long) ;  corymb  large  and  dense;  scales  of 
the  (i>-f1uwfncl)  involucre  linear-laticfolute,  slightly  pointed.  —  Dry  soil,  Rhode 
Island  to  Virj;iiiia,  near  the  coast,  and  southward. 

10.  E.  pubescens,  Muhl.  rultcseent:  Imces  ovale,  moslly  ocu^e,  slightly 
truncate  at  the  base,  serrate-toothed,  .somewhat  triple-nerved,  veiny ;  scales  of  the 
7  -  8-Jloirered  involucre  lanceolate,  acute.  ( E.  ovatum,  Biijcl.)  —  Massachusetts  to 
New  Jersey,  near  the  coast,  and  Kentucky.  —  Like  the  last,  but  larger. 

11.  E.  sessilifdlium,  L.  (Upland  Boneset.)  Stem  tall  (4°- G°  high), 
smooth,  branching  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  taperimj  from  near  the  ronmhd 
sessile  base  to  the  sharp  point,  serrate,  veiny,  smooth  (3' -6'  long) ;  corymb  very 
compound,  pubescent ;  scales  of  the  5-  (or  5-12-  \)  flowered  involucre  oval  and  oblong, 
obtuse.  —  Copses  and  banks,  Massachusetts  to  Illinois,  and  southward  along  the 
mountains. 

•<-••-•<-  Leaves  opfjosile,  clasping  or  united  at  the  base,  long,  ividelg  spreading :  heads 
nuistlij    \0-\5-Jlowered:  coripnbs  veri/  compound  and  large. 

12.  E.  resinbsum,  Torr.  Mmutelg  velvelipdowny  (2° -3°  high);  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  elongated,  serrate,  paillij  clasping,  tapering  to  the  point,  sliglitly 
veiny  beneath  (4' -6'  long);  scales  of  the  involucre  oval,  obtuse. — Wet  pine 
barrens,  New  Jersey.  —  Name  from  the  copious  resinous  globules  of  the  leaves. 

13.  E.  perfoliatum,  L.  (Thoroughwort.  Boneset.)  Stem  stout 
(2°  -4°  high),  hairy  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  united  at  the  base  around  the  stem  (connatc- 
perfoliate),  tapering  to  a  slender  point,  serrate,  very  veiny,  wrinkled,  downy  be- 
neath (5'-8'  long) ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate.  — Low  grounds: 
common  and  well-known.  —  "Varies  with  the  heads  30-  40-flowered. 

-I-  -t-  -t-  -t-  Leaver  long-petioled,  the  upper  ones  alternate :  heads  12-1  T^-floivered,  in 
compound  cori/mhs. 

14.  E.  serdtinum,  Michx.  Stem  pulverulent-pubescent,  bushy-branched 
(3^-6°  high);  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  point,  triple-nerved  and 
veiny,  coarsely  serrate  (5' -6'  long);  involucre  very  pubescent.  —  Alluvial 
ground,  Maryland  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

*  *  *  Heads  8  -  t^O-fowered ;  the  scales  of  the  involucre  nearli/  equal  and  in  one 
row:  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  petioled,  triple-nerved  and  veini/,  not  resinous-dotted: 
flowers  white. 

15.  E.  ageratoides,  L.  (WrriXE  S\ake-root.)  Smooth,  branching 
(3°  high);  leans  broadli/ orate,  jwinted,  coarseli/  and  sharplg  toothed,  long-pdioled, 
thill  (4' -5'  long)  ;  corymbs  compound.  —  Hicli  woods:  common  northward. 

16.  E,  arom^ticum,  L.  Smooth  or  slightly  downy  ;  stems  nearly  sim- 
ple ;  haves  on  short  petioles,  ovale,  rather  obtusili/  toothed,  not  poi>it<d,  thickish. — 
Copses,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  and  southward,  near  the  coast.  — Lower  and 
more  slender  than  No.  15,  with  fewer,  but  usually  larger  heads. 

7.     MIKANIA,     Willd.        Climkixg  Hemp-weed. 

Heads  4-flowered.  Involucre  of  4  scales.  Receptacle  small.  Flowers  and 
achenia,  &c.,  as  in  Eupatorium.  —  Twining  perennials,  climbing  bushes,  with 


COMI'OSIT^E.       (CUMI'OSITK    FAMILY.)  227 

oppo<»\t«    rtmmonly  hcart-slinpcd  and  pctiolcd  leaves,  and  eorymlwse-paniclcd 
flusl'-'^ol'Tcd  flowers.     (Named  tor  Prof.  Mlbin,  of  l'raj;,Mic.) 

*•  M.  scandens,  L.  Nearl\  smootli,  twininu:;  leaves  somcwliat  triangu- 
liT-li'-art-shnped  or  liallienMorni,  pointed,  tootlied  at  the  base.  —  Copses  along 
streams,  E.  New  lui;;l;intl  to  Kentucky  and  southward.     July-Se])t. 

8.    CONOCLINIUM,    DC.        Mist-ii.ower. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involuere  l)ell-shaped,  the  nearly'  equal  linear-awl- 
sliaped  seales  somewhat  imbricated.  Receptacle  conical !  U^erwisc  as  in  I'^u- 
patorium,  of  which  it  is  ratlier  a  section.  —  Perennial  erect  herbs,  with  opposite 
petioled  leaves,  and  violet-pnrplc  or  blue  flowers  in  crowded  terminal  coryml).s. 
(Name  formed  of  Kou'oy.  fi  conr,  and  kXivt],  a  bed,  from  the  conical  receptacle.) 

I.  C.  eCBlestiuum,  DC.  Somewhat  pubescent  (1°- 2°  hiirh)  ;  leaves  tri- 
anfrularovate  and  sliulitiy  heart-shaped,  coarsely  and  bluntly  toothed.  —  Rich 
soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Michij^an,  Illinois,  and  southward.     Sept. 

9.     NARDOSMIA,     Cass.        Swekt  Coltsfoot. 

Heads  many-flowered,  somcAvhat  dioecious:  in  the  sterile  plant  with  a  sin}j:le 
row  of  ligulatc  pistillate  ray-flowers,  and  many  tubular  ones  in  the  disk ;  in  the 
fertile  plant  with  many  rows  of  minutely  ligulatc  ray-flowers,  and  a  few  tubular 
perfect  ones  in  the  centre.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  one  row.  Hecejitacle  flat. 
Achenia  terete.  Pa])pus  of  soft  capillary  bristles,  louf^er  and  coj)ious  in  the  fer- 
tile flowers. — Perennial  woolly  herbs,  with  the  leaves  all  from  the  rootstock, 
the  scape  with  sheathinif  scaly  bracts,  bearing-  heads  of  purplish  or  whitish  fra- 
grant flowers,  in  a  corymb.    (Name  from  vaphos,  siuk-eiuini,  and  oa-fir],  odor.) 

1.  N.  palm^ta,  Hook.  Leaves  rounded,  somewhat  kidney-form,  white- 
woolly  beneath,  ])almately  and  dee])ly  .5-7-lobed.  the  lobes  toothed  and  cut. 
(Tussila.ffo  palmata,  Ait.  T.  frigida,  Dijjil.)  —  Swamps,  Maine  and  Massachu- 
setts to  Michigan  and  northwestward:  rare.  April,  May.  —  Full-grown  leaves 
(6' -10'  broad). 

10.     TUSSILAGO,     Tourn.        Coltsfoot. 

Head  many-flowered ;  the  ray-flowers  narrowly  ligulate,  pistillate,  fertile,  in 
many  rows;  the  tubular  disk-flowers  few,  staminate.  Scales  of  the  involucro 
nearly  in  a  single  row.  Receptacle  flat.  Fertile  achenia  cylindrical-oblong. 
Pappus  capillary,  copious  in  the  fertile  flowers.  —  A  low  ])erennial,  with  hori- 
zontal creeping  rootstocks,  sending  up  simj)lc  .scaly  scapes  in  early  spring,  bear- 
ing a  single  head,  and  producing  rounded-heart-shaped  angled  or  toothed  leaves 
later  in  the  sea.son,  woolly  when  young.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  tiutsis, 
a  cough,  for  which  the  j)lant  is  a  reputed  remedy.) 

1.  T.  FiRFAUA.  L.  —  Wet  places,  and  along  brooks,  New  England,  New 
York,  and  Pennsylvania;  thoroughly  wild.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

11.    ADENOCAULON,     Hook.        Adk.nocailon. 

Heads  5- 10-flowcred;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  with  similar  corollas  ;  the 
marginal  ones  pistillate,  fertile ;  the  others  stiminatc.     Scales  of  the  involucre 


228  coMPOsiT.E.     (composite  family.) 

equal,  in  a  single  row.  Achcnia  elongated  at  maturity,  club-shaped,  beset  with 
stalked  glands  above.  Pap|)us  none. —  Slender  perennials,  witli  the  alternate 
thin  and  petioled  leaves  smooth  and  green  above,  white  woolly  beneath,  and  few 
sm.ill  (whitish)  lie. ids  in  a  loose  panicle,  beset  with  glands  (whence  the  name, 
from  ci8ijv,  n  (/hind,  and  kuvXos,  a  stem). 

1.  A.  bicolor,  Hook.  Leaves  triangular,  rather  heart-shaped,  with  angu- 
lar-toothed margins;  petioles  margined.  —  Moist  woods,  shore  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior, and  westward. 

12.     SERICOCARPUS,     Nees.        White-topped  Aster. 

Heads  12-I5-fiowered,  radiate;  the  rays  about  5,  fertile  (white).  Involucre 
somewhat  cylindrical  or  club-shaped;  the  scales  closely  imbricated  in  several 
rows,  cartilaginous  and  whitish,  appressed,  with  short  and  abrupt  often  spread- 
ing green  tips.  Receptacle  alveolate-toothed.  Achenia  short,  inversely  ])yram- 
idal,  very  silky.  Pappus  simple,  of  numerous  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial 
tufted  herbs  (1°- 2°  high),  with  sessile  somewhat  3-nerved  leaves,  and  small 
heads  mostly  in  little  clusters,  disposed  in  a  Hat  corymb.  Disk-flowers  pale 
yellow.     (Name  from  arjpiKns,  silL-ij,  and  Kapnos,  fruit.) 

1.  S.  solidagineus,  Nees.  Smooth,  slender ;  leaves  linear,  rigid,  obtuse, 
entire,  with  rough  margins,  tapering  to  the  base  ;  heads  narroio  (3"  long),  inoiose 
clusters,  few-flowered;  iHippus  white.  —  Thickets,  S.  New  England  to  Virginia, 
near  the  coast.     July. 

2.  S.  COnyzoides,  Nees.  Somewhat  pubescent ;  leaces  ohlonq-lanceolute  or 
the  lower  spatidalc,  mostly  serrate  towards  the  apex,  ciliate,  veiny ;  heads  rather 
loo>cly  corymbed,  obconical  (4" -6"  long);  pappus  rusty<olor.  —  Dry  ground: 
common.     July. 

3.  S.  tortif61ius,  Nees.  Hoary -pubescent ;  leaves  ohovate  or  ohlomj-spatu- 
late,  short,  (j'-  1'  long),  turned  edgewise,  both  sides  alike,  nearly  veinless  ;  heads 
rather  loosely  corymbed,  obovoid  (4" -5"  long);  pappus  white. — Pine  woods, 
Virginia  and  southward.     Aug. 

13.    ASTER,     L.        Starwort.    Aster. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  ray-flowers  in  a  single  series,  fertile. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  more  or  less  imbricated,  usually  with  herbaceous  or  leaf- 
like tips.  Receptacle  flat,  alveolate.  Achenia  more  or  less  flattened.  Pappus 
simple,  of  capilbiry  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs  (or  annual  only  in  §  6),  with  co- 
rymbed, paniclcd,  or  racemose  heads  ;  flowering  in  autumn.  Rays  white,  purple, 
or  blue:  the  disk  yellow,  often  changing  to  purple.  (Name  aarrip,  a  star,  from 
the  appearance  of  the  radiate  heads  of  flowers. ) 

§  1.  CIOTLV,  DC.    I nvoliKre  o'lOvoid-bi It-shaped;  the  scales  regularly  imhrlcntcd  in 

several  rows,  oppressed,  nearly  destitute  of  hcrlxiceous  tips:  rays  6-15  {white  or 

marly  so)  :  achenia  slender:  lower  leaves  large,  heart-shaped,  petioled,  coarsely 

serrate :  heads  in  open  corymbs. 

1.    A.  COrymbdsUS,    Ait.      Stem  slender,   somewliat   zigzag;    leaves  thin, 

smoothish,  coarsely  and  unequally  sen-ate  with  sharp  spreading  teeth,  sharp-pointed, 

ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  all  but  the  uppermost  heart-shaped  at  the  base  and  on 


i 


COMl'OSIT.E.        (COMI'OSITK    I-AMILV.)  229 

slender  naked  petioles ;  rai/s  6-9.  —  Woodlands  :  common,  especially  northward. 
July,  Aiij;. — Plant  l°-2°  liigh,  with  smaller  heads,  looser  corynil)s,  rumidcr 
and  less  rigid  exterior  involucral  scales,  and  tliiiiner  leaves  than  tiie  next;  not 
rough,  but  sometimes  j)ul)esceut. 

2.  A.  macrophyllUS,  L.  Stem  stoiU  ami  rl</i(l  (20-30  higii);  leaies 
thickls/i,  roiiij/t,  doAf/i/  .scnulf,  somewhat  pointed ;  the  lower  heart-shaped  (4'-  10' 
long,  3'-G'  wide),  long-petioled  ;  the  upper  ovate  or  ol)long,  sessile  or  on  mar- 
gined petioles;  heads  in  ample  rigid  corymbs;  uii/s  12-2.')  (white  or  bluish). — 
Moist  woods  :  common  northward,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.  Aug., 
Sept. — Involucre  ^'  broad;  the  outer  scales  rigid,  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  tlie 
innermost  much  larger  and  thinner. 

§  2.  CALLlASTRUM,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  severed 
rows,  coriaceous,  mlh  short  herbaceous  tips:  rays  12-30,  violet  or  blue:  ucluniu 
narroiv  (siuoulliish) :  pappus  ofriijid  bristles  of  unequal  thickness:  stem-leaces  ail 
sessile;  lower  ones  not  heart-shaped :  heads  few,  or  when  several  cori/mbosc,  larye 
and  showtj.     (Allied  to  §  1,  and  to  Scricoearpus.) 

3.  A.  R^dula,  Ait.  Stem  simple  or  corymbose  at  the  summit,  smooth, 
many-leaved  (1°- 3°  high);  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  pointed,  shar pi ij  serrate  in  the 
middle,  cerj  ronyh  both  sides  and  rugose-veined,  closely  sessile  (2' -3'  long),  nearly 
equal ;  scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre  oblong,  oppressed,  with  very  short  and  slightly 
spreading  herUiccous  lips;  achcnia  stnooth. — Bogs  and  low  grounds,  Delaware 
to  Maine  and  northward,  near  the  coast.  Also  Pocono  Mountain,  Penn.  (Pr<f. 
T.  Green);  and  a  dwarf  variety,  with  iinear-lanccolatc  leaves,  at  White  Moun- 
tains, New  Hampshire.  Aug.  —  Kays  light  violet.  Involucre  nearly  smooth, 
except  the  ciliate  margins. 

4.  A.  SUrcul6sus,  Michx.  Stems  slender  (i°-l°  high),  from  long  and 
slender,  or  here  and  there  tuberous-thickened,  creeping,  subterranean  shoots  or  suck- 
ers, roughisli-pubescent  above,  1-2-  or  eorymbosely  several-flowered;  leaves 
roughish,  obscurely  toothed,  lanceolate  or  the  lower  spatulate ;  involucre  oh-onical  or 
bell-sluiped  (^' -  h'  long),  tiie  whitish  and  coriaceous  scales  ivith  short  herbaceous 
tijis,  th'  outer  ones  shorter ;  achcnia  .slightly  pubescent.  —  Var.  orXcilis  (A.  gra- 
cilis, Xult.)  is  a  form  with  the  scales  of  the  narrower  obconical  involucre  succes- 
sively shorter  and  witli  very  short  and  scarcely  spreading  green  tips,  resembling 
a  Scricoearpus.  — Moist  grounds,  j)ine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  and  southward. 
Sept.  —  Hays  about  12,  violet,  G"  long. 

5.  A.  spect^bilis,  Ait.  Stems  (1°- 2°  high)  minutely  rough  and  gland- 
ular-j)ube.<eent  at  tlie  summit  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  row/hish,  oliscnrely  tiHithed, 
tapering  to  the  Ixise ;  scales  of  the  short  and  almost  hemispherical  involucre  linear-ob- 
long, with  consi)icuous  spatulate  glandular-downy  tips,  the  outer  mast  scarcely  shorter ; 
achcnia  slightly  pubescent.  —  Sandy  soil,  Mas.<achusetts  to  New  Jersey,  near 
the  coast,  and  southward.  Sept.  -  Nov.  —  One  of  the  handsomest  of  the  genus, 
though  the  luMds  are  few.  Tiie  rays,  about  20,  are  narrowly  lanceolate,  nearly 
1'  long,  viry  dec])  violet-blue.     Involucre  i'  long  and  wide. 

6.  A.  H6rveyi,  n.  sp.  Stem  slender  (10-2°  high),  nearly  smooth,  tho 
summit  and  i)eduncles  of  the  several  corymbose  iieads  minutely  glaiulular-j)ubes- 
cent;  leaves  tliinnish,  roughish,  obacurely  serrult,  obloug-lauceolate,  very  acute,  all  but 


230  COMPOSIT.E.     (composite  family.) 

the  uppermost  taper-pointed,  and  also  taperinfj  Mow  into  a  narrowed  base  or  winjrcd 
petiole;  /uads  smitll  (less  than  ^'  long,  exclusive  of  the  narrow  r-.iys) ;  involucre 
between  bell-shaped  and  top-shaped  ;  the  scales  ohscurdy  (jlandnlttr,  linear,  or  the 
short  outer  ones  oblonJ,^  wiih  j;rcenish  appressed  tips;  achenia  linear,  slightly 
pubescent.  —  Borders  of  oak  woods,  in  rather  moist  soil,  New  Bedford,  Mass., 
E.  W.  Ilcicei/.     Sejtt.  —  An  ambiguous  member,  and  the  snialle.st-Howered,  of 
the  section.     Pappus  whitish,  Hner  than  that  of  the  preced;ng. 
§  3.  ASTER,  proper.     Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  various  degrees,  wiih 
lierbaceous  or  Ituf-lilce  summits,  or  the  outer  ones  entirely  follaceous :  raijs  numer- 
ous: pappus  sojland  nearlij  uniform:  achenia  JJatleiud.     (All  flowering  late 
in  summer  or  in  autumn.) 

*  Leaves  whitened,  silvtri/silki/  both  sidex,  all  sessile  and  entire,  mucronulate :  involu- 

cre imbricated  in  3  to  several  tows:  rays  showy,  purple-violet. 

7.  A.  sericeus,  Vent.  Stems  slender,  branched  ;  leaves  silver-white,  lance- 
olate or  oblong;  htuJs  mostly  solitary,  terminating  the  short  branchlcts;  scales  of 
the  (jlobulur  involucre  sitnilar  to  the  haves,  sprcadiiiy,  except  the  short  coriaceous 
base ;  achenia  smooth,  many-ribbed.  —  Prairies  and  dry  banks,  Wisconsin  to 
Kentucky  and  southward.  —  Heads  large:  rays  20-30. 

8.  A.  COncolor,  L.  Stems  wand-like,  nearly  simple ;  leaves  croicdcd,  ob- 
long or  lani<ol(ile,  appressed,  tlie  upper  reduced  to  little  bracts ;  heads  in  a  simple 
or  compound  wand-like  raceme;  scales  of  the  oliovoid  involucre  closely  imbricated 
in  several  rows,  appressed,  rather  rigid,  silky,  lanceolate ;  achenia  silky.  —  Dry 
sandy  soil,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  and  southward. — Plant  l°-3°high, 
with  the  short  leaves  1'  or  less  in  length,  grayish-silky  both  sides. 

*  *  Lower  leaves  not  heart-shaped ;  the  upper  all  sessile  and  more  or  le.ss  clasping  by 

a  lu art-shaped  or  auricled  base :  heads  showy :  scales  of  the  inversely  conical  or 
bdl-shaptd  involucre  regularly  imbricated  in  several  rows,  the  outer  successively 
shorter,  appressed,  coriaceous,  whitish,  with  short  herbaceous  tips:  rays  large, 
purple  or  blue. 

9.  A.  patens,  Ait.  Rough- pubescent ;  stem  loosely  panicled  above  (1° -.3° 
high),  with  widely  spreading  branches,  the  heads  mostly  solitary,  terminating 
the  slender  branchlets  ;  le<ives  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  often  contracted 
below  the  middle,  all  clasping  by  a  deep  auricled-heart-sluiped  base,  rough,  especially 
above  and  on  the  margins,  entire ;  scales  of  the  minutely  roughish  involucre  with 
spreading  pointed  tips;  achenia  silky.  —  Var.  phlogifolius  is  a  form  which 
the  plant  assumes  in  shady  moist  places,  with  larger  and  elongated  thin  scarcely 
rough  leaves,  downy  underneath,  sometimes  a  little  toothed  above,  mostly  much 
contracted  below  the  middle. — Dry  ground:  common,  es])ecialiy  southward. 
Heads  i'  broad,  and  with  showy  deep  blue-purple  rays. 

10.  A.  Isevis,  L.  Vu-y  smooth  throughout :  heads  in  a  close  panicle  ;  leaves 
thickish,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  chiefly  entire,  the  upper  more  or  less 
clasping  by  an  auricled  or  heart-shaped  base  ;  scales  of  the  short-obovoid  or  hemi- 
spherical inrohicre  with  appressed  green  points  ;  rays  sky-blue  ;  achenia  smooth. 
A  variable  and  elegant  species,  of  which  the  two  best-marked  forms  are  :  — 

Var.  ISBVig^tuS.  Scarcely  if  at  all  glaucous  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong; 
involucre  nearly  hemispherical ;  the  scales  lanceolate  or  linear,  with  narrow  and 


COMPOSIT.^.       (cOMrOSITi:    TAMILY.)  2.'31 

acute  green  tips  tapering  down  on  the  midncrvc.     (A.  la; vis,  />.     A.  Uuvigatus, 
Wili'd.) — Dry  woodlands:  rather  lonnnon.  4 

Var.  cytincus.  Very  smooth,  hut  jjalc  or  glaucous  ;  leaves  thicker  ;  tho 
upper  oltiMi  ohlong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  clasping  hy  a  heart-shaped  base;  invo- 
lucre narn)Wi'd  at  the  base,  of  broader  and  more  coriaceous  scales  with  shorter 
and  abrupt  tii)S.  (A.  eyaiieus,  Iloffm.,  i^c.) — JJordcr  of  woodlands  :  connnon, 
especially  north wanl. 

11.    A.    tui'binellus,    Lindl.      Very  smooth;   stem  slender,  paniculately 
brauiiud  ;  Intns  hiiictohitc,  tapering  to  each  end,  entire,  with  rough  margins ; 
ini-o'ucre  dotiijdtcd-ohcouirdl  or  almost  club-shaped  (V^OHg);  tli<^  scales  linear, 
with  very  short  and  blunt  green  tips  ;  rajs  violet-blue  ;  uclienia  ni.arly  smooth. — 
Dry  hills,  &,c.,  Illinois  and  southwestward.  —  Well-marked  and  handsome. 
*  *  *  Lower  laives  all  heart-shaped  and  petioled,  t/ie  upper  sissile  or  pelioled:  invo- 
lucre imbricated  much  as  in  the  last  division,  but  the  heads  smaller,  verij  numerous, 
racemos'd  or  paniclcd. 
■*-  Lexivrs  entire  or  sli(jhtlij  serrate  :  heads  middle-siz^d :  rays  briyltt-blue. 
12.    A.  azureus,  Lindl.     Stem  rather  rough,  erect,  racemose-compound 
at  the  sunnnit,  the  branches  slender  and  rigid  ;  leaves  rough  ;  the  lower  ovate-iance- 
elate  or  oblomj,  heart-shajted,  on  lonfj  ojlen  hairy  petioles  ;  the  others  lanceolate  or  lin- 
ear, sessile,  on  the  branches  awl-shaped  ;  involucre  inversely  conical.  —  Copses 
and  prairies,  Niagara  Falls  (Clinton),  and  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. — 
Involucre  much  as  in  A.  la;vis,  but  much  snuillcr,  slightly  pubescent ;  the  rays 
bright  blue. 

1"5.  A.  Shortii,  Boott.  Stem  .slender,  spreading,  nearly  smooth,  bearing 
very  numerous  heads  in  racemose  panicles;  hares  smooth  aliore,  minutily  pubes- 
ant  underneath,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  elonr/ated,  tapering  gradually  to  a 
sharp  point,  all  but  the  uppermost  more  or  less  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  and  on  naked 
petioles;  involucre  bell-shaped.  —  Cliffs  and  bank-s  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and 
southward.  —  A  pretty  species,  2° -4°  high;  the  leaves  3' -5'  long. 

14.  A.  undulktUS,  r>.  Pale  or  somewhat  hoary  with  close  pubescence; 
stem  spreading,  bearing  nunu'rous  heads  in  racemose  panicles ;  leaves  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  with  wavy  or  sliyhtly  toothed  man/ins,  roiiyhish  above,  downy  under- 
neath, the  lowest  heart-siiaiH-d  on  margined  jx-tioles,  the  others  abruptly  contracted 
into  short  broadly  wimjt-d  petioles  which  arc  dihitrd  ami  claspinr/  at  the  base,  or  di- 
rectly sessile  by  a  heart-shaped  Ijase  ;  invohure  obovoid.  (A.  diversif()liu3, 
Michx.)  —  Dry  copses:  common. 

■i-  ■*-  Leans  conspicuously  serrate:  heads  small :  rays  pale  blw  or  nearly  white. 

1.').  A.  COrdif61iuS,  L.  Stem  much  hnwKhvil  above,  the  sprradiny  or  di- 
venjimj  branches  beariny  very  num-rons  pnnicled  hca-ls ;  lower  leaves  nil  heart- 
shaped,  on  slender  and  mostly  naked  ciliatc  petioles  ;  scales  of  the  inversily  coni- 
cal involucre  all  appra^srd  and  tipped  with  short  ip-een  fwints,  dttuse  or  acntish.  — 
Woodlands:  very  cominon.  —  Varies  with  the  stem  and  leaves  cither  smooth, 
rougiiish,  or  sonivtiin  s  hairy.      Heads  profuse,  but  (piite  small. 

IG.  A.  sagittifblius,  Willd.  Stem  rigid,  crec.  with  nscendiny  branch's 
beurinij  numerous  raccwosi-  hnuls;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  jiointed  ;  the  lower 
hcart-bhaijed  at  the  base,  on  margined  petioles ;  the  upper  lanceolate  or  linear. 


232  COMl'OSlTvE.       (cOJIPOSITIi    FAMILY.) 

pointed  at  both  ends  ;  scales  of  the  oblong  involucre  linear,  tapering  into  awl-shaped 

slender  and  loose  tips. — Dry  ground,  New  York  and  Penn.  to  Kentueky  and 

nortlnvard.  —  Usually  more  or  less  hairy  or  downy  ;  the  heads  rather  lar<,^er 

than  in  the  last,  almost  sessile.  —  A.  Drummondii,  Lindl.,  whieh  probal)ly 

grows  on  the  Illinois  side  of  the  Mississippi,  is  a  downy-leaved  variety  of  this. 

*  ♦  *  ♦  Leaves  none  of  them  heart-shaped ;  those  of  the  stem  sessile,  narrow,  rigid, 

entire:  involucre  imbricated  in  several  rows:  the  coriaceous  scales  appressed  and 

whitish  lit  the  base,  with  abrupt  and  conspicuous  spreading  herlxjceous  tips :  heads 

stnall  and  i-enj  numerous,  paniculate-racemose  ;  rai/s  white. 

17.  A.  erieoides,  L.  Smuothor  sparingly  hninj  {\°  -\^°  Wv^hj  ;  tlie  sim- 
ple branchk'ts  or  peduueles  racemose  along  the  upper  side  of  rlie  wand-like 
spreading  branches;  lowest  leaves  obloiig-spatulate,  sometimes  tootliL-d  ;  the  ul hers 
linear-lanctolate  or  linear-awl-shaped,  acute  at  both  ends  ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
broadest  at  the  base,  with  acute  or  awl-sluipal  green  tips,  —  Var.  vill6sus  is  a 
luiiry  form,  often  with  broader  leaves ;  chiefly  in  the  Western  States.  —  Dry 
open  places,  S.  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  soiuliward. 

18.  A.  multiflbl'US,  Ait.  I'ale  or  koarg  with  minute  close  pubescence  (1° 
high),  much  branched  and  bushy ;  the  heads  much  crowded  on  the  spreading 
racemose  branches  ;  leaves  crowded,  linear,  spreading,  with  rough  or  ciliate  mar- 
gins, the  upper  somewhat  dilated  and  purtlg  clasping  at  the  base  ;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre with  spalulatc  spreading  green  tips  broader  than  the  lower  portion,  the  outer 
obtuse.  —  Dry  gravelly  or  sandy  soil :  common. 

*****  Leaves  none  of  them  lieart-shaped ;  those  of  the  stem  tapering  at  the  b'ise, 
sessile  ;  involucre  imbricated ;  the  scales  tmequal,  with  short  and  narrow  up- 
pressed  or  rather  loose  greenish  tips:  lauds  small  or  middU-sized :  raijs  ivhite  or 
bluish-purple. 

H-  Heads  stnall.  (Involucre  2"  -4"  long.) 
19-  A.  dum6sus,  L.  Smooth  or  nearly  so,  racemosely  compound,  the 
scattered  heads  mostly  solilarij  at  the  end  of  the  spreading  branchlets  ;. leaves  linear 
or  the  upper  ol)long,  crowded,  entire  or  slightly  serrate,  with  rough  margins  ; 
scales  of  the  closdg  imbricated  involucre  linear-spatulate,  obtuse,  in  4  -  6  rows.  — 
Thickets:  common.  —  Available  species,  1°-. 3°  high,  loosely  branched,  with 
small  leaves,  especially  the  upper,  and  an  inversely  conical  or  bell-shaped  invo- 
lucre, with  more  abrupt  green  tips  than  any  of  the  succeeding.  Rays  pale 
purple  or  bliu\  lar!_''er  tlian  in  the  next.     Runs  into  several  peculiar  forms. 

20.  A.  Tradescanti,  L.  Smooth  or  smcothish  :  the  nunvrons  heads  closely 
racemed  along  one  side  of  the  erect-spreading  or  diverging  branches ;  leaves 
lanceolate-linear,  elongated,  the  larircr  ones  remotely  serrate  in  the  middle  with 
fine  sh.'irp  teeth  ;  scales  of  the  inrohirrp  narrowly  linear,  arute  or  acullsh,  in  .3  or  4 
rows.  —  Var.  frAoii.is  has  the  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  except  the  lowest, 
the  heads  more  scattered.  —  Moist  banks  :  very  common.  —  Stems  2°  -  4° 
high,  bushy  :  heads  very  numerous,  smaller  than  in  the  last.  Rays  white  or 
nearly  so. 

21.  A.  miser,  L.,  Ait.  More  or  If ss  hairy,  much  hTi\nchL'i\  ;  the  brunches 
usually  divcri^ing,  bearing  racemose  often  srallerrd  heads;  leaves  lanceobite  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, tapering  or  pointed  at  each  end,  bharply  serrate  in  the  middle  • 


COMrOSIT.E.       (COMI'OSITK    FAMILY.)  233 

scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute  or  rather  obtuse,  imlH-iciitcd  in  3  or  4  rows.  — 
Thickets,  Helds,  &c. :  very  common,  and  c.xtcn.sivcly  variahle.  —  Leaves  larj^cr 
than  in  either  of  the  precedin;;  (^' -.')') ;  tiie  involucre  intermediate  between 
tlicni,  as  to  the  forn.\  of  tiie  scales.  Kays  mostly  short,  pale  bluish-purple  or 
white. 

H-  H-  I/,a<ls  mul.lli-sizrd.      (Incolucre  3"  -  .')"  /o»</.) 

22.  A.  simplex,  Willd.  Smooth  or  nearly  so  (3°  -  6°  high),  much 
branched;  t\n:  brumhi a  and  scattered  heads  somewhat  corifmhose  at  the  summit; 
Uai-es  lanceolate,  pointed,  the  louxr  serrate ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-aui-shaped, 
looselj  and  sjxirinyli/  imbricated.  —  Shady  moist  banks  :  common.  —  Rays  pale. 
Approaches  in  its  different  forms  the  preceding  and  the  two  following. 

23.  A.  tenuifblius,  L.  Nearly  smooth;  stem  much  branched  (2° -3° 
high);  the  heads  sumewluit  i)aiiicled  or  raeemcd ;  leaves  narrowli/  lanceolate, 
tapering  into  a  lomj  slender  point  (2'-  6'  long),  with  rough  margins,  the  lower  some- 
what serrate  in  the  middle  ;  scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  linear-awl-shaped, 
verij  slender-pointed,  numerous,  closelij  imbricuted.  —  Low  grounds.  New  York  to 
Wisconsin,  and  .southward.     Kays  short  and  narrow,  ])ale  purple  or  whitish. 

24.  A.  CarneUS,  Nees.  Smooth,  or  the  branches  rough  or  pubescent; 
leaves  lanciolute,  somewhat  pointed,  or  the  upjier  short  and  partly  clasping; 
heads  racemose  along  the  ascending  leafy  branches ;  scales  of  the  obovate  in- 
volucre lanceolate,  abruptly  acute,  closely  imbricuted.  —  Moist  soil :  common.  Leaves 
firm  in  texture,  smooth,  or  rough  above.  Kays  rather  large,  bluish,  purplish, 
violet-purple,  or  almost  white. — On  a  thorough  revision  of  the  genus,  older 
names  will  be  found  and  verified  for  this  and  No.  22,  which  here  cover  a  multi- 
tude of  forms.     A  muta'bilis,  L.,  is  probably  one  of  them. 

»  «  jK  *  *  *  Stem-leaves  sessile,  the  upper  more  or  bss  rldspliH/  :  scales  of  the  hemi- 
sjiherical  involucre  loosely  more  or  less  imbricated,  somew/iut  ecjual,  ivith  herba- 
ceous tips,  or  the  outer  often  entirety  herbaceous:  heads  middle-sized  or  large: 
rays  blue  or  pur/ile.     (The  species  of  this  group  are  still  perplexing.) 

2.5.  A.  SestiVUS,  Ait.  Stem  slender,  roui/h,  bushy-branched ;  leaves  nar- 
rowly lanceolate-linear,  elongated,  taper-pointed,  entire,  with  rough  nuirgins;  heads 
corymbose,  loose  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  loose ;  rays  large,  apparently  light 
blue.  (A.  laxifblius,  Nees.)  —  Var.  L.KTiFL6nus  has  very  slender  branches 
and  leaves,  and  the  scales  of  the  involucre  unequal  and  more  appressed. — 
Moist  shady  places,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.  —  Heads  about  as  large 
as  in  A.  puniccus,  in  some  forms  ap])earing  more  like  A.  carueus.  Leaves  4'- 
7'  long,  \'  to  i'  wide. 

2G.  A.  Novi-B61gii,  L.  Nearly  smooth  ;  stem  stout ;  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late, pale  or  somewhat  glaucous,  serrate  in  the  middle,  acute,  tajiering  to  each  end  ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  rather  closely  imbricated,  with  bro<idi.th  acute  herbaceous  tips; 
rays  j)ale  blue  or  purplish.  —  Low  grounds,  not  clearly  known  in  a  wilil  state. 
The  plant  here  in  view  is  intermediate  between  No.  24  and  No.  27.  —  Heads 
smaller  and  less  ^liowy  tiian  in  the  next. 

27.  A.  lougif61iuS,  Lam.  Smmith  or  nearly  so  ;  stem  branclicd,  corym- 
bose-panicled  at  the  summit;  /((fCLs/dHfro/f/^'or //;(«;»-,  or  the  lower  ovate-lanceo- 
late, entire  or  sparinglv  serrate  in  the  middle,  taper-pointed,  shining  above;  scales 
L  &  M— 30 


234  coMPOsiTJE.     (composite  family.) 

of  the  inrolucrc  ImhiicnUd  in  3  -  5  roirs,  linear,  icith  acute  or  atcI-sJiaprd  spreading 
or  recurved  green  tips  ;  rays  larj^c  juul  niunerous,  bright  purplisli-blue.  —  Moist 
places,  along  streams,  &c. :  eoiinnoii  eastward. — riant  l°-5"  high,  with  large 
and  showy  heads ;  very  variable  in  the  foliage,  involucre,  &c. ;  its  multiforia 
varieties  inchiding  A.  thyrsiHorus,  Ilojfin.,  A.  jaxus,  Willd.  (a  form  wiih  more 
leafy  involucres),  A.  jinualtus,  Poir.,  A.  elodes,  Tvrr.  cj-  Cr.  :  also  A.  salicifolius, 
Scholler,  the  oldest  name  of  all. 

28.  A.  punieeus,  L.  Stem  tall  and  stout,  rom/h-hiiiri/  all  over  or  in  lines, 
Msually  purple  below,  panicled  above;  leures  olilong-lanccolate,  claapiug  lii/  an  uuri- 
cLd  liiise,  spuriuijlji  serrate  in  tiie  middle  ivith  nppress<d  teeth,  rough  above,  nearly 
smooth  luiderneath,  pointed ;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  acute,  loose, 
egiuil,  in  about  2  rows;  rays  long  and  showy  (lilac-blue,  paler  or  whitish  in 
shade).  —  Low  thickets  and  swamps,  very  common.  —  Stems  3° -6°  high,  in 
open  grounds  rough  with  ri<;id  bristly  hairs. 

Van  vimineus  (A.  vimineus,  Willd.)  is  a  variety  nearly  smooth  through- 
out; growing  in  shade. 

29.  A.  prenanthoides,  Muhl.  5'^r?m /off  (I°-.'}°high),  corymbosc-paui- 
cled,  hairi)  ahore  in  lin<s;  leaves  rough  aliove,  very  snimlh  undirnialli,  ovalc-lunceolute, 
sharply  mt-tootlied  in  the  middle,  conspicuously  taper-jminted,  and  tapering  below  in  a 
long  contracted  entire  portion,  which  is  abruptly  ddated  into  an  auricled-heurt-shaped 
clasping  base;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  with  recurved-spreading 
tips;  rays  light  blue.  —  Borders  of  rich  woods,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southwards  to  Virginia. 

*******  Leaves  entire,  those  of  the  stem  sessile,  the  base  often  clasping:  heads 
solitary  terminating  tlie  branches  or  somewhat  corymbed,  showy:  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre very  numerous,  with  loose  and  spreading  or  recurved  mostly  fuliaceous  tij>s, 
usually  more  or  less  glandular  or  viscid,  as  are  the  branchlets,  ij-c. 

■*-  Inrnlnrre  imbricated,  the  scales  in  several  or  many  ranks. 

30.  A.  grandiflbrus,  L.  Rough  with  minute  hispid  hairs ;  stems  slender, 
loosely  mucii  branched  (l°-3°  high);  leaves  very  small  (i'-l'  long),  oblong- 
linear,  obtuse,  rigid,  the  uppermost  passing  into  scales  of  the  hemispherical 
squarrosc  many-ranked  involucre;  rays  bright  violet  (I'  long);  achcuia  hairy. 
—  Dry  open  ]>laccs,  Virginia  and  southward.  —  Heads  large  and  very  showy. 

31.  A.  oblongifblius,  Nutt.  Minutely  glandular-puberutent,  much  branched 
above,  rigid,  paniculate-corymbose  (l°-2''  high) ;  leaves  narrowl y  oblong  or  lancer 
olate,  mucronate-pointcd,  partly  clasping,  thickish  (l'-2'  long  by  2" -5"  wide) ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  broadly  linear,  appresscd  at  the  base;  rays  violet-purple; 
achcuia  canescent.  —  Banks  of  rivers,  from  Penn.sylvania  (Huntingdon  County, 
Prof.  Porter !)  and  Virginia  to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  westward. —  Heads 
miildlc-sizcd  or  smaller. 

32.  A.  amethystinus,  Xutt.  Taller  than  the  foregoing  (2° -.5°  high), 
more  ui)right,  witli  more  hirsute  and  not  at  all  glandular  or  viscid  pubescence  ; 
heads  more  racemose  on  the  branches  and  smaller;  involucre  only  about  3"  in 
diameter,  the  tips  of  the  scales  less  s))reading ;  rays  light  clear  blue.  — ^  Moist 
grounds,  Massachusetts  (near  Salem,  Cambridge,  &e.,  Nuttall,  Dr.  liobbins,  &.c.  : 
Amherst  (Prof.  TucLcrman),  Illinois  (f.  Hall),  and  Wisconsin. 


COMI'OSIT.E.       (composite   FAMILY.)  23J 

■*-  ■*-  Im-o'urre  of  many  fen/  .shtultr  rqiial  smlrs  npprnriug  like  n  single  row. 
3.^.  A.  Novae-AngliaB,  L.  .SVrw  k/ok/, /lu//// (3°-8°  higli),  conmbed  at 
the  smnniit  ;  hunx  n rj  uiiimrviis,  lannolotc,  mlire,  acute,  aiiriatlate-rlas/un;/,  clol/ud 
with  minittejmbescence ;  scuks  oj't/ie  inrolucre  lineuf-aul-s/tupcd,  loose,  (jUindulur-viscid, 
as  well  as  the  branchlcts ;  rays  violct-purplc,  in  var.  kosels  rosc-purpic  (A. 
losL'us,  Desf),  very  numerous;  aciienin  hairy.  —  Moist  grounds:  eoninion. — 
Heads  larj;e,  corynibcd.  Var.  >  witii  white  rays,  Carroll  Co.,  111.,  //.  ^/limtr. 
**#****#  ILads,  Sj-c,  as  in  tlir  prrredinr/  group ;  hut  foliage  as  in  ♦  »  ♦. 

34.  A.  anomalus,  Engelm.  Somewhat  hoary-pubeseent;  stems  slender 
(2° -4°  high),  simple  or  racemose-branehcd  above;  leaves  ovate  or  ovatc-lanec- 
olatc,  pointed,  entire  or  nearly  so,  the  lower  cordate  and  long-petioled,  the  upper 
small  and  almost  sessile;  scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  imbricated  in 
several  rows,  appressed,  with  linear  spreading  leafy  tips ;  achcnia  smooth.  — 
Limestone  cliffs,  W.  Illinois  (and  Mis.souri,  near  St.  Louis),  Engelinann.  —  Heads 
as  large  as  those  of  No.  31  :  rays  violet-purple. 

§4.  OKITROl'HIUM,  Kuntli.  Scales  of  the  inrolucre  narrow,  nearly  equal  and 
almost  in  a  single  row,  more  or  less  herbaceous:  pappus  ofsojl  and  uniform  capil- 
lary bristles:  mostly  low  perennials,  bearing  solitary  or  few  heads. 

35.  A.  graminifdlius,  Pursh.  Slightly  pubescent,  slender  (6'- 12' high); 
leaves  very  numerous,  narrowly  linear;  branches  prolonged  into  slender  naked 
peduncles,  bearing  solitary  small  heads;  rays  rose-purple  or  whitish. — North- 
ern  borders  of  New  England,  Lake  Superior,  and  northward. 

§  5.  OllTHOMERIS,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Scales  of  the  involucre  regularly  imbricated, 
unequal,  often  carinate,  with  membranaceous  margins,  entirely  destitute  of  herba- 
ceous tips:  jHipptts  of  soft  and  unequal  capillary  bristles. 

36.  A.  acuminatUS,  Michx.  Somewhat  hairy;  stem  (about  1°  high) 
simple,  zigzatr,  paiiiiled-corymbosc  at  the  sunnnit ;  peduncles  slender ;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  conspicuously  pointed,  coarsely  toothed  above,  wedge-form  and  entire 
at  the  base  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  few  and  loosely  imbricated,  linear-lanceolate, 
pointed,  thin  (3"-  5"  long) ;  heads  fcw  or  several ;  rays  12-18,  white,  or  slightly 
purple.  —  Cool  rich  woods  :  common  northward  and  southward  along  the  Alle- 
ghanies.  Aug.  —  There  is  a  depauperate  narrow-leaved  variety  on  the  White 
Mountains  of  New  Hampshire. 

37.  A.  nemor^lis,  Ait.  Minutely  roughisli-pubescent ;  stem  slender, 
simple  or  corymbose  at  the  summit,  very  leafy  (l°-2°  high) ;  leares  small  (!'- 
li'  long),  rather  rigid,  lameohtte,  nearly  entire,  with  revolute  margins;  scales  of  the 
inversely  conical  involucre  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  the  outer  passing  into 
awl-shaped  bracts;  rays  lilac-purple,  elongated. — Bogs,  pine  barrens  of  New 
Jersey  to  Maiui-  along  the  coast,  and  northward.  Also  White  Mountains  of 
New  Hampshire;  a  small  form,  with  solitary  heads.     Sept. 

38.  A.  ptarmicoides,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Smooth  or  roughish ;  stems  clus- 
tered (6'- l.")' high),  simple;  /coirs  linear-lanceolnte,  acute,  rigid,  entiw,  tapering 
to  the  base,  1 -3-nerved,  with  rough  margins  (2' -4' long) ;  heads  small,  in  a 
flat  corymb ;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  3  or  4  rows,  short ;  rays  white 
(2" -3"  long).  —  Dry  rocks,  W.  Vermont  to  lUiuois  and  Wisconsin  along  the 
Great  Lakes,  and  northward.     Aug. 


236  coMPosiT.iL.   .  (composite  family.) 

§  6.  OXYTRIPOLIUM,  DC.  Scales  of  the  involucre  hnhricaied,  without  herha- 
rroKS  ti/)s,  iiaiuilli/  rcry  acute,  the  outer  passing  into  scale-like  brads  :  pappus  sojl 
ami  cajtHhn  If  :  aihenla  striate. 

39.  A.  flexu6sus,  Nutt.  Stem  zigzag,  rigid,  forked  (O"- 20' hi|,^h)  ;  the 
branches  bearing/  lan/e  avlitdri/  heads ;  leaves  linear,  thick  aiul  Jlcshy,  j)oiiitcd,  entire, 
seales  of  the  hell-shaped  involucre  imbricated  in  many  roivs,  ovate-hxneeolatc  with 
awl-shaped  points;  ruifs  numerous,  lanje,  pale  purjile.  —  Salt  marshes  on  the 
coast,  Maine  to  Viriijinia.     Sept. 

40.  A.  Iinif61ius,  L.  Annual;  stem  iiuk-1i  In-anchcd  (G'-24' higli),  the 
branches  bearing  numerous  racemose  or  panicled  small  heads  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
pointed,  entire,  flat,  on  the  branehcs  awl-shaped ;  seales  of  the  oblong  involucre 
linear-aivl-shnped,  in  feiv  rows ;  rays  somewhat  in  two  rows,  short,  not  projecting  be- 
yond the  disk-,  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers,  purplish.  (A.  subulatus, 
Michx.)     Salt  marshes,  on  the  coast,  Maine  to  Virginia.     Aug. -Oct. 

41.  A.  angustus,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Tripolinm  angustum,  Z/«f//.  T.  frondo- 
sum,  Nutt.  Also  in  Siberia,  Conyza  Altiiica,  DC,  and  Brachyactis  ciliata, 
Ledtb.)  An  annual  species  related  to  the  last,  but  with  broader  leaves,  very 
many  minute  rays,  and  more  copious  pappus :  comes  from  the  northwest  to  near 
the  borders  of  Wisconsin. 

14.    ERIGERON,    L.        Fleabaxe. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate,  mostly  flat  or  hcmisj)herical  ;  the  narrow  rays 
very  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  narrow,  nearly  equal  and 
little  imbricated.  Keceptaclc  flat  or  convex,  naked.  Achenia  flattened,  usually 
pubescent  and  2-ncrved.  Tappus  a  single  row  of  capillary  bristles,  with  minuter 
ones  intermixed,  or  with  a  distinct  short  outer  pappus  of  little  bristles  or  ehaff'y 
scales.  —  Herbs,  with  entire  or  toothed  and  generally  sessile  leaves,  and  solitary 
or  corymbed  heads.  Disk  yellow  ;  ray  white  or  purple.  (Name  from  vp?  spring, 
and  ytpav,  an  old  man,  suggested  by  the  hoary  appearance  of  some  of  the  ver- 
nal species.) 

§  1.     C^NOTUS,  Nutt.     Rays  inconspicuous,  in  sevei-al  rows,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  pappus:  pappus  simple:  chiefly  annuals  and  bienniids. 

1.  E.  Canad^nse,  L.  (House-weed.  Butter-weed.)  Bristly-hairy; 
stem  erect,  wand-like  (3° -5°  high)  ;  leaves  linear,  mostly  entire  ;  those  from  the 
root  cut-lobed  ;  /iea(/s  very  numerous  and  small,  cylindrical,  paH/c/<rf.  — Waste 
places;  a  common  weed,  now  widely  ditiPused  over  the  world.  July -Oct. — 
Ligules  much  shorter  than  their  tube,  white.      (Nat.  in  En.  &e.) 

2.  E.  divarieatum,  Michx.  Dijfuse  and  decumbent  (3' -  G' hi<:h) ;  leaves 
linear  or  awl-shaped  ;  heads  loosely  coi-ymbed ;  rays  purple:  otherwise  like  No.  1. — 
Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

3.  E.  acre,  L.  Sparsely  hairy  or  smoothish  ;  stem  erect  (10' -20' high)  ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lower  spatulatc-oblong,  entire  ;  heads  several  or  rather 
numerous,  racemose  or  at  length  corymbose,  nearly  hemisidicrical  (4'' -5" 
long)  ;  rays  purplish  or  bluish,  equalling  or  a  little  exceeding  the  copious  pap- 
pus. —  Shores  of  Lake  Superior  (Dr.  Robbins,  Prof.  Porter,  &.C.),  and  northwest- 
ward.    (Eu.) 


CO.MPOSIT.E.        (cOJirOSlTE    FAMII.V.)  237 

§  2.  EUERf  GERON,  Torr.  &  Gr.  lini/s  elonqnted,  crowded  in  one.  or  more  rows: 
ixi/i/iiis  siiii/>/<!.      (Erect  ficrennkih :  heitds  somewliat  cori/mhrd,  middle-sized.) 

4.  E.  bellidifblium,  Muhl.  (Kohin's  Plantain.)  Hairy,  proditrimj 
offsrts  from  tin-  Ikisc  :  stiiii  sini/ile,  rather  U(dc<d  uiure,  Itcariiig  low  (1-9)  lar<;c 
heads  oii  .slciulcr  iieiliincle.s,  root-leaves  ohovate  ami  spatulate,  sparingly  toothed ; 
those  of  the  stem  distant,  huiceolateoblong,  i)aitly  elas])ing,  entire  ;  rnija  (ulioiit 
50)  rather  hroud,  liijht  hluixh-jmriile.  —  Copses  and  moist  hanks  :  common.     May. 

5.  E.  Pllilad61phiGU.m,  L.  (Co.m.mon  Fleabane.)  Hairy;  stem  fea/i/, 
corymhed,  hearing  several  small  heads  ;  leaves  thin,  with  a  broad  midrib,  ob- 
long ;  the  upper  smoothish,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  mostly  entire ;  the 
lowest  spatulate,  toothed ;  rays  innumerable  and  very  narrow,  rose-purple  or  flesh- 
color.     (E.  purphreum,  Ait.)  — Moist  ground  :  common.     June -Aug. 

§  3.  STENACTIS,  Cass.  Outermost  bristles  of  the  pappus  short  and  minute,  or 
ratlur  chiij/'j/,  forming  an  external  series:  otherwise  as  §  2. 
G.  E.  glab^llum,  Nutt.  Stem  (6'- 15'  high)  stout,  hairy  al>ove,  the 
leafless  summit  bearing  1-7  large  heads;  leaves  nearly  glabrous,  except  the 
margins,  entire,  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate  and  pointed,  closely  sessile  or 
partly  clasping,  the  lower  s])atulate  and  petioled  ;  rays  (more  than  100,  purple) 
more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  hoary-hisj)id  involucre.  —  Plains  N.  Wiscon- 
sin, and  westward.     June. 

§  4.  PHALACROL^MA,  Cass.  Bays  numerous,  but  nearly  in  a  single  row,  con' 
sjn'cuous :  pappus  plainly  double,  the  outer  a  crown  of  minute  chajfy-hristle-fortn 
scales ;  the  inner  of  scanty  capillary  bristles  which  arc  deciduous,  or  entirely 
wantinfj  in  the  ray  :  annuals  and  biennials. 

7.  E.  ^nnuum,  Pcrs.  (Daisy  Fleabane.  Sweet  Scabious.)  Stem 
stout  (.'}°-5°  high),  branched,  l)eset  with  spreading  hairs;  leaves  coarsely  and 
sharply  toothed;  the  lowest  ovate,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole;  the  upiwr 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  and  entire  at  both  ends  ;  heads  corymbed ;  rays  white, 
tinged  with  purple,  not  twice  the  length  of  the  bristly  involucre.  (E.  hetcro- 
phyllum,  Afuhl.  E.  strigosum,  Bigel.)  —  Fields  and  waste  places  :  a  very  com- 
mon weed.     June -Aug.     (Nat.  in  En.) 

8.  E.  Strigbsum,  Arnhl.  (Daisy  Fleab.^ne.)  Stem  panicled-corym- 
bose  at  the  summit,  roughish  like  the  leaves  with  minute  oppressed  hairs,  or  almost 
smooth ;  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  the  upper  lanceolate,  scattered,  the  lowest  ob- 
long or  spatulate,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole;  rays  white,  twice  the  length 
of  the  minutely  hairy  involucre.  (E.  integrifulium,  Blgel.)  —  Fields,  &c. :  com- 
mon. June-  Aug.  —  Stem  smaller  and  more  simple  than  the  last,  with  smaller 
heads  but  longer  rays.  —  Var.  DiscofDEUM,  RdJnus,  has  the  rays  minute, 
scarcely  exceeding  the  invohicre.  —  Uxbrid;re,  Massachusetts,  and  adjacent  parts 
of  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island,  Dr.  RMiins. 

§  5.    ERIGERfDIUM,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Rays  about  30,  in  a  single  row,  rather 
broad:  pappus  simple  :  achenia  mosdy  Anerved  :  root  ptrenniid. 

9.  E.  v6rnum,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Glabrous ;  leaves  clustered  at  the  root, 
oval  or  spatulate;  scape  leafless,  slender  ( 1° -2°  high),  bearing  5-12  small 
corymbed  heads  ;  rays  white.  (E.  nudicaule,  Micluc,  Aster  veriius,  L.)  — Low 
grounds,  E.  Virginia  and  southward.     May. 


238  coMrosiT.E.     (compositf.  family.) 

15.    DIPLOPAPPUS,     Cciss.    Double-bristled  Aster. 

Ikiuls  nuiiiy-flowcrcd,  railiatc  ;  tlic  rays  8-12,  i)istillatc.  Scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre imbricated,  appicsised,  narrow,  1-iierved  or  keeled,  destitute  of  lierbuceous 
tips.  Ixeeeptaclc  tlat,  alveolate.  Acliciiia  Hattish.  rapi)us  double  ;  the  outer 
of  very  short  and  small  stifi'  bri-stle.s,  the  inner  of  capillary  bristles  as  long  as 
tlie  disk<orolla.  —  Tcrennials  with  corymbose  or  sini])le  heads  :  disk-flowers 
vcUow  ;  rays  white  or  violet.  (Name  coniposed  of  StTrXooy,  doublef^id  nuTTTros, 
piifj/ius,  the  character  which  distinguishes  the  genus  from  Aster.)^ 
§  1.  Rays  violet,  showy:  head  solilari/,  pretty  large:  involucre  much  imhricaled : 
achniia  silky  :  bristles  of  the  inner  jiapjms  all  alike. 

1.  D.  Iinariif61ius,  Hook.  Stems  (6'- 20' high)  several  from  the  same 
woody  root,  iuu.-.tly  siiii|)le,  very  leafy  ;  leaves  rigid,  spreading,  linear,  strongly 
l-nerved,  smooth,  rough-margined.  —  Dry  soil :  common.     Sept.,  Oct. 

§  2.  Bays  white:  heads  small,  corymhfd :  inrolnrre  shorter  than  the  disk,  imhricaUd 
in  about  3  rows:  acheniu  smooth i sh  :  bristles  of  the  inner  pappus  unequal,  some 
of  them  thickened  at  the  tip :  leaves  ralhi-r  large,  scattered,  membranaceous,  veiny, 
entire. 

2.  D.  umbell^tus,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Smooth,  leafy  to  the  top  (2° -6°  high); 
leaves  lanc(olate,  elonijutid,  taper-pointed  and  tapering  at  the  base  (3' -C  long); 
heads  very  numerous  in  compound  flat  corymbs;  scales  of  the  involucre  rather 
close,  obtusish.  —  Moist  thickets:  common,  especially  northward.     Aug. 

3.  D.  amygdalinus,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Smooth  or  roughish  above,  leafy ; 
leaves  ovate-la nreolale,  aruie,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  scales  of  the  involu- 
cre loose,  obtuse.  —  Low  grounds,  New  Jersey,  Pcnn.,  and  southward.  Aug.  — 
Too  near  the  last  ;  but  lower,  rougher,  and  with  broader  and  shortir  leaves. 

4.  D.  COrnifdliUS,  Darl.  Stem  (l°-2°  high)  pubescent,  bearing  few 
heads  on  direrqent  peduncles  ;  leaves  elliptical  or  ovate-lanceolate,  conspicuously  pointed 
at  both  ends,  ciliatc,  hairy  on  the  veins  underneath.  —  Woodlands,  E.  Massa- 
chusetts to  Kentucky,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.     July -Sept. 

16.    BOLTONIA,    L'llcr.        Boltoxia. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the 
hemispherical  involucre  imbricated  somewhat  in  2  rows,  appressed,  with  narrow 
memhranaceons  margins.  Rcccj)tacle  conical  or  hemispherical,  naked.  Aelie- 
nia  very  flat,  obovatc  or  inversely  heart-shaped,  margined  with  a  callous  wing, 
or  in  the  ray  3-winged,  crowned  with  a  ])a])pus  of  sbveral  minute  bristles  and 
tisnally  2-4  longer  awns.  —  Perennial  aiul  bushy -branched  smooth  herbs,  ])ale 
green,  with  the  aspect  of  Aster:  the  thickish  leaves  chiefly  entire,  often  turned 
edgewise.  Flowers  autumnal  :  disk  yellow:  rays  white  or  purplish.  (Dedicated 
to  James  Bolton,  an  English  botanist  of  the  last  century.) 
*  Heads  middle-sized,  loosely  corymbed. 

1.  B.  asteroides,  L'lkr.  Leaves  lanceolate  ;  achcnia  broadly  oval ;  pap- 
pus of  few  minute  bristles  and  no  awns.  —  Moist  places  along  streams,  renn- 
sylvania  (Bartram),  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies  :  rare.  Oct.  —  Plant 
usually  6°  high. 


COMI'OSIT^.       (composite    FAMILY.)  239 

2.  B.  glastif61ia,  L'llcr.  Leaves  lanceolate,  ascendirif; ;  achenia  obovate, 
l)r()a(lly  wiii-fil  ;  ])ai>|iiis  of  several  short  bristles  and  2  or  3  short  awns.  —  Kiih 
soil,  reiiiisvlvania  to  Illinois  and  soutiiward.     Sept.,  Oet.  — Plant  2° -4°  hit;h. 

*  *  IIhii/s  swtill,  fHtniclcd  on  ihe  slrm/rr  lirdncJws. 

3.  B.  dijRTtlsa,  L'lli-r.  Stem  ditiusely  I)ranthcd  ;  leaves  lance-linear,  those 
on  tlic  liraiK  lilcts  very  small  and  awl-sliaprd  ;  pajipns  of  several  very  short  bris- 
tles and  2  sliort  awns.  —  Prairies  near  Centralia,  Illinois  (  Vascif),  and  southwest- 
ward.     AiJg.  -  Oct. 

17.     BELLIS,     Tourn.        Daisy. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  nnmerons,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  lierl)aceous,  etpial,  in  about  2  rows.  Heceptacle  conical,  naked.  Ache- 
nia obovate,  flattened,  winjiless,  and  without  any  pappus.  —  Low  herbs  (all  but 
onr  sinjilc  species  natives  of  the  Old  World),  cither  stemless,  like  the  true  Daisy, 
B.  j>erennis,  or  leafy-stemmed,  as  is  the  following.  (The  Latin  name,  from 
lieUiis,  pretty.) 

1.  B.  integrifdlia,  Michx.  (Western  Daisy.)  Annual  or  biennial, 
diffu.sely  bram  lied  (4' -9'  high),  snioothish  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  the 
lower  spatulatc-obovatc ;  heads  on  slender  peduncles  ;  rays  pale  violet-purple.  — 
Prairies  and  banks,  Kentucky  and  southwestward.     March- June. 

18.     BRACHYCHiETA,     Ton-.  &  Gr.        False  Golden-rod. 

Heads  and  flowers  nearly  as  in  Solidag«,  except  the  pappus,  which  is  a  row 
of  minute  rather  scale-like  bristles,  shorter  than  the  achenia.  —  A  perennial  herb, 
with  rounded  or  ovate  serrate  leiwes,  all  the  htm-  ones  heml-sluiped ;  the  small 
yellow  heads  in  sessile  clusters  racemed  or  sjaked  on  the  branches.  (Name  com- 
posed of  ^pap^ilf,  shorl,  and  X"""'?'  (>''istle,  from  the  pappus.) 

1.  B.  cord^ta,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Solidago  cordata,  Slio)-t.)  Wooded  hills, 
E.  Kentucky  and  southward.  Oct. —  Plant  2<'-4°  high,  slender,  more  or  less 
pubescent. 

19.     SOLIDAGO,     L.        Golden-rod. 

Heads  few -many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  1-16,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the 
oblong  involucre  ajjprcssed,  destitute  of  heri)aceous  tips  (except  No.  1 ).  Recep- 
tacle small,  not  cliafly.  Achenia  many-riipbed,  nearly  terete.  Pappus  simple, 
of  equal  capillary  bristles.  ^Perennial  herbs,  with  mostly  wand-like  stems  and 
nearly  sessile  stem-leaves,  never  heart-shaped.  Heads  small,  racemed  or  clus- 
tered :  flowers  both  of  the  disk  and  ray  (except  No.  2)  yellow.  (Name  from  so- 
lulo,  to  join,  or  make  whole,  in  alln-^^ion  to  reputed  vulnerary  (jualities.)  Flow- 
ering in  autumn. 

§  1.  CHUYSASTRUM,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Scales  of  the  much  imhHcattd  and  rigid 

inrohicrc  with  alnuptli)  sprmdini/  hnliacrous  tips :  heads  in  c/nstrrs  or  (jlomcrate 

racemes,  disjiosed  in  a  dense  somtichat  Ua/i/  and  intcrrufilid  iraud-lih  eumjmind 

spilce. 

L   S.  squarrbsa,  Muhl.     Stem  stout  (2°-.')0  high),  hairy  above;  leaves 

large,  oblong,  or  the  lower  spatulutc-oval  and  tapering  into  a  luurgincd  petiole. 


240  comi'OsityE.     (composite  family.) 

serrate,  veiny;  disk-flowers  16-24,  the  rays  12- 16. —  Rocky  and  wooded 
hills,  Maine  and  W.  Vermont  to  renn.sylvania,  and  the  mountains  of  Virginia : 
rather  rare. 

§2.  VIllGAiniEA,  Toiirn.     Soilis  of  the  involucre  destitiUe  of  herlxtceous  tiys: 
rai/.i  moAtly  fewer  than  the  disL-Jioweis :  /leads  dl  more  or  hss  pedict-lled. 
*  III  (ids  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  ftutlier-veintd  leaves. 
2.    S.  bicolor,  L.     Uoarjj  or  (jrnylsh  with  soft,  hairs ;  stem  mostly  simple ; 
leaves  obloii"-  or  elliptical-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  or  the  lower  oval  ami 
tapering  into  a  petiole,  slightly  serrate;  cinders  or  short  racemes  Jiom  the  axils  of 
the  upper  /taws,  forming  an  interrujjted  spike  or  crowded  panicle;  rai/s  small, 
cream-color  or  jiearli/  white.  —  Var.   concolok  has  the  rat/s  yellow.  —  Dry  copses 
and  hanks :  the  var.  in  Pennsylvania  and  westward. 
f^.i^a^  ■"'-''' C^-   ^-  latif61ia,  L.     Smooth  or  nearly  so,  stem  angled,  zigzag,  simple  or 
^i^^^--  ''paniculate-branched  (l°-30  high) ;  leaves  broadly  orate  or  oval,  very  strongly  and 
sharply  serrate,  conspicuously  pointed  at  both  ends  (thin,  3'  -6'  long) ;  heads  in  very 
short  axillary  clusters,  or  somewhat  prolonged  at  the  end  of  the  branches. — 
Moist  shaded  banks :  common  northward,  and  along  the  mountains. 

4.  S.  Cii&sia,  h.  Smooth ;  stein  terete,  mostly  glaucous,  at  length  much 
branched  and  diffuse ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ohlong-lanceolatc,  serrate,  pointed, 
sessile ;  heads  in  very  short  clusters,  or  somewhat  racemose-paniclcd  on  the 
branches.  —  Moist  rich  woodlands  :  common. 

*  *  Racemes  terminal,  erect,  either  somewhat  simple  and  wand-like,  or  compound  and 

panided,  not  one-sided :  leaves  father-veined.     (Not  maritime.) 

1-  Heads  small :  leaves  nearly  entire,  except  the  lowermost. 

5.  S.  virgkta,  Michx.  ^'<■ry  smooth  throw^hout;  .stem  strict  and  simple,  wand- 
like (2° -4°  high),  slender,  beset  with  small  and  entire  appressed  lanceolate-ob- 
long thickish  leaves,  which  are  gradually  reduced  upwards  to  mere  bracts ;  the 
lowest  oblong-spatulate  ;  heads  crowded  in  a  very  narrow  compound  spicate  raceme ; 
rays  .'3-7.  —  Diimp  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 

6.  S.  puberula,  Nutt.  Stem  (l°-3°  high,  simple  or  branched)  and  pan- 
icle minutely  hoary  ;  s/em-leares  lanceolate,  acute,  tapering  to  the  base,  snioothish  ;  the 
lower  wedge-lanceolate  and  sparingly  toothed;  heads  very  numerous  and  crowded 
in  compact  short  racemes  forming  a  prolonged  and  dense  narrow  or  ])yramidal  {xinicle  ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  linear-awl-shaped,  appressed;  rays  about  10.  —  Sandy  soil, 
Maine  to  Virginia  and  southward,  near  the  coast. 

7.  S.  striata,  Ait.  Very  smooth  throughout;  •  stem  simple,  strict  (2° -3° 
high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  the  lower  tapering  into  winged  petioles,  partly 
sheathing  at  the  base,  minutely  serrate  above  with  appressed  teeth  ;  racemes  much 
crowded  and  ai)pre.^sed  in  a  di-nse  wand-like  panicle;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear- 
oblong,  obtuse;  rays  .5-0,  small.  —  Peat-bogs,  Maine  to  Pennsylvania,  Wis- 
consin, and  northward.  Ituut-kuvcs  G' -  10' long.  Plowers  earlier  than  most 
species,  beginning  in  July. 

-1-  H-  J/uiils  rather  large,  at  hast  Jar  the  size  of  the  plant. 

8.  S.  Speci6sa,  Nutt.  Stem  slout  (.'3° -0°  high),  smooth;  leaves  thickish, 
smooth  with  rougli  margins,  oval  or  ovate,  slightly  serrate,  the  uppermost  oblong- 
lanceolate,    the   lower   contracted  into   a  margined   petiole ;  heads   somewhat 


COMrOSIT.E.       (COMPOSITK    FA^IH.Y.)  211 

crowded  in  numerous  erect  rnremos,  forminrj  an  amjiJc  pi/rnnn'dal  or  lln/rsi/orm  pan- 
iclc ;  peduncles  and  ])ediccls  roM;;li-hiiiry  ;  scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre 
oblong,  olitiise  ;  rays  about  5,  large.  —  Var.  angi:st.\ta  is  a  dwarl  Ibrin,  witli 
the  racemes  short  and  clustered,  forming  a  dense  interrupted  or  compound  spike. 
—  Copses,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  —  A  very  handsome  species; 
the  lower  leaves  4'-G'  long  and  2' -4'  wide  in  the  larger  forms. 

9.  S.  petiol^ris,  Ait.  MinHtely  himrij  or  downij ;  stem  strict,  simple,  (1°- 
:\°  higii)  ;  harts  smull  (.}'-2'  long),  omil  or  oUomj,  mucronatc,  veiny,  rough-ciiio- 
late  ;  the  ni)per  entire  and  nhntptly  vera  siml-pdiohcl,  the  lower  often  serrate  and 
tapering  to  the  base;  heads  ftw,  in  a  wand-like  raceme  or  panicle,  on  slender 
bracted  pedicels  ;  rays  about  10,  elongated  :  scales  of  the  piihescent  involucre 
lanceolate  or  linear-awl-shaped,  the  outer  ones  loose  and  spreading,  7nore  or  /ess 
foliuceous, —  especially  in  var.  SQUARnuL6sA,  Torr.  &  Gr.  —  S.  W.  Illinois 
(Dr.  Kiujdiiirtnii),  and  southward.  —  The  name  is  misleading,  as  the  leaves  are 
hardly  pctioicd. 

10.  S.  Virga-atirea,  L.  Pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  ;  stem  low  (6'-  18' 
high)  and  simple  ;  leitces  lanceolate  or  oldanceolatr,  or  the  lowest  spatulute  or  Miptical- 
oliovute  and  jietioled,  serrate  with  small  appresse.d  te(th  or  nearly  entire ;  racemes 
thyrsoid  or  simple,  narrow;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute; 
rays  8-12.  —  An  extremely  variable  species  in  the  Old  World  and  in  our  north- 
ern regions  ;  jjcrhaps  including  several.     (Eu.) 

Var.  alpina,  Bigel.  Dwarf  (l'-8'  high),  with  few  (1-12)  pretty  large 
lieads  (.3"  -4''  long,  becoming  smaller  as  tliey  increase  in  number) ;  leaves  thick- 
ish,  mostly  smooth;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish ;  rays 
about  12.  —  Alpine  region  of  the  mountains  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and 
New  York;  and  shore  of  Lake  Superior. 

Var.  htimilis.  Low  (6'-  12'  high)  and  smooth,  bearing  several  or  numer- 
ous loosely  thyrsoid  smaller  heads,  which,  with  the  peduncles,  &e.,  arc  mostly 
somewhat  glutinous;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse;  rays  6-8,  short;  leaves 
varying  from  narrowly  lanceolate  and  nearly  entire  to  oblanceolate  and  serrate. 
(8.  humiHs,  Pursh,  Torr.  <f-  Gr.)  —  Itocky  banks,  W.  Vermont,  and  along  the 
Great  Lakes  northward.  Also  on  islands  in  the  Susquehanna,  near  Lancaster, 
I'cnn.,  Prof.  Porter!  Great  Falls  of  the  Potomac,  Virginia,  Dr.  Pol)l)ins.' — At 
the  base  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  on  gravelly  banks  of 
streams,  occurs  a  form,  with  the  minutely  pubescent  stout  stem  I°-2°  hi;;h,  the 
leaves  larger  and  broader,  and  the  heads  very  numerous  in  an  ample  compound 
raceme  ;  the  rays  occasionall}'  almost  white. 

11.  S.  thyrsoidea,  E.Meyer.  Stem  stout  (l°--l°  hvj^h),vand-liLr,imWs- 
cent  near  the  summit,  simple ;  leaves  thin,  ovate,  inrrjularli/  and  coarsely  serrate 
viih  sharp  salient  teeth,  laryc  ( t'-4' long),  all  but  the  uppermost  abruptly  con- 
tracted hnolonrj  and  uianiined  petioles ;  heads  lanjc  (.")"- 6"  long),  niany-flowercd, 
crowded  in  an  oblong  or  wand-like  raceme  or  contracted  ])anicle  (2'-  18'  long) ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  loose  and  thin,  long,  lanceolate,  taper-pointed;  rays  8- 
10,  elongated  ;  aehenia  smooth.  (S.  Virga-aurea, /'"/Ji/i.  S.  leiocarpa,  Z>C'.)  — 
Wooded  sides  of  niountaius,  N.  Maine  to  New  York  (houth  to  the  CatskiUs), 
shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  northward. —  Very  near  an  European  form  of  S. 
Virca-uurea. 

<;  M-n 


^ 


242  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

»  »  *  Heads  in  a  componml  cori/nib  terminating  the  simple  stem,  not  at  all  racemose: 
Uuris  mostljj  Willi  a  sirorij  midrib. 

12.  S.  ri^ida,  L.  Row/h  and  someu-hat  hoeni/ with  a  minute  pubescence; 
Btcm  stout  (."J" -5°  high),  very  leafy;  coiynib  dense;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  copi- 
ously feather-veined,  thick  and  rigid ;  the  upper  closely  sessile  by  a  broad  base, 
slightly  serrate,  the  uppermost  entire  ;  heads  large,  about  34-flo\vered  ;  the  rays 
7-10.—  Dry  soil,  Connecticut  to  N.  Wisconsin  and  southward. 

13.  S.  Ohioensis,  Hiddell.  Very  smooth  throughout;  stem  wand-like, 
slender,  leafy  (2° -3°  high);  stem-leaves  oblong-laiweolate,  Jlut,  entire,  obscurely 
fciitiier-veined,  closely  sessile ;  the  lower  and  radical  ones  elongated,  slightly 
serrate  towi.rds  the  apex,  tapering  into  long  margined  petioles  ;  heads  numerous, 
on  smooth  pedicels,  small,  16 -2()-tiowercd  ;  the  rays  6  or  7.  — Moist  meadows 
or  jn-airies,  W.  jS'cw  York  to  Ohio  and  Wisconsin.  — Koot-leaves  1°  long;  the 
upi>er  reduced  to  l'-2',  with  rough  margins,  like  the  rest. 

■  14.  S.  Rlddellii,  Frank.  Smooth  and  stout  {2° -4°  high),  mi/ /m^,  the 
branches  of  the  dense  corymb  and  pedicels  rough-])ubescent ;  leaves  linear-lance- 
olate, eloni/att.d  (4' -6'  long),  entire,  acute,  partly  clasping  or  sheathing,  rowrfw/Vi- 
late  and  mostli/  recurved,  the  lowest  elongated-lanceolate  and  tapering  into  a  long 
keeled  petioie,  obscurely  3-nervcd;  heads  ve^i  »iHmc)oi/s,  clustered,  20-24-flow- 
crcd  ;  the  rays  7-9.  —  Wet  grassy  prairies,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  Illinois.  — 
Heads  larger  than  in  the  last,  2" -3"  long.  Stem-leaves  upright  and  partly 
sheathing  at  the  base,  then  gradually  rccurved-spreading. 

15.  S.  Hought6nii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth;  stem  rathei-  low  and  slender 
(l°-2°  higii) ;  leaves  scattered,  hnmr-kmceolate,  acutish,Jlat,  entire,  tapering  into 
a  narrowed  slightly  elas|Hng  base,  or  the  lower  into  margined  petioles ;  heads 
few  or  several,  2u  -  30-fiowered ;  the  rays  9  or  10. — North  shore  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan ;  collected  in  the  Michigan  State  Survey.  Swamps  at  West  Bergen,  Gen- 
esee Co.,  New  \ork,  J.  A.  Paine,  &c.  July,  Aug. — Leaves  rough-margined, 
2'  -  5'  long,  2"  -4''  wide,  1-ncrved,  or  the  lower  obscurely  3-nerved  above ;  veins 
obscure.     Heads  large,  nearly  ^'  long.     Scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse. 

*  *  *  *  Heads  in  one-sidi  d  more  or  less  spreiidine)  or  recurved  racemes :  leaves  veiny, 

not  3-ril)lied,  but  sometimes  obscurely  triple-nerved. 
•»-  Leaves  thirkish,  very  smooth,  entire,  tlongated,  obscurely  ixiny :  heads  rather  larrje. 

16.  S.  sempervirens,  L.  Smooth  and  stout  (l°-6°  high) ;  leaves  fle-liy, 
lanceolate,  sliglitlv  clasiting,  or  the  lower  ones  lanceolate-oblong,  obscurely 
triple-ncnx'd  ;  racemes  short,  in  an  open  or  contracted  panicle.  —  Vai'ics,  in  le-s 
brackish  swamps,  with  thinner  elongated  linear-lanceolate  leaves,  taj>ering  to 
each  end,  and  more  erect  racemes  in  a  narroAver  panicle.  —  Salt  marshes,  or 
rocks  on  the  shore,  Maine  to  Virginia.  —  Heads  showy :  the  golden  rays  8-10. 

■*-  H-  leaves  usually  ample,  serrate,  loosely  feather-veined,  or  rarely  sll(jhlly  tri/ile- 
vrrvrd:  heads  middle-sized. 

17.  S.  eHiptica,  Alt.  Smooth;  stem  stout  {\° -3°  hv^h),  very  leafy ;  leaves 
elliptical  or  ohlunij-bninoldle,  acute  (2' -3'  long),  closely  sessile,  slightly  serrate, 
strongly  veined,  ihich,  smooth  both  sides,  shinimj  abm-e  ;  heads  in  dense  sjnrad in ij  ra- 
cemes which  are  crowelid  in  a  close  pyramidal  panicle  ;  jK'iUinclcs  aiid  achunia  stri- 
gose-j)ubescent.  —  Swaui]is  (fresh  or  brackish)  near  the  coast,  Mass.  to  New  Jer- 
sey and  southward.  —  Heads  showy,  3"  long  ;  the  rays  8-12. 


COMPOSIT/E.       (COMPOSITK    FAMILY.)  2  I'J 

1 8.  S.  negl6cta,  Torr.  &  Gniy.  Smooth  ;  stem  stout  (2°  -  3°  high) ;  hares 
tlii(kisli,  .■iiiiuDtJt  Ijolk  sales,  ojiuque ;  the  upper  oblong-lanccoliite,  mostly  acute  ami 
neiirly  cmire;  tlie  luwer  orat^-lauceohite  or  ohloiifj,  sliarply  serrate,  tapcrin<r  into  a 
petiole ;  raremes  short  aiid  dense,  at  letii/th  spreudiiuf,  di'<i)0>cd  in  an  elon^attd  or 
pyraniiilal  dose  panicle;  peduncles  and  aclienia  nearly  glabrous.  —  5>wamns, 
Maine  to  Penn.  and  Wisconsin.  —  Heads  rather  large,  crowded ;  the  racemes  at 
first  erect  and  scarcely  one-sided. 

19.  S.  p^tula,  Muhl.  Stem  stronr/h/  anyh'd,  smooth  (S^-S*  high);  Uareji 
(4' -8'  long)  nriitc,  acute,  serrate,  pale,  very  smooth  and  celni/  uudenieath,  but  the 
upper  surfttce  verij  rofiijh ,  \\\iG  s\\n\xYQii\\ ;  racemes  rather  short  and  numerous  on 
the  spreading  branches.  —  Swamps  :  common. 

20.  S.  argilta,  Ait.  Smooth  throw/hoid  {\°-i°  high);  radical  and  lower 
stem-leaves  elliptical  or  lanceolate-oval,  sharpli/  seirate  with  spreading  teeth,  pointed, 
tapering  into  winged  and  ciliatc  j)etioles  ;  llie  others  lanceolate  or  olilonr/,  slightly 
triple-nerved,  tapering  to  each  end,  the  uppermost  entire;  racemes  dense,  naked,  at 
leiiijlh  iloiKjatrd  and  recurved,  formiiKj  a  crowded  and  flat  coripnh-llke  }>anlcle:  rays 
8-12,  smidl.  —  Var.  1.  jvxcka  has  the  leaves  narrower  and  less  serrate,  or  all 
the  upper  entire.  —  Var.  2.  scAi!Kiii,i,.\  is  .somewhat  roughish-])ubeseent  (Wis- 
consin, &c.).  —  Copses  and  banks  :  common,  especially  the  first  variety.  —  Well 
distinguished  by  its  long  or  droo])ing  racemes,  and  the  closely  appressed  rigid 
scales  of  the  involucre,  siii;ill  rays,  i*^c,.  But  the  name  is  a  bad  one,  as  eveu 
the  root-leaves  are  seldom  much  tootlied. 

21.  S.  Muhlenb6l'gii,  Torr.  &  tJr.  Smooth;  stem  am/led;  leaves  (large 
and  thin)  orate,  ami  the  upper  elliptical-lanceolate,  very  sharply  and  strongly  ser- 
rate, pointed  at  both  tnds,  the  lowest  on  margined  petioles ;  racemes  pidiesccnt, 
spreadinf/,  dis/iosed  in  an  elon(/atid  open  ]Kinirle ;  rays  6-7,  lanje.  —  Copses  and 
moist  woods.  New  Hampshire  to  Tenn.  —  llicemes  much  shorter  and  looser 
than  in  the  last ;  the  iuvolncral  scales  thin  and  more  slender. 

22.  S.  linoldes,  Solander.  Smooth;  stem  slender,  simple  (10' -  20' high) ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  serrate  with  small  appressed  teeth,  narnnved  at  the  base,  the 
lower  tapering  into  margined  ciliatc  jjctioles,  the  uppermost  oblong  ;  racemes 
short,  crowded  in  one  or  3-4  small  one-sided  i)anicles  (3' -4'  long) ;  heads  small 
and  few-flowered;  rays  1-3.  —  IBogs,  New  England  (near  Boston  and  Provi- 
dence), to  the  j)ine  barrens  of  New  Jersey. 

■*-■*-■*-  Lku-ix  hroad,  not  large,  sessile  or  short -pet  ioled,  coarsely  and  sharply  serrate, 
co])ie)u<lii  fiather-velned  and  conspicuously  reticulated:  heads  small:  rays  shod. 

23.  S.  altissima,  L.  Rouyh-hairy,  especially  the  stem  (2' -7'  high)  ;  leaves 
ovate-lane-eolate,  ellipticed  or  olilony,  often  thiclcish  and  very  ruyose  ;  racemes  panided, 
spreading;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear;  rays  6-9;  the  disk-flowers  4-7. — 
Borders  of  fields  ami  copses  :  very  common,  jiresenting  a  great  variety  of  forms  : 
but  instead  of  the  tallest,  as  its  name  denotes,  it  is  usually  one  of  the  lowest 
of  the  common  G'o'elen-reiels.     It  flowers  early.     Aug.  -  Se])t. 

24.  S.  Ulmifblia,  Muhl.  Stem  smooth,  the  branches  hairy;  leaves  thin, 
elllptieal-orate  iir  eJ,li,nyleinfio!<ite,  pointed,  lapniny  to  the-  Inise,  loo,sely  veined,  be- 
set with  soft  hairs  beneath;  racemes  panieled,  recurved-spreading ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  laneeolnte-oblong  ;  rays  about  4.  —  Low  eop.ses  :  common.  —  Too 
near  the  last;  distinguished  only  by  its  smooth  stem  .tikI  thin  larger  leaves. 


244  coMPOsiTi'E.     (composite  family.) 

25.  S.  Drummdndii,  Torr.  vt  Gr.  Stem  (1°-.'J°  hiuli)  and  lower  surface 
of  the  hriMullij  onite  or  ornl  somewhat  tn/ile-ribbed  leaves  mimilelj/  relreti/-/>ub(  scent, 
soino  of  the  leaves  almost  entire;  nueiiies  panicled,  short;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre ohiong,  obtuse;  rays  4  or  5.  —  Hocks,  Illinois  opposite  St.  Louis,  and 
southwestward. 

^-  -I-  H-  -t-  Leaves  entire  or  nenr/i/  so,  thirkish,  reticttlate-vn'ni/,  lint  the  veins  obscure. 

26.  S.  pilbsa,  Walt.  Stem  stunt,  uiiriyhl  {:i° -7°  h\ij;\\),  clothed  with  spread- 
ing hairs,  often  panicled  at  the  summit ;  leaves  oblong-lunceolate,  rouyhish,  hairy 
lieneuth,  at  least  on  the  midrib,  serrulate,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong 
and  entire,  closely  sessile  ;  racemes  many,  recurved,  crowded  in  a  dense  pyram- 
idal panicle  ;  rays  7-10,  very  short.  —  Low  grounds,  pine  barrens  of  jS'ew  Jer- 
sey to  \'ir;jinia,  and  southward. 

•r,.  S.  odbra,  Ait.  (Swket  Goldkn-hod.)  .S'moo^/i  or  nearly  so  through- 
out; stem  slender  (2° -3°  high),  often  reclined;  leaves  linear-lauccolate,  entire,  shin- 
ing, jiellucid-ilotted  ;  racemes  spreading  in  a  small  one-sided  panicle;  rays  3-4, 
rather  larire.  —Border  of  thickets  in  dry  or  sandy  soil,  Vermont  and  Maine  to 
Kentucky  and  southward.  —  The  crushed  leaves  yield  a  pleasant  anisate  odor. 
Bnt  an  occasional  form,  var.  ixodOua,  is  nearly  scentless. 

-t-  -1-  f-  -I-  H-  Leaves  more  or  less  rjrayish  or  hoary,  thicklsh,  feather-veined  and 
sliiihthj  triple-ne.rvid,  obscurehf  serrate  or  entire;  heads  middle-sized. 

28.  S.  nemoralis.  Ait.  Ciothed  with  a  minute  and  close  grayish-hoary  (soft 
or  roughish)  puhesrence;  stem  simple  or  corymbed  at  the  summit  (^°-2j° 
high) ;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate-oblong,  the  lower  somewhat  crenate- 
toothcd  and  tapering  into  a  petiole;  racemes  nnmerous,  dense,  at  length  re- 
curved, forming  a  large  and  crowded  compound  raceme  or  panicle  which  is 
usually  turned  to  one  side;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-oblong,  oppressed ; 
rays  6 -9.  —  Dry  sterile  fields:  very  common. — Flowers  very  bright  }'ellow, 
beginning  early  in  Aug. 

29.  S.  radula,  Nutt.  Stem  and  oblong  or  obovatc-spatulate  leaves  rigid 
and  very  rough,  not  hoary,  the  upper  sessile ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong, 
rigid  ;  rays  3  -  6 :  otherwise  nearly  as  in  S.  nemoralis,  of  which  it  is  most 
probably  a  greener  and  rough  variety.  —  Dry  Hills,  Western  Illinois  and  south- 
westward. 

*****  Heads  in  one-sided  spreading  or  recurved  racemes,  forming  an  ample 

panicle ;  leaves  plainly  3-ribbed,  or  triple-ribbed. 

-t-  Scales  of  the  involucre  thickish  and  rigid,  closely  imbricated,  and  with  somewhat 

greenish  tips  or  midrib  :  leaves  rigid,  smooth  and  shining. 

30.  S.  Shoi'tii,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Stem  slender,  simple  (l°-30  high),  mi- 
nutely rougliisii-]iubesc-cnt  ;  leaves  oUong-lancolate,  acute,  the  lower  sharply 
serrate  above  the  middle  with  scattered  fine  teeth  ;  racemes  mostly  short  in  a 
crowded  panicle;  achenia  .silky-pubescent.  —  Rocks  at  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio,  &c. 
—  A  handsome  species  :  heads  3"  long,  narrow. 

31.  S.  Missouri6nsis,  Nurt.  Smooth  throughout  (1°- 3°  high)  ;  leares 
lincar-lanc(olale,  or  the  lower  broadly  lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  with 
very  rough  margins,  the  lower  very  sharply  serrate  ;  heads  and  dense  crowded 
racemes  nearly  as  in  No.  20 ;  arJunla  nearly  glabrous.  —  Dry  prairies,  from  Wis- 
consin and  Illinois  southward  and  westward.  — Heads  l-^"-2"  long. 


COMPOSITE..       (COMPOSITK    FAMILY.)  24') 

•*-  ■*-  Scales  of  the  involucre  narrow,  thin  and  membranaceous:  racemes  mostly  elon- 
gated and  nnmeroHS,  fonnimj  a  crowded  amjite  juinicle.  (Tlicse  all  jjivsent  in- 
tcnnctliati'  i'urins,  and  .should  ratlier  he  ivjjarded  as  one  jwlymorphous 
species.) 

32.  S.  rup6stris,  Kaf.  5/t/«  smooth  and  slender  (2° -.3°  high);  lcai:es 
linear-lancioldte,  ttijierinc]  to  both  ends,  smooth  and  (//uhrous,  entire  or  nearly  so ; 
panicle  narrow;  heads  very  small;  rays  very  short.  —  Kocky  river-hanks,  Kcu- 
tueky  and  Indiana. 

33.  S.  Canadensis,  L.  Stem  roii<jh-huiry,  taW  and  stout  (3° -6°  liigh) ; 
leaves  lanaolate,  pointed,  sharply  serrate  (sometimes  almost  entire),  more  or  less 
pubescent  beneath  and  rouijh  above ;  heads  small ;  rays  vtry  short.  —  Boiders  of 
thickets  and  Hclds  :  very  common.  —  Varies  greatly  in  the  roughness  and  hairi- 
ness of  the  stem  and  leaves,  the  latter  oblong-lanceolate  or  elongated  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  —  in  var.  procek.v,  whitish-woolly  underneath  ;  and  in  var.  scXiuja 
also  very  rough  above,  often  entire,  and  rngo.se-veincd. 

K/  34.    S.  serotina,  Ait.    Stem  very  smooth,  tail  and  stout  (4° -8°  higli),  often 

^^^  glaucous  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate,  ronghish  above,  smooth  ereejit  the  veins 
""^•y^^juiuiderneath,  ichich  are  more  or  less  hairy  ;  rays  short.  —  Thickets  and  low  grounds  : 

common.  —  Intermediate  in  character,  and  in  the  size  of  the  licads  and  rays, 

between  the  hist  and  the  next. 

35.  S.  gigantea,  Ait.  Stem  stout  (3^-7°  high),  smooth,  often  glaucous; 
leaves  quite  smooth  both  sides,  lanceolate,  tapci'-pointed,  ver}'  sharply  serrate,  ex- 
cept the  narrowed  base,  rough-ciliate ;  the  ample  panicle  pubescent ;  rays  rather 
lony.  —  Copses  and  fence-rows :  common  :  —  presenting  many  varieties,  but  with 
decidedly  larger  heads  and  rays  than  in  the  preceding.     Seldom  very  tall. 

§  3.  EUTHAMIA,  Nutt.  Corymbosely  much  branched:  heads  small,  s>ssile,  in 
little  clusters  which  are  crowded  in  Jiat-topped  corymbs;  t/ie  closely  oppressed 
scales  of  the  involucre  somewlmt  glutinous:  receptacle  Jimbrillate :  rays  6-20, 
short,  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers :  Uaves  narrow,  entire,  sessile,  crowded 
or  fascicled  in  the  a.rils. 

36.  S.  lanceolata,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate-linear,  S-t)-nervcd;  the  neiTcs, 
margins,  and  angles  of  the  branches  minutely  rough-pubescent ;  heads  obovoid- 
cylindrical,  in  dense  corymbcd  clusters;  rays  15-20. — River-banks,  &c.,  in 
moist  soil  :  common.  —  Stem  2°  -4°  high  :  leaves  3'  -  5'  long. 

37.  S.  tenuif61ia,  Tursh.  Smooth,  slender;  leaves  tery  nairowly  linear, 
mosdy  \-nerved,  dollfd:  beads  obovoid-club-shajieil,  in  numerous  clusters  of  2  or 
3,  disposed  in  a  loose  corymb;  rays  G- 12.  —  Sandy  fields,  Massachusetts  to 

^  Illinois,  and  southward  :  common  near  the  coast. 

20.     BIGELOVIA,     DC.         Ravi.ks.s    GoLniix-noD. 

Heads  3- 4-flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  tubular:  rays  none.  Invo- 
lucre club-shaped,  yellowish  ;  the  rigid  somewhat  glutinous  scales  linear,  closely 
imbricated  and  apprcssed.  Receptacle  murow,  with  an  awl-shaped  j>rolongation 
in  the  centre.  Achenia  somewhat  oliconical,  hairy.  Pa])pus  a  single  row  ui' 
capillary  bristles.  —  A  smooth  perennial  ;  the  slender  stem  (l°-2°  high)  sim- 
ple or  branched  from  the  base,  naked  above,  corymbose  at  the  summit,  bearing 


24G  coMPOSiT.E.     (composite  family.) 

small  heads  in  a  flat-topped  corymb.  Flowers  yellow.  Leaves  scattered,  oblan- 
ccolate  or  linear,  1  -3-nerved.  (Dedicated  by  DcCandolle  to  Dr.  Jaah  Biijeluw, 
author  of  the  Flonila  Bpstoniensis,  and  of  the  American  Medical  Botany. > 

1.  B.  nud^ta,  DC.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  New' Jersey  (rare),  and  south- 
ward.    Sept. 

21.     CHRYSOPSIS,     Nntt.        Golden  Aster. 

Iloails  many-fluwcrcd,  radiate  ;  tin'  rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  linear,  imliricatcd,  without  herbaceous  tips.  Receptacle  flat.  Achcnia 
obovate  or  linuar-oblon^j;,  flattened,  hairy.  I'appus  in  all  the  flowers  double,  the 
outer  of  very  short  and  somewhat  chaffy  bristles,  the  inner  of  long  capillary 
bristles.  —  Chiefly  perennial,  low  herbs,  woolly  or  hairy,  with  rather  large  often 
corymbose  heads  terminating  the  branches.  Disk  anil  ray-flowers  yellow. 
(Name  composed  of  ;(pvcr(If,  yold,  and  o\//is,  asjicct,  from  the  golden  blossoms.) 

*  I e  ires  iKirrmrh/  hinrcotntf.  or  linear:  achcnia  linear. 

1.  C.  graminifblia,  Nutt.  Sih-en/silLi/, -^v'nh  long  close-pressed  hairs; 
stem  slender,  often  with  niimers  from  the  base,  naked  above,  bearing  few  heads; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  elom/alecl,  ffrass-like,  nerved,  sliininr/,  entire.  —  Dr}'  sandy 
soil,  Delaware  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     July -Oct. 

2.  C.  faleata,  Kll.  Stems  (4'-10'  high)  very  woolly;  leaves  crowded, 
linear,  rii/id,  about  S-nirrrd,  entire,  somewhat  recurred  or  sci/thc-s/tapfd,  hairi/,  or 
smooth  when  old,  sessile;  heads  (small)  corymbed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  on  the 
coast,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  Nantucket  and  Cape  Cod,  JIass.     Aug. 

*  *  Leaves  ohlonrj  or  lanrrnlate,  entire  or  slifjhtli/  sei'rate,  mosthj  sessile,  veined,  not 
nerved  ;  achenia  ohnvate,  flattened. 

3.  C.  gOSSypina,  Nutt.  DenseJi/  wonllif  all  over;  leaves  ohlom/,  obtuse  (1'- 
2'  long) ;  heads  larger  than  in  the  next.  —  Pine  barrens,  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.    Aug.  -  Oct. 

4.  C.  Mariana,  Nutt.  Silh/  iriih  low/  and  n-ml:  hairit,  or  when  old  smnotli- 
ish  ;  leaves  obloni/ ;  heads  corymbed,  on  glandular  j)eduncles. —  Dry  barrens, 
from  S.  New  York  and  Pcnn.,  southward,  near  the  coast.     Aug.  -  Oct. 

5.  C.  villdsa,  Nutt.  Hirsute  and  villons-pubescent ;  stem  corymboscly 
branched,  the  branches  terminated  by  single  short-pednncled  heads  ;  leaves 
narrowljl  oblom;,  hoarij  icith  rou(/h  pubescence  (as  also  the  involucre),  Jn-istlijciliate 
toward  the  base.  —  Dry  jilains  and  jjrairies,  Wisconsin  to  Kentucky-,  and  west- 
ward.    July  -  Sept. 

22.    INULA,    L.        Elecvmiuxe. 

Outer  .scales  of  the  involucre  sometimes  leaf-like.  Achenia  terete  or  4-sided. 
Pappus  simple,  of  caj)illary  bristles.  Anthers  with  2  tails  at  their  base.  Other- 
wise much  as  in  the  last  genns.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  I.  IlEi.fexM-M,  L.  (Common  Ei.ec  ami>.\\i:.)  Stout  perennial  (3° -5° 
high) ;  leaves  large,  woolly  beneath;  those  from  the  thick  root  ovate,  petioled, 
the  others  partly  clas])ing ;  rays  very  many,  narrow.  —  Roadsides,  escaped 
from  gardens.    Aug.  —  Heads  very  large.   Root  mucilaginous.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


COMPOSITyK.       (COMPOSITF,    FAMILY.)  217 

23.     PLtrCHEA,     Cass.        Marsh-Fleabane. 

Heads  ma)iy-fluwerc(l ;  the  flowers  all  tubular;  the  central  perfect,  but  sterile, 
few,  with  n  .5-clert  corolla;  nil  the  others  with  a  thread-shaped  truncate  corolla, 
pistillate  and  fertile.  Involucre  imbricated.  Anthers  with  tails.  Achcnia 
grooved.  Pappus  capillary,  in  a  single  row.  —  Herbs,  somcwiiat  glandular, 
emitting  a  strong  or  camphoric  odor,  the  heads  in  close  compound  corymbs. 
Flowers  j)urpli>li,  in  suinuier.     (Dedicated  to  the  Abbe  Piurlie.) 

1.  P.  camphor^ta,  DC  (Salt-marsh  Fleabane.)  Annuul,  miimUh/ 
ri.irid,  pale  {l°-'2°  hi.uh);  haves  scarcely  pctiolnl,  ohlow^-ovixtii  or  lanceolate, 
thickish,  obscurely  veiny,  serrate;  corymb  flat;  involucre  viscid-downy.  (Co- 
n\za  camphorata,  Bi(/i:l.  C.  Marylandica,  Ptira/i.)  —  Salt  marshes,  Massa- 
chusetts to  Virginia  and  southward. 

2.  P.  foetida,  DC.  Pe.rcmilal,  almost  smooth  (-2°- 4°  \u'j:h);  leaves  disdnctli/ 
jietioted,  veiny,  oval-litneeolate,  poitittd  at  Initli  tt>ds,  serrate ;  corymbs  panieled ; 
involucre  smooth.     River-banks,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

3.  P.  bifrons,  DC.  Perennial;  leaves  closely  sessile  or  hulf-claspinfj  b}-  a 
somewhat  heart-shaped  base,  lance-oblong,  sharply  denticulate,  veiny  (only  2'- 
3'  long) ;  heads  clustered  in  a  corymb  ;  involucre  smooth.  —  Salisbury,  ilary- 
land  (  W.  M.  Canby),  and  southward. 

24.    BACCHARIS,    L.        GnorNnsnL-TnEE. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tubular,  dicecions,  viz.  the  pistillate  and 
staminate  flowers  in  sejjarate  heads  borne  by  difl'erent  plants.  Involucre  imbri- 
cated. Corolla  of  the  pistillate  flowers  very  slender  and  thread-like ;  of  the 
staminate,  larger  and  5-lobed.  Anthers  tailless.  Aeheni.i  ribbed.  I'apjius  of 
slender  capillary  bristles,  in  the  sterile  j)lant  scanty  and  tortuous;  in  the  fertile 
plant  very  long  and  copious.  —  Shrubs,  commonly  smooth  and  n\sinous  or  glu- 
tinous. Flowers  whitish  or  yellow,  autumnal.  (The  name  of  some  shrub 
anciently  dedicated  to  Bdrrlms.) 

1.  B.  halimif61ia,  L.  Smooth  and  soniewlmt  scurfy  ;  branches  angled  ; 
leaves  obovate  and  wedge-form,  coarsely  toothed,  or  the  upper  entire  ;  heads 
scattered  or  in  leafy  panicles;  scales  of  the  involucre  acutish.  —  Sea  beach, 
Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward.  —  Shrub  6° -12°  high;  the  fertile 
plant  c()ns])icuous  in  autinnn  by  its  very  long  and  white  ])ap|)us. 

2.  B.  glomerulifl6ra,  I'ers.  Leaves  sinituiate-oblong ;  heads  larger, 
sessile  in  the  axils  or  in  clusters ;  scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre  broader, 
very  obtuse  :  otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Pine  barrens,  E.  Virginia  and  south- 
ward. 

25.     POLYMNIA,    L.        Leai -Ci  r. 

Heads  manyflowcrcd.  radiate:  tlic  rays  several  (rarely  abortive),  jiisfillatc ; 
the  disk-flowers  perfect  but  sterile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  ill  two  rows ;  the 
outer  about  5,  leaf-like,  large  and  spreading  ;  the  inner  small  and  membrana- 
ceous, partly  embracing  the  thick  triangular-obovoid  achcnia.  l\ecej)tacle  flat, 
with  a  membranaceous  cliaft'  to  each  flower.     Pappus  none.  —  Tall  branching 


248  COMTOSIT.E.        (COMl'OSITE    FAMILY.) 

perennial  herbs,  viscid-hairy,  exhaling  a  heavy  odor.  Leaves  large  and  thin, 
opposite,  or  the  uppermost  alternate,  lobed,  and  with  dilated  appendages  like 
stipules  at  the  base.  Heads  in  panicled  corymbs.  Flowers  light  yellow  ;  in 
summer  and  autumn.  (Dedicated  to  the  Muse,  Poli/hi/mnia,  for  no  obvious 
reason,  as  tlie  ])l.ints  are  coarse  and  inelegant.) 

1.  P.  Canadensis,  L.  Clammij-hnirn ;  lower  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid,  the 
uppermost  tn;ingular-ovatc  and  3-5-lobed  or  angled,  petioled;  heads  small; 
rays/ew,  obocate  or  widtjr-fnrni,  shorter  than  the  involucre,  whiti-h-ycllow.  —  Moist 
shaded  ravines,  W.  New  York  (and  Weehawken,  New  Jersey,  Dr.  Allen)  to 
Pcnn.,  Wisconsin,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.  —  Var.  niscoiDEA  has 
the  corolla  of  the  ray-flowers  reduced  to  a  mere  ring  around  the  base  of  the  style. 
Mt.  Carroll,  Illinois,  Flcnri/  Shinier. 

2.  P.  Uved^lia,  L.  Roiujhish-hnin/,  stout  {A° -10°  hh^h)  ;  leaves  broadly 
ovate,  angled  and  toothed,  nearly  sessile ;  the  lower  palmately  lobed,  abruptly 
narrowed  into  a  winged  petiole;  outer  involucral  scales  very  large;  rai/s  10-15, 
linear-ohlom/,  i>iitch  loiifjer  than  the  inner  scales  of  the  incoliicre,  }  ellow.  —  Rich  soil, 
W.  New  York  and  New  Jersey  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

26.    CHRYSOGONUM,    L.        Ciirysogoxum. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radi;ite ;  the  rayt  about  5,  ])istillate  and  fertile  ;  the 
disk-flowers  perfect  but  sterile.  Involucre  of  about  .5  exterior  leaf-like  oblong 
scales,  which  exceed  the  disk,  and  as  many  interior  shorter  and  chaff-like  con- 
cave scales.  Receptacle  flat,  with  a  linear  chaff  to  each  disk-flower.  Achenia 
all  in  the  ray,  obovate,  obeompressed,  4-angled,  each  one  partly  enclosed  by  the 
short  scale  of  the  involucre  behind  it;  those  of  the  disk-flowers  abortive,  l^^p- 
pus  a  small  chaffy  crown,  2  -3-toothed,  and  split  down  the  inner  side.  —  A  low 
(2' -6'  high),  hairy,  perennial  herb,  nearly  stemless  when  it  begins  to  flower, 
the  flowerless  shoots  forming  runners.  Leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  spatulate,  cre- 
nate,  long-pctioled.  Heads  single,  long-])edunclcd.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name 
composed  of  XP'J"''''^^  fplden,  and  yow,  knee.) 

1.  C.  Virgini^num,  L.  Dry  soil,  from  Pennsylvania  ( Mercersburg, 
prof.  Porter)  and  Illinois  southward.     May- Aug.  —  Rays  ^'  long. 

27.     SILPHIUM,    L.        Rosin-Plaxt. 

Heads  many-flovvercd,  radiate ;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate  and  fertile,  their 
broad  flat  ovaries  imbricated  in  2  or  3  rows ;  the  disk-flowers  apparently  perfect, 
but  with  undivided  style,  and  sterile.  Scales  of  the  broad  and  flatfish  involu- 
cre imbricated  in  several  rows,  broad  and  with  loose  leaf-like  sunmiits,  e.\cc|it 
the  innermost,  which  are  small  and  resemble  the  linear  chaff  of  the  flat  recep- 
tacle. Achenia  broad  and  flat,  obc()mi)resscd,  surrounded  by  a  wing  which  is 
notched  at  the  top,  destitute  of  ])appus,  or  with  2  teeth  confluent  with  the 
winged  margin:  achenia  of  the  disk  sterile  and  stalk-like.  —  Coarse  and  tall 
rough  pcrenniid  herbs,  with  a  cojiious  resinous  juice,  and  large  coryuibosc- 
panicled  yellow-flowered  heads.  (SiX^toi/,  the  ancient  name  of  a  plant  which 
produced  some  gum-resin,  perhaps  assafcutida,  was  transferred  by  Linna;us  to 
this  American  genus.) 


i 


COMPOSITE.       (COMI'OSITi:    FAMILY.)  249 

♦  Stem  trrrtr,  miked  ahnrr,  nltrrnatr-lrtivnl  near  the  hnsn  {root  irnj  larrjf  and  thick). 

1.  S.  laciniitum,  L.  (Hosix-wkkd.  Compass-I'laxt.)  Ronfj/i-hrislhi 
ihroiirilioHt ;  stciii  stout  (.■!°  -  G°  lii^li),  leafy  to  the  top;  ledvcs  jiinmitdi/  pnrtij, 
potiolcd  l)ut  dilated  and  claspiiij,'  at  the  base;  t/ieir  dinsloiis  lanreolate  or  /iiii"ir, 
sicwtc,  riil-lolii'd  or  pliinatl/id,  rarely  entire;  heads  few  (!'- 2' broad),  somewhat 
raecnied  ;  srtifes  of  the  involiicro  orate,  tapcriug  into  loiicj  and  s/neadinrj  ri(fid  jioinli  ; 
aehcnia  broadly  winjjed  and  deeply  notehed.  —  Prairies,  Miehij^an  and  Wiscon- 
sin, thence  southward  and  westward.  July.  —  Lower  and  root-leaves  vertical, 
12  -30' lon<;,  ovivtc  in  outline;  on  the  wide  open  prairies  disposed  to  present 
their  edi^es  noith  and  south  ;  hence  called  Conipasa-Plant. 

•2.  S.  terebinthiniceura,  L.  (Tijaiuie  Dock.)  Stem  smooth,  slender 
(4°-  10°  hi;;h),  panicled  at  the  sununit  and  bearing  nuiny  (small)  heads,  leafless 
except  towards  the  base ;  leaves  orate  and  ovate-oblong-,  somewhat  heart-shaped, 
serrate-loot  lied,  thick,  rough,  especially  beneath  (1°  -  2°  long,  on  slender  petioles) ; 
scales  of  the  inrotucre  roundish,  obtuse,  smooth;  aehenia  narrowly  wingeii,  slightly 
notched  and  2-toothed. —  Var.  piNNATfriDUM  has  the  leaves  deeply  cut  or  pin- 
natilid,  but  varies  into  the  ordinary  form. — Prairies  and  oak-openings,  Ohio 
and  Michigan  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     July- Sept. 

*  *  Stem  terete  or  slii/htiij  4-anffled,  leaf}/:  leaves  undivided  (not  larr/e). 

3.  S.  trifoli^tum,  L.  Stem  smof>th,  often  glaucous,  rather  slender  (4°-  6° 
high),  branched  aliove;  stem-leaver  liinetolate,  /w/»W,  ?«<//•«  or  scarcely  ser>*ate, 
rough,  shoit-fietioled,  in  whorls  o/' 3  or  4,  the  ii])perniost  opposite;  heails  loosely 
panicled;  aehcnia  rather  broadly  winged,  and  sharply  2-toothed  at  the  top. — 
Dry  plains  and  banks,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     Aug. 

4.  S.  AsterisCUS,  L.  Stem  hispid  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  opposite,  or  the. 
loiver  in  whorls  of  3,  the  upper  alternate,  oblonc]  or  oval-lanceolate,  coarseli/  tootlw.d, 
rarely  entire,  romjh-huirif ;  heads  nearly  solitary  (large);  aehcnia  obovate, 
winged,  2-to()thed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward. 

5.  S.  integrifdliura,  Michx.  Stem  rouyh,  rather  stout  (2° -4°  high), 
rigid,  4-angular  and  grooved  ;  leaves  all  opposite,  rigid,  lanccoluie-orate,  entire, 
tapering  to  a  sharj)  \)oint  from  a  roundish  /uart-shapcd  and  parlli/  clasping  Imse, 
rough-pubescent  or  nearly  smooth,  thick  (3'  -  5'  long) ;  heads  m  a  close  forking 
corymb,  short-pcduncled ;  aehenia  broadly  winged,  deeply  notched.  —  Var. 
L/EVE  ha-s  the  stem  antl  leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so.  —  Prairies,  Michigan  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward.     Aug. 

«  *  «  Stem  square:  leaves  opposite,  connate  (thin  and  large,  G'-l.')'  lonq). 

6.  S.  perfoliatum,  L.  ((-li'-Pi,ant.)  Stem  stout,  often  branched  alwro 
(4° -8°  high)  ;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  toothed,  the  upper  united  by  their  bases 
and  forming  a  cup-shaped  disk,  the  lower  abruptly  narrowed  into  winged  petioles 
which  are  (onnate  by  their  bases;  heads  corymbose  ;  aehenia  wingeil  and  vari- 
ously notched.  —  Huh  soil  along  streams,  Michigan  to  Wisconsin,  and  south- 
ward :  common.     Also  escaped  from  gardens  eastward.     July. 

28.     PARTHENIUM,     L.        Paktukmi  m. 

Heads  many-tlowcred,  inc(Mis))i(uou>ly  radiate  ;  the  .">  ray-(lowers  with  verr 
short  and  broad  obcordate  lii;ules  not  jirojecting  beyond  the  woolly  disk,  pistil- 


250  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

late  and  fertile ;  the  disk-flowers  staminate  with  imperfect  styles,  sterile.  Invo- 
luere  heinispherical,  of  2  ranks  of  short  ovate  or  roundisli  scales.  Receptacle 
conical,  chafiy.  Achenia  only  in  the  ray,  obcomprcssed,  surrounded  hy  a  slen- 
der callous  margin,  crowned  with  the  persistent  ray-corolla  and  a  pappus  of  2 
small  chatty  scales.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Heads  small,  corynihcd  ;  the  tlowers 
whitish.     (An  ancient  name  of  some  plant,  from  napdtvos,  vinjin.) 

1.  P.  integrifblium,  L.  Kough-puhesccnt  perennial  (l°-3°  high); 
leaves  ohlong  or  ovate,  crenate-toothed,  or  the  lower  (3' -6' long)  cnt-lohcd  he- 
low  the  middle  ;  heads  many  in  a  very  dense  flat  corymb.  —  Dry  soil,  Maryland 
to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     June  -  Aug. 

2  9.    IV A,    L.        Marsh  Elder.     IIiGiTWATER-snRCB. 

Heads  several-Howered,  not  radiate ;  the  pistillate  fertile  and  the  staminate 
sterile  flowei-s  in  the  same  heails,  the  former  few  (1  -5)  and  marginal,  with  a 
small  tubular  or  no  corolla ;  the  latter  with  a  funnel-lorm  5-toothed  corolla. 
A.nthcrs  nearly  separate.  Scales  of  the  iavoiucre  few,  roundish,  lleceptaclc 
small,  with  narrow  chaft"  among  the  flowers.  Achenia  obovoid  or  lenticular. 
I'appus  none.  —  Herbaceous  or  shrubby  coarse  plants,  with  thickish  leaves,  the 
lower  opposite,  and  small  greenish-white  heads  of  flowers ;  in  summer  and  au- 
tumn.    (Name  of  unknown  derivation.) 

4  I.  Ftrl  He  flowers  irit/i  a  small,  tubular  corolla:  involucre  simple  {heads  noddimj  in 
the  arils  of  Ifiif-llb'  bracts,  fi>rmin(/  spikes  or  racemes). 

1.  I.  frut6scens,  L.  Shrubhi/  at  the  liase,  nearly  smooth  (.3° -8°  high); 
leaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  rather  fleshy,  the  upper 
reduced  to  linear  bracts,  in  the  axils  of  which  the  heads  are  disjwsed,  in  leafy 
paniclcd  racemes ;  fertile  flowers  and  scales  of  the  involucre  5.  —  Salt  marshes, 
coast  of  Massiuliusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

2.  I.  ciliata,  WilUl.  Annual  {2°  -8°  hh^h),  rourjh  and  hain/  ;  leaves  ovate, 
pointed,  coarsely  toothed,  doinnij  beneath,  on  slender  cUiate  petioks ;  heads  in  dense 
spikes,  with  conspicuous  ovate-lanceolate  rough-ciliatc  bracts;  scales  of  .the  in- 
volucre and  fertile  flowers  3-5.  —  Moist  ground,  from  Illinois  southward. 

$  2.  EUPHIKJSYNE,  DC.  Fviii I e  flow-is  5,  in  the  arils  of  as  mani/  thin  mem- 
branaceous  scales  of  the  involucre,  ivhich  loosely  enwrap  the  achenia,  their  corolhi 
a  mere  rudimei^tary  rinrj  or  none. 

3.  I.  xanthiif61ia,  Nutt.  /lHn»n/,  tall,  ronghish;  leaves  nearly  all  oppo- 
site, hoary  with  minute  down,  ovate,  rhombic,  or  the  lowest  heart-shaped,  doubly 
or  ent-toothed,  or  obscurely  lobed  ;  heads  small,  crowded  in  s])ikes  or  dusters 
disposed  in  axilRiry  and  terminal  panicles;  bracts  inconspicuous.  —  N.W.Wis- 
consin (T.  J.  Ilalc),  and  northwestward. 

30.     AMBROSIA,     Toum.        Ragweed. 

Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  occupying  different  heads  on  the  s;nne  plant ;  the 
fertile  1  -3  together  and  sessile  in  the  axil  of  leaves  or  bracts,  at  the  base  of  the 
racemes  or  spikes  of  sterile  heads.  Sterile  involucres  flatfish  or  top-shaped, 
composed  of  7-12  scales  united  into  a  cup,  containing  5-20  funnel-form  stam- 


COMPOSiTyE.     (co:mi"Ositk  family.)  2.j1 

inatc  flowers,  with  slender  chaff  intermixed,  or  none.  Anthers  almost  sepa- 
rate. Fertile  involucre  (fruit)  oblong  or  top-shaped,  closed,  pointed,  reseml)Iing 
an  adieniuni,  and  usually  with  4-8  tubercles  or  horns  near  the  top  in  one  row, 
enclosing  a  single  flower  which  consists  of  a- pi>til  only ;  the  elongated  branches 
of  the  style  jirotruding.  Achenia  ovoid:  pappus  none.  —  Homely  and  coarse 
weeds,  with  opposite  or  alternate  lobed  or  dissected  leaves,  and  incon.^picuous 
greenish  or  whitish  flowers,  produced  throughout  hue  summer  and  autumn  :  our 
species  are  all  annuals.  (  'Afx^poaia,  the.  food  of  the  gods,  an  ill-chosen  name  for 
these  miserable  weeds.) 

§  1.  Sterile  heads  sessile,  crowded  in  a  dense  njUndiical  spike,  the  top-shnped  involucre 
with  its  tnmrute  nianjin  extcndid  on  one  side  into  a  hmje,  lanctolule,  hooded,  re- 
cnrad,  iri:<l/i/-liii/ri/  toolli  or  appendiuje  ;  fertile  involucre  oblong  find  4-angled. 

1.  A.  bidentilta,  JMichx.  Hairy  (1° -3°  high),  very  leafy  ;  leaves  alter- 
nate, lanceolate,  partly  clasjting,  nearly  entire,  except  a  short  lobe  or  tooth  on 
each  side  near  the  base.  —  Prairies  of  Illinois  and  southward. 

§  2.  Sterile  heads  in  single  or  panichd  racemes  or  spikes,  the  involua-e  regidar. 
*  Leaves  opjxisite,  only  once  lobed:  sterile  involuae  3-riljbed  on  one  side. 

2.  A.  trifida,  L.  (Gre.vt  Ragweed.)  Stem  stout  (40-12°  high),  rough- 
hairy,  as  are  the  large  deeply  3-lobed  leaves,  the  lobes  oval-lanceolate  and 
serrate;  petioles  margined;  fruit  obovate,  5-6-ribbed  and  tubercled.  —  Var. 
ixtegrif6lia  is  only  a  smaller  form,  with  the  upper  leaves,  or  all  of  them,  un- 
divided, ovate  or  oval.  —  Moist  river-banks  :  common. 

*  *  Leaves  mani/  of  them  alternate,  all  once  or  twice  pinnatlfid. 

3.  A.  artemisisefdlia,  L.  (Roman-  Woismwood.  IIoo-wEEn.  Bit- 
ter-weed.) Much  hrauciicd  (10-3°  high),  hairy  or  r()Ughi>li])ubesceut ; 
leaves  thin,  twice-plnnutijid,  smoothish  above,  paler  or  hoary  beneath  ;  fruit  obo- 
void  or  globular,  armed  ivilh  almit  G  short  acute  teeth  or  s/>ines.  —  Waste  places 
everywhere.  —  An  extremely  variable  weed,  with  finely  cut  leaves;  rarely  the 
spikes  lK*ar  all  fertile  iieads. 

4.  A.  psilost^chya,  T)C.  Pani(iilate-l)rauched  (2°-:")°  high),  rough  and 
somewhat  hoary  with  short  hispid  hairs  ;  letives  once pinnatijid,  thidish,  the  lobes 
acute,  those  of  the  lower  leaves  often  incised  ;  fruit  obovoid,  without  tuliercles  or 
with  verji  small  ones,  pubescent.  (A.  coronopifoliH,  Torr.  tj-  6'/-.)  —  Prairies  and 
plains,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  southwestward. 

31.     XANTHIUM,     Tourn.         CocKLEnru.     Ci.oxnrR. 

Sterile  and  fertile  Howers  occniiying  ditVerent  heads  on  the  same  plant ;  the 
latter  clustered  below,  the  former  in  short  spikes  or  racemes  above.  Sterile  in- 
volucres anil  flowers  as  in  Ambrosia,  but  the  .•;cales  separate.  Fertile  involucre 
closed,  coriaceous,  ovoid  or  oblong,  clothed  with  hooked  |)rickles  so  as  to  form 
a  rough  bur,  2-celled,  2-flowered  ;  the  flowers  consisting  of  a  pistil  with  a  slen- 
der thread-form  corolla.  Achenia  oblong,  flat,  destitute  of  pappus. —  Coarse 
and  vile  weeds,  with  annual  roots,  hiw  and  branching  stout  stems,  and  alternate 
toothed  or  lol)ed  ])etioled  leaves  ;  tlowering  in  summer  and  autumn.  (Namo 
from  ^dvdos,  yellou;  in  allusion  to  the  color  the  plants  are  said  to  yield.) 


252  co.MPosiT.E.     (composite  family.) 

1.  X.  Stl'umirium,  L.  (Common  CocKLEnun.)  Uoui^h;  stems  unarmed; 
leaves  diluhd-lriaiKjitlar  and  more  or  less  heurl-shiijitd,  on  long  petioles,  toothed  and 
cut  or  obscurely  lobcd;  fruit  oval  or  oblong  (i'- §' long),  pubescent  on  the 
lower  part  of  and  between  the  hooked  prickles,  and  with  two  strong  and  usually 
straight  liealcs  at  the  summit.  —  Barn-yards,  &e.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  —  Varies  into 
forms  with  more  spotted  stems,  and  often  larger  fruit  (!'- 1' long),  which  is 
cither  glabrous,  glandular,  or  glandular-hairy,  the  prickles  longer  and  the  beaks 
often  incurved.  (X.  Canadense,  Mill.,  &c.)  —  Kiver-banks,  &c.,  common  west- 
ward;  apparently  indigenous.     And  this  j)asscs  into 

Var.  eehinatum.  (X.  echinatum,  Mtirr.,  &c.)  Fruit  turgid  (I'  long), 
thickly  clothed  with  long  prickles,  glandular-hispid,  the  beaks  commonly  in- 
curved. —  Sandy  sea-shore,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes  and  rivers.  Perhaps 
an  immigrant  from  farther  south.  Now  widely  scattered  over  the  warmer  parts 
of  the  world. 

2.  X.  spixosfM,  L.  (Spiny  CLOTBfR.)  Honry-pubescent ;  stems  slender, 
with  sleniler  yellow  3-/iarted  s/)i>ics  at  the  base  of  the  Iwiaolalc  or  ovute-kinctolale 
leaves;  these  taper  into  a  short  petiole,  arc  white-downy  beneath,  often  2- 
.3-lobed  or  cut;  fruit  (J'  long)  pointed  with  a  siny/e  short  bcaL\  —  Waste  places 
on  the  sea-bo;ird  and  along  rivers,  southward.     (Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.  ?) 

32.    TETRAGONOTHECA,    Dill.        Tetragonotiieca. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  G  -  9,  fertile.  Involucre  double;  the 
outer  of  4  large  and  leafy  ovate  scales,  which  are  united  below  by  their  margins 
into  a  4-angled  or  winged  cup ;  the  inner  of  as  many  small  and  chaffy  scales  as 
there  are  ray-flowers,  and  partly  clasping  their  achenia.  Receptacle  convex  or 
conical,  with  narrow  and  membranaceous  chaff  between  the  flowers.  Achenia 
roundish  and  obovoid,  flat  at  the  top.  Pai)pus  none.  —  An  erect  perennial  herb, 
viscidly  hairy  when  young,  with  opposite  and  coarsely  toothed  oval  or  ol)long 
leaves,  their  sessile  bases  sometimes  connate,  and  large  single  heads  of  pale  yel- 
low flowers,  on  terminal  ])cduncles.  (Name  compounded  of  TfTpdyui^os,  four- 
am/led,  and  6f)Kr],  II  case,  from  the  shape  of  the  involucre.) 

1.   T.  heliantholdes,  L.  —  Sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.     June- 

33.    ECLIPTA,    L.        Eclipta. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  short,  fertile  ;  the  disk-flowers  perfect, 
4-toothed.  Scales  of  the  involucre  10-12,  in  2  rows,  leaf-like,  ovate-lanceolate. 
Receptacle  flat,  with  almost  bristle-form  chaff  between  the  flowers.  Achenia 
short,  3-4-sided,  or  in  the  disk  laterally  flattened,  roughened  on  the  sides,  hairy 
at  the  summit ;  the  pappus  none,  or  an  obscure  denticulate  crown. — Annual 
or  biennial  rough  herbs,  with  slender  stems  and  opposite  lanceolate  or  oblong 
leaves.  Heads  solitary,  small.  Flowers  whitish  :  anthers  brown.  (Name  from 
(K\(i7r(i>,  to  k'  defiilftit,  alluding  to  the  absence  of  pappus.) 

1  E.  prOCTlmbenS,  Michx.  Rough  with  close  appressed  hairs;  stems 
procumbent,  crec])iiig,  or  ascending  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end, 
sessile,  slightly  serrate ;  peduncles  many  times  longer  than  the  head.  —  Var. 
BRACHTPODA  Has  the  peduncles  not  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  heads.  — 


COMPOSITE.     (coMi'osrri:  kamm.y.)  253 

Wet  river-banks,  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  June -Oct.  —  All 
belonfr  to  a  widc-sijjrcud  and  variable  species  ol  the  wui  nier  regions,  the  oldest 
specific  uaniL-  of  wiiicli  is  E.  ai.u.v. 

34.    BORRICHIA,    Adaus.        Ska  Ox-eye. 

Heads  niany-liowtrcd,  radiate  ;  tiic  rays  rcrtile.  Scales  of  the  hemispherical 
involucre  imbricated.  Ucccptacle  Hat,  covered  witli  lanceolate  rigid  and  per- 
sistent chart'.  Achenia  somewhat  wedge-shaped,  3-4-angled.  Pappus  a  short 
4-toothed  crown.  —  Shrubby  low  maritime  plants,  coriaceous  or  rteshy,  with 
opposite  nearly  entire  leaves,  and  solitary  peduncled  terminal  heads  of  yellow 
flowers  :  anthers  blackish.     (Named  for  Oluf  Borrich,  a  Danish  botanist.) 

1.  B.  frutescens,  DC.  Whitened  with  a  minute  silky  pubescence  (6'- 
Vl'  high);  leaves  spatulate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  often  toothed  near  the  base; 
chafl"  rigidly  pointed. —  Virginia  and  southward. 

35.    HELIOPSIS,    Pers.        Ox-eye. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  10  or  more,  fertile.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  in  2  or  3  rows ;  the  outer  leaf-like  and  somewhat  spreading,  the  inner 
shorter  than  the  disk.  Receptacle  conical  :  chaff  linear.  Achenia  smooth,  4- 
angular.  Pappus  none,  or  a  mere  border.  —  Perennial  herbs,  like  Hclianthus. 
Heads  showy,  peduncled,  terminating  the  stem  or  branches.  Leaves  opposite, 
petioled,  triple-ribbed,  serrate.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  composed  of  rjXios,  the 
61111,  and  o\|/'is',  apjuurance,  from  the  likeliess  to  the  Sunflower.) 

1.  H.  laevis,  Pcrs.  Nearly  smooth  (l°-4°  high) ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate 
or  oblong-ovatc.  —  Var.  sc.\bra  has  roughish  foliage,  and  the  involucre  some- 
what hoary.  —  Banks  and  copses  :  common.     Aug. 

36.     ECHINACEA,     Maiich.        Purple  Cone-flower. 

Heads  numy-flowercd,  radiate  ;  the  rays  very  long,  drooping,  pistillate  but 
sterile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  lanceolate,  spreading.  Receptacle 
conical  ;  the  lanceolate  spiny-tipped  chaff  longer  than  the  disk-flowers.  Ache- 
nia thick  and  short,  4-sidcd.  Pa])pus  a  small  toothed  border.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  the  stout  and  nearly  simple  stems  naked  above  and  terminated  by  a  single 
large  head  ;  the  leaves  chiefly  alternate,  3-5-nerved.  Rays  rose-purple,  rather 
persistent:  disk  purplish.  (Name  formed  from 'E;(I«'os,  the  Ilcdi/ehorj,  or  Sea- 
urchiii,  in  allusion  to  the  sjiiny  ciiafJ'of  the  disk.) 

1.  E.  purptirea,  Moncli.  Lcm-es  rough,  often  serrate  ;  the  lowest  w<»^', 
b-mrfccl,  veiny,  long-petioled  ;  the  others  ovate-lanceolate ;  involucre  imbricated 
in  3-5  rows  ;  stem  smooth,  or  in  one  variety  (E.  scrtitina,  DC.)  rough-bristly, 
as  well  as  the  leaves.  —  Prairies  and  banks,  from  W.  Penn.  and  Ohio  southward 
and  westward.  July.  —  Rays  15-20,  dull  purple  (rarely  whitish),  \'-2'  long. 
Root  thick,  black,  very  pungent  to  the  taste,  used  in  poi)ular  medicine  under 
the  name  of  /i/'ick  Sinn/isivt.  — Probably  varies  into 

2.  E.  angUStif61ia,  DC.  Ltaws,  as  well  as  the  slender  simjile  stem, 
bristli/-h'iiri/,  laiiculatc  and  linearlaiiceulate,  S-iiernd,  intire ;  involucre  less  imbri- 
cated ;  rays  12-15  (2'  long),  rose-color  or  red.  —  Plains  from  lUiuois  and  Wiii- 
consin  southwcstward.     June -Aug. 


254  coMPOsiT.t:.     (composite  family.) 

37.    RUDBECKIA,    L.        Cone-flower. 

Heads  niany-HoweiTd,  radiate ;  the  rays  noutral.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
leaf-like,  in  about  a  rows,  spreading.  Keceptaclc  conical  or  columnar  ;  the  short 
cliatt'  concave,  not  rigid.  Achenia  4-angular,  smooth,  not  mai-gincd,  tlat  at  the 
top,  witli  no  i)ai)j)us,  or  a  minute  crown-like  border.  —  Chiefly  jjcrennial  herbs, 
with  alternate  leaves,  and  siiowy  heads  terniinating  the  stem  or  branches ;  the 
rays  generally  long,  yellow.  (Named  in  honor  of  the  Projtssors  Itudbtclc,  fatlier 
and  son,  predecessors  of  Linnaeus  at  Upsal. ) 


*  Disk  cohiiiiiwr  ill  fruit,  dull  (jreeriish-i/eUow  :  leaves  divided  and  cut. 

1.  R.  laciniata,  L.  Stem  smooth,  branching  (3° -7°  high);  leaves 
smooth  or  rougliisli,  the  lowest  pinnate,  with  5-7  cut  or  3-lobed  leaflets;  upper 
leaves  irregularly  3  -  o-parted ;  the  lol)es  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  or  the  ujiper- 
most  undivided  ;  heads  long-peduncled  ;  chatt'  truncate  and  downy  at  the  tip  ; 
rays  linear  ( 1'  -  2'  long),  drooping.  —  Low  thickets  :  common.     July  -  Scjit. 

*  *  DisL  ylubiiiiii ,  pale  hrutniialt :  lower  leaves  S-parted:  recejttade  sweet-aanttd. 

2.  R.  SUbtomentOSa,  Pursh.  Stem  branching  above  (3° -4°  high), 
downy,  as  well  as  the  lower  side  of  the  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  serrate  leaves  ; 
heads  short-pedunelcd  ;  chaff  downy  at  the  blunt  ajjcx.  —  Prairies,  Wisconsin, 
Illinois,  and  southward. 

»  *  *  Disk  broadly  conical,  dark  purple  or  hroirii :  leaves  undivided,  except  Xo.  3. 

3.  R.  triloba,  L.  Hairy,  biennial,  much  branched  (2°  -  5°  high),  the 
branches  slender  and  spreading  ;  upper  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sparingly  toothed, 
the  loivcj- 3-lobtd,  tapering  at  the  base,  co«yst//y-.s«Ta<e  (those  from  the  root  pin- 
nately  parted  or  undivided)  ;  ixiys  8,  oval  or  ohlony ;  chaff  of  the  blaek-jjurjde 
disk  smooth,  awned.  —  Dry  soil,  Pemi.  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  Aug. — 
Heads  small,  but  numerous  and  showy. 

4.  R.  specibsa,  Wenderoth.  Kou^hisb-liairy  ( 1°  -  2°  high),  bninehed  ; 
the  branches  upright,  elongated  and  naked  above,  terminated  by  single  large 
lieads  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  orate-lanccolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  petiulid,  3  -  b-nerved 
coarselij  and  uneqwdlif  toothed  or  incised ;  involucre  nuieli  shorter  than  the  numer- 
ous elongati'd  (I'-U')  rays  ;  chaff  of  the  dark  purple  disk  acutisb,  smooth.  — 
Dry  soil,  W.  Penn.  to  Ohio  and  Virginia.     July. 

5.  R.  fiilgida,  Ait.  IlHiry,  the  branches  naked  at  the  summit  and  bear- 
ing single  heads  ;  leaves  spatulate-ol>lonfj  or  lanceolate,  por^/^  clas])imj,  triplc-iierved, 
the  upper  entire,  mosdy  obtuse ;  rays  about  12,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  involucre  ; 
chaff  of  the  dark  purple  disk  nearly  smooth  and  blunt.  —  Dry  soil,  Pennsyl- 
vania to  Kentucky  and  southward.  —  Variable,  l°-3°  high:  the  rays  orange- 
yellow.     Nearly  ap])roachcs  the  next. 

C.  R.  hirta,  L.  Very  rough  and  bristly-hairy  throughout ;  stems  simiile 
or  branched  near  the  base,  stout  (l°-2°  high),  naked  above,  bearing  single 
large  heads  ;  leans  tiearli/  entire  ;  the  upper  oblon(j  or  lanceolate,  sessile;  the  lower 
spatulatc,  tri[)le-ncrved,  petioU-d  ;  rays  (about  14)  more  or  less  exceeding  the 
involucre  ;  chaff  of  the  dull  brown  disk  hairy  at  the  Up,  acutish.  — Dry  soil,  W. 
New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  Now  common  eastward,  as  a  weed 
in  meadows,  of  recent  introduction,  with  clover-seed  from  the  West  June- 
Aog. 


COMI'OSlTyK.       (composite    FAMILY.)  255 

38.    Ll^PACHYS,    Kaf.        (Oreliscaiua,  7)C.) 

Heads  inaiiy-ll<i\vciT(l,  radiate  ;  tlie  rays  few,  neutral.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
few  and  small,  sjireadiii;;.  lvece])tacle  oijionj^j  or  coluinuar  :  the  chall'  tiuniate, 
thickened  and  iicarded  at  the  U\>,  partly  euil)racin<^-  the  tlattened  and  niar;;ined 
achenia.  l'ai)i)us  none  or  J  teeth.  —  I'erennial  herb.s,  with  alternate  pinnate 
leaves;  the  grooved  steins  or  hranehes  naked  above,  terminated  by  single  showy 
lieads.  Ka\'s  yellow  or  ])urty-eolored,  drooping ;  the  disk  grayish.  (Name  from 
XfTTf?,  a  si-iilr,  and  nax^s,  tliir/c,  from  the  thickened  tips  of  the  chaff.) 

1.  L.  pinnita,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Hoary  with  minute  appressed  hairs,  slender 
(4°  higii),  branching;  leaflets  3-7,  lanceolate,  acute;  disk  oblong,  much 
shorter  than  the  large  and  drooping  light-yellow  rays  (which  arc  2' long). — 
Dry  soil,  W.  New  York  {Dr.  Sdiiircll),  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  July. — 
The  receptacle  exhales  a  ])leasant  anisate  odor  when  bruised.  Aehcnia  slightly 
margined  on  the  inner  edge,  obscurely  2-toothcd  at  the  top. 

39.    HELIANTHUS,     L.        Sunflower. 

Heads  nuiny-flowcrcd,  radiate  ;  the  rays  several  or  many,  neutral.  Involucre 
imbricated.  Ueceptacle  flattish  or  convex  ;  the  persistent  chatf  endjracing  the 
4-sidi.'d  and  laterally  compressed  achenia,  which  are  neither  winged  nor  mar- 
giiicd.  ra])pus  very  deciduous,  of  2  thin  chaffy  scales  on  the  principal  angles 
of  the  achcnium,  and  often  2  or  more  little  intermediate  scales.  —  Coarse  and 
stout  herbs,  with  solitary  or  corymbcd  heads,  and  yellow  rays ;  flowering  to- 
wards autumn.     (Named  from  tjXios,  the  sun,  and  uv6os,  ujiower.) 

§  1.  Root  annual :  leaves  alternate :  receptacle  Jlat :  disk  biownish. 

1.  H.  ANNUL-.S,  L.  (CoMMox  SuNFLOWER.)  Tall,  rough  ;  leaves  triple- 
ribbed,  ovate  or  the  lower  heart-shaped ;  heads  in  cult,  plant  very  broad,  and 
rays  many.  —  Escaped  from  cult,  into  waste  grounds.  (Adv.  from  trop.  Anier.) 
§  2.  Hoot  perennial,  the  creeping  roofstocks  sometimes  tuberous-thickened  or  tulicrijlrous. 

*  Disk  convex,  dark  purple:  leaves  mainly  opposite:  heads  small,  except  Xo.  A. 

2.  H.  angUStif61ius,  L.  Stem  slender  (20-60  high);  leaves  lonij  and 
linear,  sessile,  entire,  with  revolute  nnvrgins,  1-nerved  ;  heads  loosely  corynd)cd, 
long-fledunilc.l ;  scales  of  the  involucre  tapering  into  narrow  and  spreading  hcr- 
baceons  tii)s.— Low  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Kentucky  ami  southward. 

.}.  H.  atr6rubens,  L.  RnMjh-hairii ;  stem  s/pWe/- (20-50  high),  smooth, 
and  naked  and  forking  above  ;  hacrs  thin,  orate  or  oral,  or  the  lowest  heart- 
shajjcd  (.'J'-G'  long),  serrate,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  margined  jx-tiolc ; 
lieads  small,  corymbcd ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  obtuse,  regularly  indiri- 
cated,  (fy»/)ms-,sW,  destitute  of  herlmcous  tips;  rays  10-16;  pai)i)us  of  2  fringed 
scales.  —  Dry  soil,  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southward. 

4.  H.  rigidus,  Dcsf.  Stem  stout  (l°-3°  high),  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  rough  ;  leaves  veri/  thick  and  rigid,  rough  lioth  sides,  Monij-lunceolate, 
usually  pointed  at  both  cinls,  nearly  sessile,  slightly  serrate,  the  lowest  ovnl ; 
heads  nearly  solitary,  pretty  large;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate  or  lance-oblon;;, 
obtu.se,  eiliate,  appressed,  r/'.s7///(/,'  of  herhacout  tips:  rays  20-25;  p.i|)pus  of  2 
large  and  often  several  small  scales. — Dry  prairies,  Aliehigan  to  Hlinois,  and 
westward. 


256  coMi'OrfiT^.     (composite  family.) 

*  «  Disk  convex,  ycUotv :  scales  of  (he  involucre  rerjularlij  imbricated  and  oppressed, 
with  somewhat  spreadinrj  and  acute  {hut  not/oliaccous)  tips :  Icucis  ckicfly  opposite. 

5.  H.  l8Btifl6ruS,  Tcrs.  Stout  and  romjh  (3° -4°  high),  branching  above: 
leaves  oval-lam-iuldtc,  verij  rourjh  both  sides,  narrowed  into  short  petioles,  serrate,  taper- 
pointed,  the  upi)erniost  alternate  and  nearly  entire  ;  licads  single  or  corymbcd, 
on  naked  ])eiluneles  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  ciliatc. — 
Dry  open  places,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  — Leaves  almost  as  thick  as 
in  11.  ri;iiilus.     Kays  showy.  l'-2'  long. 

6.  H.  OCCident^Iis,  Kiddcll.  Somewhat  hairy;  stem  s/c«t/r';-,s/;«;)/<',  Wa J 
above  (l°-3°  high,  sending  out  runners  from  the  base),  bearing  1-5  small 
heads  on  long  jjeduncles  ;  lowest  leaves  oval  or  lanceulate-ovate,  3-nerved,  obscurely 
serrate,  romjhish-ptibescmt  beneath,  abruptly  contracted  into  lony  hairy  petioles ;  the 
upper  small  and  remote,  entire  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oval-lanceolate,  pointed, 
ciliate.  —  Dry  barrens,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

7.  H.  cinereUS,  var.  SuUivantii,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Gray  with  a  close  rouijh- 
ish  pubescence  ;  stem  branching  above,  hairy  ;  leaves  ovate-oblomj ,  sessile  bi/  a  nar- 
rowed base,  acute,  obscurely  serrate ;  the  upper  small  and  remote ;  peduncles 
slender  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  hoary.  — Darby  Plains,  Ohio,  SuUi- 
vant.     Stem  2° -3°  high,  bearing  few  heads,  as  large  as  those  of  the  next. 

8.  H.  mollis,  Lam.  Stem  clothed  with  soft  white  hairs,  simple,  Uafy,  to 
the  top  (2° -4°  higii)  ;  leaves  ovate,  with  a  broad  heart-shaped  and  clasping  base, 
pointed,  nearly  entire,  hoary  above,  very  soft  ivhite-ivoolly  and  reticulated  under- 
neath ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  downy.  —  Barrens  iind  Prairies,  Ohio 
to  Illinois,  and  westward. 

*  *  *  Heads  very  S7nall  {about  4"  broad)  :  scales  of  the  involucre  fetv,  shorter  than  the 

yellow  disk,  irrerfulurly  imbriculed,  oppressed,  the  outer  with  spreading  foUuceous 
pointed  tips  :  rays  5-8,  slender :  leaves  all  but  the  uppermost  opposite. 

9.  H.  mierocephalus,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Stem  smooth  {i°-^°  high),  with 
numerous  slender  branches  above  ;  haves  thin,  ovate-lanceolate,  taperjiointed, 
somewhat  serrate,  veiny,  petioled,  rough  above,  downy  or  hairy  undernnith  ;  pe- 
duncles slender,  rough  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate, 
ciliate.  —  Thickets,  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  * 

10.  H.  Isevig^tus,  Ton-.  &  Gr.  Stem  slender  (l°-4°  high),  simple  or 
sparingly  branched,  very  smooth  and  glabrous  throughout,  as  well  as  the  slightly 
terrate  lanceolate  leaves. — Dry  soil,  Alleghany  Mountains,  west  of  the  Warm 
Springs  of  Virginia,  and  southward. 

*  #  *  *  Heads  middle-sized  or  large  :  scales  of  the  im^olucre  irregularly  imhrimtaf, 

loose,  with  spreading  foliaceous  tips,  as  long  as  the  yrllvw  disk  or  longir. 
•*-  Leaves  chiefly  alternate  or  scattered,  feather-veined,  somrtimes  obscurely  triph-rihhed. 

11.  H.  giganteUS,  L.  Stem  hairy  or  rough  (3" -10°  high),  branched 
above;  Irarrs  lunnoldti',  pointed,  serrate,  very  rough  above,  rough-liairy  hewalh, 
narrowed  and  ciliate  at  the  I)asc,  but  nearly  sessile ;  scales  of  the  involucre  long, 
linear-lanceolate,  pointed,  hairy,  or  strongly  ciliate.  —  Var.  .VMnfouus  has  most 
of  the  leaves  opposite  and  clo.se]y  sessile  by  an  obtuse  base,  and  approaches  No. 
14.  —  Low  thickets  and  swamps  :  common.  Heads  somewhat  corymbed  :  the 
pale  yellow  rays  1 5  -  20. 


COMl'OSIT.K.       (tOMl'OSlTi:    1  AMILV.)  257 

12.  H.  grosse-SerrktUS,  Miutciis.  Stem  smooth  and  yfatifous,  at  least 
below  (5"  -  lu^'  lii;L;li)  ;  /ains  clon<jal(ul-.'<i>iciolatc  or  ovate-hmccolatc,  taixT- 
irtintod,  senate,  iDiigli  above,  rouiidod  or  acute  at  the  base,  peliokil,  /tomij- 
clotinij  liencuth  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lance-a\vl-sha]jcd,  slightly  ciliate.  —  Dry 
j)laiiis,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southwestward.  —  Probably  runs  into  the  last. 

13.  H.  tomentdsUS,  Michx.  Stem  hairy,  stout  (4° -8°  high);  leaven 
oUong-lancio'.alv,  or  the  lowest  owttc,  taper-pointed,  obscurely  serrate,  large  (5'- 
12'  long),  somewhat  ])etiolcd,  veri/  roiu/h  above,  sojl-downij  liencath  ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  with  very  long  and  si)reading  tips,  hairy;  the  chaff  and  tips  of  the 
disk-flowers  pubescent.  (Disk  1'  broad;  rays  l.'i-16  about  I' long.)  —  Rich 
woods,  Illinois  1     Virginia  and  southward  along  the  mountain*. 

■*-  ■*-  Leaves  opposite,  or  the  npjKrmost  alternate,  S-nerced  or  triple-ribbed. 

14.  H.  Stl'Umbsus,  L.  Stem  (30-4°  high)  smooth  below;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  tapering  (jradudl If  to  a  point,  serrate  with  small  appressed  t<tth,  abruptly 
contracted  into  short  margined  jjetioles,  rough  above,  whitish  and  nuked  or  mi- 
nutetij  duwiiij  underneath ;  scales  of  the  involucre  broadly  lanceolate  with  spread- 
ing tips,  equalling  the  disk;  rays  mostly  10.  —  Var.  m6llis  has  the  leaves 
softly  downy  underneath.  —  Kiver-banks  and  low  copses .  common,  especially 
westward. 

15.  H.  divaricitUS,  L.  Stem  simple  or  forked  and  corymbed  at  the  top 
(l°-4°  high)  smooth;  leaves  all  opposite  and  divaricate,  ovate-lanceolate,  3-nervtd 
from  the  rounded  or  truncate  sessile  base,  tapering  gradually  to  a  sharp  point  (3'- 
6' long),  serrate,  thickish,  rough  both  sides;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate 
from  a  broad  ba.se,  pointed,  equalling  the  disk;  rays  8-12.  —  Thickets  and 
barrens:  common.  —  Disk  6"  wide  ;  rays  I 'long. 

16.  H.  hirstltUS,  Raf.  Stem  simple  or  forked  above,  stout  (1°  -  2°  lii-k), 
hristlg-hiiiri/  ;  haves  more  or  less  jictioled,  ovate-lanciolate,  gradually  ])ointed,  slighlli/ 
serrate,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  vug  rough  above,  rough-hairy  underneath; 
scales  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  equalling  the  disk;  .-ays  about 
12.  —  Dry  plains.  Oliio  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  —  Runs  into  the  hxst. 

17.  H.  traeheliifdlius,  Willd.  Stem  loosely  branched,  tall,  hairy; 
leaves  thin,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  sharply  seirate, 
smoothish  or  ronghish/wbescent  both  s/V/es,  contnicted  into  short  jietioles;  scales  of 
the  involucre  lanceolate-linear,  elongated  and  very  taper-pointed,  loose,  e.vceed- 
ing  the  disk;  rays  12-  15.  —  Copses,  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and 
southward. — Probably  runs  into  the  next. 

18.  H.  decapetalus,  L.  Stem  branching  (3°-G°  high),  smooth  below; 
leaves  thin  and  gieen  both  sides,  sviuoth  or  roiighislt,  ovale,  coarsely  serrate,  pointed, 
abruptly  contracted  into  margined  petioles;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate- 
linear,  elongated,  loo.sely  spreading,  the  outer  longer  than  the  disk;  rays  about 
10.  —  Var.  FKONUOsu.s  has  the  outer  involucral  scales  foliaceous  or  changing  to 
leaves.  —  Copses  and  low  banks  of  streams:  common,  especially  northward. 
(11.  mnltitlorus,  L.,  may  be  a  cultivated  state  of  this.) 

I'J.    H.  dOX'OllicOideS,  Lam.     Stem  stout  (5°- 9°  high),branihing,  roi/yA- 
hiiiry  above;  leaves  ovale  or  olilong-lanrtolale,  pointid,  serrule,  strongly  Iripb-vtintd, 
rough  above,  smoothish  or  dmcny  underneath,  the  lower  often  heurt-shaped  and  ou 
L  &  M— 31 


258  cOMPOsiTiE.     (coMrosiTi':  family.) 

maro;incd  petioles ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  pointed,  scarcely 
exceeding  the  disk  ;  rays  12-15. —  Kiver-bottoms,  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and 
southward.  —  A  coarse  species,  with  anij)le  leaves  (the  lower  often  1°  long) ;  the 
upper  ones  frequently  alternate;  rootstock  thickening  into  elongated  tubers. 
This  is  probably  the  original  of 

20.  H.  TiiHKnosu.s,  L.,  the  Ji:nrSAi-i;M  Akticuokic,  (i.  e.  (Jinisole  of  the 
Italians,  meaning  the  same  as  sunflower,  and  corrupted  in  England  into  Jenisu- 
lem),  which  has  all  the  upper  leaves  alternate.  It  has  escaped  from  gardens  into 
fence-rows,  &c.  in  some  places. 

40.    ACTINOMERIS,    Nutt.        Actixo.mekis. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  few  or  several,  neutral,  or  rarely  none.  In- 
volucre foliaceous,  nearly  equal,  in  1  to  3  rows.  Receptacle  convex  or  conical, 
chatty  ;  the  chaft'  embracing  the  outer  margin  of  the  flat  (laterally  compressed) 
and  winged  achenia.  Pappus  of  2  smooth  persistent  awns.  —  Tall  and  branch- 
ing perennials,  with  serrate  feather-veined  leaves,  tapering  to  the  base  and 
mostly  dccurrent  on  the  stem.  Heads  corymbed  :  flowers  chiefly  yellow.  (Name 
from  OKTis,  n  mij,  and  fXfpis,  a  part;  alluding  to  the  irregularity  of  the  rays.) 

1 .  A.  squai'l'bsa,  Nutt.  Stem  somewhat  hairy  and  winyed  above  (4°  -  8° 
high) ;  leaves  alternate  or  the  lower  opposite,  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed 
at  both  ends ;  heads  in  an  open  corymbed  panicle ;  scales  of  the  imolncre.  in  2 
rows,  the  outer  linear-spatulate,  rcjlexed  ;  raijs  4-10,  inrf/iilar  ;  achenia  liroadly 
winged;  receptacle  globular.  —  Rich  soil,  Penn.  and  W.  New  York  {Sarturll} 
to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward.     Sept. 

2.  A.  helianthoides,  Nutt.  Stem  hairy  {\° -:i°  high),  widdt/ idnged  hy 
the  ovate-lanceolate  sessile  alternate  leaves,  which  are  rough  above  and  soft- 
hairy  beneath;  heads  few;  scales  of  the  involucre  not  .yireadinr/ ;  rai/s  8-15, 
regular;  a-jhcnia  oval,  slightly  winged,  tipped  with  2  fragile  awns;  receptacle 
conical.  —Prairies  and  coi)ses,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  southward.     July. 

41.     COREOPSIS,     L.        TicivSKiiD. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  mostly  8,  ncutrMl.  rarely  wanting. 
Involucre  double ;  each  of  about  8  scales,  the  outer  rather  foliaceous  and  some- 
what sjjreading ;  the  inner  broader  and  oppressed,  nearly  membranaceous. 
Receptacle  flat,  with  membranaceous  chaff  deciduous  with  the  fruit.  Achenia 
flat,  obcompressed  (i.  e.  parallel  with  the  scales  of  the  involucre),  often  winged, 
not  beaked  or  naiTowed  at  the  top,  2-toothed,  2-awned,  or  sometimes  naked  at 
the  summit,  the  awns  not  barbed  downwardly.  —  Herbs,  generally  with  op- 
posite leaves,  and  yellow  or  party-colored,  rarely  pm-])le,  rays.  (Name  from 
Kopis,  a  bii(j,  and  o\//'is,  resemblance;  from  the  form  of  the  fruit.) 

§  2.  Branches  of  the  style  truncate:  rays  rose-color:  disk  i/ellow:  root  perennial. 

1.  C.  rdsea,  Nutt.  Stem  branching,  leafy,  smooth  (G'-20'  high)  ;  leaves 
opi)osite,  linear,  entire  ;  heads  small,  somewhat  corymbed,  on  short  peduncles  ; 
outer  involucre  very  short ;  rays  3-toothed  ;  achenia  oblong,  wingless ;  jjappus 
an  obscure  crown-like  border.  —  Sandy  and  grassy  swamps,  Plymouth,  Massa- 
chusetts, to  New  Jersey,  and  southwai-d  :  rare.     Aug. 


coMPOdiT.*:.     (composite  family.)  259 

§  3.    Corolla  of  the  ray  and  disk  yellow  or  partly  brown  :  branc/its  of  the  style  tipped 
with  a  pointed  or  acute  ujipendaiie. 

*  Achenia  nearly  orbicular,  broadly  wiityed,  incur vtd,  furuishtd  with  a  callous  tubercle 

on  the  inside,  at  the  top  and  bollum,  crowned  with  2  sntail  chaj'-lilce  denticulate 
teeth:  outer  involucrt  about  the  Iniyih  of  the  inner:  rays  la ry e,  coarsely  Z-b- 
toothed:  liaves  opposite  or  the  uppermost  alternate:  lieuds  oniony  naked  ptdun- 
clcs :  root  in  our  wild  sjttcits  perennial. 

2.  C.  auriculata,  LUm.  rubesceut  or  ylabrous;  stems  \°-4°  high, 
brauLliiuy,  .soiuctinics  witli  runners;  leaves  mostly  ]>etioled,  tite  up/ier  oblong  or  oval- 
lunctolute,  entire ;  the  lower  oval  or  roundish,  some  if  them  variously  3  -  ^-lobid  or 
divided;  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate.  —  Rich  woods 
and  banks,  Virginia  to  Illinois  and  southward.     June -Sept. 

3.  C.  laneeolkta,  L.  Smooth  or  hairy  ( 1°  -  2°  higli) ;  stems  short,  tufted, 
branched  only  at  the  base;  leaves  idl  entire  (or  the  lower  rarely  with  a  pair  of 
small  fliteral  lobes),  lanceolate,  sessile,  tlie.  lowest  obianceolate  or  spalulate,  tapering 
into  petioles;  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  ovate-lanceolate.  —  Kich  or  damp 
soil,  Michigan  and  Illinois  to  Virginia,  and  southward.  July.  Also  cultivated 
in  gardens.  —  Heads  showy  :  rays  1'  long. 

C.  TixcTOKiA,  Nutt.,  a  native  of  the  plains  beyond  the  Mississippi,  with 

the  rays  yellow  above,  and  brown-purple  towards  the  base,  a  common  garden 

biennial  or  annual,  is  becoming  spontaneous  in  a  few  places. 

«  «  Achenia  oblong,  narrowly  ivinyed,  minutely  or  obscurely  2-toothed  at  the  summit: 

scales  of  the  outer  involucre  narrow,  about  llw,  length  of  the  inner,  all  more  or  less 

united  at  the  base :  7uys  mostly  entire  and  acute :  leaves  op/iosite,  sessile,  mostly  3- 

divided,  then  fore  appearing  as  ifwhorkd:  perennial  (l°-3°  high). 

4.  C.  senifdlia,  Michx.  Leaves  each  divided  into  3  sessile  oca/e-ZaHcco/o/e 
entire  leafiels,  therefore  appearing  like  6  in  a  whorl :  plant  minutely  soft-pubes- 
cent. —  Sandy  woods,  Virginia  and  southward.     July. 

Var.  stellata,  Torr.  &,  Gr.  Glabrous,  and  the  leaves  narrower.  (C.  stel- 
lata,  Xntt.)  —  \'irginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

5.  C.  delphiuif61ia,  Lam.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  leaves  divided  into 
3  sessile  laijkts  which  are  2-a-parted,  their  divisions  lance-linear  (l"-3"  brojwl), 
rather  rigid  ;  disk  brownish.  —  Pine  woods,  Virginia  and  southward.     July. 

6.  C.  verticill^ta,  L.  Glabrous  ;  leaves  divided  into  3  sessile  leaflets 
which  arc  I  -'2-j>innately  /xtrted  into  narrowly  linear  orjiliform  divisions.  —  Damp 
soil,  from  Maryland  and  Michigan  southward.  Also  cultivated  in  old  gardens, 
but  not  sliowy.     July -Sept. 

7.  C.  palmata,  Xutt.  Nearly  smooth,  simple;  /<<nv.s  broadly  i«(/(/r-s/«»/j«/, 
deeply  3-<le/),  rigid  ;  the  lobes  broadly  linear,  entire,  or  the  middle  one  3-lobod. — 
Trairies,  Michigan  to  Wisconsin,  and  southwestward.     July. 

*  *  *  Achenia  elliptical,  narrowly  winged,  the  narrowly  notched  summit  of  the  wing 

minutely  lacerate-toulhed :  scales  of  the  outer  inrvlucre  fJiaceoiis,  much  smalU  r  than 
the  inner,  all  united  at  the  base:  rays  obtuse,  entire:  leaves  o]i/iosite,  pilioled,  3- 
5-dividid:   prrenniaJ. 

8.  C.  tripteris,  L.  (Tall  Coreopsis.)  Smooth;  stem  simple  (40  -  9" 
high),  corymbed  at  the  top;  leadets  luueeolate,  acute,  emire.     (Chryswslemuia, 


200  COMPOSITiE.       (COMPOSITE    FAMILY.) 

Less.)  — Pcnn.  to  Michigan,  Illinois  and  sonthward.     Aui;.  -  Sept.  —  Heads  cx- 
haliny  the  odor  of  anise  when  bruised  :  disk  turning  hrownisli. 

*  «  *  *  Ac/ienia  wimjless,  flat,  2-awned,  2-toothid,  or  rureli/  truncate,  l-neived  or 
ridyed  on  each  Jace :  acales  uf  the  outer  inrolucre  leafy,  njhxid  or  s/madiiK/ : 
leaves  ojj/tosUe,  jittiuled,  (jencrully  pinnatd;!  or  teriiately  compound,  the  leaves  or 
leaflets  serrate:  biennials  or  annuals,  with  the  aspect  of  Bidens,  intermediate  be- 
tween that  (jenus  and  Coreopsis ;  — ««(/  certain  amblijitous  (hybridized?)  speci- 
mens, With  the  awns  barbed  some  it/iwuids  and  some  downwards,  connect  the  ttco. 
•*-  J!iii/s  cons/ticuous,  ijulden-yillow. 

9.  C.  arist6sa,  Miehx.  Somewhat  pubescent;  leaves  1 -2-pinnately  5- 
7-dividcd,  petiolcd;  leaflets  lanceolate,  cut-toothed  or  pinnatifid;  heads  paniclcd- 
corymbosc;  outer  involucre  of  10-12  leafy  bracts;  achcnia  derate,  often  ob- 
scurely wing-margined,  bristly-ciliate,  with  2  (rarely  4)  long  and  slender  divere/ing 
aicns  as  long  as  the  achenium  itself.  —  Swamjjs,  Ohio  to  Michigan,  Wisconsin, 
and  southwcstward.  Ang. -Oct.  —  Var.  ml'tica  has  two  short  divergent  teeth 
or  points  in  place  of  the  awns.  —  W.  Illinois  and  southwcstward,  where  a  form 
(C.  involucrhta,  Nutt.)  occurs  with  the  bracts  of  the  outer  involucre  more  leafy, 
numerous,  and  hirsute.  Mr.  Fritchey  sends,  from  near  St.  Louis,  specimens  with 
short  awns  and  their  barbs  cither  spreading  or  retrorse,  and  others  with  long 
awns  retrorscly  barbed,  —  perhaps  hybrids  with  some  Bidcns. 

10.  C.  trichosp6rma,  Michx.  (Tickseed  Sunflower.)  Smooth, 
branched;  leaves  short-pctioled,  5-7-divided;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  linear,  cut- 
toothed,  or  the  upper  leaves  only  3-5-cleft  and  almost  sessile;  heads  paniclcd- 
corymbose ;  achenia  narrowly  wedf/e-oblong  or  the  inner  ones  wedge-linear,  smooth  or 
minutely  appressed-hairy,  marginless,  crowned  with  2  erect  triangular  ur  awl-sltaped 
stout  teeth.  —  Swamps,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  near  the  coast.  Also  Buffalo, 
New  York  {G.  IF.  Clinton),  and  Illinois  {V'uscy),  where  forms  with  shorter 
achenia  approach  the  Southern  C.  aurea.     Aug.  -  Oct. 

t-  -t-Rays  none,  or  rarely  sniall  and  inconspicuous :  outer  involucre  of  flew  {usually 
3-5)  loose  lafy  bracts  commonly  surpassing  the  heads:  achenia  minutely  ap- 
pressed-puhi scent :  plants  glabrous,  l°-.3°  high. 

11.  C.  diSCOidea,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Diffusely  branched;  leaves  iernately  di- 
vided, slender-])etioled ;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  coarsely  serrate  ;  heads 
2"-3"  long;  achenia  linear-wedge-shapid  (2"-3"  long),  bearing  a  pair  of  short 
and  stout  upwardly-barbed  awns  of  the  length  of  the  co'olta.  —  Wet  banks  and 
swamps,  Delaware  (  W.  M.  Canby)  to  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southward.     July. 

Anomalous  specimens,  from  near  Pliihulclphia  {A.  II.  Smith,  &c.),  growing 
with  Bidens  frondosa,  differ  from  suuiU  forms  of  that  only  in  the  less  rigid  and 
upturned  barlis  of  the  awns. 

12.  C.  bidentoides,  Nutt.  Taniculately  branched ;  leaves  undivided,  Ian- 
ciobile,  coarsely  toothed,  taper-pointed,  and  the  base  tapering  into  a  slender  pet- 
iole; heads  G"-  lU"  long;  achenia.  nearly  subulate  tapering  downwards,  bearing  a 
pair  of  eery  slender  upwardly  roughened  awns  sur/iassing  the  corolla  (4"  long),  but 
shorter  than  the  achenium,  often  also  2  minute  teeth  alternate  with  the  awns.  — 
Shores  of  Delaware  liiver,  near  Philadelphia,  and  in  Delaware,  Nuttail,  Durand, 
A.  U.  Smith,  W.  M.  Canby. 


COMPOSIT.E.       (cOilPOSlTE    FAMILY.)  2G1 

42.    BIDENS,    L.        BrR-MAUiGOLD. 

Ilotitls  manj-'flowcrcd ;  the  rays  wlicn  present  3-8,  neutral.  Involucre  (lonl)Ie, 
the  outer  commonly  large  and  foliaccous.  IJcccptaclc  flattish ;  the  cliall'  decidu- 
ous with  tiic  fruit.  Achenia  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  of  the  involucre, 
or  slender  and  4-sided,  crowned  with  2  or  more  rigid  and  persistent  awns  which 
arc  downwardly  barbed.  —  Annual  or  perennial  licrbs,  with  opposite  various 
leaves,  and  mostly  yellow  flowers.     (Latin,  bidens,  two-toothed.) 

*  Achenia  flat,  not  tapering  at  the  summit.     {All  annuals  ?) 

1.  B.  frondbsa,  L.  (Common  Beggar-ticks.)  Smooth  or  rather  hairy, 
tall  (^o-G"  high)  and  branching;  leaves  3-^<licid('d ;  the  leaflets  mosllj  stal/ced, 
lanceolate,  pointed,  coarsely  toothed ;  outer  leafy  involucre  much  longer  than 
the  head,  ciliatc  below  ;  rays  none  or  few  and  very  small  ;  achenia  tvedye-oliovate, 
2-awned,  the  vtan/ins  ciliate  with  upwardlij-tnnied  bristles,  except  near  the  summit. 
—  Moist  waste  places  :  a  coarse  troublesome  weed,  the  achenia,  as  in  the  other 
species,  adhering  by  their  retrorsely  barbed  awns  to  the  dress,  and  to  the  fleece 
of  animals.     July  -  Oct. 

2.  B.  COnnita,  Muhl.  (Swamp  Bicggar-ticks.)  Smooth  (l°-2°  high)  ; 
leaces  lanceoiite  or  oblong-lanceolate,  jiointcd,  sharply  serrate,  tapering  into  mar- 
gined piitioles  which  are  slightly  united  at  the  base  ;  the  tower  oflen  3-dirided,  their 
lateral  divisions  united  at  tlf.  base  and  decnrrent  on  the  petiole ;  scales  of  the  outer 
involucre  longer  than  the  head,  few,  mostly  obtuse;  raj/s  none;  achenia  narrowli/ 
wed(je.-form,  3-  (2-4-)  awiwd,  the  mnnjiits  minntelij  retrors'ly  ciliate.  (B.  tripartita, 
Bigel.)  — A  thin-leaved  more  jjetioled  form  is  B.  petiolata,  Nutt.  —  E.  2\'ew  Eng- 
land to  Illinois,  and  southward.  —  V'ar.  comosa  is  stouter,  the  leaves  commonly 
all  simple,  upper  ones  nearly  sessile,  the  heads  larger  and  with  more  numerous 
and  leafy  bracts.  —  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  westward.     Aug. -Oct. 

3.  B.  c6rnua,  L.  (Smaller  Bur-Marigold.)  Nearly  smooth  (5'- 10' 
high);  leaves  (dl  undivided,  lancobite,  uneqwdti/  serrate,  scarcely  connate;  heads 
nodding,  otV/i  or  without  (light  yellow)  rays:  outer  involucre  longer  than  the 
head;  achenia  wedgc-obovate,  4-awned,  the  margins  downwardly  barbed. — 
Wet  places,  Virginia  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  Julv  -  Scj)t.  —  Kavs,  when 
present,  smaller  than  in  the  next,  the  leaves  irregularly  toothed,  and  the  outer 
involucre  more  leaf-like.     (En.) 

4.  B.  Chrysanthemoidas,  Michx.  (Larger  Bur-Marigold.)  Smooth, 
erect,  or  reclining  at  the  i)as;;  ((-,'-30'  high)  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at  both 
ends,  more  or  less  connate,  regularly  serrate:  outer  involucre  mostly  sliorter  than 
the  sho'vy  ,/o!den-yello,v  {V  long)  rays;  achenia  wedge-sliai>ed.  with  almost  prickly 
downwardly  barbed  m  irgins  ;  awns  2,3,  or  4.  —  Swamps  :  common.  Aug. - 
Oct.  —  Northward  it  runs  into  No.  3. 

*  *  Arhenin  linear  or  airl-shaped,  A-sided,  slender,  tapering  at  the  summit. 

5.  B.  B6Gkii,  ToiT.  (Watkr  Marigold.)  .Ir/w///-.  perhaps  perennial, 
smooth  ;  stems  long  and  slender,  bearinu:  crowded  immersed  lemv.s  mnn>/  times  dis- 
sected  into  flne  capillary  divisions ;  the  few  emerging  leaves  lanceolate,  slightly 
connate,  toothed  ;  heads  single,  short-jiedimelcfl ;  involucre  much  shorter  than  the 
shou-y  {gofden  yellow)  rays:  achenia  linear,  thickish,  .smooth  (V  Icmg),  be:irin<r  4- 
6  stout  divergent  awns  which  are  an  inch  long  and  barbed  only  towards  the 


202  coMPOsiT.r.     Ccor.irosixr  family.) 

nppx.  —  Ponds  and  slow  deep  streams,  Massnchusctts  to  N.  Jersey,  Illinois,  and 
northward.     Aug.  -  Oct. 

G.  B.  bipinnata,  L.  (SpAXisn  Needles.)  Smooth  annual,  branched ; 
Icar.s  \-  3-jiiiinottl^ parted,  pctiolcd  ;  letijitts ovatc-lanccolate,  mostly  wcdgc-shiiped 
at  the  base;  heads  small,  on  slender  pcduncljs;  outer  involuc re  of  linear  scales 
eqmUitig  the  short  /uilr.  ydlow  rnip ;  aelmnia  slender,  4-p:roovcd  and  angled,  nearly- 
smooth,  3-4-awucd. — Dry  soil,  Connecticut  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

43.    VERBESINA,    L.        Cromnbeard. 

Heads  several  -  ni.^ny-flowered  ;  the  rays  pistillate,  few,  or  sometimes  none. 
Sciiles  of  the  erect  invulucrc  few,  imbricated  in  2  or  more  rows.  Receptacle 
rather  convex;  the  chaiF concave.  Achcnia  flat  (compressed  laterally),  winged 
or  wingless,  2-awned.  —  Perennial  herbs  ;  the  toothed  or  lobed  leaves  decurrent 
on  the  stem.     ("Xamc  metamorphosed  from  Verbena.") 

1.  v.  Siegesbeckia,  aiichx.  Stem  tall,  4-wingcd  ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate, 
triple-nerved,  serrate,  poiutcd  at  both  ends,  often  pubescent  beneath  (large  and 
thin);  heads  in  compound  corymbs;  /lowers  yellow;  rays  1-5,  lanceolate; 
achenia  wingless.  —  Rich  soil,  S.  Penn.  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     July. 

2.  V.  Virginica,  L.  Stem  narrowly  or  interruptedly  winged,  dnwny- 
pubesceiit,  like  the  lower  surface  of  the  ovate-lanceolate  featlicr-veincd  alternate 
Uavpjt ;  heads  in  compound  corymbs  ;  floweis  white ;  rays  3-4,  oval ;  achenia 
nan-Qwly  winged.  —  Dry  soil,  Pennsylvania  1  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug. 

44.     DYSODIA,     Cav.        Fetid  Marigold. 

Heads  many-flowered,  usually  radiate  ;  the  rays  pistillate.  Involucre  of  one 
row  of  scales  united  into  a  firm  cup,  at  the  base  some  loose  bractlcts.  Recep- 
tacle flat,  not  cliafly,  but  beset  with  short  chaify  bristles.  Achenia  slender,  4- 
anglcd.  Pappus  a  row  of  chafl"y  scales  dissected  into  numerous  rough  bristles. 
—  Herbs,  mostly  annuals  or  biennials,  dotted  with  large  pellucid  glands,  which 
give  a  strong  odor  (as  in  TAtiixES,  the  French  Marigold  of  the  gardens, 
which  belongs  to  the  same  group) ;  the  heads  terminating  the  branches :  flow- 
ers yellow.    (Name  hvainhia,  an  ill  smell,  which  the  plants  er.emj)lity.) 

1.  D.  chrysanthemoides,  Lag.  Nearly  smooth,  diff'usely  branched 
(6'- 18'  high);  leaves  opposite,  jnnnately  parted,  the  narrow  lobes  bristly- 
toothed  or  cut;  rays  few,  scarcely  exceeding  the  involucre.  —  Roadsides,  and 
banks  of  rivers,  from  Illinois  southward  :  a  common  weed  ;  now  migrating  east- 
ward, established  at  Butlaio,  N.  Y.,  G.  W.  Clinton.     Aug-  -  Oct. 

45.     HYMENOPAPPUS,     L'Her.        Hymexopappus. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tubuiar  and  ficrfect.  Scales  of  the  in- 
volucre 6-12,  loose  and  broad,  thin,  the  upper  part  petal-like  (usually  white). 
Receptacle  small,  naked.  Corolla  with  large  revolutc  lobes.  Achenia  top- 
shaped,  with  a  slender  base,  striate.  Pappus  of  l.')-20  small  and  blunt  scales 
in  .1  sino-le  row,  very  thin  (whence  the  name  of  the  genus,  from  vpT]v,  membrane, 
and  ndmrv^,  pnppux).  —  Biennial  or  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  mostly  dis- 
sected leaves,  and  corvmbcd  small  heads  o<"  usually  whitish  flowers. 


COMl*OSIT>i:.       (cOMrOSITK    FAMILY.)  203 

1.  H.  scabiosaeus,  L'Hcr.  Somewhat  floccnlcnt-wooUy  when  young 
(l°-3°  hi^h)  ;  leaves  1  -2-i)inn:Uoly  pnrtod  into  linear  or  ol)lon{r  lobes  ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  roundish,  nearly  all  whitish.  —  Sandy  liarrcns,  Illinois  and 
southward.     May,  June. 

45^.     ACTINijLLA,     Pers.,  Nutt.        Actinkli.a. 

Heads  niany-flowcrcd,  radiate  ;  the  rays  several,  wcd;j;c-()l)lon<r,  S-lobed  at  the 
npcx  or  3-toothed,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  membranaceous  or  coriaceous,  nearly  equal,  apprcsscd  in  2  or  .3 
ranks,  little  shorter  than  the  disk.  Receptacle  hemispherical  or  conical,  naked. 
Achenia  top-shaped,  densely  silky-villons.  Pappus  of  5  or  more  ovate  or  lance- 
olate very  thin  chaffy  scales.  —  Low  herbs,  with  narrow  leaves,  dotted  or  sprin- 
kled with  resinous  atoms  as  in  the  next  genus;  the  solitary  heads  terminating 
acapes  or  slender  naked  peduncles ;  flowers  yellow.  —  Natives  of  the  Western 
plains,  &c.,  and  barely  entering  our  borders.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  ylrt/nea, 
from  aKTis,  ray.) 

1.  A.  seap6sa,  Nutt.,  var.  glabra.  Tufted;  leaves  crowded  on  the 
summit  of  woolly  rootstocks,  linear  or  somewhat  spatulate,  tbickish,  sparingly 
silkj'-hairy,  becoming  glabrous  ;  scape  (3' -9' high)  and  involucre  more  woolly, 
the  scales  ovate  and  obtuse ;  chaffy  scales  of  the  pappus  ovate,  awnless.  — 
Joliet,  Illinois,  on  an  Indian  mound  [Dr.  Scammon,  W.  Doott),  and  westward. 

46.     HELENIUM,    L.        Sneeze-weed. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  spreading  wedge-shaped  rays  .several,  3- 
5-clcft  at  the  summit,  fertile.  Involucre  small,  refl(;?;ed,  the  scales  linear  or 
nwl-shaped.  Receptacle  globose  or  oblong,  naked.  Achenia  top-shaped,  ribbed. 
Pappus  of  5-8  thin  and  1 -nerved  chafl[\-  scales,  the  nerve  usually  extended  into 
a  bristle  or  point.  —  Erect,  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  deeurrent  on 
the  angled  stem  and  branches,  which  are  terminated  by  single  or  corymbed 
(yellow,  rarely  purple)  heads ;  often  sprinkled  with  bitter  and  aromatic  resin- 
ous globules.     (Named  after  Helen,  the  wife  of  Menelaus.) 

1.  H.  autumnkle,  L.  (Sxeeze-weed.)  Nearly  smooth,  perennial ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  toothed  ;  rays  longer  than  the  globular-disk.  —  Alluvial  river- 
banks  :  common  (except  in  New  England).  Sept.  —  Plant  1°-^"^  high,  bitter: 
the  corymbed  heads  showy. 

47.    LEPTOPODA,    Nutt.        Leptopoda.     . 

Rays  neutral.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Heleuium.  —  In  the  true  species  (of 
which  L.  piihfiula  and  A.  hrrrifJiit  may  be  found  in  S.  Vir;:inia)  the  stems  are 
simple,  and  naked  above,  like  a  long  peduncle,  and  bearing  a  single  head 
(whence  the  name,  from  XfTrnJs,  slivdr,  and  novs.  ftmf)  ;  but  the  following  is 
leafy  to  the  fop,  and  branched  ;  and  were  better  restored  to  Heleuium. 

1.  L.  brach^poda,  Ton-.  &  Gr.  Stem  corymbed  at  the  snnnnit  (l°-4<' 
high);  leaves  oblou^i-laneeolate,  deeurrent  on  the  sten» ;  disk  ^'lol)nlur,  brown- 
ish ;  rays  (J^'- 3' I'J'ifi)  yellow,  or  in  one  variety  brownish-purple,  sometimes 
with  an  imperfect  style.  —  Damp  soil,  from  Illinois  southward.     June -Aug. 


264  coMPOSiTvE.     (composite  family.) 

48.     BALDWINIA,    ^'utt.        Baldwinia. 

Heads  globular,  iiiany-flowcred,  railiutc  ;  the  long  and  narrowly  wedge-shaped 
rays  nsutral.  luvoiucru  short,  of  niaiiy  tliickish  small  scales  imbricated  in  3  or 
4  rows,  the  outer  obovutc  and  obtu-e.  Kcceptacle  strongly  convex,  with  deep 
honeycomb-like  cells  containing  the  obconicd  or  oldong  siiky-villous  achenia. 
Pappus  of  7 -9  lancc-oblong  erect  ciiatty  scales.  — A  perennial  herb,  smoothish, 
with  slender  simple  stems  (2° -.3°  high),  bearing  alternate  oblanceolate  leaves, 
and  the  long  naked  summit  terminati-d  by  a  showy  large  heail.  Kays  yellow 
(I'  long)  ;  the  disk-flowers  often  turning  dark  i)urple.  (Named  for  the  late  Dr. 
WiUinm  Baldwin.) 

1.  B.  uniflbra,  jS'utt. — Borders  of  swamps,  Virginia  and  southward. 
Aug. 

49.  MARSHALLIA,     Schrcb.        Makshallia. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tulnilar  and  perfect.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  linear-lanceolate,  foliaceous,  erect,  in  one  or  two  rows,  nearly  equal. 
Receptacle  <;onvex  or  conical,  with  narrowiy  linear  rigid  chaff  among  the  flow- 
ers. Lobes  of  the  corolla  slender,  spreading.  Achenia  top-shaped,  .'j-angled. 
Pappus  of  5  or  G  membranaceous  and  pointed  chaffy  scales.  —  Smooth  and  low 
perennials,  with  alternate  and  entire  3-nei-ved  leaves,  and  solitary  heads  (re- 
sembling those'  of  a  Scabious)  terminating  the  naked  summit  of  the  simple 
stem  or  branches.  Flowers  purplish  ;  the  anthers  blue.  (Named  for  Ilumphnj 
Marshall,  of  I'eunsylvania,  author  oi'  Arhustruin  Americanuin ,  one  of  the  earliest 
works  on  the  trees  and  shrubs  of  this  country.) 

1.  M.  latifblia,  Pursh.  Stems  leafy;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed, 
sessile.  —  Dry  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.  (M.  i^ancloi.ata  and  M.  an- 
GCSTiFOLiA  may  occur  in  S.  Virginia.) 

50.  GALINSOGA,    Ruiz  &  Pav.        Galixsooa. 

Heads  several-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  4-5,  small,  roundish,  ])istillatc. 
Involucre  of  4  or  5  ovate  thin  scales.  Recejjtaclc  conical,  with  narrow  chaff 
among  the  flowers.  Achenia  angled.  Pappus  of  small  oblong  cut-fringed 
chaffy  scales  (sometimes  wanting).  —  Annual  herbs,  with  opposite  triple-nerved 
thin  leaves,  and  small  heads .  disk-flowers  yellow ;  rays  whitish.  (Named  for 
Galinsoga,  a  Spanish  botanist.) 

1.  G.  pauvifl6ra,  Cav.  Smoothish  (1°  high)  ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  some- 
what toothed ;  scales  of  the  pappus  8-  10.  —  Waste  places,  especially  eastward; 
spreading  from  year  to  year.     (Adv.  from  S.  Amer.) 

'51.     MARUTA,     Cass.        May-weed. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  ra_vs  neutral.  Involucre  of  many  small 
somewhat  imbricated  scales,  shorter  than  the  disk.  Kece[)taclc  conical,  bearing 
slender  chaff,  at  least  near  the  summit.  Achenia  obovoid,  ribl)ed,  smooth. 
Pappus  none  — Annual  acrid  herbs,  with  a  strong  odor,  flnely  thrice-))innately 
divided  leaves,  and  single  heads  terminating  the  branches      Rays  white,  soon 


COMPOSURE.       (COMTOSITE    FAMILY.)  2G5 

>cflcxcd  ;   the  disk  yellow.      (Derivation  unknown.  —  The  genus  not  distinct 
enough  iVuni  the  next.) 

1.  M.  Con  i,A,  DC.  (Common  May-wkkd.)  Scales  of  the  involucre 
with  whitish  margins.  (Anthciuis  Cotula,  L.)  —  Koadsides  :  very  coiuiuon. 
(Nat.  from  Ku.) 

52.    ANTHEMIS,     L.        Chamomile. 

Heads  and  flowers  as  in  JMarutu,  Imt  the  rays  pistillate.  Achcnia  terete,  stri- 
ate or  smooth.  Tappus  nunc,  or  a  minute  crown.  —  llerhs  with  aromatic  or 
strong  odor,  1 -2-pinnately  divided  leaves,  the  branches  terminated  by  single 
heads.  Kays  in  ours  white ;  the  disk  yellow.  ('AvOffiis,  the  ancient  name,  given 
in  allusion  to  the  profusion  of  the  flowers.) 

1.  A.  AUVE.NSis,  L.  (CoKx  CiiAMoMiLK.)  Puhcscent  (tn)iu(d  or  l/u'iiitiul, 
resembling  May -weed,  but  not  ill-scenteil ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  lanceolate, 
pointed  ;  pai)pus  a  minute  border.  —  Waste  places  :  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  A.  xoiiiLis,  L.  (Gauukn  Chamomile.)  More  downy  and  perennial, 
pleasantly  strong-scented  ;  sterile  shoots  depressed  or  creeping ;  leaves  very 
finelv  dissected  ;  chaff'  of  the  receptacle  blunt ;  pappus  none.  —  Established 
near  Lcwistou,  Delaware,  yiittall.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

53.    ACHILLEA,    L.        Yarrow. 

Heads  many-flowcrcd,  radiate  ;  the  rays  few,  fertile.  Involucre  imbricated. 
Eeceptaele  chaffy,  flattish.  Acluiua  oblong,  flattened,  margined.  Pappus 
none.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  small  corymbose  heads.  (So  named  because  its 
virtues  are  s;iid  to  have  been  discovered  by  Achilles.) 

1.  A.  Millefbiium,  L.  (Common  Yarrow  or  Milfoil.)  Stems 
simple;  hares  ticicc-jtitnidtelii  parted ;  the  divisions  linear,  3 - .5-cleft,  crowded  ; 
corymb  compound,  flat-toj)pcd  ;  involucre  ohiong ;  rays  A- h,  short,  white  (some- 
times rose-color). —  Fields  and  hills  :  common  northward.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  PtArmica,  L.  (Sneezkwort.)  •  Daves  simple,  lanre-linear,  sharply 
serrate  with  oppressed  teeth;  corymb  loose;  mys  8-12,  nvirh  lonrjer  than  the 
involucre  ;  flowers  white. —  Danvers,  ^Massachusetts,  &c.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

54.    LEUCANTHEMUM,     Tourn.        Ox-eye  Daisy. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  numerous,  fertile.  Scales  of  the 
broad  and  flat  involucre  imbricated,  with  .^carious  margins.  Receptacle  flat  or 
convex,  naked.  Disk-corollas  with  a  flattened  tube.  Achcnia  of  the  disk  and 
r.ay  similar,  striate,  without  pappus.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  toothed,  pin- 
natifid,  or  divided  leaves,  and  single  or  corymhcd  heads.  Rays  white  :  disk 
yellow.  (Name  comjjosed  of  XfuKiIr,  uhlte,  and  avStnov,  a  Jhurr,  from  the 
white  rays.) 

1.  L.  vl-lgXre,  Lam.  (Ox-i:ve  or  White  Dai.sy.  Whitk-wkli).) 
Stem  erect,  nearly  simple,  naked  above  and  bearing  n  single  large  heail ;  root- 
leaves  spatnlate,  petioled,  the  others  partly  clasping,  all  cut  orpinnatifid-toothed  ; 
Bcnles  of  the  involucre  with  ni^ty  brown  margins,  ((^hrysjinthemum  Leucan- 
thcinuni,  L.  —  Fields  and  meadows  :  too  abundant.  June,  July.  A  pernicious 
G  :\I— 12 


2CG  COMPOSITE,      (composite  family.) 

weed,  with  large  and  hliowy  lieads  :  in  Connecticut  is  a  variety  with  inconspicu- 
ous rays.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  L.  rAUTiiENHJM,  Uodron.  (Fevkrfkw.)  Tall,  hranched,  leafy ;  leaves 
twice-pinnately  divided  ;  the  divisions  ocatc,  cut ;  heads  conjmlied,  rather  small. 
(Matricaria  rarthcniiim,  L.  ryrcthrum  Partheuium,  Smith.) — Escaped  from 
gardens  in  some  places.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

55.     MATRICARIA,     Tourn.        Wild  Chamomile. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  rays  pistillate,  or  wanting.  Scales  of  the  involu- 
cre imbricated,  with  scarious  margins.  Receptacle  conical,  at  least  in  fruit,  na- 
ked. Achcnia  angular,  wingless.  raj)pus  a  membranaceous  crown  or  border, 
or  none.  —  Smooth  and  brandling  herbs  (ours  annuals  or  biennials)  with  di- 
vided leaves  and  single  or  corymljcd  heads.  Rays  white  or  none  :  disk  yellow. 
(Mamed  i'or  reputed  medicinal  virtues.) 

1.  M.  ixouoRA,  L.  Leaves  twicc-pinnatcly  divided  into  fine  almost  filiform 
lobes;  heads  Uirgc,  nakcd-pedunclcd,  and  with  man y  long  raijs;  pappus  a  short 
crown  or  border.  —  (Wild  far  northward.)  Roadsides,  Eastport,  Maine,  Prof. 
Venill.     Aug.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  M.  discoidea,  DC.  Low  (6' -9' high);  leaves  2 - .3-pinnatcly  parted 
into  short  linear  lobes;  hads  nvjltss,  short-ped uncled ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
oval,  with  broad  margins,  much  shorter  than  the  conical  disk;  pappus  obsolete. 
—  Banks  of  the  Mississipiii  opposite  St.  Louis.  Probably  an  immigrant  from 
Oregon,  now  extending  eastward  :  also  established  in  N.  Europe.     July-  Sept. 

56.    TANACETUM,    L.        Tansy. 

Heads  many-flowered,  nearly  discoid,  all  fertile ;  the  marginal  flowers  chiefly 
pistillate  and  3-.5-toothed.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  dry.  Recep- 
t.icle  convex,  naked.  Achenia  angled  or  ribbed,  with  a  large  flat  top.  Pap- 
pus a  short  crown.  — Bitter  and  ncrid  strong-scented  herbs  (ours  perennial), 
with  1  -  3-pinnately  dissected  leaves,  and  corymbed  heads.  Flowers  yellow  ;  in 
summer.  (Name  said  to  be  a  corruption  of  aOavaala,  undyimj,  from  its  durable 
flowers.) 

1.  T.  vulgXre,  L.  (Common  Tansy.)  Stem  (20-4°  high)  smooth; 
leaflets  and  the  wings  of  the  petiole  cut-toothed  ;  corymb  dense ;  pistillate 
flowers  terete;  pappus  .5-lobcd.  -  Var.  ndspuM  has  the  leaves  more  cut  and 
crisped.  —  Escaped  from  gardens  to  roadsides.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  T.  Huron6nse,  Nutt.  Hairy  or  woolly  when  young,  stout  (l°-.''<' 
high);  lobes  of  the  leaves  oblong ;  heads  large  (^'-§'wide)  and  usually  few ; 
l)istillate  flowers  flattened,  3-5-cleft;  pappus  toothed.  —  St.  John's  River, 
Maine  (G.  L.  Goodale),  shores  of  the  upper  Great  Lakes,  and  westward. 

57.    ARTEMISIA,    L.        Wormwood. 
Heads  discoid,  few- many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all   tubular,  the  marginal 
wcs  pistillate,  or  sometimes  all  similar  and  perfect.     Scales  of  the  involucre 
Imbricated,  with  dry  and  scarious  margins.     Receptacle  small  and  flattish,  na- 


COMrosiTyi:.     (coJirosiTE  fa:mily.)  2G7 

kcd.  Achcnia  obovoid,  with  a  small  sumniit  and  no  pappus.  —  Ilcrhs  or  shrubby 
plants,  bitter  and  aromatic,  wit li  small  heads  in  ijaniili-d  sjiikes  or  racemes; 
flowering  in  summer.  Corolla  yellow  or  j)urplisb.  (Dedicated  to  Artemis,  the 
Greek  Diana.) 

§  1.  Rcciptadv  smooth :  vmrgiiial jlowers  jiistillate.  and  f(rtll<: :  dis/c-Jluwers  jKrfcct  but 
stcrili' :  riMit  jierennial,  except  in  \o.  4. 

1.  A.  dracunculoides,  Tursh.  Tall  (.•3° -5°),  somewhat  woody  at  base, 
slightly  hoary  or  glabrous;  Imves  linear  and  entire  or  the  lower  3-cleft ;  Jtexids 
small  and  uiimeroiis,  jjanicled.  —  Sandy  banks  of  streams,  S.  W.  Illinois  {Dr. 
T  use)/,  Dr.  Mead)  and  westward. 

2.  A.  bore^lis,  Pallas.  Low  (3'-f)'  high),  tufted,  silky-villous  or  nearly 
smooth ;  loiver  leaver  3  -  Ty-chjl  at  the  ajxix,  or  like  the  others  1  -  2-pinnatelij  parted, 
the,  lobes  lanceolate  or  linear;  heads  few,  liemispherieal,  pretty  large,  spiked  or 
racemal.  — Shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

.3.  A.  Canadensis,  Michx.  Smooth,  or  hoary  with  silky  down  (lO-S® 
high) ;  lower  leaves  twiee-pinnately  divided,  the  upjier  3  -  7-divided  ;  the  divisions 
linear,  rather  rigid ;  heads  rather  large,  in  punicltd  racemes.  —  Shore  of  all  the  (Jreat 
Lakes,  &c.,  and  northward.     (En.) 

4.  A.  caud^ta,  Miehx.  Smooth  {2° -5°  high)  ;  upper  leaves  pinnatcly, 
the  lower  2  -3-pinnatcly  divided  ;  the  diiusions  thrcad-'lrm,  diverging ;  heads stmdl, 
the  racemes  in  a  wand-like  elongnted  panicle ;  root  bieni  ial.  —  Sandy  soil,  coast  of 
Kew  Hampshire  to  Virginia;  also  Michigan  and  Illinois. 

§  2.  Recpptade  smooth:  flowers  all  fertile,  a  few  pistillate,  the  others  perfect. 

♦  Tall  (l°-5°)  and  hnnichini/  perennials,  whitened  with  fine  and  close-pressed  wool : 

h"iid-i  small,  oroid,  crowded  in  leafy  panicles. 

5.  A.  Ludovicikna,  Nntt.  (Western  Mugwoist.)  Whitened  icoolly 
throughout ;  leaves  lanciolnte,  the  upper  mostly  entire,  the  lower  cut-lobed,  toothed 
or  j)innatifid;  ht'ads  larger  than  in  the  next,  mostly  sessile  in  narrow  })anicles. 
—  Dry  banks,  Lukes  Huron  and  IMiehigan,  and  sonthwestward  ;  esj>ecially  the 
var.  (iXAi'HAi-oDES,  wliieli  has  the  elongated  nearly  entire  leaves  very  woolly 
both  sides. 

6.  A.  vulcVris.  L.  (Commox  Mitgwort.)  T.pnves  mostli/  glabrous  and 
green  above,  beneath  and  the  branches  white-woolly,  all  jjinnatifid,  with  tiie  divi- 
sions often  cnt-lobed,  lineir-lanceolatc  ;  heads  small  in  open  panicles.  —  Waste 
places,  near  dwellings.      (Adv.  from  Kii.) 

*  *  />.«  branched  (l°-3°)  biennial  or  annual,  glabrous:  heads  dcnseli/  clustered. 

7.  A.  biennis,  Willd.  (Biennial  Wormwood.)  Lower  leaves  twiec- 
pinnately  parted,  the  upper  pinnatifid  ;  lobes  linear,  acute,  in  the  lower  leaves 
cut-toothed  ;  heads  in  short  a.xillary  sj)ikes  or  clusters,  crowded  in  a  narrow  and 
glomerate  leafy  panicle. — Gravelly  banks,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  northwestward  ; 
rapidly  extending  eastward  l>y  railroad  to  liutValo,  riiiladelpliia,  &e. 

§  3.  Receptacle  hairy  ;  flowers  (dl  fertile,  the  marginal  ones  pistillate :  heads  nodding. 

8.  A.  AusfNTHiLM,  L.  (Common  Wormwood.)  Rather  shrubby  (2°- 
4°high),  silky-lumry  ;  leaves  2- 3-piunately  parted,  lobes  lanceolate ;  heads  liemi- 
spherieal, panieled. —  lloadsides,  .sparingly  escaped  from  gardens.    (Adv.  from 


208  coriPOSiTjE.     (co:ipopite  faimily.) 

9.  A.  frigida,  Willd.  Low  (C'-^O'high),  in  tufts,  slightly  woody  at  the 
1)asc,  v.hitc-sillcy ;  leaves  pinnatcly  parted  and  3  - 5-cleft,  the  divisions  naiTow- 
lincar;  heads  globose,  racemose.  —  Dry  hills  and  rocks.  Falls  of  St.  Anthony, 
"Wisconsin  {L.  Lcsqucrcux,  T.  J.  IIcIc),  Lake  Superior,  and  northwestward. 

5  8.     G-I7APHALIUM,    L.        Cudwekd. 

Ilends  inany-flowcred  ;  tlic  llowers  nil  tubular  ;  the  outer  pistillate  and  very 
slender,  the  central  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  dry  and  scarious,  white  or 
colored,  ind)ricatcd  in  several  rows.  Eeceptaclc  flat,  naked.  Pappus  a.  single 
row  of  capillary  rough  bristles.  —  Woolly  herbs,  with  sessile  ordecurrent  leaves, 
and  clustered  or  corynibcd  heads  ;  fl.  in  summer  and  autumn.  Corolla  whitish 
or  yellowish.  (Name  from  ypd(f)a\ov,  a  lock  of  ivool,  in  allusion  to  the  floccose 
down  of  the  leaves.) 
§  1.    Achenia  terete:  pistillate  Jloiccrs  in  several  7-oirs  :  bristles  of  pappus  distinct. 

1.  G.  deciirrens,  Ives.  (Evkklastjxg.)  Stout,  erect  (2°  high)  peren- 
nial, branched  at  the  top,  clammy -])ubescent,  white-woolly  on  the  branches, 
bearing  numerous  heads  in  dense  cori/mbed  clusters ;  leares  linear-lanrealtite,  partly 
clasping,  decwrent ;  scales  of  the  (yellowish-white)  involucre  oval,  acutisli. — 
Hillsides,  New  Jersey  and  Penn.  to  Maine,  Michigan,  and  northward. 

2.  G.  polycephalum,  Michx.  (ComiMon  Everlasting.)  Erect,  woolly 
annual  (l'-2'  high),  fragrant;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at  the  base,  with  undu- 
late margins,  not  decurrent,  smoothish  above  ;  heads  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the 
panicled-corymbose  branches,  ovate-conical  before  expansion,  then  obovate ;  scales 
of  the  (whitish)  involucre  ovate  and  oblong,  rather  obtuse;  perfect  flowers 
few.  —  Old  fields  and  woods  :  common. 

3.  G.  uliginosum,  L.  (Low  Cudaveed.)  Diffuseli/  branched,  woolly 
annual  (3' -6' high);  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  not  decurrent;  heads  (small) 
in  terminal  sessile  capitate  clusters  subtended  by  leaves. — Low  grounds  by  the 
roadside;  common  eastward  and  northward  :  perhaps  introduced.     (Eu.) 

§  2.    GAM0CHJ:TA,  Weddell.      Achenia  and  flowers  as  %  \  :    bristles  of  the 
pappus  united  at  the  very  base  into  a  ring,  so  falling  off  all  together. 

4.  G.  purptireum,  L.  (Purplish  Cudwhed.)  Annual,  simple  or 
branched  from  the  base,  ascending  (6' -20'  high),  woolly  ;  leaves  oblong-spatu- 
late,  mostly  obtuse,  not  decurrent,  green  above,  very  white  with  close  wool  un- 
derneath ;  heads  in  sessile  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  and  spiked  at  the 
icandjjlce  summit%of  the  stem ;  scales  of  the  involucre  tawny,  the  inner  often 
marked  with  puri)lc.  — Sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  coast  of  Maine  to  Virginia,  and 
southward. 

§  3.  HOMALOTHfeCA,  DC.     Achenia  flattened:  pistillate  flowers  in  a  single 
marginal  row  :  bristles  of  the  pappus  distinct  and  fdling  separately,  as  in  §  1 . 

5.  G.  suplnum,  Villars.  (Mountain  Citdweed.)  Dwarf  and  tufted 
perennial  (2'  liiuh) ;  leaves  linear,  woolly  ;  heads  solitary  or  few  and  spiked  on 
the  slender  simple  flowering  stems  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  brown,  lanceolate, 
acnte.  —  Alpine  summit  of  Mount  Washington,  New  Hampshire:  very  rare. 
(Eu.) 


composit-t:.     (co:\rposiTK  faafilv.)  200 

50.    ANTENNABIA,    G.-urtn.        Eveklastixg. 

Heads  inany-flowerc'il,  di(i;i-iou.s  or  nearly  t^o ;  tlie  flowers  all  tubular  :  jiistil- 
late  corollas  very  slender.  Scales  of  the  involucre  dry  and  scarious,  white  or 
colored,  imbricated.  Reccptaele  convex  or  flat,  not  chafly.  Pappus  a  .sin'rlc 
row  of  bristles,  in  the  fertile  flowers  capillary,  and  in  the  sterile  thickened  and 
club-shaped  or  barbelhite  at  the  suniniit.  —  I'crennial  vvliite-woolly  herbs,  witli 
entire  leaves  and  corynibcd  (rarely  single)  heads.  Corolla  ycllowi.^li.  (Name 
from  the  resemblance  of  the  sterile  pappus  to  the  antemm  of  certain  insects.) 

1.  A.  margarit^Cea,  R.  Brown.  (Pkarly  EvEnLASTiNC.  Stem  erect 
(l°-2°  hi-b),  roiyiidiose.  at  the  summit,  with  many  hciuls,  l(-(i/(/ ;  leaves  lincar- 
lanccolatc,  ta[)er-poiuted,  sessile  ;  fertile  heads  often  with  a  few  impcrl'ect  stami- 
iiatc  flowers  in  the  centre  ;  scales  of  the  pearly-white  involucre  obtuse  or  rounded. 
—  Dry  hills  and  woods  ;  common  northward.     Aug. 

2,  A.  plantaginifblia,  Hook.  (rLANXAiN-LEAVKD  Everlasting.) 
Sjircadimi  iy  oj/'sds  mid  runntrs,  low  (4' -  10' high)  ;  leaves  silky-woolly  when 
young,  at  length  green  above  and  hoary  beneath  ;  those  of  the  simple  and  scape- 
like flowering  .stems  small,  lanceolate,  appressed  ;  the  radical  obovatc  or  oval- 
spatulate,  petioled,  ample,  3-ncrvcd  ;  lieads  in  a  small  crowded  corymb  ;  scales 
of  the  (mostly  white)  involucre  obtuse  in  the  sterile,  and  acutish  and  narrower 
in  the  fertile  plant.  — Var.  moxocei'iiala  is  an  occasional  state,  with  a  single 
larger  head.  —  Stenile  knolls  and  banks  :  connnon.     March  -  May. 

60.     FILAGO,     Tourn.        Cottox-Rose. 

Heads  many-flowcrcd  ;  tlie  flowers  all  tubular,  the  central  ones  perfect,  but 
often  infertile  ;  the  others  j)istillate,  very  slender  and  thread-form.  Scales  of 
the  involucre  few  and  woolly.  Receptacle  elongated  or  top-shajjcd,  naked  at  the 
summit,  but  chaffy  at  the  margins  or  toward  the  base  ;  the  chaff  resembling  the 
])ropcr  involncral  .scales,  each  covering  a  single  ])istillate  flower.  —  Pappus  of 
the  central  flowers  capillary,  of  the  outer  ones  mostly  none.  —  Annual,  low, 
branching  woolly  herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  and  small  heads  in  capitate  clusters. 
(Name  from  Jiliim,  a  thread,  in  allusion  to  the  cottony  hairs  of  thcr^c  plants.) 

1.  P.  GERM.iMCA,  L.  (1Ii:ri$a  Imima.)  Stem  erect,  short,  clothed  with 
lanceolate  and.npri^'ht  crowded  leaves,  i)roducing  a  capitate  cluster  of  woolly 
heads,  from  which  rise  one  or  more  branches,  each  terminated  liy  a  similar 
head,  and  so  on:  —  hence  the  common  name  applied  to  it  by  the  old  botanists, 
as  if  the  offspring  were  nndutifully  exalting  themselves  above  the  parent.  — . 
Dry  flelds.  New  York  to  Virginia.     July -Oct.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

61.  ERECHTHITES,  Ral.  Fireweed. 
Heads  many-flowcrcd  :  tiic  flowers  all  tubular  an<l  fertile  ;  the  marginal  jiis, 
tillrtte,  with  a  slender  corolla.  Scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre  in  a  single 
row,  linear,  acute,  with  a  few  small  bractlets  at  the  base.  Receptacle  naked. 
Achenia  oblong,  tapering  at  the  end.  Pa])iius  copious,  of  very  tine  atid  white 
soft  hairs. — Erect  and  coarse  annuals,  of  rank  smell,  with  alternate  simjile 
leaves,  and  panicuhite-corymbed  heads  of  whitish  flowers.  (The  ancient  name 
of  some  spoeics  of  Groundsel,  probaV)ly  called  after  Ercrhlliciis.) 


270  COMPOSITE.       (COMrOSITE    FAMILY.) 

1.  E.  hieracif61ia,  Raf.  (Fireweed.)  Often  hairy;  stem  grooved 
(l°-rj°  liijili);  liaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  cut-toothed,  sessile;  the 
upper  with  au  auricled  clasping  base.  (.Senecio  hieraciColius,  L.)  —  Moist 
woods  :  common,  especially  northward,  and  in  recent  clearings,  where  the 
ground  has  been  burned  over  ;  wlience  the  popular  name.     July  -  Sept. 

62.     CACALIA,     L.        Indian  Plantain. 

Heads  5  -  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  ])erfcct.  Scales  of  tho 
involucre  in  a  single  row,  with  a  few  bractlcts  at  the  base.  Iteceptacle  naked. 
Corolla  deeply  Scleft.  Achcnia  oblong,  smooth.  Pappus  of  numerous  capil- 
lary bristles.  —  Smooth  and  tall  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  often  petioled 
leaves,  and  rather  large  heads,  in  flat  corymbs.  Flowers  white  or  whitish. 
(An  ancient  name,  of  uncertain  meaning.) 

*  Inrohtcre  "2n  -  ^0-fhwered,  with  seveial  brads  at  its  base:  receptacle  flat. 

\.  V.  SUav6olens,  L.  Stem  grooved  (.3° -5°  high);  leaves  triangular- 
lanceolate,  htylbfrd-shaprd,  pointed,  serrate,  those  of  the  stem  on  winged  jjetioles. 
—  Rich  woods,  Coiiiiectieut  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky  :  rare.     Sept. 

*  *  Involucre  5-leaved  and  5-floicered,  its  bracts  minute  or  none :  receptacle  beariu<j 

a  more  or  less  evident  scale-lik^  pointed  appendage  in  the  centre. 

2.  C.  renifox'mis,  Muhl.  (Great  Indian  Plantain.)  Stem  (4° -9° 
higli)  groo\ed  and  angled  ;  leaves  green  both  sides,  dilated  fan-shaped,  or  the  lowest 
kidnfij-form  (l°-2°  broad),  repand-tuothed  and  angled,  palmately  veined,  peti- 
oled ;  the  teeth  pointed ;  corymbs  large.  —  Rich  damp  woods,  New  Jersey  to 
Illinois,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.     Aug. 

3.  C.  atriplicifblia,  L.  (Pale  Indian  P.)  Stem  terete  (30-6°  high), 
and  with  the  palimitelij  veined  and  angnlatc-lohed  leaves  qlaucons ;  lower  leaves 
triangular-kidney-form  or  slightly  heart-shaped ;  the  upper  rhomboid  or 
wedge-form,  toothed.  —  Rich  woodlands,  W.  New  -York  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southward      Aug. 

4.  C.  tuberdsa,  Nutt.  (Tup.kkois  Indian  P.)  Stem  angled  and  grooved 
(2° -6°  high),  from  a  thick  or  tuberous  root;  kaces  green  both  sides,  thick, 
strongly  5-7-nerved ;  the  lower  lance-ovate  or  oval,  nearly  entire,  tapering  into 
long  petioles  ;  the  upper  on  short  margined  petioles,  sometimes  toothed  at  the 
apex.  —  Wet  prairies,  &c.,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.    Jnnc. 

63.    SENECIO,    L.        Gkoundsel. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  nil  perfect  and  tubular,  or  mostly  with 
radiate  marginal  ones  ;  the  rays  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  a  single 
row,  or  with  a  few  bractlets  at  the  l)ase.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Pap])us  of 
numerous  very  soft  and  slender  capillary  bristles. —  Herbs,  in  the  United  States, 
with  alternate  leaves  and  solitary  or  corymbed  heads.  Flowers  chiefly  yellow. 
(Name  from  senex,  an  old  man,  alluding  to  the  hoary  hairs  which  cover  many 
species,  or  to  the  white  hairs  of  the  pn])pus.) 

*  Root  annnal  or  in  No.  3  biennial:  heads  several  or  muni/  in  a  corymb:  herbage 

glabrous  or  soon  becoming  so. 


COMPOSIT.E.     (co"Mi'Osrn:  fa^iily.)  271 

1.  S.  vi'ix.Vris,  L.  (Common  Groundsel.)  Low,  corymboscly  branched ; 
leaves  jnnnalilid  and  toothed,  claspiiifr;  rays  none. —  Waste  grounds.  July - 
Sept.     (Adv.  from  Ku.) 

2.  S.  lobktUS,  I'ers.  (BiTTi:u-\vi:i;i).)  Kather  tall;  leaves  .somewhat 
fleshy,  mostly  lynitt  or  piiiiuite,  tlie  divisions  or  lealU't.s  crenate  or  ent-loheil,  vari- 
able; heads  small  in  a  naked  corymb;  7<ii/s  aljout  12,  consjiintons.  —  Low  banks 
of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi,  Illinois  and  southward.     April -July. 

3.  S.  pallistris,  llook.  Biennial,  loosely  woolly  when  young ;  stem  stout, 
6-3^  higii ;  Uiivea  ol)iong-lanceolate,  irm/iUdrly  toothed  or  luciniute,  the  upper 
with  a  heart-shaped  clasping  ba.sc ;  rays  20  or  more,  short,  pale  yellow  ;  pappus 
copious  and  becoming  very  long.  —  Wet  ground,  N.  W.  Wisconsin  {T.J.  Uale) 
and  northward.    June.     (Eu.) 

*  ♦  Root  ]X-rennial :  heads  small  or  middle-sized,  in  a  naked  corymb. 

4.  S.  atireus,  L.  (Golukn  K.vgwort.  Sqlaw-wkud.)  ^Smooth,  or 
fldccosc-iroully  irlwii  yoiiiii/  (10' -30'  high)  ;  root-leaves  simple  and  rounded,  the  larger 

_ones  mostly  heart-sliaped,  crenate-toothed,  lomj-petiokd ;  the  lower  stem-leaves 
lyrate;  ni)jicr  ones  lanceolate,  cut-pinn*atitid,  sessile  or  partly  clasping;  corymb 
umbel-like;  rays  8-12.  —  Varies  greatly,  the  leading  forms  being,  —  Var.  I. 
obovXtls,  with  the  root-leaves  round-obovate  (growing  in  drier  places).  — 
Var.  2.  BalsAmit^,  w  ith  root-leaves  oblong,  spatulate,  or  lanceolate,  sometimes 
cut-toothed,  tapering  into  the  petiole.  Kocky  places.  —  Var.  3.  lanceoi-.\tus, 
Oakes,  with  the  leaves  all  lanceolate-oblong,  thin,  sharply  and  unequally  toothed, 
cither  wcdge-shai)ed  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  the  upper  merely 
pinnatifid-cut  towards  the  base.  (Cedar  swamps,  Vermont,  Robbins.)  —  Common 
everywhere  :  the  primary  form  in  swamps.     May,  June. 

5.  S.  Elli6ttii,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Soon  smooth,  stem  simple  (1°  high),  often 
nearly  leafless,  bearing  a  small  corymb;  roof-harrs  tliirh'sh,  ohorate  or  ivnndisli, 
narrowed  into  a  short  and  wintjrd  pitiole,  or  sessile,  crenate-toothed,  sometimes  ly- 
rate ;  stem-leaves  small,  cnt-pinnatifid. — Rich  soil,  Virginia  and  southward 
along  the  mountains.     May. 

6.  S.  tomentdsUS,  Michx.  (Wooi.lv  Ragwort.)  Clothed  n-ith  scarcely 
deciduous  hoary  icoiil  (l°-2°  high) ;  roof-leaves  oblonrj,  obtuse,  crenate  toothed,  on 
slender  petioles  ;  the  upper  sessile  ;  corymb  flat-topped  ;  rays  12 -15. — Moun- 
tains of  Penn.sylvania  {Pursli),  Maryland,  and  southward.  May.  —  S.  cXni:?, 
Hook.,  which  too  closely  resembles  smaller  forms  of  this,  probably  occurs  within 
the  nortliprn  borders  of  Wisconsin. 

*  *  *  Root  perennial :  head^  larr/c  and  mnatli/  solitari/. 

7.  S.  Pseudo-Arnica,  Less.  Loosely  white  woolly,  sometimes  becom- 
ing glabrous  ;  stem  stout,  f)'  -  12'  high,  lenfv  to  tho  top;  leaves  oblong,  repaiul, 
tapering  into  a  narrow  petiole-like  base;  beads  1  -4,  over  an  iiuli  in  diameter; 
rays  20  or  more,  large. —  Grand  Manan  Island  oil'  Maine  (/'/W:  Vnrill)  and 
northward. 

64.    ARNICA,     L.        Arnica. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  bell-shaped 
involucre  lanceolate,  equal,  somewhat  in  2  rows.     Receptacle  flat,  flmbrillatc- 


272  coMPOsiT.E.     (cor:MrosiTK  family.) 

Achcnia  slender  or  spindle-shaped.  P.ippus  a  single  row  of  rather  rijrid  and 
strongly  roiighcncd-dcntienlatc  bristles.  — Perennial  herbs,  chiefly  of  inountiiins 
and  cold  northern  repons,  witii  simple  .'■tcnis,  bearing  single  or  corymbed  large 
lieads  and  opposite  leaves.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  thought  to  be  a  corruption 
of  Ptaniiicu.) 

1.  A.  mollis,  Hook.  Soft-hairy;  shm  Icnf}/  (l°-2°  high),  bearing  \  to  5 
liciids  ;  leav(S  thin,  veiny,  smoothish  when  old,  toothed ;  the  upper  ovale-hinceolntc, 
closely  sessile  ;  the  lower  narrower,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole  ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  pointed  ;  pappus  almost  plumose. — Alpine  rivulets,  mountains  of 
New  Hampshire  and  N.  New  York,  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  and  northwest- 
ward.   July. 

2.  A.  nudicatllis,  Ell.  Hairy  and  rather  glandular  (1° -3°  high);  fcarcs 
thirkish ,  ^-b-ntrced,  ocatc  or  oblong,  all  sessile,  mostly  entire  and  near  the  root, 
those  of  the  naked  stem  small  and  only  one  or  two  pairs ;  heads  several,  corymbed, 
showy.  —  Damp  pine  barrens,  S.  Penn.  and  southward.     April,  May. 

65.     CENTAUREA,     L.         Star-Thistle. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tubular,  the  marginal  often  much  larger 
and  as  it  were  radiate,  sterile.  Receptacle  bristly.  Involucre  imbricated,  the 
scales  margined  or  appendagcd.  Achenia  compressed.  Pappus  wanting,  or  of 
a  few  bristles.  —  Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  single  heads.  (Named  from 
the  Centaur,  Chiron.) 

1.  C.  CVaxus,  L.  (Bluebottle.)  Scales  of  the  globular  involucre  fringe- 
margined  ;  false  rnjjs  large;  pappus  very  short ;  leaves  linear,  entire,  or  toothed  at 
the  base;  root  annual.  —  Roadsides,  escaped  from  gardens.  July.  —  Flowers 
blue,  varying  to  purplish  or  white.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  C.  NIGRA,  L.  (Knapweed.)  Scales  of  the  globular  involucre  appcn- 
diiged,  and  with  a  stiff  black  fringe;  raijx- icanting ;  pappus  very  short;  leaves 
lanceolate,  or  the  lower  lyrate-angied,  rough  ;  root  perennial.  —  Waste  places,  E. 
New  England.     Aug.  — Flowers  purple.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  C.  CALcfTRAPA,  L.  (Star  TiiiSTLE.)  Stcm  diflfuscly  much  branched  ; 
leaves  pinnalely  lohnl  or  spinulosc-toothed  ;  heads  sessile,  the  middle  scales  of  the. 
ovoid  involucre  spiny;  pappus  none;  flowers  purple;  root  annual.  — Norfolk, 
Virginia,  and  Philadelphia.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

66.     CNICUS,     Vaill.        Blessed  Thistle. 

Heads  many-flowcrcd ;  the  ray-flowers  tubular  and  sterile,  shorter  than  the 
rest,  which  arc  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Scales  of  the  ovoid  involucre  coriaceous, 
apprcsscd,  extended  into  a  long  and  rigid  pinnately  spinose  appendage.  Re- 
ceptacle clothed  with  capillary  bristles.  Achenia  terete,  short,  strongly  striate, 
crowned  with  10  short  and  horny  teeth,  and  bearing  a  papi)us  of  10  elongated 
rigid  bristles,  and  10  short  bristles  alternate  with  the  Inst  in  an  inner  row.  —An 
annual  smoothish  herb,  with  clasping  scarcely  i)iiinatilid-cut  leaves  and  large 
braeted  heads.     Flowers  yellow.      (Nmuic  from  kvI^co,  to  prid:) 

1.  C.  BENEDfcTLS,  L.  —  Uoadsidus,  Southward  :  rare,  scarcely  naturalized 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 


COMPOSIT.E.       (COMPOSITK    IWIMILV.)  273 

67.     CIRSIUM,     Tonm.         Common-  or  ri.rMr.n  TniSTi.E. 

Heads  maiiy-llowcrnl ;  the  Ilowcrs  all  tuhuhir,  perfect  and  similar,  or  rarely 
imperfeetiv  dlteeioiis.  Scales  of  the  ovoid  or  sjilierieal  involucre  imbricated  in 
many  rows,  tipped  witli  ajwint  or  prickle.  IJeceptaele  thickly  clothed  with  soft 
hristles  or  hairs.  Aehenia  ohlon;,',  (lattish,  not  ribbed.  Pappus  of  numerous 
bristles  united  into  a  rinj^at  the  base,  plumose  to  the  middle,  deciduous.  —  Herbs, 
with  sessile  alternate  leaves,  often  pinnatilid,  and  priekl}'.  Heads  large,  ter- 
minal. Flowers  reddish-purple,  occasionally  yenowisii,  white,  or  cream-color; 
in  summer.  (Name  I'nnn  Kipdos,  a  mnllid  vein,  i'ov  which  the  Thistle  was  a 
reputed  remedy.) 

♦  Scales  of  the  involucre  all  tipped  ivith  spreading  prickles:  root  biennial. 

1.  C.  l.a^nceol.Vtum,  Seop  (Co.mmon  Thistle.)  Leaves  deeurrcnt  on 
the  stem,  forming  prickly  lobed  wings,  ])innatitid,  rough  and  bristly  above, 
Moolly  with  deciduous  webby  hairs  beneath,  prickly  ;  flowers  purple.  —  Pastures 
and  roadsides,  everywhere,  at  the  North.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

♦  «  Scales  of  the  involucre  a})prrssed ;  the  inner  ones  not  pricLlij :  f  laments  hain/. 

t-  Leaves  white-ivoollij  beneath,  and  sometimes  also  above:  outer  scales  of  the  involucre 

successiveli/  shorter,  and  tipped  with  short  prickles. 

2.  C.  Pitcheri,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Wlute-ivoollij  throughout,  perennial,  low ;  stem 
stout,  very  leafv  ;  leaves  all  pinnateli/  parted  into  rigid  narrowly  linear  and  elongated 
divisions,  with  rcvolute  margins;  flowers  cream-color.  — Sandy  shores  of  Lakes 
Michigan,  Huron,  and  Siijicrior. 

3.  C.  Undul^tum,  Spreng.  White-woollg  throughout,  biennial,  low  and 
stout,  leafy;  haves  luuceolate-ohlong,  partly  ela-ping,  undulate-pi nnali fid,  with 
prickly  lobes;  flowers  reddish-purple. — Islands  of  L.  Huron  and  Michigan; 
thence  westward. 

4.  C.  discolor,  Spreng.  Biennial ;  stem  grooved,  hairy,  liranched,  tall, 
leafj';  leaves  all  deeply  pinnatijid,  sparingly  hairy  and  green  above,  tvhilcned  with 
close  wool  beneath  ;  the  diverging  lobes  2-3-cleft,  linear-lanceolate,  prickly-pointe'l ; 

cpiile  to  the  heads:  haves  roughish-hairy  aliovc,  whitened  with  close  wool  l)eneath,   '    .  y^ 
oblong-lanceolate  sinuate-toothed,  undulate-pinnafi'fid,  or  undivided,  the  lobes  or  teeth        r 
jjrickly  ;  those  from  the  base  pinnatifid  ;  and  their  Wjcs  short,  oblong  or  triangular  : 
flowers  chiefly  i)uriile.  — Fields  and  copses,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

G.  C.  Virginiknum,  Miehx.  Stem  woolly,  slender.  sim])le  or  sparingly 
i)ranchcd  (l°-3°  high)  ;  the  bra'iches  or  long  jmlnncles  naked:  leaves  lanceolate, 
green  above,  whitened  with  close  wool  beneath,  ciliate  with  prickly  bristles,  en- 
tire or sparingig sinuatel(J>ed,  sometimes  the  lower  dee])ly  sinuate-pinnatifld  ;  outei 
scales  of  the  involucre  scarcely  prickly;  heads  small;  flowers  purj)le.  —  Wood* 
and  plains,  Virginia,  Ohio,  and  southward. 

Var.  fllip6ndulum.  Stem  stouter,  more  leafy,  corymboscly  branched 
above;  the  brads  on  shorter  peduncles;  leaves  iiinnatifld  :  roots  tuberous,  en- 
larged below.  (C.  lilipeiidulum,  Kugelm.) — I'rairies  of  S.  Illinois  and  south- 
westward. 

18 


flowers  pale  jturple,  rarely  white.  —  Meadows  and  copses. 

C.  altissimum,  Spreng.    Stem  downy,  branching  (.3°- lOOhi-lO.^/y  a 


274  COMPOSITE.       (CO-MTOSITE    FAMILY.) 

■t-  -t-  Leaves  green  both  sides,  or  onhj  with  loose  cobwehhi/  hairs  vnderncalh  :  scales  of 
the  involucre  scarccli/  pricUy-pointeci :  heads  large. 

7.  C.  muticum,  Jlichx.  (Swamp  Thistle.)  Stem  tall  (3°-8°high), 
angled,  snioutliisli,  jjunick-d  at  the  summit,  the  branches  sparingly  leafy  and 
bearing  single  or  few  rather  large  naked  heads ;  leaves  somewhat  hairy  above, 
whitened  with  louse  tvdJii/  hairs  beneath  wiien  young,  deejilji  jiinmttijid,  tlte  divisions 
lanceolate,  acute,  cut-Iobcd,  j)rickly-pointed  ;  scales  of  the  icehhij  and  glutinous  invo- 
lucre closely  apprcssed,  pointless  or  barely  niucronate ;  flowers  purple  ;  root  per-, 
cnnial.  —  S\vaini)s  and  low  woods  :  common. 

8.  C.  pumilum,  Spreng.  (Pasture  Thistle.)  Stem  low  and  stout 
(l°-3°  liigli).  Iiaiiy,  bearing  1  -3  very  large  hauls  (li'  broad),  which  are  some- 
ivhat  leafif-bracted  at  the  base ;  leaves  green,  lanceolate-oblong,  partly  chisping, 
sometrhat  hairi/,  pinnatijid,  with  short  and  cut  very  jiric/clij-margined  lobes ;  outer  sades 
of  the  involucre  pricklij-jioiiitcd,  the  inner  very  slender ;  flowers  purple  or  rarely 
white  (fragrant,  2'  long) ;  root  biennial. — Dry  fields,  Maine  to  Penn.,  near  the 
coast,  Illinois  and  westward  :  common. 

9.  C.  horridulum,  Michx.  (Yellow  Thistle.)  Stem  stout  (l°-4o 
high),  webby-liaired  when  young;  leaves  partly  clasping,  green,  soon  smooth, 
lanceolate,  pinnatijid,  the  short  toothed  and  cut  lolxs  veri/  spiny  with  yellowish 
prickles;  heads  (l'-l|'  broad),  surrounded  at  the  base  by  an  involucrate  whorl  of 
leaf-like  and  very  prickly  bracts,  which  equal  or  exceed  the  narrow  and  unarmed 
scales  of  the  involucre ;  flowers  pale  yellow  or  purple.  —  Sand}'  fields,  Massachu- 
setts to  Virginia,  and  southward,  near  the  coast. 

*  *  *  Outer  scales  of  the  appressed  involucre  barely  prickly-pointed :  f laments  nearly 
imooth :  heads  imperfectly  dioecious,  sm(dl  and  numerous. 

10.  C.  ARVENSE,  Scop.  (Canada  Thistle.)  Perennial,  the  roots  exten- 
sively creeping ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  smooth,  or  slightly  woolly  beneath, 
sinuate-pinnatifid,  prickly-margined  ;  flowers  rose-purple.  —  Cultivated  fields, 
pastures,  and  roadsides  :  common  at  the  North  ;  a  most  troublesome  weed,  ex- 
tremely difficult  to  eradicate.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

68.     CARDUTJS,     Tourn.        Plumeless  Thistle. 

Bristles  of  the  pappus  naked  (not  plumose),  merely  rough  or  denticulate. 
Otherwise  as  in  Cirsium.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  C.  NUTANS,  L.  (Musk  Thistle.)  Biennial;  leaves  decurrent,  sinuate, 
spiny;  heads  solitary,  drooping;  flowers  purple. — Fields  near  Ilarrisbiirg, 
Penn.sylvania,  Prof  Poftei:     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

69.     ONOPORDOW,     Vaill.        Cotton  or  Scotch  Thistle. 

Heads  and  flowers  nearly  as  in  Cirsium.  Scales  of  the  involucre  coriaceous, 
tipped  with  a  lanceolate  ))rickly  appendage.  Receptacle  deeply  honeycombed. 
Achenia  4-angled,  wrinkled  transversely.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  numerous, 
slender,  not  ))lumose,  united  at  the  base  into  a  horny  ring.  —  Coarse,  branching 
annuals,  or  biennials,  with  the  stems  winjred  l)y  the  decurrent  base  of  tin;  lobed 
and  toothed  somewhat  prickly  loaves.  Heads  large-  flowers  purple.  (The  an- 
cient Greek  name  of  the  plant.) 


COMPOSIT.E.       (composite    FAMILY.)  275 

1.  O.  ArAxTniuM,  L.  Stem  (2° -4°  higli)  and  leaves  cotton-woolly  ;  scales 
lincar-awl-sliaptd. — Roadsides  and  waste  places:  rather  rare.  July -Sept. 
(Adv.  from  Kii.) 

7  0.     LAPPA,     Tuurn.        BrHDorK. 

Heads  many-flowcrcd  ;  tlic  flowers  all  perfect  and  similar.  Invohicro  glohiilar  ; 
the  imbricated  scales  coriaceous  and  ap])rcsscd  at  the  base,  tipped  with  an  abrupt 
and  spreading  awl-shaped  hook-pointed  appendage.  Receptacle  bristly.  Achc- 
nia  oblong,  flattened,  wrinkled  transversely.  I^i[)pus  short,  of  numerous  rough 
bristles,  not  united  at  the  base,  dccitluous.  —  Coarse  biennial  weed,  with  large 
unarmed  and  petiolcd  leaves,  and  small  solitary  or  clustered  heads :  flowers 
purple,  rarely  white.  (Name  from  Xa/Seii/,  to  lay  hold,  the  involucre  forming  a 
hooked  bur  which  holds  tenaciously  to  the  dress,  or  the  fleece  of  animals.) 

1.  L.  officinXlis,  Allioni.  —  Waste  places  and  around  dwellings,  in  ma- 
nured soil.  —  The  var.  mXjor  (CoMjroN  Bukdock)  has  the  involucre  smoothish  ; 
leaves  loosely  whitish-cottony  beneath  or  becoming  smooth,  the  upper  ovate, 
lower  heart-shaped.  —  Var.  tomentosa  has  the  involucre  cottony,  and  is  rare. 
—  Var.  JiixoR  has  smaller  heads  with  smooth  involucre,  and  smaller  smoothish 
leaves,  often  tai)cring  at  the  base ;  occasionally  cut-toothed  or  liu-iniate-lobcd. 
(Uxbridgc,  Mass.,  Dr.  Robbius.)     July -Oct.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


Suborder  II.    LIOULIFLOR.^:.     (Cichorace^.) 

71.    LAMPSANA,    Tourn.        Nipple-wort. 

Heads  8- 12-flowcred.  Scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre  8,  erect,  in  one 
row.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  oblong.  Papjius  none.  —  Slcniler  branch- 
ing annuals,  with  angled  or  toothed  leaves,  and  loosely  paniclcd  small  heads  : 
flowers  yellow.     (The  Aafxy\ri'ivr^  of  Dioscorides  Wi»,s  evidently  a  wild  Mustard.) 

1.  L.  COMMUNIS,  L.  Nearly  smooth  ;  lower  leaves  ovate,  sometimes  lyre- 
shaped. —  Roadsides,  near  Boston,  Burtiiio,  &c.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

72.     CICHORIUM,     Tourn.         SrccoRV  or  Cioiiory. 

Heads  .several-flowered.  Involucre  double  ;  the  outer  of  ."j  short  spreading 
scales,  the  inner  of  8-10  scales.  Achenia  striate.  l'ap|)us  of  nnmerous  .Nmail 
chaffy  scales,  forming  a  short  crown.  —  Branching  perennials,  with  deep  roots; 
the  .sessile  heads  2  or  3  together,  axillary  and  terminal.  Flowers  bright  blue  or 
varying  to  ])urplc,  showy.     (Altered  from  the  Arabian  name  of  the  j)lant.) 

1.  C.  Intybu.s,  L.  Stem-leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  partly  clas])ing,  the 
lowest  rnncinate,  those  of  the  rigid  flowering  branches  minute.  —  Roadsides.- 
common  near  the  coast,  especially  in  E.  Ma.ss.     Jidy-Oct.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

73.     KRIGIA,     Sehreber.         Dwarf   Dam.kmon. 

Heads  l.')-20-Howcrcd.  Scales  of  the  involucre  several,  in  alwut  2  rows. 
Acheaia  top-shaped,  miuiy-striute  or  angled.     Paj)pus  double ;  the  outer  of  5 


276  coMPOsiTiE.     (composite  family.) 

broad  and  rounded  chaffr  scales  ;  the  inner  of  as  many  alternate  slender  bris- 
tle.—  Small  annuals  or  biennials,  branched  from  the  base;  the  leaves  chiefly 
radical,  lyratc  or  toothed ;  the  small  heads  terminating  the  naked  scapes  or 
branches.  Flowers  yellow.  (Named  after  D.  Krkg,  an  early  German  botani- 
cal collector  in  tliis  coimtry.) 

1.  K.  Virginica,  Willd.  Stems  or  scapes  several  (I'-IO' high)  ;  earlier 
leaves  roundish  and  entire,  the  others  narrower  and  often  pinnatifid.  —  Var. 
DicnoTOM.v  is  a  branched  and  leafy  summer  state. — New  England  to  Illinois 
and  southward.     April  -  Aug. 

74.     CYNTHIA,     Don.         Ctnthi.v. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  several,  somewhat  in  2  rows. 
Achenia  short,  striate.  Pappus  double ;  the  outer  of  numerous  very  small 
chatfy  bristles  ;  the  inner  of  numerous  capillary  elongated  bristles.  —  Low  per- 
ennial herbs,  nearly  smooth  and  glaucous,  with  scattered  or  radical  leaves; 
the  scapes  or  naked  peduncles  (often  bristly  at  the  apex)  bearing  rather  showy 
single  heads.     Flowers  yellow.     (Perhaps  named  after  Mount  C'j/nllnis.) 

1.  C.  Virginica,  Don.  Roots  Jilirous ;  stem-leaves  1-2,  oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate-spatulatc,  clasping,  mostly  entire ;  the  radical  ones  on  short  Avinged 
petioles,  often  toothed,  rarely  pinnatilid  ;  peduncles  2-5.  —  Moist  banks,  New 
York  to  IMiclii-an  and  southward.     June.  —  Stem  1°  high,  or  more. 

2.  C.  Dandelion,  DC.  Scapes  leafless,  from  a  tuberous  root  (G'-15'  high)  ; 
leaves  varying  from  spatulate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  few-lobed.  — 
Moist  ground,  Maryland  to  Kentucky  and  southward.     March- July. 

75.     LEONTODON,     L.,  Juss.         IIawkbit.     F.\ll  Daxdeliox. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  scarcely  imbricated,  but  with  several  bract- 
lets  at  the  base.  Achenia  spindle-shaped,  striate,  all  alike.  Pappus  persistent, 
composed  of  plumose  bristles  which  are  enlarged  and  flattened  towards  the  base. 

—  Low  and  stemless  perennials,  with  toothed  or  pinnatifid  root-leaves,  and  scapes 
bearing  one  or  more  yellow  heads.  (Name  from  \(cov,  a  lion,  and  oSoJj,  a  tooth, 
in  allusion  to  the  toothed  leaves.) — The  following  belongs  to  the  subgenus 
Opouf.si.v,  with  a  tawny  pappus  of  a  single  row  of  equal  bristles. 

L  L.  atitumxXle,  L.  (Fall  Dandelion.)  Leaves  laciniatc-toothed  or 
pinnatifid  ;  scape  branched  ;  peduncles  thickened  at  the  summit  and  furnished 
with  small  scaly  bracts.  —  Meadows  and  roadsides  :  common  in  E.  New  Eng- 
land.   July -Oct.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

76.    TROXIMON",    Nutt.        Tkoximon. 

Head  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late, pointed,  loosely  imbricated  in  2  or  3  rows.  Achenia  smooth,  lO-ribhed, 
not  beaked.  Pappus  longer  than  the  achenium,  white,  of  copious  and  unequal 
rigid  capillary  bristle-!,  some  of  the  larger  gradually  thickened  towards  tlie  l)ase. 

—  Perennial  herbs,  with  elongated  linear  tufted  root-leaves,  and  a  simple  naked 
scape.  Heads  solitary,  large  :  flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  rpio^onai.,  to  cat, 
first  applied  to  some  plant  with  an  edible  root,  like  Salsify.) 


COMl'OSITiE.       (composite    FAMILY.)  277 

1.  T.  CUSpid^tum,  Pursh.  Leaves  lanceolate,  elongated,  tapering  to  a 
sharp  i)oint,  W(«>!!y  on  i!ic  margins;  scales  of  tlu;  involncre  lanceolate,  sharp- 
poiriti'il.  —  rniirics,  AViscousin,  X.  Illinois,  and  westward.     April,  May. 

77.     HIERACIUM,     Tourn.         II.vwkwkkd. 

Heads  12-nuiny-flowcred.  Involucre  more  or  less  imhricated.  Aclicnia 
short,  oblong  or  columnar,  striate,  not  beaked.  I'appus  a  single  row  of  tawny 
and  fragile  capillary  rough  bristles.  —  I'crennial  herbs,  with  entire  or  toothed 
leaves,  and  single  or  paniclcd  heads  of  mostly  yellow  llowers ;  in  summer  und 
early  autumn.     (Name  from  te/Ja|,  a  hawL:) 

*  Heads  larrjc  (ind  hrowt :  involucre  imbricated:  achenia  tapering  towards  the  base. 

1.  H.  Canaddnse,  Michx.  (Canada  IIawkweku.)  Stems  simple, 
le;ify,  corymbed  at  the  summit  (l°-3°  high) ;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
oblong,  acute,  remotely  and  very  coarsely  toothed,  somewhat  hairy,  the  upper- 
most slightly  clasping.  —  Dry  woods,  northward. 

*  *  Heads  small :  involucre  ci/lindrical,  scarctli/  imbricated. 

2.  H.  sckbrum,  Michx.  (Rough  II.)  Stem  rather  stout  (I°- 3°  high), 
leafy,  rou(jh-haiiij  ;  the  still"  panicle  at  first  racemose,  at  length  rather  corymbose; 
the  thickish  jK'duncles  and  the  hoary  40-50-flowered  involucre  densely  clothed 
M'ith  dark  glandular  bristles  ;  uc/itniu  columnar,  not  tujierimj  at  the  summit ;  leaves 
obovate  or  oval,  nearly  entire,  hairy.  —  Dry  open  woods;  common. 

3.  H.  longipilum,  Torr.  (Long-Beaudkd  H.)  Stem  wand-like,  sim- 
ple, stout  (2° -3°  high),  ivry  Icafij  towards  the  Imse,  nalced  above,  and  bearing  a 
small  racemed  panicle ;  the  lower  portion  and  both  sides  of  the  oblong-lanceo- 
late or  sjiatulatc  entire  leaves  thickly  clothed  with  very  lomj  and  u]>ri<jht  bristUs 
(often  I'  long) ;  peduncles  and  20  -30-flowered  involucre  glandular-bristly ;  ache- 
nia spindle-shajied,  narrowed  at  the  apex.  —  Prairies,  Aliehigan  to  Wisconsin  and 
soutlnve-'tward.  —  Heads  intermediate  betw'een  the  last  and  the  next. 

4.  H.  Gron6vii,  L.  (IIaiky  H.)  Stem  wand-like,  mostly  simple, /co/y 
and  vei-if  hainj  below,  naked  above  and  forming  a  long.and  narrow  j)anicle  ;  leaves 
oblong  or  obovate,  nearly  entire,  hairy  ;  the  slender  peduncles  and  the  20 -30- 
flowered  involucre  sparingly  glandular-bristly  ;  achtnia  spindle  shaped,  with  a 
i-erij  tufjcr  summit.  —  Dry  sterile  soil :  common,  especially  southward.  —  Varies 
from  10-4°  high.  The  small  heads  and  almost  beaked  fruit  distinguish  the 
largest  forms  from  No.  2,  and  small  naked-stemmed  states  from  the  next. 

5.  H.  ven6sum,  L.  (Hattmcsnake-weed.)  Stem  or  scape  {\°-'2° 
high)  naked  or  with  a  single  leaf,  smooth  and  slender,  fork inrj  above  into  a  spreadiw/ 
loose  cori/mb  ;  root-leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  nearly  entire,  scarcely  pctioled,  thin 
and  pale,  pnri)lish  and  glaucous  underneath  (often  hairy  along  the  midrib), 
marked  al)()ve  with  ])nr])le  veins  ;  peduncles  very  slender;  involucre  20-flowered  ; 
achenia  linrar,  not  t;ipcring  upwards.  —  Var.  srnc.vn.ESCKNS  has  the  stem 
mure  or  less  leafy  next  the  base.  —  Dry  jilains  and  pine  woods:  common. 

6.  H.  panicul^tum,  L.  (Panki.ed  H.)  Stem  slender,  leafy,  dijfnselif 
branched,  hairy  below  (2° -3°  hi>:h);  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends, 
slightly  toothed,  smooth;  /leadi  in  a  loose  panicle  (very  small),  ou  slender  and 


278  coMrosrra:.     (compositk  family.) 

divcr;;ing  peduncles,  12  - 20-Jlowercd ;  achenia  short,  not  tapering  at  the  summit. 
—  Open  woods  :  rather  common. 

78.-  NABALUS,     Cass.        R.vttlesx.vkk-root. 

Heads  few  -  many-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical,  of  5  to  14  linear  scales  in 
a  single  row,  and  a  few  small  braetlcts  at  the  base.  Achenia  short,  linear-ol)- 
long,  striate  or  grooved,  not  contracted  at  tiie  apex.  Pappus  of  copious  straw- 
color  or  brownish  and  rough  capillary  bristles. —  Perennial  iierbs,  with  upright 
loaiy  stems  ari.sing  from  spindle-shaped  (extremely  bitter)  tubers,  very  variable 
leaves,  and  racemosc-panicled  mostly  nodding  heads.  Flowers  greenish-wliite 
or  yellowish,  often  tinged  with  purple;  in  late  summer  and  autumn.  (Name 
probably  from  vdjiXa,  a  harp,  in  allusion  to  the  lyrato  leaves  which  tliese  plants 
sometimes  present.)     Species  of  Prenanthes,  L. 

*  Involucre  smooth  or  neurit/  so,  b-20-Jiuwered. 

1.  N.  albus,  Hook.  (White  Lettuce.  Rattlesnake-root.)  Smooth 
and  glaucous  (2°  -4°  higli)  ;  stem  corymbose-pan icled  at  the  summit :  leaves  angu- 
late  or  triangular-halberd-form,  sinuate-toothed,  or  3-5-cleft;  the  uppermost 
oblong  and  undivided;  involucre  (purplish)  of  about  8  scales,  8-l2-Jloaered  ; 
pappus  deep  cinimmon-color.  —  Var.  SeupentXuia  is  a  form  with  deeply  divided 
leaves,  their  margins  often  rough-ciliate.  —  Borders  of  woods,  in  rich  soil  : 
common,  especially  northward.  —  Stouter  and  more  corymbed  than  the  next, 
witii  tliickish  leaves  and  often  purplish  branches.     Heads  G"  long. 

2.  N,  altissimus,  Hook.  (Tall  W.)  Smooth;  stem  tlill  and  .slender 
(3° -6°  high) ;  the  heads  in  small  axillary  and  terminal  loose  clusters  forming 
a  long  and  wand-like  leafy  panicle:  leaves  membranaceous,  all  petioled,  ovate, 
heart-shaped,  or  triangular,  and  merely  toothed  or  cleft,  with  naked  or  winged 
petioles,  or  frequently  3-5-parted,  with  the  divisions  entire  or  again  cleft;  in- 
volucre slender  (greenisli),  o/'  5  scales,  5 -  G-flowered ;  pap/ius  dirty  white,  or  pale 
straw-color.  —  Kich  moist  woods  :  common  northward. 

3.  N.  Fi'^seri,  DC.  (Lion's-foot.  Gall-of-the-earth.)  Nearly 
smooth  ;  stem  coryiiJiose-pnn icled  at  the  summit  (l°-4°  high) ;  leaves  mostly  del- 
toid, roughish  ;  the  lower  variously  3- T-lobed,  on  margined  jietioles ;  the  upjier 
oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  undivided,  nearly  sessile  ;  iuvulucre  (greenish  or  pur- 
plish, sometimes  slightly  bristly)  o/a^w/^  8  scales,  8 -  \2-Jioweied :  jxtp/nis  dull 
straw-color.  —  Varies  greatly  in  foliage  :  tlie  var.  integrif^lius  has  the  thick- 
ish  leaves  all  undivided  and  merely  toothed.  —  Dry  sandy  or  sterile  soil,  S.  New 
England  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

4.  N.  nknus,  DC.  Smooth;  stem  low  and  simple  (5'- 10' high) ;  the 
heads  in  axillary  clusters  forming  a  narrow  racemed  panicle;  leaves  triangular- 
halberd-shaped  and  very  variously  lobed  or  cleft,  on  slender  petioles  ;  involucre 
(livid)  10-  \'i- flowered,  of  about  8  propel-  scales  and  several  very  short  bract-like  ones, 
which  are  Iriamptlar-ovate  and  ap pressed ;  pap])us  straw-color.  —  Aljjine  summits, 
Wliite  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  and  Adirondacks,  N.  New  York. 

5.  N.  Bo6ttii,  DC.  Stem  simple,  dtoarf  15' -G' high),  pubescent  at  the 
summit;  the  heads  in  an  almost  simpb;  raceme;  lowest  leaves  lialberd-shaped 
or  heart-shaped,  the  middle  oblong,  the  upper  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  taper- 


COMPOSITJC.       (cOMPOSITli    FAMILY.)  279 

ing  into  a  margined  petiole;  involucre  (livid)  10 -\8-Jlowcred,  of  \0- 15  ver^  ob- 
tuse, jrrnppr  sral<:i,  and  sirpial  linear  ami  loose  ixterior  ones  iieaili/  half  the  le/)fft/i  of 
the  former ;  jjiippus  straw-color.  —  Ilijiher  alpine  suumiits  ol'  the  mounuiius  of 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  N.  New  York. 

6.  N.  virgatUS,  DC.  (Sli;nukk  Kattli:.snakk-root.)  Smooth,  slightly- 
glaucous  ;  sliin  simple  (2° -4°  high),  I'ldlonr/irl  into  a  naked  and  slender  sj'iked 
raceme  (l^°-2°  long);  heads  clustered  and  mostly  unilateral ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
acute,  closely  sessile,  the  upper  reduced  to  bracts,  the  lower  toothed  or  pinnati- 
fid  ;  ini-olucre  (purplish)  of  about  8  scides,  8  -  l2-Jlowered ;  pappus  straw-color. — 
Sandy  ])ine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

*  *  Involucre  12  - -iO-Jlowered,  hairy,  as  well  us  the  peduncles. 

7.  N.  racem6sus,  Llook.  Stem  wand-like,  simjjle  (2° -5°  high),  s»ioo/A, 
as  well  as  the  oval  or  oblong-lanceolate  denticulate  leaves  ;  the  lower  tapering 
into  winged  petioles  (rarely  cut-pinnatitid,)  the  upper  partly  clasping;  heads  in 
clusters  crowded  in  a  lom/  and  narrow  interruptedlj/  spiked  panicle;  involucre  about 
Vl-Jhwertd ;  pappus  straw-color.  —  Plains,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  northward. 
Also  Iluckensack  marshes,  New  Jersey.  —  Flowers  flesh-color. 

8.  N.  asper,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Stem  wand-likc,  simple  (2°-4°high),  rowjh- 
fubesccnt,  as  well  as  the  oval-oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate  toothed  leaves  ;  lieads 
(mostly  erect)  in  small  clusters  disposed  in  a  lomj  and  narrow  comjmund  raceme : 
involucre  12  -  \4-Jlowered ;  pappus  straw-color.  —  Dry  prairies  anU  barrens,  Ohio 
to  Illinois,  and  .southward.—  Flowers  larger  than  No.  7,  cream-color. 

9.  N.  crepidineus,  DC.  Somewhat  smooth  ;  stem  stout  (5° -8°  high), 
bearing  numerous  nodding  heads  in  loose  clusters  on  the  conjmlM^e-jwniclcd 
branches;  hares  large  (G'-l^  long),  hroadli/  trianfjular-ovale  or  halberdfonn, 
strongly  toothed,  contracted  into  winged  petioles;  involucre  20  -  40-/low<red ; 
pappus  brown.  —  Kich  soil,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Involucre  black- 
ish ;   flowers  cream-color. 

79.    LYGODESMIA,    Don.        Lvoodes.mia. 

Ileails  and  (lowers  (3-10)  nearly  as  in  Nahalus;  the  cylindrical  involucre 
more  elongated,  and  the  achenia  long  and  slender,  tapering  at  ilie  summit. 
Pappus  whiti.sh.  —  Smooth,  often  glaucous,  low  perennials,  Avith  sin-jc  cnvt 
lic.ids  of  rose-purple  flowers  terminating  almost  leafless  or  rush-like  stems  or 
branches.  ( Name  composed  of  \vyos,  a  twig  for  wickerwork,  and  bfo-pos,  a  bond, 
from  the  twiggy  or  rush-like  stems.) 

1.  L.  jlincea,  Don.  Stems  (1°  high)  tufted,  branched,  striate;  lower 
leaves  lance-linear,  l'-2'  long,  rigid,  the  upper  awl-shaped  and  minute;  heads 
5-flowcred.  — St.  Croi.x  liiver,  Wisconsin,  T.  J.  Hale,  and  westward.     July. 

80.    CHONDRILLA,     Tourn.        Ciiondkii.la. 

Heads  few-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical,  of  several  narrow  linear  equal 
scales,  and  a  row  of  small  bractlets  at  the  biuse.  Achenia  terete,  sev«!ral-ribl)cd, 
smooth  below,  roughened  at  the  sununit  by  little  scaly  projections,  from  among 
which  springs  an  abrupt  slender  beak.  Pa|>pns  of  copious  very  fine  and  sofk 
capillary  bristles,   bright  white.  —  Herbs  of   the  Old  World,  with  wand-liko 


280  CO-MI'OSIT.IC.       (COMPOSITK    KAMlLi.) 

branching  stems,  and  small  heads  of  yellow  flowers.    (A  name  of  Dioscorides  for 
some  plant  whieli  exudes  a  j,^um.) 

1.  C.  JiJNt'EA,  L.  Biennial;  bristly-hairy  below,  smooth  above  (l°-3° 
hi- li) ;  root-leaves  runeinate ;  stem-leaves  few  and  small,  linear ;  heads  seattercd 
on  nearly  leafless  branches,  6" -8"  long. — Fields  and  roadsides,  abundant 
near  -Vle.xandria,  Virginia,  M.  J.  BM,  A.  II.  CurUas;  j)erhaps  of  recent  intro- 
duction.    Aug.     (Adv.  irom  Eu.) 

81.     PYRRHOPAPPUS,     DC.        False  Dandelion. 

Heads,  &c.  nearly  as  in  Taraxacum,  but  the  soft  pappus  reddish  or  rusty- 
color,  and  with  a  villous  ring  at  the  top  of  the  long  beak  of  the  achenium.  — 
Mostly  annual  or  biennial  herbs,  often  branching  and  leafy  below.  Heads  soli- 
tary, terminating  the  naked  summit  of  the  stem  or  branches.  Flowers  deep 
yellow.    (Name  composed  of  nvppos,  flame-colored,  and  namros,  pup/ms.) 

1.  P.  Carolini^nUS,  DC.  Stemi)ranching(l°-2°high);  leaves  oblong 
or  lanceolate,  entire,  cut,  or  pinnatifid,  the  stem-leaves  partly  clasping.  —  Sandy 
fields,  from  Maryland  southward.     April -July. 

82.     TARAXACUM,     Hallcr.        Dandelion. 

Head  many-lowered.  Involucre  double,  the  outer  of  short  scales;  the  inner 
of  long  linear  scales,  erect  in  a  single  row.  Aehenia  terete,  oblong,  ribbed,  and 
roughened  on  the  ribs,  the  apex  prolonged  into  a  very  slender  thread-like  beak, 
bearing  the  pappus  of  copious  soft  and  white  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennials  or 
biennials,  producing  a  tuft  of  pinnatifid  or  runeinate  radical  leaves,  and  slender 
naked  hollow  scapes,  bearing  a  single  large  head  of  yellow  flowers.  (Name 
from  Tapd(T(T(i).,  to  (lisf/iiirt  or  disorder,  in  allusion  to  medicinal  properties.)  . 

1.  T.  Dens-le6nis,  Desf.  (Common  Dandelion.)  Smooth,  or  at  first 
pubescent;  outer  involucre  reflcxcd.  —  Pastures  and  fields  everywhere:  prob- 
alily  indigenous  in  the  North.  April  -  Sept.  —  After  blossoming,  the  inner  invo- 
lucre closes,  the  slender  beak  elongates  and  rai<es  up  the  pappus  while  the  fruit 
is  forming;  the  whole  involucre  i-;  then  refle.xed, exposing  to  the  wind  the  naked 
fruits,  with  the  pappus  displayed  in  an  open  globular  head.     (Eu.) 

83.     LACTUCA,     Tourn.         Lkttiice. 

Heads  several-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  2  or  more  sets 
of  unequal  lengths.  Aehenia  flat  (compressed  parallel  to  the  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre), abruptly  contracted  into  a  long  thread-form  beak,  bearing  a  copious  and 
fugacious  pappus  of  very  soft  and  white  capillary  bristles. — Leafy-stemmed 
herbs,  with  j)anicled  heads;  the  flowers  of  variable  color,  produced  in  summer 
and  autninn.  (The  ancient  name  of  the  Lettuce,  L.  scitini;  from  hf,  milk,  in 
allusion  to  the  milky  juice.) 

L  L.  Canadensis,  L.  (Wild  Lettuce.)  Biennial,  mostly  tall ;  leaves 
partly  clasping,  ])ale  bemath  ;  the  ujjpcr  lanceolate  and  entire  ;  heads  about  20- 
flowered  ;  aehenia  oval,  rather  longer  than  the  beak,  minutely  rugose  transversely 
and  I'oughish,  one-ribbed  on  each  face.     The  typical  form  (L.  elongata,  Muh! , 


COMPOSIT.E.        (composite    FAMILY.)  281 

nnd  Ed.  2)  is  tall,  with  a  thick  and  hollow  very  leafy  stem  (4° -9°  high),  smooth 
Oi  nearly  so  i  leaves  long,  most  ol'tlieni  runciuatc-pinnatilid  ;  heads  very  numer- 
ous, iu  a  long  and  narrow  naked  panicle  ;  flowers  mostly  pale  yellow.  —  Rich 
and  damp  soil,  borders  of  fields  or  thickets:  common,  especially  northward. — 
The  following  are  perhaps  to  be  restored  as  species  :  — 

Var.  integrifblia,  Torr.  &  Gr.  ( L.  integrifblia,  Bii/tl.)  Stem  3°  - 6°  high ; 
leaves  all  undivided,  either  entire  or  sharply  denticulate;  panicle  more  ojrcn  ; 
flowers  pale  yellow,  cream-color,  or  purple. — Open  and  dry  or  sterile  soil,  E. 
New  England  near  the  coast  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

Var.  sanguinea,  Torr.  .<:  Cir.  (!..  .^-an^uinea.  /%./.)  Lower  and  less 
stout  (2°-')°  high);  leaves  all  runcinate-iiiinialilid,  the  midrili  beneath  and 
lower  part  of  the  stem  often  sparsely  bristly-hairy  ;  heads  fewer,  in  a  loose  open 
])aiiiele  ;  flowers  yeilow-purijle,  reddish  with  or  without  a  yellow  centre,  or  rarely 
white. — Open  dry  ground,  Eastern  New  England  to  New  Jersey,  Illinois,  and 
southward. 

2.  L.  ScakIola,  L.  (Pricki.y  Letticic.)  Annual  or  biennial ;  stem 
below  sparsely  prickly-bristly,  as  also  the  midrib  on  the  lower  face  of  the  sagit- 
tate-clasping oblong  or  lanceolate  spinulose-denticnlate  vertical  leaves;  panicle 
narrow  ;  heads  small,  few-flowered  ;  achenia  striate.  —  Waste  grounds  and  road- 
sides, Cambridge,  Massachusetts.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

84.     MULGEDIUM,     Cass.        False  or  lii.tE  Lettt'ce. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre,  &c.  as  in  Lactuca.  Achenia  laterally  com- 
pressed, striate  or  ribbed,  the  summit  contracted  into  a  short  and  thick  (or  in 
No.  1  slender)  beak  or  neek  of  the  same  texture,  expanded  at  the  apex  into  a 
ciliate  disk,  which  bears  a  copious  rather  deciduous  pappus  of  soft  capillary 
bristles.  —  Leafy-stemmed  herbs,  with  the  general  aspect  and  foliage  of  Lactuca  ; 
ours  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  Heads  raeemed  or  i)aiiiclcd ;  the  flowers  chiefly 
blue  ;  in  summer.     (Name  from  muh/eo,  to  milk.) 

*  Pappus  bright  wfiite:  flowers  blue. 

1.  M.  pulchellum,  Nutt.  Pere«;//a/,  pale  or  glaucous;  stem  simple,  1°- 
2°  high ;  leaves  sessile,  oblong-  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  or  the  lower  runei- 
nate-pinnatifid  ;  heads  few  and  large,  racemose,  erect ;  scales  of  the  conical-cylin- 
draceous  involucre  lanceolate,  imbricated  in  3  or  4  ranks  ;  the  peduncles  scaly- 
bracted  ;  achenia  taprrinfj  into  a  slender  beak,  almost  as  in  Lactuca.  —  Upper 
Michigan  {Prof.  Porter,  &c.),  probably  in  N.  W.  Wisconsin:  common  on  the 
plains  westward. 

2.  M.  acuminiltum,  DC  Tall  biennial  (3° -CO  high),  with  many  small 
lieads  in  a  loose  panicle,  on  diverging  peduncles  ;  leatrx  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
pointed,  bareh/  toolheil,  .sometimes  hairy  on  the  midril)  beneath,  contracted  into  a 
winged  jjctiole,  the  lowest  occasionally  sinuate;  achenia  with  a  very  short  beak. 
—  Borders  of  thickets.  New  York  to  Illinois,  and  .southward.—  Probably  only 
an  eutire-lfavcd  state  of  the  next. 

3.  M.  FiOridknUm,  DC.  Lem-es  all  li/rate  iir  rimrliiii/i ,  ihi'  upper  olteu 
with  a  heart-shaped  clas|)iug  base;  panicle  larger:  otherwise  as  Nj.  2.—  Rich 
soil,  Pennsvlvaniii  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

L  &  M— 32 


282  LOBELIACE^.       (LOBELIA    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Pappus  tmrnif :  corolla  pale  blue,  or  cream-color  turning  bluish. 
4.    M.  leucophaeum,  DC.     Nearly  smooth  biennial;  stem  tail  (3° -12° 
high),  very  leafy;  leaves  irregularly  pinnatitid,  sometimes  ruiicinate,  coarsely 
toothed,  the  upjiermost  often  undivided  and  sometimes  clasping ;  heads  in  a 
large  and  dense  compound  panicle.  —  Low  grounds  :  rather  common. 

85.    SONCHUS,    L.        Sow-Tjiistle. 

Heads  many-Howcred,  becoming  tumid  at  the  base.  Involucre  more  or  less 
imbricated.  Achenia  flattened  laterally,  ribbed  or  striate,  not  beaked.  Pappus 
copious,  of  very  white  exceedingly  soft  and  fine  capillary  bristles. — Leafy- 
stemmed  coarse  weeds,  chiefly  smooth  and  glaucous,  with  corymlied  or  umbel- 
late heads  of  yellow  flowers  ;  produced  in  summer  and  autumn.  (The  ancieut 
Greek  name.) 

*  Annual  (1°  -  5°  hlr/h) :  floweis  pale  yellow. 

1.  S.  olerXceus,  L.  (Common  Sow-Thistle.)  Stem-leaves  runcinate- 
pinnatifid,  or  rarely  undivided,  slightly  toothed  with  soft  spiny  teeth,  clasping 
bv  a  heart-shaped  base,  the  auricles  acute ;  involucre  downy  when  young ;  ache- 
nia striate,  also  wrinkled  transcerselij.  —  Waste  places  in  manured  soil  and  around 
dwellings.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  AsPER,  Vill.  (Spixy-leaved  S.)  Stem-leaves  less  divided  and  more 
spiny-toothed,  the  auricles  of  the  clasping  base  rounded ;  achenia  margined,  3- 
nerved  on  each  side,  smooth.  —  With  and  like  the  last.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

♦  *  Perennial,  with  creeping  rootstocks :  flowers  briglu  yellow,  in  large  heads. 

3.  S.  ARVENSis,  L.  (Fields.)  Leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid,  spiny-toothed, 
clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base ;  peduncles  and  involucre  bristly  ;  achenia  trans- 
versely wrinkled  on  the  ribs.  —  Roadsides,  &c..  New  England  and  New  York : 
becoming  more  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

Order  54.     LOBELIACE.I:.     (Lobelia  Family.) 

Herbs  with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  scattered  fltnvers,  an  irregular 
monopetalous  o-lobed  corolla;  the  5  stamens  free  from  the  corolla,  and  united 
into  a  tube  commonly  by  their  filaments  and  always  by  their  anthers.  —  Calyx- 
tube  adherent  to  the  many-seeded  pod.  Style  1  :  stigma  often  fringed. 
Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  small  straight  embryo,  in  copious  albumen. — 
Acrid  poisonous  plants  (rather  to  be  regarded  as  a  part  of  the  next 
order),  represented  only  by  the  genus 

1.    LOBi3LIA,    L.        Lobelia. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  with  a  short  tube.  Corolla  with  a  straight  tube,  split  down  on 
the  (apparently)  upper  side,  somewhat  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  of  2  rather  erect 
lobes,  the  lower  lip  spreading  and  3-cleft.  Two  of  the  anthers  in  our  species 
bearded  at  the  top.  Pod  2-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  at  the  top.  —  Flowers 
axillary  or  chiefly  in  hracted  racemes;  in  summer  and  early  autumn.  (Dedi- 
cated to  Matthias  De  I'Obel,  an  early  Flemish  herbalist.) 


LOBELIACE^.       (LOBELIA    FAMILY.)  283 

♦  Flowers  deep  red,  large :  stem  simple. 

1.  L.  cardinklis,  L.  (Cakdinal-fm)Wkk.)  Tiill(2°-4°lii';li),  smooth- 
ish  ;  leaves  obIoiij;-laiK-eo!ate,  .slij^Iitly  tootlied  ;  raceme  eloii^ateti,  ratlier  l-sidcd  ; 
the  pedicels  iiiueh  sliorter  tliaii  tlie  leaf-like  bracts. — Low  grounds:  coininon. 
—  rerennial  liy  oH'sets,  with  large  and  very  showy  intensely  red  flowers,  —  rarely- 
varying  to  rose-color!  (Plymouth,  Mr.  Gilbert),  or  even  to  white  ! 

*  *  Flotvers  blue,  or  blue  varicijuted  with  white. 
•*-  Stems  leafy  to  the  top,  simple  (l°-3°  hiijli)  from  a  perennial  root ;  leaves  oblong  yr 
ovate-lanceolate:  sinuses  of  the  calyx  with  conspicuous  dejiextd  auricles :  flowers 
crowded  in  a  long  s/ii/ce  or  dense  jaceme. 

2.  L.  syphilitica,  L.  (Great  Lobelia.)  Sotnewhat  hairy;  leaves  thin, 
acute  at  both  ends  (2' -6'  long),  irregularly  serrate;  flowers  (nearly  l'long)pedi- 
celled,  longer  than  the  leafy  bracts;  calyx  hirsute,  the  lobes  half  the  length  of 
tlu;  corolla,  the  short  tube  hemispherical. — Low  grounds;  connnon. — Flowers 
light  blue,  rarely  white. 

3.  L.  pubdrula,  Michx.  Finely  sojl-pubescent :  leaves  thickish,  obtuse  (1'- 
2'  long),  with  small  glandular  teeth  ;  spike  rather  1 -sided;  calyx-lobes  (and ovate 
bracts)  little  shorter  than  the  corolla,  the  hairy  tube  lop-shaped.  —  JMoist  grounds,  New 
Jersey  to  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Corolla  bright  blue,  |'  long. 

4.  L.  leptostachys,  A.  DC.  Smooth  above ;  leaves  obtuse,  denticulate,  ob- 
long-lanceolate, the  upper  gradually  reduced  to  awl-shaped  bracts ;  raceme  spike 
like,  long  and  dense ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  nearly  equalling  the  corolla,  the  auri- 
cles in  the  form  of  10  awl-shaped  appendages  as  long  as  the  hemispherical  tube.  — 
Sandy  soil,  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Corolla  3" -4"  long. 

f-  ■>-  Stems  leafy,  mostly  simple  (I' -2^' high)  from  a  perennial  root :  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  oblong-lanceolate:  calyx-tube  hemispherlcrd,  the  sinuses  destitute  of  auricles: 
floivers  pretty  large  (§'-  1'  long)  and  showy,  in  a  loose  7iearly  l-sided  raceme: 
anthers  sometimes  bearded  on  the  back. 

5.  L.  glanduldsa,  Walt.  Sparingly  pubescent :  leaves,  bracts,  and  usu- 
ally the  lobes  of  the  calyx  strongly  glandular-toothed;  calyx-tube  densely  hispid, 
rarely  sparsely  so,  or  smoothish.  —  Moist  places,  Virginia  and  southward. 

6.  L.  amfiena,  Michx.  ^^/o/woi/s  (rarely  minutely  pubescent) ;  leaves  and 
bracts  usually  glandular-toothed ;  calyx-lobes  entire  and  slender.  —  Shady  moist 
places,  Virginia  and  southward. 

■*-■*-■*-  Stems  leafy :  calyx  tvith  no  auricles  or  appendnqes  at  the  sinuses :  flowers 
small  i'-i'  long,  racemed :  roots  slender,  annual  or  biennial,  or  perhaps  some- 
times perennial. 

*^  More  or  less  pube.srent,  at  least  below:  leaves  oblong  or  ovate:  sterns  anghd  or 
striate :  racemes  splice-like :  corolla  pale  blue. 

7.  L.  infl^ta,  L.  (Indian  Tobacco.)  Stems  paniculately  much  branched 
from  an  annual  root,  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs  (9'- 18' high)  ;  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong,  toothed,  gradually  diminishing  into  leaf-like  bracts,  which  ex- 
ceed the  lower  short-i)edicellc(l  flowers,  calyx-tube  ovoid,  the  /W  inflated.  —  Dry 
open  fields:  common. —  Corolla  only  l.J"-2"long.  I'laut  poisonous  and  a 
noted  quack  mediciae- 


284  LOBELTACE.E.       (LOBELIA    FAMILY.) 

8.  L.  spicita,  Lam.  StQin  slender,  strict  and  simple  {1°-!^°  high)  from  a 
biennial-  or  pcrlraps  perennial  root,  below  and  the  barely  denticulate  leaves  mi- 
nutely pubescent ;  lower  and  root-leaves  obovatc  or  spatulate.  the  upper  reduced 
to  linear  or  club-shaped  bracts  ;  rarmie  long  and  naked,  mostly  dense  and  many- 
flowered  ;  calyx-tubc  short,  obconical  or  becoming  almost  hemispherical.  (L. 
Claytoniaua,  il/«V/tx.  L.  pallida,  Muhl.) — Moist  or  dry,  mostly  gravelly  or 
sandy  soil  :  rather  common,  at  least  southward  and  westward.  — A  slender  and 
smaller  flowered  variety  (beginning  to  blossom  in  June)  grows  in  swamps  at 
Lancaster,  Penn.,  Prof.  Porter.  —  Corolla  ordinarily  4"  long. 

++  ++  Glabrous  or  nearly  so :  leaves  small,  linear  or  lancedafe,  only  those  from  the 
root  ohovate  or  spatulate,  the  uji/>ermost  reduced  to  setaceous  In-acts,  all  entire  or 
barely  denticulate :  stems  vert/  slender,  simple  or  hcomim)  punirulatehj  branched 
above  :  racemes  loosely  several-flowered. 

9.  L.  Nuttallii,  Uoem.  &  Seh.  Stem  very  slender  (l°-2°  high),  terete; 
pedicels  mostly  longer  than  the  bract  and  shorter  than  the  flower,  usually  with  very 
minute  bractiets  near  the  base ;  calyx-tube  very  short,  depressed-hemispherical  in 
fruit,  the  globular  pod  half  free  ;  corolla  pale  blue,  barely  3"  long. — Sandy 
swamps,  from  Long  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  the  adjacent  lower  borders  of 
Pennsylvania,  southward. 

10.  L.  Kalmii,  L.  Stem  mostly  low  (4'-18'high)  minutely  angled; 
pedic<-ls  fliiform,  not  exceeding  the  linear  or  setaceous  bracts  but  as  long  us  the  flower, 
minutely  2-bracteoleile  or  2-glundular  above  the  middle ;  calyx-tube  top-shaped  or  obo- 
void  with  an  acute  base,  fully  half  the  length  of  the  lobes,  in  fruit  rather  longer 
than  they,  smooth,  covering  the  whole  pod  ;  corolla  bright  light  blue,  4"- 5" 
long.  —  Wet  limestone  rocks  and  banks.  Northern  New  England  to  Wisconsin 
and  northward  along  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Great  Lakes,  and  through  Ne\^f 
York  southward  to  Lancaster,  Penn.  [Prof.  Porter). 

11.  L.  C^nbyi,  n.  sp.  Stem  strict  (l°-2°high),  minutely  angled;  pedi- 
cels shorter  titan  the  bracts  and  mostly  shorter  than  the  flower,  minutely  roughened 
under  a  lens  ;  brucllets  none ;  calyx-tithe  top-shaped,  acute  at  the  base,  and  only  half 
the  length  of  the  lobes  (which,  with  the  linear  leaves,  arc  sparsely  glandular-den- 
ticulate along  the  margins),  in  fruit  becoming  oblong,  covering  the  whole  pod  ; 
corolla  deep  blue  (fu/iy  .')"  long),  more  or  less  bearded  in  the  throat.  —  Wet  places, 
pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  especially  at  Quaker  Bridge,  Wm.  M.  Canby,  (J. 
E.  Smith,  &c.  (Also  South  Carolina,  M.  A.  Curtis.)  Aug.,  Sept. — Leaves  1', 
rarely  1|'  long,  numerous,  gradually  diminishing  in  size  up  to  the  raceme,  the 
largest  2"  wide.     Pod  near/y  3"  long. 

•»-  -t-  1-  H-  Stem  simple  froM  a  perennial  root,  and  nearly  leafless,  except  at  or  near 
the  base :  flowers  in  a  simple  loose  raceme,  light  blue:  leaves  flashy :  calyx-tube 
acute  at  the  base,  top-shaped:  auricles  none. 
•  12.  Ij.  palud6sa,  Nutt.  Nearly  smooth;  stem  slender  (10-2phigh); 
leaves  thidish  but  flat,  scattered  near  the  base,  Umar-spatulate  or  oblong-linearj 
glandular-denticulate,  mostly  tapering  into  a  petiole;  lower  lip  of  the  corolla 
bearded  in  the  middle ;  calyx-tube  about  half  the  length  of  the  short  lobes,  be- 
coming hemispherical  in  fruit.  —  Wet  bogs,  Delaware  [Natiall)  and  southward. 
—  Corolla  5" -6"  long. 


CAMPANULACE^.   (CAMPANULA  FAMILY.)         285 

13.  L.  Dortm^nna,  L.  (Water  Lobema.)  Very  smooth  ;  scape  thick- 
ish  (5'- 12'  liiuli).  hir-tliiwcnd ;  leaves  all  tti/hd  ut  the  root,  linear,  teirte,  hollow, 
witli  Ji  partition  leiigtlnvisc,  sessile;  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  slightly  hairy; 
calvx-tul)L'  aliout  as  long-as  the  lobes,  in  fruit  much  longer.  —  In  the  gravelly 
lionlers  of  ponds,  N.  Penn.  to  New  England,  and  northward.  —  Corolla  6"  -  8" 
long.     (Ku.) 

OnoER   55.     CAMPA^ri^ACE^.     (Campanula  Family.) 

Ilerhs,  with  milh/  Juice,  alternate  leaves,  anil  scattered  Jlowcrs  ;  the  calijx 
adherent  to  the  ovary  ;  the  reyidar  b-lohed  corolla  hell-shaped,  valcate  in  the 
hud ;  the  5  stamens  free  from  the  corolla  and  usuull;/  distinct.  —  Style  1,  be- 
set with  collecting  hairs  above  :  stigmas  2  or  more.  Pod  2  -several-celled, 
iiiiiny-seedcd.  Seed  small,  ana troj)ous,  with  a  straight  embryo  in  fleshy 
alimmen. — Flowers  generally  blue  and  showy.  —  Sparingly  represented 
in  America,  and  in  the  Northern  States  by  only  two  genera. 

1.     CAMPANULA,     Toum.        Bellflower. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  generally  hell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  .5,  separate  j 
the  filaments  broad  and  meinbranaeeous  at  the  base.  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the 
pod  3  in  our  species,  the  short  pod  opening  on  the  sides  by  as  many  valves  or 
liolcs.  —  Herbs,  with  terminal  or  axillary  flowers  ;  in  summer.  (A  diminutive 
of  the  Italian  campana,  a  bell,  from  the  shape  of  the  corolla.) 

*  Indifjenous  species,  peremduls,  exce/jt  No.  2  and  No.  4. 
f-  Flowers  Joosehf  panicled  (or  rareli)  solitary),  lonr/-peduncled :  jyxls  no(hliti(j. 

1.  C.  rotundifolia,  L.  (IIarebkll.)  Slender,  branching  (.5' -12' high), 
1  -  10-ilowered  ;  rout-leaves  round-heart-shaped  or  ovate,  mostly  toothed  orcrenatc, 
long-petioled,  early  withering  away  ;  stem-leaves  numerous,  linear  or  narroichj 
lanceolate,  entire,  smooth  ;  calyT-lol)es  awl-shaped,  varying  from  J  to  §  the  length 
of  the  bright-blue  corolla  (which  is  G"-9"  long).  —  Rocky  shaded  banks  :  com- 
mon northward,  and  along  the  mountains.  —  A  delicate  and  pretty,  but  variable, 
species,  with  a  most  inappropriate  name,  since  the  round  root-leaves  are  rarely 
obvious.     (Eu.) 

Var.  linifblia.  Stems  more  upright  and  rather  rigid  ;  the  lowest  leaves 
varying  from  heart-shaped  to  ovate-lanceolate  ;  corolla  ij'-l'  long.  (C.  linifo- 
lia,  L<im.)  —  Shores  of  the  Great  Lakc-i,  and  northwestward.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  aparinoides,  Pursh.  (Maush  Bellflowek.)  Stem  simple  and 
slender,  irial:  (8' -  2U' high),  few-flowered,  somewhat  .3-anglcd,  roMf/Zi  backwards 
on  the  aiif/les,  as  are  the  slightly  toothed  edijis  and  midrib  of  the  linear-laurcolate 
leaves;  peduncles  divertjitief,  slender;  lobes  of  the  cali/r  triani/iilar,  half  the  length 
of  the  i)cll-shaped  nearly  white  corolla.  (C.  crinoidcs,  Midil.)  —  Bogs  and  wot 
meadows,  among  high  grass.  —  Plant  with  .--uincwliat  the  habit  of  a  Galium ;  the 
corolla  barely  4"  long. 

-3.  C.  divaricilta,  i\iichx.  Very  smooth  ;  stem  loosely  branched  (1°- 3° 
high)  ;  leaves  ohlonylaiiceolute,  pointed  at  both  ends,  coarsely  and  sharply  toot/ted; 


286  ERICACE^.       (UKATH    FAMILY.) 

Jlowers  niimrrous  on  the  branches  of  the  large  compoiind  panicle,  caJyx4ohes  awl- 
s/taped,  iihout  half  the  lcn;j;th  of  the  pale-blue  sniall  corolla  (of  3"  long)  ;  stij/e 
lirotrtidfd.  —  Dry  woods  and  ro(L<,  mountains  of  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and 
southward. 

■*-  t~  Flowers  numciotts  and  nearly  sessile,  crowded  in  a  long  more  or  less  leafy  spike: 
corolla  almost  wJieelshapcd,  deeply  5-lol>ed ;  pods  end. 

4.  C.  Amei'icana,  L.  (Tall  BLLLFLowiiu.)  Stem  mostly  simple 
(3°-G°  high) ;  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  serrate,  mostly 
on  nnirgined  petioles,  thin,  somewhat  hairy  (2^'-G' long) ;  the  slender  style 
protruded  and  curved.  —  Moist  rich  soil,  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and  south- 
ward. —  Spike  1°  -  2°  long.     Corolla  light  blue,  1'  broad.     Root  annual. 

*  European  species  escaped  from  gardens  into  roadsidis  ;  both  perennials. 

5.  C.  GLOMiiKXTA,  L.  (Clusteued  B.)  Somcwliat  hairy,  stout  and  crcct, 
1°  high;  stem-leaves  oblong  or  laJieeolate,  cordate-clasping ;  flowers  sessile, 
clustered  in  the  upper  axils,  forming  a  leafy  head  ;  corolla  open-bell-shaped,  1' 
long.  —  Danvcrs,  Mass.,  &c.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.  C.  EAPUNCULOiDES,  L.  Smoothisli,  slender,  erect ;  stem-leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  pointed,  the  lower  long-pctioled  and  heart-shaped  ;  flowers  nodding, 
single  in  the  axil  of  bracts,  forming  racemes  ;  corolla  oblong,  1'  long.  —  K.  Mas- 
sachusetts; and  Richfield  Springs,  New  York,  G.  IF.  Clinton.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.     SPECULARIA,     Heister.        Vexus's  Looking-glass. 

Calyx  5-  (or  3 -4-)  lobcd.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  sepa- 
rate ;  the  membranaceous  hairy  filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers.  Stigmas  3. 
Pod  prismatic  or  elongated-oblong,  3-celled,  opening  by  3  small  lateral  valves. 
—  Low  annuals  ;  the  earlier  flowers  in  the  American  species  (§  Triodalli;s, 
Raf.)  minute  and  fruiting  precociously  in  the  bud,  without  expanding  their  im- 
perfect corolla.  (Name  from  Specidum  Veneris,  the  early  name  of  the  common 
European  species.) 

I.  S.  perfoli^ta,  A.  DC.  Somewhat  hairy  (3'  -  20'  high)  ;  leaves  round- 
ish or  ovate,  clasping  by  the  heart-shaped  base,  toothed  ;  flowers  sessile,  solitary 
or  2-3  together  in  the  axils  ;  the  upper  or  later  ones  only  with  a  conspicuous 
and  expanding  (purple-blue)  corolla  ;  pod  oblong,  opening  rather  below  tlie 
middle.  —  Sterile  open  ground  :  common.     May  -  Aug. 


Oroeu  5G.     ERBCACEiE.     (Heath  Family.) 

Shrub.t,  sometin}e.<^  herbx.,  with  the  flnirrrs  ree/iilnr  or  nearly  .<;o  ;  the  Mnmens 
an  many  or  twice  o.s"  many  as  the  4  -  ^i-lohed  or  4  -  5-pctalled  corolla,  free 
from  but  inserted  with  it :  anthers  2-celled,  commonly  appendayed  or  open- 
•"i7  ^1/  terminal  chinks  or  pores,  introrse  (except  in  Suborder  3)  :  style  1  : 
ovary  3-lO-cclled.  Pollen  compound,  of  4  imitod  grains,  except  in  Sub- 
order 4.  Seeds  small,  anatropons.  Embryo  small,  or  sometimes  minute, 
in  fleshy  albumen.  —  A  large  family,  very  various  in  many  of  the  charac- 
ters, comprising  four  well-marked  suborders,  as  follows :  — 


ERICACE^.       (heath    FAMILY.)  287 

Suborder  I.    VACCINIE.E.    Wiiokt^kukkry  Family. 

Calyx-tube  adlicroiit  to  the  ovary,  which  forms  an  cdilile  berry  or  berry- 
like ii-uit,  crowned  with  tlie  short  calyx-teeth.  Anthers  'i-parted.  —  Shrubs 
or  somewhat  woody  plants,  witli  scaly  buds. 

1.  Ga}-Iu8sacia.     Ovary  8-10-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  ctll.    Fruit  a  l)erried 

<lrui>e  with  8  or  10  small  sceil-liku  nutleU. 

2.  Vaccliiiiini.     Ucny  4-5-celle(l  (or  imperfectly  8-10-celled  by  false  partitions),  many- 

seeded.     Anther-Cells  tapering  upward  into  a  tube. 

3.  Cliiogeiies.     Berry  4-celled,  muny-seeded,  its  summit  free.     Anther-cells  not  prolonged 

into  a  tubo,  but  each  2-pointcd. 

SuBOKDEU  II.    £KICIlV£ii:.     Proper  Heath  Family. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  monopetalous,  or  sometimes  poly- 
petalous,  hypogynous.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees. 

Ti-lbe  I.     ARBITTE.S:.     Fruit  indehiscent,  a  berry  or  drupe.     Corolla  deciduous. 

4.  ArctoslapltyluA.     Corolla  urn-shaped.     Drupe  berry -like,  6  -  10-sceded. 

Tribe  II.     ANDROMEDE.E.     Fruit  a  loculicidal  pod.    Corolla  deciduous. 

*  Anthers  upright  iu  the  bud.     Corolla  monopetalous. 

■1-  Anther-cells  opening  through  their  whole  length  ;  not  appendaged. 

5.  Epigtea.     Corolla  salver-shaped.     Caly.x  of  5  separate  dry  and  pointed  sepals. 

•t-  <-  Anther-cells  opening  only  at  the  top.     Corolla  not  salver-shaped. 
++  Caly.\  becoming  enlarged  and  berry-like  in  fruit. 

6.  Gaultlieria.    Caly.x  6-clel't,  in  fruit  enclosing  the  small  pod.   Anthers  4  awned  at  the  top. 

+*  +*  Calyx  dry,  not  becoming  fleshy  after  flowering. 

7.  Leucotlioe.     Calyx  imbricated  iu  the  bud.     Corolla  cylindraceous,  5-toothed.     Pod 

depressed,  5-lobed,  the  valves  entire. 

8.  Cassandra.      Calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Corolla  cylindraceous,  5-toothed.     Pod 

splitting  when  ripe  into  an  outer  and  inner  layer,  the  iimer  of  10  valves. 

9.  Caasiope.     Calyx  imbricated.     Corolla  broadly  campanulate,  deeply  4-.')-cleft.     Pcxi 

globular-ovoid,  4-  5-valved,  the  valves  2  cleft. 

10.  Andromeda.     Calyx  valvate  and  very  early  open  in  the  bud.    Po*l  globular.    Seeds 

mostly  hanging  on  the  central  placenta. 

11.  Oxydendrum.     Calyx  valvate  and  opening  early  in  the  bud.     Pod  oblong-pyramidaJ. 

Seeds  all  ascending. 

•  *  Anthers  turned  over  outwardly  in  the  bud.     Corolla  of  5  separate  petals. 

12.  Clethra.      Sepnls  5       Stamens  10 :  anther-cells  opening  by  a  terminal  hole  or  chink. 

Style:  y-cleft  at  the  apex.     Pod  3-valved. 
Tribe  III.     ERICE.^..     Corolla  persistent,  becoming  Rcarious  after  flowering. 

13.  Call  una.     Corolla  bell-shap-d,  4-parte(l      Pod  opening  septicidally. 

Tribe  IV.     RHODORE.flE.     Fruit  a  scpticidal  pod.     Corolla  deciduous. 

•  Anthor-cells  opening  by  a  hole  or  chink  at  the  top. 

—  Flowers  not  from  scaly  bu  Is  ;  the  bracts  leaf-like  or  coriaceous. 

14     Phyllndoci*.     Cor.'lla  ovate  or  urn-shaped.     Loaves  narrow  and  heath-like. 

15.   Kalmin.     Corolla  broadly  hell-shaped  or  wheel-shai>ed,  with  10  pouches  receiving   U 

many  anthers.     Leaves  oblong  or  linear. 

■^  *-  Flowers  developed  from  large  scaly  buds,  the  sciiles  or  bncls  caihicous. 
16    Menzieala.     Corolla  plobular-bell-shaped,  4-toothed.    Stamens  8.     Li-avcs  deciduous. 
17.    Aaalca.     Corolla  open  funnel-form,  5-lobed.    Stameu8  5.     Leaves  deciduous. 


288  ERiCACK.E.     (heath  family.) 

IS.   Rtiododenclron.    Corolla  bell-shaped  or  funnel-form.    Stamens  10.    Leaves  evergreen. 
10.    Hhoduru.    Corolla  irri-'Kuliir,  two  iietals  nearly  separate.    Stamens  10.  Leaves  deciduous. 

20.  Lirduin.     Corolla  rejrular,  all  5  petals  nearly  separate.    Stiimens  5  - 10.    Leaves  evergreen. 

*  •  Anther-cells  opening  lengthwise.     Leaves  evergreen.     Bud-scales  firm  and  persistent. 

21.  Liulseleiiria.     Corolla  deeply  5-cleft.     Stamens  5,  included. 

22     lieiopliylluin.     Corolla  of  5  separate  i)etals.     Stamens  10,  exserted. 

SuBOKDER  III.     PYKOLE.E.     Pyrola  Family. 

Calvx  free  from  tlic  ovary.  Corolla  polypctaloiis.  Anthers  extrorse 
in  the  bud.  Seeds  with  a  loose  and  translncent  cellular  coat  much  larger 
than  the  nucleus.  —  jJsearly  herbaceous  and  broad-leaved  evergreens. 

23.  Pjtrola.  Flowers  in  a  raceme.  Petals  not  widely  spreading.  Filaments  awl-shaped. 
Style  long.     Valves  of  the  potl  cobwebby  on  the  edges. 

21.  Aluiieses.  Flower  single.  Petals  widely  spreading.  Filaments  not  dilated  in  the  mid- 
dle :  anthers  conspicuously  2-horned.  Style  straight,  exserted  :  stigma  5-rayed.  Vahes 
of  the  pod  smooth  on  the  edges. 

25.  Chimaphiln.     Flowers  corymbed  or  umbelled.     Petals  widely  spreading.     Filaments 

dilated  in  the  middle  :  anthers  2-horned.     Style  very  short  and  top-shaped,  covered  by  a 
broad  and  orbicular  stigma.     Valves  of  the  pod  smooth  on  the  eilges. 

Suborder  IV.     ITIONOTKOPEiE.     Indian-pipe  Family. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Suborders  2  or  3,  but  the  plants  herbaceous,  root- 
parasitic,  entirely  destitute  of  green  foliage,  and  with  the  aspect  of  Beech- 
drops.     Seeds  as  in  Suborder  3. 

*  Corolla  monopetalous  :   anthers  2-celIed. 

26.  Pterospora.    Corolla  ovate,  5-tfiothed  :  anthers  2-awned  on  the  back,  opening  lengthwise. 

27.  SchM'einltzia.     Corolla  broadly  bell-shaped,  5-lobed  :  anthers  opening  at  the  top. 

*  *  Corolla  of  4  or  5  separate  petals :  calyx  imperfect  or  bract-like. 

28.  nionotropa.     Petals  narrow.     Anthers  kidney-shaped,  opening  across  the  top. 

1 .     G  A  Y  L  U  S  S  A  C I A ,    II.  B.  K.        Huckleueruv. 

Corolla  tubular,  ovoid,  or  bell-shaped;  the  border  5-clcft.  Stamens  10:  an- 
thers awnlcss;  the  cells  tapcrinj^  upward  into  more  or  less  of  a  tube,  o])cnin<;  by 
a  eliiuk  at  the  end.  Fruit  a  bcrry-likc  drupe,  containing  10  seed-like  nutlets.  — 
Branching  shrubs,  with  the  aspect  of  Vaccinium,  comnioidy  sprinkled  with  res- 
inous dots;  the  flowers  (white  tinged  with  purple  or  red)  in  lateral  aiKl  bractcd 
racemes.  (Named  for  the  distinguished  chemist,  Gaij-Lussac.) 
*  Leaves  thick  and  everqri-en,  not  reslnous-dotled. 

1.  G.  brach^cera.  Gray.  (Box-Huckleberry.)  Very  smooth  (l°high) ; 
leaves  oval,  tinciy  crcnate-toothed ;  racemes  short  and  nearly  sessile;  pedicels 
very  short ;  corolla  cylrndrical-bell-shapcd.  —  Dry  Woods,  Perry  Co.,  I'cnnsyl- 
vania,  near  Bloomfield  (Prof.  Buird),  and  motintainsof  Virginia.  May.  — Leaves 
in  shape  and  aspect  like  those  of  the  Box. 

*  *  Lmves  deciduous,  entire,  sprinkled  more  or  /ess  irit/i  rrsinous  or  irari/  ntoms. 

2.  G.  dum6sa,  Ton-.  &  Gr.  (DwAUF  IltcKLEBEiiuy.)  Somewhat  hairy 
and  glandular,  low  (l°-5°  high  from  a  creeping  base),  bushy;  Imves  obovate- 


ERICACE/E.       (heath    FAMILY.)  28^ 

oblongr,  mucronate,  green  both  sides,  rather  thick  and  shining  when  old;  racemes 
elongated  ;  Imcts  lenf-Uke,  oval,  persixleiit,  as  luiirj  us  the  ]>edir.els ;  ovuri/  biistlij  or 
(jianduhtr ;  corolla  bcll-shaped  ;  fruit  black  (insipid).  —  Var.  iiiktklla  has  the 
joung  branclilets,  racemes,  and  often  tiic  loaves  hairy.  —  Sandy  low  soil,  Maine 
to  IVnn.  and  Virginia,  near  the  coast,  and  southward.     June. 

3.  G.  frondbsa,  Torr.  &Gr.  (Bluk  TAXuLii.  DANGi.unEnnY.)  Smooth 
(3°-C°  high);  branches  slender  and  divergent;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  bhiiit, 
pnle,  yluiicoits  beneath :  racemes  slender,  loose ;  brads  obloixj  or  linear,  deciduous, 
shorter  than  the  slender  drooping  pedicels ;  corolla  globular-bell-shapcd  ;  fruit  dark 
blue  with  a  white  bloom  (sweet  and  edible).  —  Low  copses,  coast  of  New  Eng- 
land to  Kentucky,  and  southward.     May,  June. 

4.  G.  resinbsa,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Black  Huckleberry.)  Much  branched, 
rigid,  sHijIill)/  pubescent  wlien  young  (10-3°  high);  leares  oval,  oblong-ovate,  or 
oblong,  tiiickly  clothed  and  at  first  clammy,  as  well  as  thejiowers,  with  shining  res- 
inous  glolndcs ;  racemes  short,  clustered,  one-sided  ;  pedicels  about  the  length  of 
the  flowers ;  bracts  and  bractlets  (reddish)  small  and  deciduous ;  corolla  ovoid-coni- 
cal, or  at  length  cylindrical  with  an  open  mouth;  fruit  black,  without  bloom 
(pleasant,  very  rarely  white).  —  Woodlands  and  swamps:  common  (except 
southwestward  towards  the  Mississippi).  May,  June.  —  The  common //uciWe- 
beirif  of  the  North. 

2.     VACCINIUM,     L.        Cranberry.     Blueberry.     Bilberry, 

Corolla  various  in  shape;  the  limb  4-5-cleft,  revolute.  Stamens  8  or  10: 
anthers  sometimes  2-awned  on  the  back ;  the  cells  separate  and  prolonged  up- 
wards into  a  tube,  opening  by  a  hole  at  the  apex.  Berry  4  -  5-celled,  many-seeded, 
or  sometimes  8-10-ceIlcd  by  a  false  partition  stretching  from  the  hack  of  each 
Cell  to  the  placenta.  —Shrubs  with  solitary,  clustered,  or  racemed  flowers:  the 
corolla  white  or  reddish.  (Ancient  Latin  name,  of  obscure  derivation.) 
§  1.  OXYCOCCUS,  Tourn.       Orari/  4-celled:  corolla  4-parted,  the  long  nairoto 

dinsions  revolute:  anthers  8,  awnless,  tapering  al>ove  into  very  long  tubes:  pedi' 

eels  slender. 
*  Steins  very  slendei;  creeping  or  (railing :  leaves  small,  entire,  wliltened  beneath,  ever' 

green  :  pedicels  ei-ect,  with  the  pale  rose-colored  flower  nodding  on  their  summit : 

corolla  dcrplij  A-partcd :  l>eiries  red,  acid. 

1.  V.  Oxyc6ecus,  L.  (Small  Cranberry.)  Stems  very  slender  (4' - 
9'  long)  ;  hares  ovate,  acute,  with  strongly  revolute  margins  (2" -3''  long)  ;  pedicels. 
1  -4,  terminal ;  filaments  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  anthers.  (Oxycoccus 
vulgaris,  Pf^-.s/i.) —  Peat-bogs,  New  England  and  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin, 
and  northward.  June.-  Rerry  3"- 4"  broad,  often  speckled  with  white  when 
young;  seldom  gnthorpd  for  the  market.     (Eu.) 

2.  V.  macroc^rpon,  Ait.  (Large  or  American  Cranberry.)  Stems 
elongated  (l°-3"  i.-ng),  the  flowering  l)ranclics  ascending  ;  leans  olUig,  ol,tuse, 
glaucous  underneath,  less  revolute  (4" -6"  long);  pedicels  several,  In-coming 
lateral ;  filaments  .scarcely  one  third  the  length  of  the  anthers.  (Oxycoccus 
macrocarpus,  Prr.s. )  — Pent-bogs,  Virginia  to  Wi.sconsin,  and  everywhere  north- 

•ward,  but  scarcely  westward.     June.  — Berry  i'-  1'  long. 
GM— 13 


290  ERICACE^.       (lIEATII    FAMILY.) 

»  ♦  Stem  uprifjht  and  leaves  deciduous,  as  in  common  Bluberries:  flowers  axillary 
and  solitary:  corolla  dcejily  4-clifl:  berries  turning  purple,  insipid. 

3.  V.  erythroearpon,  Mkhx.  Smooth,  divergently  braiulicd  {l°-4° 
high);  icavcsi  ol)loiii;-l;uicLolate,  tiipcr-poiuted,  bristly  serrate,  thin.  —  Wood',id 
hills;  iiiountiiiiis  of  N'iryiuia  aud  southward.     July. 

§  2.  VITIS-ID.EA,  Tourn.  Ovary  4  -  5-celled :  corolla  bell-shnped,  4-5-hhfd: 
anthers  8-10,  awnless:  fllaments  huiri/ :  flotvers  in  short  and  bructcd  nodding 
racemes :  leaves  evergreen  :  beiries  red  or  purple. 

4.  V.  Vitis-Idsea,  L.  (Cowbeuky.)  Low  (6'- lO' high);  branches  erect 
from  tufted  creeping  stems ;  leaves  obovate,  with  revolute  margins,  dark  green, 
smooth  and  shining  above,  dotted  with  blackish  bristly  points  underneath ;  co- 
rolla bell-shaped,  4-clcft.  —  Higher  mountains  of  New  England,  also  on  the 
coast  of  Maine,  and  at  Danvers,  Massachusetts  (Oakes),  and  northward.  June. 
—  Berries  dark  red,  acid  aud  rather  bitter,  mealy,  barely  edible.     (Eu.) 

§3.  PICKOCOCCUS,  Nutt.  Ovary  more  or  less  \0-celled  by  false  part  illona:  ber- 
ries greenisJi,  hardly  edible,  ripening  Jew  seeds :  corolla  open-btll-shaped,  b-lol>ed: 
anthers  10,  extended  into  very  long  much  exserled  tubes,  2-uwnedon  the  hick:  flow- 
ers on  slender  pedicels,  singly  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  or  Itaf-Uke  bracts, 
fl)rming  leafy  racemes,  not  articulated :  leaves  thin,  deciduous. 

5.  V.  stamineum,  L.  (DeeritErry.  Squaw  Huckleberry.)  Dif- 
fusely branched  (2° -3°  high),  somewhat  pubescent;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  pale, 
glaucous  or  whitish  underneath ;  corolla  greenish-white  or  purplish  ;  berries 
globular  or  pear-shaped,  large,  greenish,  mawkish.  —  Dry  woods,  Maine  to 
Michigan  and  southward,  mainly  eastward.     May,  June. 

§4.  BATODENDRON,  Nutt.  Ovary  more  or  less  \0-celled  by  false  partitions: 
berries  black :  corolla  short-hell-shapcd,  5-lootltcd :  anthers  1 0,  included,  conspicu- 
ously 2awned  on  the  back,  and  extended  into  slender  tubes :  fllaments  hairy :  flow- 
ers on  slender  pedicels  singly  in  the  arils  of  coriaceous  shining  leaves,  or  racemed 
at  the  end  of  the  branches,  articulated  just  btlow  the  ovary! 

6.  V.  arbbreum,  Marshall.  (Farkle-berry.)  Tall  (8°-15°  high), 
smoothish  ;  leaves  oval  or  obovate,  entire  or  denticulate,  mucronate,  bright 
green  and  shining  above,  at  the  South  evergreen  ;  corolla  white;  berries  mealy, 
insipid,  ripening  late.  — Dry  ground,  Makanda,  S.  Illinois  {Dr.  Vasey),  proba- 
bly also  in  Virginia,  and  southward.     June. 

§  5.  EU  VACCf  NIUM.     Ovary  4  -  b-celled,  with  no  trace  of  false  partitions :  corolla 
urn-shaped  or  globidar,  4-5-toothed:   anthers  2-awned  on  the  back:  fllaimnts 
smooth :  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  or  2  or  S  together :  berries  blue  or  black,  edible: 
*         northern  or  alpine  plants,  with  deciduous  leaves. 

*  Parts  (f  the  flower  nms/li/  in  fours:  stamens  8. 

7.  v.  uliginbsum,  L.  (Bog  Bilberry.)  Low  and  sjircading  (4' -18' 
high),  tufted  ;  leaves  entire,  dull,  obovate  or  oblong,  pale  and  slightly  ])ubesccnt 
underneath;  flowers  single  or  2-3  together  from  a  scaly  bud,  almost  sessile; 
corolla  short,  nrn-shai)ed  ;  berries  black  with  a  bloom,  sweet.  —Alpine  tops  of 
the  high  moinitains  of  New  England  aud  New  York,  shore  of  Lake  Superior, 
and  northward.     (Eu.) 


ERICACEAE.       (lir.ATII    FAMILY.)  291 

«  ♦  Parts  of  the  flower  iiiflres:  staiiviis  10:  leaves  meinbiamtceous :  flowers  soUtarj 
on  short  (ij-il/ari/  pidniicles,  nodJiiifj. 

8.  V.  C8espit6sum,  Mklix.  Dwarf  (3' -5'  lii};li),  tiifteil ;  leaves  ofmvatc, 
narrowed  at  tlio  basr,  siaootli  ami  shini/u;,  serrate;  corolla  ohlomj,  slif^litly  urn- 
shaped;  berries  liluo.  —  Aljiiiie  reyioii  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hamp- 
shire; and  hi;;li  nortiiward. 

9.  V.  OValif61ium,  Smith.  Stran:','ling,  3°- 10°  higli ;  leaves  elliptical, 
obtuse,  nearly  entire,  jiale,  mostly  glaucous  beneath,  smooth  ;  corolla  ovoid;  berries 
blue.  —  Peat-l)ogs,  Keweenaw  Co.,  Lake  Superior,  Dr.  Robbins  (and  far  west- 
ward).    May. 

10.  v.  myrtilloides,  Hook.  More  erect,  1°- 4°  hi<,-h;  branchlets  .some- 
what angled  ;  leaves  niosthj  orate  and  acute  or  pointed,  sharply  and  closely  sejrulate, 
bright  green,  nearly  smooth  ;  border  of  the  calyx  almost  entire  ;  corolla  depresscd- 
glolmlar,  rather  large ;  berries  large,  black,  rather  acid.  —  Woods  and  bluffs, 
Keweenaw  Co.,  Lake  Sui)crior,  Dr.  liobbins.  (Lake  Huron,  Dr.  Todd;  and 
northwestward.)  May,  June.  —  Pedicels  3"  -  G"  long,  drooping  in  flower, 
erect  in  fruit. 

§  6.  CYANOCOCCUS.  Ocarti  more  or  less  completeli/  \Ocelled  hji  false  partitions: 
corolla  ohlong-cylindrical  or  slightly  urn-shaped,  Moothtd :  anthers  10,  uwnless: 
fllaments  hairy :  berries  blue  or  black  with  a  bloom  (sweet) :  flowers  in  clusters  or 
very  short  racemes  from  seedy  buds  separate  from  and  lather  preceding  the  leaves, 
on  short  pedicels,  appearing  in  early  spring.  (Leaves  deciduous  in  the  Nortliern 
species  or  pro/ier  Bhtdierries.) 

11.  V.  Pennsylvanicum,  Lnm  (Dwarf  BLUEitKiiKY.)  Dwarf  (6'- 
15'  high),  smooth  ;  leares  lanceolate  or  oblong,  distinrily  serrulate  with  bristle-jminted 
teeth,  smooth  and  shining  Imth  sides  (or  sometimes  downy  on  the  midrib  under- 
neath) ;  corolla  short,  cyliudrical-bell-sliapcd. —  Var  AXGUSTiF(")LifM  is  a  high 
mountain  or  ijoreal  form,  3' -6'  higli,  with  narrower  lanceolate  leaves.  (V.  an- 
gustifolium.  Ait.)  —Dry  hills  and  woods:  common  from  Pennsylvania  and  N. 
Illinois  far  northward.  —  Branches  green,  angled,  warty.  Berries  abundant, 
large  and  sweet,  ripening  early  in  July:  the  earliest  blueberry  or  blue  huckle- 
berry in  the  market. 

12.  V.  Canadense,  Kalm.  (Canada  Bu'khkruv.)  Low  (1° -2°  high) ; 
leaves  olilong-lanccolate  or  elliptical,  entire,  downy  both  sid'S,  as  well  as  the  crowded 
branchlets ;  corolla  shorter :  otherwise  as  the  last,  into  which  it  seems  to  pass. 
—  SwamjjS  or  moist  woods,  Maine  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 

13.  V.  vaciUaus,  Sulander.  (Low  Bukhkuky.)  /^w  (l°-2i°  high). 
glabrous;  lanes  olioralc  or  oval,  very  pale  or  dull,  f/la neons,  at  least  underneath, 
minutely  ciliolate-serrulatc  or  entire  ;  corolla  between  bell-shaped  and  cylindra- 
ceous,  the  mouth  somewhat  contracted.  —  Dry  woodlands,  es|)ccially  in  sandy 
soil.  New  Kngland  to  Virginia  and  N.  Illinois.  —  Branches  yellowish-green. 
Berries  ripening  later  than  those  of  No.  11. 

14.  V.  COrymbdsum,  L.  (t'osniox  or  SwA.Mr-Bi,i:KnERRY.)  Tall 
po_ioo  hijrji) ;  /,(/(, .s  urate,  orid,  oblong,  or  ellipticallanceolate ;  corolla  varyinjj 
from  turgid-ovatc  and  cylindric.al-urn-shaped  to  oblong-cylindrical.  —  Swamps 
and  low  thickets:  everywhere  common,  except  southwestward. — This  yields 


202  KRICACE^.       (lIEAXn    FAMILY.) 

the  common  blttebeiri/  or  blue  hucklebern/  of  the  latter  part  of  the  season.  The 
typical  ibriu  has  the  leaves  entire  and  more  or  less  pubescent,  at  least  when 
younji:,  as  also  the  branchlets.  The  species  exiiibits  tlie  greatest  variety  of  forms  : 
the  last  of  those  here  mentioned  is  the  most  remarkable,  and  the  only  one  which 
has  any  claims  to  i)e  regarded  as  a  species. 

Var.  gl^brum,  is  wholly  or  nearly  glabrous  tliroughout;  the  leaves  entire. 

Var.  amcenum,  has  the  leaves  bristly-ciliate,  shining  above,  green  both 
sides,  beneath  soiucwhat  pubescent  on  tiie  veins.     (V.  araujnum.  Ait.,  &c.) 

Var.  pallidum,  has  the  leaves  mostly  glabrous,  pale  or  whitish,  glaucous: 
especially  underneath,  scirulate  with  bristly  teeth.     (V.  pallidum.  Ait.) 

Var.  atroCOCCUm,  has  the  leaves  entire,  downy  or  woolly  underneath  even 
when  old,  as  also  the  branchlets ;  berries  smaller,  black,  without  bloom.  ( V. 
fuscatum,  Ait.'f  &  Ed.  I.) 

3.  CHIOGENES,    Salisb.        Creeping  Snowberrt. 

Caly.\-tube  adherent  to  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary ;  the  limb  4-parted.  Co- 
rolla bell-shaped,  deeply  4-cleft.  Stamens  8,  included,  inserted  on  an  8-toothed 
cpigynous  disk  :  filaments  very  short  and  broad  :  anther-cells  ovatc-oblong,  quite 
separate,  not  awned  on  the  back,  but  each  minutely  2-poiiitcd  at  the  apc.x,  and 
opening  by  a  large  chink  down  to  the  middle.  Berry  white,  globular,  crowned 
with  the  4-toothed  calyx,  rather  dr}',  4-eelled,  many-seeded. — A  trailing  and 
creeping  evergreen,  with  very  slender  and  scarcely  woody  stems,  and  small 
Thyme-like,  ovate  and  pointed  leaves  on  short  petioles,  with  rcvolute  margins, 
smooth  above,  the  lower  surface  and  the  branches  beset  with  rigid  rusty  bristles. 
Flowers  very  small,  solitary  in  the  axils,  on  short  nodding  peduncles,  with  2 
large  bractlcts  under  the  calyx.  (Name  from  x"^")  snow,  and  yevos,  offspring, 
in  allusion  to  the  snow-white  berries.) 

1.  C.  hispidula,  Torr.  &  Gr.  —  Peat-bogs,  and  mossy  mountain  woods, 
in  the  shade  of  evergreens ;  common  northward,  extending  southward  in  the 
Alleglianies.  JMay.  —  Plant  with  the  aromatic  flavor  of  Gaultheria  or  Birch. 
Leaves  3" -4"  long.     Berries  3"  broad,  bright  white. 

4.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS,    Adans.        Bearberry. 

Corolla  ovate  and  nrn-shapcd,  with  a  short  rcvolute  5-toothcd  limb.  Stamens 
10,  included  :  anthers  with  2  rcflcxed  awns  on  the  back  near  the  apex,  opening 
by  terminal  pores.  Drupe  berry -like,  with  .5-10  seed-like  nutlets.  —  Shrubs, 
with  alternate  leaves,  and  scaly-bracted  nearly  white  flowers  in  terriiinal  racemes 
or  clusters.  Fruit  austere.  (Name  composed  of  /i/jktos,  a  hear,  and  aTu(f)v\ri, 
a  grape  or  Iik'ti/,  the  Greek  of  the  popular  name.) 

1.  A.  Uva-lirsi,  Spreng.  (BE.\niiERRV.)  Trailing; /«/rr.s  ^///V/>- nW  rm- 
(jreen,  ohovixte  or  spatulatc,  piitiro,  smooth  :  fruit  red.  (Arbutus  Uva-ursi,  L.)  — 
Rocks  and  bare  hills,  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  and  nortlnvard.     May.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  alpina,  Spreng.  (Alpine  Bearberry.)  Dwarf,  tufted  and  de- 
pressed ;  leaves  deciduous,  serrnfe,  wrinkled  with  strong  netted  veins,  obovate ; 
fruit  iihirk.  —  Alpine  region  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  Mount 

Katahdin,  Maine,  and  high  northward.     (Eu.) 


» 


ericace-t:.     (iieatii  family.)  203 

6.    EPIGifeA,     L.     GuotND  Laukel.     Trailing  Annrxua. 

Corolla  salvcr-fonii ;  the  tube  liairy  inside,  as  lon^  as  the  ovate-lanceolate 
pointed  and  sealc-like  nearly  distinct  sepals.  Stamens  10,  with  slender  filaments  : 
anthers  ol)lon<j,  awnless,  opening  lengthwise.  Style  slender,  its  apex  (as  in 
Pyrola)  forming  a  sort  of  ring  or  collar  around  and  piirtly  adnate  to  the  5  little 
lobes  of  the  stigma,  i'od  depressed-globular,  5-lobed,  5-cellcd,  many-seeded. — 
A  prostrate  or  trailing  scarcely  shrubby  j)lant,  bristly  with  rusty  hairs,  with  ever- 
green and  reticulated  rounded  and  heart-shaped  alternate  leaves,  on  slender  peti- 
oles, and  « itli  rose-colored  llowers  in  small  axillary  clusters,  from  scaly  bracts, 
(>'ame  composed  of  tVi,  upon,  and  y^,  the  earth,  from  the  trailing  growth.) 

1.  E.  ripens,  L. —  Sandy  woods,  or  sometimes  in  rocky  soil,  csjiecially 
in  the  shade  of  pines:  common  in  many  places,  es])ecialiy  eastward.  —  Flowers 
appearing  in  early  spring,  exhaling  a  rich  spicy  fragrance.  In  New  England 
called  Mayflower. 

6.     GAULTHERIA,     Kalm.        Aromatic  Wixtergreen. 

Corolla  cylindrical-ovoid  or  a  little  urn-shaped,  5-toothcd.  Stamens  10,  in- 
cluded :  anther-cells  each  2-awncd  at  the  summit,  opening  by  a  terminal  pore. 
Pcd  depi-essed,  5-lobed,  5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded,  enclosed  when  ripe  by 
the  calyx,  which  thickens  and  tums  fleshy,  so  as  to  appear  as  a  globular  retl 
berry!  —  Shrubs,  or  almost  herbaceous  plants,  with  alternate  evergreen  leaves 
and  axillary  (nearly  white)  flowers:  pedicels  with  2  bractlets.  (Dedicated  by 
Kalm  to  "Dr.  Ganlthkr,"  of  Quebec;  Liii».  Amoen.  Acad.  3,  p.  15.  The  true 
orthography,  as  ascertained  by  Prof.  Brunet  from  the  old  records  in  Quebec, 
is  (jatiltier ;  so  that  the  orthogra])liy  of  the  genus,  if  changed  at  all,  should  be 
Gaultiera.) 

1.  G.  prociimbens,  L.  (Creeping  Wintergreex.)  Stems  slender 
and  extensively  creeping  on  or  below  the  surface ;  the  flowering  branches  ascend- 
ing, leaf)'  at  the  summit  (3' -5'  high) ;  leaves  obovate  or  oval,  obscurel_v  serrate  ; 
flowers  few,  mostly  single  in  the  axils,  nodding.  —  Cool  damp  woods,  mostly  in 
the  shade  of  evergreens  especially  northward,  and  southward  along  the  Allegha- 
nies.  July.  —  The  bright  red  berries  (formed  of  the  calyx)  and  the  foliage  have 
the  well-known  sjjicy-aromatic  flavor  of  the  Sweet  Birch.  In  the  interior  of  the 
country  it  is  called  Wmterrpeen,  or  sometimes  Tta-herry.  Eastward  it  is  called 
Checkerberrij  or  Partrid<)e-berrij  (names  also  ai)plied  to  Mitchella,  the  latter  espe- 
cially so),  also  Borheiri/. 

7.    LEUCOTHOE,    Don.        Leccotiioe. 

Calyx  of  5  nearly  distinct  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  not  enlarged  nor 
fleshy  in  fruit.  Corolla  ovate  or  cylindraceous,  5-t()(itlie(l.  St'imens  10:  an- 
thers naked,  or  the  wlls  with  1  or  2  erect  awns  at  the  apex,  o])ening  by  a  ],ore. 
Pod  depressed,  more  or  less  5-lobed,  5-celled,  5-valved,  the  sutures  not  thick- 
ened ;  valves  entire  :  the  many-seeded  placentiC  borne  on  the  summit  of  the  short 
columella,  mostly  pendulous.  —  Shrubs  with  petioled  and  serrulate  leaves,  and 
white  scaly-bracted  flowers  crowded  in  axillary  or  terminal  spiked  racemes.  (A 
mythological  name.) 


294  ERiCACE.-E,     (heath  family.) 

§  1.  LEUCOTIIOE  proper.  Anthers  awnlcss;  the  cells  sometimes  ohscurdij  2- 
polntcd:  sti(jma  (l./)ri>sscd<apitiite,  b-raycd :  racemes  sessile  {dense),  produrnl  (U 
the  time  of  flower  in j  from  seal j  buds  in  the  axils  of  the  coriaceous  and  shinin/j  jicr- 
sistent  leaves  of  the  preceding  year,  shorter  than  they  :  bracts  persistent :  bractlets 
at  the.  Iiase  of  the  short  pediaU.      (Seed-coat  loose  and  cellular,  icintj-likc.) 

1.  L.  axillaris,  Don.  Leaves  lanceolate-oblong  or  oval,  abruptly  pointed  or 
acute,  somewhat  s])iiuilose-scrrulate,  on  very  short  petioles ;  sepals  broadly  ovale. 
(Andromeda  axillaris,  Lam.)  —  Banks  of  streams,  Virginia,  in  tiie  low  country, 
and  southward.     Feb.  -  April.  —  Siirub  2°  -  4"  high. 

2.  L.  Catesbsei.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  SGVT\\\A\.c\\\\\vQ\\\vLic- 
epinulosc  appresscd  teeth,  conspicuously  petiuled  (.3' -6'  long) ;  sejials  ovate-oblong, 
often  acute.  ( Andr.  Catesbai,  Walt.  A.  axillaris,  Micluc.  A.  spinulosa,  Pursh. 
L.  spinulosa,  Z)on.)  — Moist  banks  of  streams,  Viriiinia  alonj,^  tlie  mountains, 
and  .southward.  May. —  Shrub  2° -4°  high,  with  long  spreading  or  recurved 
branches.     Flowers  exhaling  the  unpleasant  scent  of  Chestnut-blossoms. 

§2.  EtiBOTRYS,  Nutt.  Anthers  nwned:  stigma  simple:  bractlets  close  to  the 
calyx,  and,  lilce  the  sepals,  of  a  rigid  texture,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  pointed:  pla- 
centie  not  pendulous :  flowers  very  short-pedicel  led,  in  long  one-sided  racemes, 
which  mostli/  terminate  the  branches,  formed  with  them  in  the  summer,  but  the 
flower-buds  not  expanding  till  the  following  spring :  bracts  awl-shaped,  deciduous: 
leaves  membranaceous  and  deciduous,  serrulate,  the  midrib  and  veins  beneath  pu- 
bescent. 

3.  L.  recurva,  Buckley.  Brnnrhes  and  racemes  recurved-spreading ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  ovate,  taper-pointed  ;  sepals  ovate ;  anther-cells  l-awned ;  pod  i>-lobed ,■ 
seeds  flat  and  eeJlitlar-wingcd.  —  Dry  hills,  Allcgiianies  of  Virginia  and  southward. 
April.  —  Lower  and  more  straggling  than  the  next. 

4.  L.  racembsa.  Branches  and  racemes  mostly  erect ;  leaves  oblong  or  oval- 
lanceolate,  acute;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate ;  anther-cells  each  2-awned  ;  pod  not  lobed ; 
seeds  angled  and  wingless.  (Andromeda  racemosa  &  A.  paniculata,  L)  — Moist 
thickets,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  near  the  coast,  and  southward.  May, 
June.  —  Shrub  4°  -  6°  high.     Corolla  cylindrical. 

8.     CASSANDRA,     Don.        Leather-Leaf. 

Calyx  of  5  distinct  rigid  ovate  and  acute  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and 
with  a  pair  of  similar  bractlets.  Corolla  cylindrical-oblong,  5-toothed.  Sta- 
mens 10:  anther-cells  tapering  into  a  tubular  beak,  and  opening  by  a  pore  at 
the  apex,  awnlcss.  Pod  depressed,  5-celied,  many-seeded ;  the  pericarp  of  2 
layers,  the  outer  5-valved,  the  cartilaginous  inner  layer  at  length  10-valved. 
Seeds  flattened,  wingless.  —  Low  and  much  branched  shrubs,  with  nearly  ever- 
green and  coriaceous  leaves,  which  are  scurfy,  especially  underneath.  Flowers 
white,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  small  leaves,  forming  small  1 -sided  leafy  ra- 
cemes; the  flower-buds  formed  in  the  summer  and  expanding  early  the  next 
spring.     {Cassaiidni,  a  diiuglitcr  of  Priam  and  Hecuba.) 

1.  C.  calycul^ta,  Don.  Leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  flat.  (Andromeda  caly- 
culata,  Z.)  —  Wet  bogs:  common  northward:  rare  westward  to  North  Wis- 
consin.    (Eu.) 


ERICACEAE.       (lIEATII    FAMILY.)  29a 

9.     CASStOPE,     Don.        Cassiope. 

Calyx  without  bractlcts,  of  4  or  .'>  nc;u-ly  distinct  ovate  scpali;,  imbricated  in 
the  bud.  Corolla  broadly  campanulate,  deeply  4  -  5-clcft.  Stamens  8  or  10  : 
nnthcrs  fixed  by  their  apex  ;  the  ovoid  cells  each  opening  by  a  larpc  terminal 
pore,  and  bearing  a  long  recurved  awn  behind.  Pod  ovoid  or  globular,  4-5- 
ccilcd,  4-5-valvcd;  the  valves  2-cleft :  placenta;  many-seeded,  pendulous  from 
the  .'iummit  of  the  columella.  Seeds  smooth  and  wingless.  —  Small,  arctic  or 
alpine  evergreen  plants,  resembling  Club-Mosses  or  Heaths.  Flowers  solitary, 
nodding  on  slender  erect  peduncles,  white  or  rose-color.  (Cassiope  was  the 
motiicr  of  Andi-unicila.) 

1.  C.  hypnoides,  Don.  Tufted  and  procumbent,  moss-like  (1'  -  4'  high) ; 
leaves  necdle-siiaped,  imbricated  ;  corolla  5-clcft ;  style  short  and  conical,  (An- 
dromeda liyi)noides,  L.)  — Alpine  summits  of  the  Adirondack  Mountains,  New 
York  (Dr.  Patri/),  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  Mount  Katahdin, 
Maine  (Mr.  Youmj),  and  high  uorthwatd.     (Ku.) 

10.    ANDROMEDA,    L.  (in  part).        Axduomed.\. 

Calyx  without  bractlcts,  of  5  nearly  or  partly  distinct  sepals,  valvate  in  the 
bud,  but  vcrj-  soon  separate  or  o\vin.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Stamens  10  :  anthers 
fixed  near  the  middle,  the  cells  opening  by  a  terminal  ])orc.  Pod  globular,  5- 
celled,  5-valvcd  ;  the  many-seeded  jilaccntix;  borne  on  the  sunnnit  or  middle 
of  the  columella.  —  Shrubs,  with  umbelled,  clustered,  or  paniclcd  and  raccmed 
(mostly  white)  flowers.  (Fancifully  named  by  Linnajus  for  A.  poliiulia,  in  al- 
lusion to  the  fable  oi  Andromeda.) 

§  1.  ANDROMEDA  proper.  Corolla  gldHdar-urn-slmped :  JUaments  bearded, 
not  (ijifuiidarjrd :  anthers  short,  the  cells  tach  surmounted  bij  a  slender  ascending 
awn  :  sc(ds  turned  in  all  directions,  oval,  with  a  close  and  hard  snioiAk  coat : 
Jloivers  in  a  terminal  umbel:  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  ovate  persistent  scaly 
bracts ;  leaves  evergreen. 

1.  A.  polif61ia,  L.  Smooth  and  glaucous  (G'- 18' high;  leaves  thick, 
lanceolate  or  oblong-linear,  with  strongly  revolutc  margins,  white  beneath. — 
Cold  bogs,  from  Pennsylvania  northward.     May.     (Eu.) 

§  2.  PORTONA,  Nutt.  Corolla  ovoid-urn-shaprd  and  b-angled :  filaments  not 
appcndaged :  anthers  oblong,  the  cells  each  bearing  a  long  refl'xrd  awn  near  the 
insertion  :  .leeds  moslli/  pendulous,  and  icilh  a  loose  cellular  coat :  flowrs  in  axil- 
larij  and  terminal  naked  racemes,  formed  in  summer,  but  the  lilossoms  expanding 
the  following  spring:  pedicels  \ -sided,  bnicted  and  uuth  minute  bractlets,  re- 
curved:  leaves  thirl-  and  fverqrcen, 

2.  A.  floribtinda,  Pursh.  Branches  bristly  when  young ;  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  acute  or  jiointcd  (2'  long),  pctioled,  serrulate  and  bristly-ciliate  ;  racemes 
dense,  crowded  in  panicles.  —  Moist  hills,  in  the  Alleghanics  from  Virginia 
southward.  April.— Avery  leafy  shrub,  2°  -  10°  high,  bearing  abundance 
of  hand.somc  flowers. 

§3.  PIERIS,  Don.  Corolla  nvoid-iJibmij  or  rijlindraccous  :  Jilaments  slender  and 
awi-sluiped,  usually  appendnged  with  a  spreading  or  recurved  bristle  on  each  side 


296  KRICACE^.       (IIKATH    FAMILY.) 

at  or  below  the  apex :  anthers  ofAong,  aivnless :  sutures  of  the  5-anguIar  pod  with 
a  more  or  less  tliickened  line  or  ridge,  which  o/)en  falls  uwaij  spjiaiatJj  when  the 
pod  opens :  seed:i  turned  in  alt  directions,  oblong,  with  a  thin  and  rather  loose 
reticulated  rout :  Jloweis  in  umbel-like  clusters  variousli/  arrani/ed. 

3.  A.  Mariana,  L.  (Stagger-bcsh.)  Nearly  glabrous ;  leaves  dceid- 
uous,  but  ratliur  coriaceous,  oval  or  oblong,  veiny  ;  flowers  large  and  nodding, 
in  clusters  from  axillary  scaly  buds,  which  are  crowded  on  naked  branches  of 
the  preceding  year ;  sepals  leaf-like,  deciduous  with  the  leaves.  —  Sandy  low 
places,  Rhode  Island  to  Virginia  near  the  coast,  and  southward.  May,  June. 
—  Shrub  2° -4°  high  :  foliage  said  to  poison  lambs  and  calves. 

§  4.  LYONIA,  Nutt.  Calyx  T^-cleft :  corolla  globular,  pubescent :  filaments  and 
anthers  destitute  of  aivns  or  ajipendages,  or  the  former  sometimes  2-setose  near  the 
apex:  pods  pruminentli/  ribbed  at  the  sutures,  the  ribs  at  length  separating  or 
separable :  seeds  slender,  all  pendulous,  with  a  loose  and  thin  cilliilar  coat :  flow- 
ers small,  niostlij  in  clusters  ichich  are  racemosed-jianicled :  bracts  minute  and 
deciduous:  leaves  pubescent  or  scurfy  beneath. 

4.  A.  ligUStrina,  Muhl.  Leaves  deciduous,  not  scurfy,  smoothish  when 
old,  obovate-oblong  varying  to  oblong-lanceolate  ;  flowers  raceniose-pauided  on 
branchlets  of  the  preceding  year.  —  Swamps  and  low  thickets.  New  England 
to  Penn.,  Virginia,  and  southward.     June,  July.  —  Shrub  4°  -  10°  high. 

11.  OXYDENDRXJM,    DC.        Sorrel-tree.     Sour-wood. 

Calyx  without  bractlets,  of  5  almost  distinct  sepals,  valvatc  in  the  bud. 
Corolla  ovate,  5-toothed,  pubcrulent.  Stamens  10:  anthers  fixed  near  the  base, 
linear,  awnless  ;  the  cells  tapering  upwards,  and  opening  by  along  chink.  Tod 
oblong-pyramidal,  5-celled,  5-valved  ;  the  many-seeded  placenta;  at  the  base  of 
the  cells.  Seeds  all  ascending,  slender,  the  thin  and  loose  reticulated  coat  ex- 
tended at  both  ends  into  awl-shaped  append.ages.  —  A  tree  with  deciduous,  ob- 
long-lanceolate, pointed,  soon  smooth,  serrulate  le:ives,  on  slender  petioles,  and 
white  flowers  in  long  one-sided  racemes  clustered  in  an  oj)cn  paiiide,  terminat- 
ing the  branches  of  the  season.  Bracts  and  bractlets  minute,  deciduous.  Foli- 
age sour  to  the  taste  (whence  the  name,  from  o^vs,  sour,  and  dfvSpou,  tree). 

1-  O.  arb6l'eum,  DC.  (Andromeda  arborea,  L.)  —  Kich  woods,  from 
Penn.  and  Oliio  southward,  mostly  along  the  Alleghanics.  June,  July.  —  Tree 
15° -40°  high.     Leaves  in  size  and  sha])e  like  those  of  the  Peach. 

12.  CLETHRA,    L.        White  Alder.     Sweet  Pepperbush. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  obovate-ob- 
long petals.  Stamens  10,  often  exserted  :  anthers  inversely  arrow-shaped,  in- 
verted and  reflexed  in  the  bud,  opening  by  terminal  pores  or  short  slits.  Style 
slender,  3-elcft  at  the  apex.  Pod  .3-valved,  .3-cel]e(l,  many-seeded,  enclosed  in 
the  calyx.  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  and  serrate  deeiiluous  leaves,  and 
white  flowers  in  terminal  honry  racemes.  Bracts  deciduous.  (KXij^pa,  the 
ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Alder,  which  this  genus  somewhat  resembles  in 
feliuge.) 


ER1CACK.E.       (IIKATH    FAMILY.)  697 

1.  C.  alnifdlia,  L.  Leaves  wedge-oliovate,  sharply  serrate,  entire  towards 
the  base,  proiiiinently  straight-veined,  smootli,  green  both  sides;  racemes  iiprlff/tt, 
paniclcd  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  filaments  smooth.  —  Wet  copses,  Maine 
to  Virginia  near  the  coast,  and  sontliward.  —  Shrub  3°  - 10*' higli,  covered  in 
July  and  August  with  handsome  fragrant  blossoms.  —  In  the  South  arc  varieties 
with  the  leaves  rather  scabrous,  and  pubescent  or  white-downy  l)encath. 

2.  C.  acuminata,  Midix.  Ijeares  oral  or  ohioiiy,  ]>oinl(d,  thin,  finely  ser- 
rate (5' -7'  long),  pale  beneath;  racemes  aolitarij,  fLoupintj  ;  brads  loiKjir  than  the 
flowers:  lilaments  and  puds  hairy.  —  Woods  in  the  Alleghanics,  Virginia  and 
southward.     July.  —  A  tall  shrub  or  small  tree. 

13.     CALLUNA,     Salisb.        Heather. 

Calyx  of  4  colored  sepals.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  4-partcd,  much  shorter  and 
less  conspicuous  than  the  calyx,  both  becoming  scarious  and  persistent.  Sta- 
mens 8,  distinct:  anthers  with  a  pair  of  detlexed  appendages  on  the  back,  the 
cells  opening  each  by  a  long  chink.  Pod  4-ccllcd,  septicidally  4-valved.  — 
Evergreen  undershrub,  with  no  scaly  buds,  opposite  and  minute  leaves  (mostly 
extended  at  base  into  2  sharp  auricles),  crowded  and  imbricated  on  the  branches. 
Flowers  axillary,  or  terminating  very  short  shoots  and  crowded  on  the  branches, 
forming  close  mostly  one-sided  spikes  or  spike-like  racemes,  rose-colored  or 
sometimes  white,  small,  bractcd  by  2  or  .3  pairs  of  leaves,  the  innermost  of  which 
are  more  or  less  scarious.  (Named  from  KaXKvv(x>,to  brush  or  sweep,  brooms 
being  made  of  its  twigs.) 

1.  C.  vulgaris,  Salisb.  (C.  Atlantica,  Seemann,  Jour.  Bat.  4,  p.  305,  t. 
53.  Erica  vulgaris,  L.) — Low  grounds,  Tewksbury,  Massachusetts  (Jackson 
Dawson,  &c.,  a  small  patch)  ;  border  of  forest  on  Cape  Elizabeth,  Maine  {Mr. 
PirJcard,  from  Dr.  Wood) ;  also  Xova  Scotia,  Cape  Breton,  and  Newfoundland ; 
mostly  local.     ( See  various  articles  in  ^;ns/-.  ./o«r. -Sc;'. )     July,  Aug.     (Eu.) 

14.     PHYLLODOCE,     Salisb.        I'm  llodoce. 

Corolla  urn-sh;ii)cd  or  bell-shaped,  5-toothed,  deciduous.  Stamens  10:  anthers 
pointless,  shorter  than  the  lilaments,  opening  l)y  terminal  pores.  Pod  5-celled, 
5-valvcd,  septicidal  (as  are  all  the  succeeding),  many-seeded.  —  Low  alpine 
Ileath-Iike  evergreen  undershrubs,  clothed  with  scattered  linear  and  obtuse 
rough-margined  leaves.  Flowers  usually  nodding  on  solitary  or  uinbelled  pe- 
duncles at  the  sumniit  of  the  branches.     ("A  mythological  name.") 

1.  P.  taxifdlia,  Salisb.  Corolla  oblong-urn-shaped,  jmrplish,  smooth; 
style  included.  (Meiiziesia  ea;rulea,  5/«/M.) —Alpine  summits  of  the  moun- 
tains of  New  Hampshire  and  Maine,  and  northward.     July.     (Eu.) 

15.     KALMIA,    L.        Amlisk  an  Lmuel. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  In-twcen  wheel-shaped  and  bell-slinpcd,  5-lobcd, 
furnished  with  10  depressions  in  which  the  10  anthers  are  severally  lodged ; 
fibmcnts  long  and  thrend-form.  Pod  globose,  5  celled,  many-seeded. — Ever- 
green mostly  smooth  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  entire  coriaceous  leaves, 


298  ERiCACK^.     (hkatii  family.) 

naked  buds,  and  sho\v}'  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Peter  Kalm,  a  pupil  of  Linnajus 
•who  travelled  in  this  country  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  afterwards 
Professor  at  Abe. ) 

§  1 .    Flowers  in  simple  or  clustered  naked  umhel-like  cori/mhs :  pedicels  from  the  arils 
of  small  and  fii m  fuliaceous  persistent  bracts:  calyx  smaller  than  the  pod,  per- 
sistent :  leaves  f/lubrous. 
1.    K.   Iatif61ia,    L.      (C.vlico-busii.      Mountain  Laurel.      Spoon- 
wood.)     Li  aces  mostly  alternate,  brnjld  cp-een  both  sides,  ocutc.-Utnceolate  or  ellipti- 
cal, tapering  to  each  end,  pctioled  ;  corymbs  terminal,  many-flowered,  claniniy- 
pubescent;    pod   depressed,   glandular.  —  liocky  hills  and  damp   soil,  rather 
common  irom  Maine  to  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  as  a  shrub  4° -8°  high;  but  in 
the  mountains  from  Penn.  southward  forming  dense  thickets,  and  often  tree- 
like (10° -20°  high).     May,  June.  —  Flowers  profuse,  large  and  very  showy, 
varying  froni  deep  rose-color  to  nearly  white,  clammy. 

2.  K.  angUStifdlia,  L.  (SuKiiP  Laukel.  Lamkkill.)  Leaves  com- 
monly opposite  or  in  threes,  pale  or  whitish  undernntth,  liyht  yreen  above,  narrowli/ 
oblonij,  obtuse,  petioled ;  corymbs  lateral  (appearing  later  than  the  shoots  of  the 
season),  slightly  glandular,  many-flowered;  pod  depressed,  nearly  smooth; 
pedicils  recurved  in  fruit.  —  Hillsides:  common.  May,  June.  —  Shrub  2° -3° 
high  :  the  flowers  more  crimson  and  two  thirds  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

3.  K.  glauca,  Ait.  (Pale  Laurel.)  Branchlets  2-edyed :  leaves  opposite, 
nearly  sessile,  oblong,  white-glaucous  beneath,  with  recolute  margins  ;  corymbs  termi- 
nal, few-lloAvered,  smooth  ;  bracts  large  ;  pod  ovoid,  smooth.  —  Var.  rosmari- 
nif6lia  has  linear  and  strongly  rcvolutc  leaves.  —  Cold  peat-bogs  and  moun- 
tains, from  Pennsylvania  northward.  May,  June.  —  Straggling,  about  1°  high. 
Flowers  ^'  broad,  lilac-purple. 

§  2.  Flowers  scattered,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  season  :  calyx  leafy, 
larger  than  the  pod,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla, at  length  deciduous:  leaves  {alitr- 
mite  and  opposite)  and  branches  bristly-hairy. 

4.  K.  hirsuta,  Walt.  Branches  terete ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate  (4" 
long),  becoming  glitbrous.  —  S;mdy  pine-barren  swamps,  E.  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.    May-  Sept.  —  Slirul)  1°  high.     Corolla  rose-color. 

16.     MENZIESIA,     Smith.        Menziesia. 

Calyx  very  small  and  flattish,  4-toothed  or  4-lobed.  Corolla  cylindraceous- 
um-shapcd  and  soon  bell-shaped,  obtusely  4-lobed.  Stamens  8,  included  :  an- 
ther-cells opening  at  the  top  by  an  oblique  pore.  Pod  ovoid,  woody,  4-celled, 
4-vaIved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  narrow,  with  .-v  loose  coat.  —  A  low  shrub ; 
the  straggling  branches  and  the  ol)Iong-<ibovate  alternate  deciduous  leaves  (like 
those  of  Azalea)  hair^^  and  ciliate  with  rusty  rather  chafl'-like  bristles.  Flowers 
small,  develoj)cd  with  the  leaves,  in  terminal  dusters  from  scaly  buds,  greenish- 
white  and  jiurplish,  nodding.  (Named  for  Archibald  Menzics,  who  in  Vancouver's 
voyage  brought  the  sijccics  from  the  Northwest  Coast.) 

1.  M.  ferruginea,  Smith,  var.  globul^ris.  Corolla  rather  shorter 
and  broader  than  in  the  Oregon  ])lant.  —  Alleghany  Mountains,  S.  Pennsyl- 
vania to  Virginia,  &c.     (Also  beyond  Lake  Superior.)     June. 


ERICACK/E.       (HEATH    FAMILY.)  299 

17.    AZALEA,    L.        False  Honeysuckle.    Azalea. 

Calyx  5-partcd,  often  iniiiiite.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobed,  slightly  irregu- 
lar ;  the  lol»cs  sjjrcnding.  Stamens  .'),  with  long  exserted  filaments,  usually 
declined,  as  well  as  the  similar  style  :  anthers  short,  0])ening  by  terminal  pores, 
pointless.  Tod  5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  scale-like.  —  Upright 
shrubs,  with  alternate  and  obovate  or  oblong  deciduous  leaves,  which  arc  entire, 
ciliate,  and  mueronatc  with  a  glandular  point.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  often 
glandular  and  glutinous  outside,  in  uiubclled  clusters  from  large  scaly-imbri- 
cated terminal  buds.  (Name  from  dCaXeos,  arid, — most  inappropriate  as  ap- 
plied to  our  species,  which  grow  in  swamps.) 

*  Flowers  api>eariii(j  ajler  the  leaves. 

1.  A.  arborescens,  Pursh.  (Smooth  Azalka.)  Branchlets  smooth ; 
leaves  obovate,  obtuse,  ciry  siiiouth  both  siiles,  shiiiiiu;  tiliore,  glaucous  beneath,  the 
margins  bristly-ciliate  ;  ailijx  lolies  long  and  conspicuous;  corolla  slightly  clammy; 
stamens  and  style  very  much  exserted.  —  Mountains  of  Penn.  to  Virginia,  and 
southward.  June.  —  Shrub  3° -10°  high,  with  thickish  leaves,  and  very  fra- 
grant rose-colored  blossoms  larger  than  in  No.  3. 

2.  A.  viscdsa,  L.  (Clammy  A.  White  Swamp-IIoxeysuckle.) 
Branchlets  bristlij,  as  well  as  the  margins  and  midrib  of  the  oblong-obovate 
otherwise  smooth  leaves;  cali/r-lobcs  minute;  corolla  clammy,  the  tube  much  longer 
than  the  lobes;  stamens  and  especially  the  style  exserted.  —  Var.  glaCca  has 
the  leaves  paler,  often  white-glaucous  underneath  or  both  sides,  sometimes  rough- 
hairy. —  Var.  NfTiDA  is  dwarf,  with  oblanceolate  leaves  green  both  sides. — 
Swamps,  Maine  to  Kentucky,  mostly  near  the  coast.  June,  July.  —  Shrub  4° 
- 10°  high,  with  clammy  fragrant  flowers,  white  or  tinged  with  roseeolor. 

*  *  Flowers  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves. 

3.  A.  nudifl6ra,  L.  (Plkim.e  A.  Pixxter-flower.)  Branchlets 
rather  hairy;  leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  downy  underneath;  culifx  very  short; 
tube  of  the  corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  ample  lobes,  slightly  glanduhir ;  stamens  and 
style  much  exserted.  —  Swamps,  Massachusetts  and  New  York  to  Illinois, 
and  southward.  April,  May.  —  Shrub  2°  -6°  high ;  the  showy  flowers  varying 
from  flesh-color  to  pink  and  purple.  There  arc  numberless  varieties,  some  of 
them  with  10  stamens. 

4.  A.  calendul^eea,  IMicIix.  (Flame-colored  Azalea.)  Branchlets 
and  obovate  or  oi)long  leaves  hairy  ;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  rather  conspicuous;  tube  of 
the  corolla  shorter  than  the.  lobes,  hairy ;  stamens  and  style  much  exserted.  —  Woods, 
mountains  of  Penn.  to  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.  May.  —  Shrub 
3° -10°  high,  covered  just  when  the  leaves  appear  with  a  profusion  of  largo 
orange  blossoms,  usually  turning  to  flame-color,  not  fragrant. 

18.  RHODODENDRON,  L.    Rose-day. 

Calyx  5-parted,  minute  in  our  species.  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  partly  funnel- 
form,  sometimes  slightly  irregular,  .5-lobed.  Stamens  10  (rarely  fewer),  com- 
monly declined:  anthers,  pods,  &c.  as  in  Azalea.  —  Shrubs  or  low  trees,  with 
evergreen  entire  alternate  leaves,  and  ample  showy  flowers,  in  compact  terminal 


300  ERICACE^.       (HEATH    FAMILY.) 

corymbs  or  clusters,  from  large  scalj-bractcd  biids.  (' PobutevBpov,  rose-tree ;  tho 
ancient  name.) 

1.  H.  ia^imum,  L.  (Great  L.vurel.)  Leaves d/iiilical-ol/lonci  or  hxnce- 
oblong,  aciilc,  imrroiaed  (awards  the  Inise,  very  smooth,  witli  somcwiiat  revolutc 
margins;  i)eiiicels  visciil ;  corolla  bell-sliapeil.  —  Damp  deep  woods,  sparingly 
from  Maine  to  Oliio,  but  very  common  along  sliaded  water-courses  through  the 
mountainous  parts  of  Pennsylvania  and  southward.  July.  —  Shrui)  or  tree  6°  - 
20°  liigh.  Leaves  4' -10'  long,  very  thick.  Corolla  an  inch  broad,  pale  rose- 
color  or  nearly  white,  greenish  in  the  throat  on  the  upper  side,  and  spotted  with 
yellow  or  reddish. 

2.  R.  Catawbi6llSe,  Michx.  Leares  ornl  or  ohionrj,  roinidcd  at  both  ends, 
smooth,  pale  beneath  (3' -5'  long);  corolla  broadly  bell-shaped,  lilac-purple; 
pedicels  rusty-downy.  —  High  Alleghanies,  Virginia  and  southward.  June.  — 
Shrub  3°  -  6°  iiigh. 

•  3.  R.  Lappbnicum,  Wahl.  (Lapland  Rose-bay.)  Z^itvjr/]  prostrate ; 
leaves  elliptical,  obtuse,  dotted  (Wkii  the  branches)  with  rusty  scales ;  umbels  few- 
flowered  ;  corolla  open  bell-shaped,  dotted ;  stamens  5  -  10.  —  Aljjine  summits  of 
the  mountains  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  New  York.  July.  —  Shrub  6' 
high,  in  broad  tufts  :  leaves  ^' long.     Corolla  violet-purple;     (Eu.) 

19.     RHODORA,     Duhamcl.         Riiodora. 

Calyx  minute,  5-toothed.  Corolla  irregular  and  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip 
usually  3-lol)ed  or  3-clcft,  and  the  lower  two-parted  or  of  2  distinct  s])reading 
petals.  Stamens  10,  and  with  the  slender  style  declined.  Otherwise  as  in 
Azalea.     (Name  from  p68ov,  a  rose,  from  the  color  of  the  showy  flowers.) 

1 .  R.  Canadensis,  L.  —  Damp  cold  woods  and  swamps,  New  England 
to  Penn.  and  northward,  or  on  mountains.  May.  —  A  handsome  low  shrub, 
with  the  oblong  deciduous  leaves  whitish  and  dowTiy  underneath  ;  the  showy 
rose-j)urple  (rarely  white)  flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters,  on  short  peduncles, 
appearing  rather  earlier  than  the  leaves. 

20.     LEDUM,    L.        Labrador  Tea. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  very  small.  Corolla  of  5  obovatc  and  spreading  distinct 
petals.  Stamens  5-10:  anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Pod  5-celled, 
splitting  from  the  base  upwards,  many-seeded  :  placentai  borne  on  the  summit 
of  tiie  columella. — Low  shrubs,  with  the  alternate  entire  leaves  clothed  with 
rusty  wool  underneath,  persistent,  the  margins  revolutc :  herbage  slightly  fra- 
grant when  bruised.  Flowers  white,  small,  in  terminal  umbel-like  clusters 
from  large  scaly  buds  :  bracts  or  scales  thin  and  caducous,  {.\rj8ov,  the  ancient 
Greek  name  of  the  Cistus.) 

1.  L.  Iatif61iuni,  Ait.  Leaves  elliptical  or  oblong  ;  stamens  5,  sometimes 
6  or  7  ;  pod  oblong.  —  Cold  bogs  and  damp  mountain  woods,  New  England  to 
Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  J«ine.  —  Shrub  2°-5°  high.  (L. 
PAn'sTRE,  L.,  grows  in  British  America.  It  is  dis::;nguished  by  its  linear  leaves, 
uniformly  10  stamens,  and  oval  }>ods.)     (Eu.) 


ERICACl::^^.       (lIliATII    FAMILY.)  801 

21.  LOISELEURIA,    Dcsv.        Alpine  Azalea. 

Calyx  5-pnrtc(l,  nciirly  as  long  as  tlic  rather  l)cll-sha[)C(l  and  deeply  5-cleft  reg- 
ular corolla.  Stamens  5,  not  declined,  included  :  antiiers  opening  lengtiiwise. 
Style  short.  Pod  ovoid,  2  -  3-ccllcd,  many-seeded,  2-3-valved;  the  valves  2- 
cleft  from  the  apex:  placenta;  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  columella.  —  A  small 
depressed  evergreen  shrubby  plant,  nmch  branched  and  tufted,  smooth,  with 
coriaceous  oi)posite  elli])tical  leaves,  on  short  jietioles,  with  ruvolute  margins. 
Flowers  small,  wiiite  or  rose-color,  2-5  in  a  cluster,  from  a  terminal  scaly  bud; 
the  scales  or  bracts  thick  and  persistent.  (Named  for  Loisdeur  Delongcliumps,  n 
Frcncii  butaiii>t.) 

1.  L.  prociimbens,  Desv.  (Azalea  procumbcns,  /..) — Alpine  summits 
of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  on  rocks.     June.     (Eu.) 

22.  LEIOPHYLLUM,    Pers.        Sand  Myrtle. 

Calyx  ."j-parted.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  obovatc-oblong  petals,  spreading.  Sta- 
mens 10,  exserted  :  anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Pod  2-3-celled,  splitting  from 
the  apex  downward,  many-seeded.  —  A  low  much-branched  evergreen,  with  the 
aspect,  foliage,  &c.  of  the  preceding  genns,  but  the  crowded  leaves  sometimes  al- 
ternate, scarcely  petioled.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  terminal  umbel-like  clusters. 
(Name  formed  of  Xfiof,  smooth,  and  (f)i\\ov,folki(je,  from  the  leaves.) 

1.  L.  buxif61ium,  Ell.  — Sandy  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  and  moun- 
tain-tops in  Virginia?  and  southward.  May. — Shrub  6' -10'  high:  leaves 
oval  or  oblong,  smooth  and  shining,  3'  -  6"  long. 

23.    PYROLA,     Toum.        Wintergreex.     Shin-leaf. 

Calyx  5-parted.  persistent.  Petals  5,  concave  and  more  or  less  converging, 
deciduous.  Stamens  10:  filaments  awl-shaped,  naked:  anthers  extrorsc  in  the 
bud,  but  in  the  flower  inverted  by  the  inflexion  of  tiie  apex  of  the  filament,  more 
or  less  4-cellcd,  opening  by  a  pair  of  pores  at  the  blunt  or  somewhat  2-horned 
base  which  by  the  inversion  becomes  the  apparent  apex  !  Style  generally  long : 
stigma  5-lobed  or  5-rayed.  Pod  depressed-globose,  5-lobed,  5-celled,  5-valved 
from  the  base  upwards  (loculicidal) ;  the  valves  cobwebby  on  the  edges.  Seeds 
minute,  innumerable,  resembling  saw-dust,  with  a  very  loose  cellular-reticulated 
coat.  —  Low  and  smooth  perennial  herbs,  with  running  subterranean  shoots, 
bearing  a  cluster  of  rounded  and  petioled  evergreen  root-leaves,  and  a  simple 
raceme  of  nodding  flowers,  on  an  ujjright  more  or  less  scaly-bracted  scape. 
(Name  a  diminutive  of  Pyrun,  the  Pear-tree,  from  some  fancied  resemblance 
in  the  foliage,  which  is  not  obvious.) 

§  1 .  Stamens  ascending :  sfi/le  turned  down  and  tuwaids  the  ajtex  ttsual/i/  more  or  less 
cvrccd  upwards,  longer  than  the  campamdate-conniiient  or  somewhat  er/ianding 
jH'tids:  stigma  much  narrower  than  the  truncate  and  somewhat  crcacntcd  ujtex  of 
the  stifle  which  forms  a  sort  of  ring  or  collar,  the  5  Wv.s  otjiist  very  short  iiud  in- 
cludi  d,  at  length  vsuallij  protruded.  ( Le<ives  denticulate  or  entire. ) 
1.  P.  rotundifdlia,  L.  La  ares  orliicular,  thirl:,  shining,  usually  shorter 
than  the  petiole  ;  rae^jme  elongated,  many-tlowcrcd ^  .calyx-lobes  lamedatu  or  Mong' 


302  ERiCACii.E.     (heath  family.) 

lanceolate,  acutish,  with  somewhat  spreading  tips,  one  lialf  or  one  third  the  length 
of  the  roundisli-oljovatc  rather  sprcailiiig  (eiiieliy  white)  petids;  anthercdk  nearly 
blunt.  — Damp  or  sandy  wouds  :  eomnion,  e^peeialiy  nortliward.  June,  July.  — 
Seape  C-  12'  liigh,  many-braeted  :  flowers  i'  broad.  —  Exhibits  many  varieties, 
sueh  as:  Var.  ixcaknXta,  with  flesh-colored  flowers;  calyx-lobes  triangular- 
lanceolate. —  Var.  asahif6lia,  with  oblate  or  round-reniform  leaves,  and  trian- 
gular-ovate calyx-lobes  of  about  half  the  length  of  the  white  or  flesh-colored 
petals.  (P.  asarifolia,  Michx.)  (.Common  northward. —  Var.  uliginOsa,  with 
roundish-oval  or  somewhat  kidney-shaped  smaller  leaves  (I'-l^'  wide),  and 
ovate  acute  calyx-lobes,  about  one  quarter  of  the  length  of  the  reddish  or  pur- 
ple petals;  flowers  rather  smaller,  few  or  several.  (P.  uliginosa,  Twr.  <$*  Gr.) 
Cold  bogs,  N.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

2.  P.  elliptiea,  Nutt.  (Shin-leaf.)  Leares  thin  and  dull,  elli/itical  or 
ohuvatf-ovul,  usuallij  lunijer  titan  the  margined  petiole ;  raceme  many-flowered  ;  calj/x- 
lohes  ovate,  acute,  not  one  fourth  thelengih  of  the  obovate  rather  spreading  (greenish- 
white)  petals;  anther-cells  blunt.  —  Kith  woods,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania, 
Wisconsin,  and  northward:  common.  June.  —  Seape  and  flowers  nearly  as 
large  as  in  the  preceding. 

3.  P.  chlorantha,  Swartz.  I.caves  small  (1'  long),  roundish,  thick,  dull, 
shoi-ter  than  the  peliule;  scape  few-Jtowyed,  naked  (5'  -  8'  high) ;  caiyx-loltes  roundish- 
ovate,  very  short;  the  elliptical  petals  converging  (greenish-white);  anther<ells 
contracted  below  the  orifice  into  a  distinct  neck  or  horn  ;  style  little  exserted.  —  Open 
woods,  New  England  to  Penn.,  AViseonsin,  and  northward.     June,  July. 

4.  P.  oxypetala,  C.  F.  Austin,  n.  sp.  Leaves  ovate,  small  {S" -12"  \ong), 
shorter  than  the  slender  petiole;  scape  (7' -8' high)  several-flowered;  flowers 
on  ascending  pedicels,  not  nodding;  calyx-lobes  triangular-ovate,  acute,  short; 
petals  lanceolate-ohlong ,  acuminate,  greeni>h ;  anthers  conspicuously  mucronate  at  the 
apex,  obtusely  2-horned  (as  in  No.  3)  at  the  base,  not  inverted  ;  style  straightish, 
scarcely  exserted.  —  Wooded  hill  near  Deposit,  Delaware  Co.,  New  York,  June 
1,  1860,  C.  F.  Austin.  —  Stigma  as  in  No.  3;  the  calyx-lobes,  &c.,  diflerent,  so 
that'  it  can  hardly  be  a  monstrosity  of  that  species. 

§  2.     Stamens  regular :  style  straight,  much  narrower  than  the  expanded  depressed 
5-rayed  stigma :  petals  erect  and  conniveut. 

5.  P.  seciinda,  L.  Subcaulescent ;  leaves  ovate,  thin,  longer  than  the  peti- 
ole, .scattered,  y!'«e/^  ser/a^e;  racemes  dense  and  spike-like,  the  numerous  Small 
(green  ish-\vhite)  fowers  all  turned  to  one  side,  scarcely  nodding ;  calyx-lobes  ovate, 
very  much  shorter  than  the  oblong  oval  petals  ;  style  long^  exserted.  —  Uich  woods: 
common  eastward  and  northward.     July.  —  Scape  3'- 6' high.     (Eu.) 

Var.  pvinila  (Paine,  Cat.  PI.  Oneida  Co.)  is  a  renuukable  form,  growing 
in  high  peat-bogs  from  Otsego  Co.,  New  York,  Lake  Superior,  and  northward 
(indicated  by  Chamisso  in  Russian  America) ;  leaves  orbicular  or  broadly  oval, 
very  thin  (5"-  12  '  long) ;  scape  2'  -4'  high,  3-  8-flowered.     July,  Aug. 

6.  P.  minor,  L.  Zeui;esro«Hc/<s/(,slightlycrenulate,thickish,  mostly  longer 
than  the  margined  petiole;  raceme  spiked ;  calyx-lobes  triangular-ovate,  very 
much  shorter  than  the  nearly  globose  corolla ;  style  short  and  included.  —  Woods 
at  the  base  of  the  White  Mouutaius,  New  Hampshire,  Lake  Superior  (L.  Footi ), 


EKICACKiE.       (iII!;aTII    FAMILY.)  303 

and  northward.    July,  Aug.  —  Scape  5' -10' high.      Flowers  small,  crowded, 
white  or  rose-color.     (Eu.) 

24.     MONESES,     Salish.     One-flowkrkd  Pyuola. 

Petals  5,  widely  spreailing,  orhicular.  Filamcuts  awl-shaped,  naked  :  anthers 
as  in  Pyrola,  but  conspicuously  2-liorned.  Style  straight,  exseried :  stigma 
large,  peltate,  with  .5  narrow  and  conspicuous  radiating  lobes.  Valves  of  the 
pod  naked,  as  in  the  next  genus.  (Parts  of  the  flower  occasionally  in  four.-.) 
Scape  1-tlowercd.  Otiierwise  as  in  Pyrola  :  intermediate  between  it  and  C.'liima- 
phila.  (Name  funned  of  fxovos,  siiujle,  iind  r^ais,  deliyhl,  from  the  pretty  and 
solitary  flower.) 

I .  M.  unifldra.  (Pyrola  uniflora,  L.)  —  Deep  cold  woods,  from  Penn.  and 
New  England  nortbward.  June.  —  A  small  perennial,  with  the  rounded  and 
veiny  serrate  thin  leaves  (6" -9''  long),  clustered  at  the  ascending  apex  of  creep- 
ing subterranean  shoots;  the  1-2-bracted  scape  (2'-4'high)  bearing  a  white 
or  rose-colored  terminal  flower  G"  wide.     (Eu.) 

25.    CHIMAPHILA,    Pursh.        Pipsissewa. 

Petals  .5,  concave,  orbicular,  widely  spreading.  Stamens  10  :  filaments  en- 
larged and  hairy  in  the  middle :  anthers  as  in  Pyrola,  but  more  or  less  consi)ic- 
uously  2-horned.  Style  very  short,  inversely  conical,  nearly  immersed  in  the 
depressed  summit  of  the  globular  ovary :  stigma  broad  and  orbicular,  disk- 
shapeil,  tlie  border  .5-crcnate.  Pod,  &c.  as  in  Pyrola,  but  splitting  from  the 
apex  downwards,  the  edges  of  the  valves  not  woolly.  —  Low,  nearly  herbaceous 
plants,  with  long  running  underground  shoots,  and  evergreen  thick  and  shining 
leaves,  somewhat  whorled  or  scattered  along  the  short  ascending  stems  :  the 
fragrant  (white  or  purplish)  flowers  corymbcd  or  timbelled  on  a  terminal  pe- 
duncle. (Name  from  x^'M'"'  winter,  and  (f)i\i(t),  to  luve,  in  allusion  to  one  of  the 
popular  names,  viz.  Winti'njreAU.) 

1.  C.  umbellata,  Xntt.  (Puixce's  Pixk.  Pipsissewa.)  fxaves  wedcje- 
lanceolate,  unite  at  the  Ixisr,  sharply  serrate,  not  s/)olt(d ;  peduncles  4-7-flowered. 
—  Dry  woods  :  common.  June. — Plant  4'- 10' high,  leafy  :  petals  flesh-color : 
anthers  violet.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  macul^ta,  Pursh.  (Spotted  Wixtergreen.)  Leaves  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, obtuHu  at  the  base,  remotely  toothed,  the  vppfr  surface  variefjaled  ivith  white; 
peduncles  1  - S-flowcred. — Dry  woods:  most  common  in  the  iliddlc  States. 
June,  July.  — Plant  3'  -6'  high. 

26.     PTEROSPORA,    Nutt.        Pixe-dkops. 

Calyx  .'j-])arted.  Corolla  ovate,  .urn-shaped,  5-toothed,  jjcrsistent.  Stamens 
10:  anthers  2-cellcd,  awned  on  the  back,  opening  lengthwise.  Style  short: 
stigma  5-lobed.  I'od  glol)ose,  depressed,  5-lobed,  5-celled,  loculicidal,  but  the 
valves  cohering  with  the  columella.  Seeds  very  numerous,  ovoid,  tapering  to 
each  end,  the  apex  expan<led  into  a  broad  reticulated  wing  many  times  larger 
than  the  body  of  the  seed.  — A  stout  and  simple  purplish-brown  elami4y-pubcs- 


304  EKICACE^.       (UliATH    FAMILY.) 

cent  root-parasitic  herb  (l°-2°  high) ;  the  wand-like  stem  furnished  towards 
the  base  witii  seuttcred  laiieeohite  seales  in  place  of  leaves,  above  bearing  many 
nodding  (white)  flowers,  re>embling  those  of  Andromeda,  in  a  long  braeted  ra- 
ceme. ( Name  from  nrfpov,  a  iviinj,  and  aiiopd,  sttd,  aliuding  to  the  singular 
wing  borne  hy  tlie  seeds.) 

1.  P.  Andl'omed^a,  Nutt.  —  Hard  clay  soil,  parasitic  apparently  on  the 
roots  of  pines,  iVoni  Vermont,  I'eekskill  and  Albany,  N.  Y.,  audJSi.  reunsylvauia 
nortliwanl  and  westward  :  rare. 

27.  SCHWEINITZIA,    EII.        Sweet  Pine-sap. 

Calyx  of  5  oblong-lanceolate  acute  scale-like  sepals,  erect,  persistent.  Corolla 
persistent,  bell-shaped,  rather  fleshy,  5-lobed,  slightly  5-gibbous  at  tlie  base. 
Stamens  10 :  anthers  much  shorter  than  the  filaments,  fi.xed  near  the  summit, 
awnless  ;  the  two  sac-shaped  cells  opening  at  the  top.  Pod  ovoid.  5-celled,  with 
a  short  and  thick  style,  and  a  large  .5-angular  stigma.  Seeds  innumerable. — 
A  low  and  smooth  brownish  plant,  3' -4'  high,  with  the  aspect  of  Monotropa, 
scaly-bracted,  the  flowers  several  in  a  terminal  spike,  at  first  nodding,  flesh-color, 
exhaling  the  fragrance  of  violets.     (Named   for  the  late  L.  D.  von  Srhireini/z.) 

1.  S.  odor^ta,  Ell.  —  Woods,  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  herbs,  Maryland 
and  southward  :  rare.     April. 

28.  MONOTROPA,     L.        Indian  Pipe.     Pine-sap. 

Calyx  of  2  -  5  lanceolate  bract-like  scales,  deciduous.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  sep- 
arate erect  spatulate  or  wedge-shaped  scale-like  petals,  which  arc  gibbous  or 
saccate  at  the  base,  and  tardily  deciduous.  Stamens  8  or  10:  filaments  awl- 
shapcd :  anthers  kidney-shaped,  becoming  1-cellcd,  opening  across  the  top. 
Style  columnar :  stigma  disk-like,  4 - 5-rayed.  Pod  ovoid,  8  -  10-groovcd,  4-5- 
celled,  loculicidal :  the  very  thick  placenta;  covered  with  innumerable  minute 
seeds,  which  have  a  very  loose  coat.  — Low  and  fleshy  herbs,  tawny,  reddish,  or 
white,  parasitic  on  roots,  or  growing  on  decomposing  vegetable  matter  like  a 
Fungus;  the  clustered  stems  springing  from  a  ball  of  matted  fibrous  rootlets, 
furnished  with  scales  or  bracts  in  place  of  leaves,  1  -several-flowered;  the  flow- 
ering summit  at  first  nodding,  in  fruit  erect.  (Name  composed  of  fiovos,  one, 
and  T/joTTOf,  turn,  from  the  summit  of  the  stem  turned  to  one  side.) 
§  1.  MONOTROPA,  Nutt.  Plant  inodorous,  with  a  single  5-petaIlcd  and  \0-an- 
drous flower  at  the  summit ;  the  calyx  of  2- A  irregular  scales  or  bracts :  anthers 
transverse,  opening  In/  2  chinks :  sti/le  short  and  thick :  stigma  naked. 
1.  M.  unifldra,  L.  (Indian  Pii-e.  Corpse-Plaxt.)  Smooth,  waxy- 
white  (turning  blacki<h  in  drying,  3' -8'  high);  stigma  naked.  —  Dark  and 
rich  woods:  common.    June -Aug. 

§  2.  HYPOPITYS,  Dill.  Plant  commonlji  fragrant :  flowers  several  in  a  scaly 
raceme;  the  terminal  one  usually  ^-petalled  and  lO-androus,  ivhilc  the  rest  are  4- 
jietalled  and  8-undrous ;  the  bract-like  sepals  mostly  as  many  as  the  petals :  ant/urs 
opening  by  a  continuous  line  into  2  very  unequal  valves,  the  smaller  one  erect  and 
appearing  like  a  continuation  of  the  jUajnent.:  style  longer  than  the  ovary,  hollow. 


AQLiroLIAC.i;.       (IIOLLV    FAMILY.)  3().j 

2.  M.  Hypdpitys,  L.  (I'ink-sap.  Falsi-:  Bi;i;<  ii-i>roi'S.)  Somewluit 
pubc8wiit  or  (luwiiv,  tawny,  whitish,  or  ri-ddisli  (4'- 12' lii;j;h)  ;  ]Kj(i  ^;lol)iilar 
or  oval ;  sti{;iiui  ciliate.  —  (.)criirs  in  various  forms:  thf  more  piiljL'sccnt  is  M. 
lanuginosa,  Midix.  —  Oak  and  jiino  wood.-.:  common.     Junc-Auj^.     (Eii.) 

OuDKU  57.     CJALACi]\E.li.     (Galax  Family.) 

CharacU'r  that  of  the  lullowinj;  j^enus  ;  wliich  is  kept  as  a  distinct  order 
until  tlie  true  relationsliij)  is  asct-rtained. 

1.     GALAX,     L.        Galax. 

Calyx  of  5  small  and  scjuu-atc  sepals,  persistent.  Petals  T),  liypojrynous,  ob- 
ovate-spatulate,  rather  erect,  deciduous.  Stamens  hypojrynous :  filaments  united 
in  a  10-toothed  tube,  slightly  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  petals,  the  5  teeth 
oppcsite  the  jjctals  naked,  the  .5  alternate  ones  shorter  and  bearing  each  a  round- 
ish 1-celled  anther,  which  opens  across  the  top.  Pollen  simple.  Style  short: 
.'^tigma  .3-lol)ed.  Pod  ovoid,  3-celled,  loculicidally  3-valved  :  columella  none. 
Seeds  numerous,  the  cellular  loose  coat  tapering  to  each  end.  Embryo  straight 
in  iieshy  albumen,  more  than  half  its  length.  —  Evergreen  herb,  witli  a  thick 
matted  tuft  of  scaly  creeping  rootstocks,  beset  with  fibrous  red  roots,  sending  up 
round-heart-shaped  crenate-toothcd  and  veiny  shining  leaves  (about  2'  wide)  on 
slender  petioles,  and  a  slender  naked  scape,  \° -2°  high,  bearing  a  wand-like 
spike  or  raceme  of  small  and  ininutely-bracted  white  flowers.  (Name  from 
•yii'Xa,  milk, — of  no  conceivable  application  to  this  plant.) 

I.    G.  aphylla,  L.  —  Open  woods,  Virginia  and  southward.     June. 

OuDioR  58.    A<iUIFOLIACE.E.     (Holly  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  small  axUlary  4  -  8-merous  foicers,  a  minute  calyx 
free  from  the  4  -  8-celled  ovary  and  the  4  -  8-seeded  berry-like  drupe ;  the 
stamens  as  many  as  the  divisions  of  the  almost  or  quite  4  -  8-petalled  corolla 
and  alternate  with  them,  attached  to  their  very  base.  —  Corolla  iniLrieated 
in  the  bud.  Anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Stigmas  4-8,  or  united  into 
one,  nearly  sessile.  Seeds  suspended  and  solitary  in  each  cell,  anatrojious, 
with  a  minute  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  Leaves  simple,  mostly  alternate. 
Flowers  white  or  greenish.  —  A  small  family,  here  represente<l  by  only 
two  genera  (Prinos  being  j)laeed  under  Ilex)  ;  related  to  the  Celastraeeie, 
&e.,  among  the  Polypetalous  orders  jis  nuich  as  to  tlie  following  order. 

1.     ILEX,     L.      (Ilcx&  I'rinos.  A..)  Hoi.lv. 

Flowers  more  or  less  di(eci()nsly  polygamous.  Calyx  4-6-toothed.  Petals 
4-G,  separate,  or  united  only  at  the  base,  oval  or  olxnate,  obtuse,  s])reading. 
Stamens  4-6.  The  berry -like  dru])C  containing  4- G  little  nutlets.  —  Leaves 
alternate.  Fertile  flowers  iudint'd  to  be  .solitary,  and  the  sterile  or  partly  sterile 
flowers  to  be  clustered  in  the  axils.  (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Holly-Oak 
rather  than  of  the  Holly.) 
L  &  M— 33 


306  AQUIFOLIACKliE.       (lIOLLY    FAMILY.) 

§  1.  AQUIFOLIUM,  Tourn.  Paiis  of  the  /lower  commovlij  in  fours,  sometime* 
mJir(S  or  sixes:  dnijK  red,  its  nutlets  ribbed,  veiny,  or  one-yrooned  on  the  back: 
leaves  (mostly  smooth]  coriaceous  and  eceii/reen. 

*  Leaves  armed  with  s/iiny  teeth :  trees. 

1.  I.  op^ca,  Ait.  (Amekican  Holly.)  Leaves  oval,  flat,  the  wavy 
margins  witli  scattered  spiny  teeth ;  flowers  in  loose  clusters  along  the  base  of 
the  young  branches  and  in  the  axils;  calyx-teeth  acute.  —  Moist  woodlands, 
Maine  to  Pennsylvania,  near  the  coast,  and  more  common  from  Virginia 
.southward.  June.  —  Tree  20° -40°  high;  the  deep  green  foliage  less  glossy, 
the  berries  not  so  bright  red,  and  their  nutlets  not  so  veiny,  as  in  the  European 
Holly  (I.  AguiFOLiiTM,  L.). 

*  *  Leat^es  serrate  or  entire,  not  spiny  :  shrubs. 

2.  I.  Cassine,  Ij.  (Cassen.v.  Yaupon.)  Leares  lance-orate  or  elliptical, 
a-enatc.  (l'-  1|'  long) ;  flower-clusters  nearly  sessile,  smooth  ;  calyx-teeth  obtuse.  — • 
Virginia  and  southward  along  the  coast.  May.  —  Leaves  used  for  tea  by  the 
people  along  the  coast,  as  they  were  to  make  the  celebrated  black  drink  of  the 
North  Carolina  Inilians. 

3.  I.  myrtif61ia,  Walt.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  llnear-oblonff,  sparingly 
and  sharply  serrate  or  entire  (1'  long);  peduncles  slender  and  3- 9-tlowered,  or 
the  more  fertile  shorter  and  1-flowered,  smooth;  caly.v-teeth  acute. — Coast  of 
Virginia  and  southward.     May.  — Probably  a  var.  or  the  next. 

4.  I.  Daho6n,  Walt.  (Dahoon  Holly.)  Leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong, 
entire,  or  shur ply  serrate  towards  the  apex,  with  revolute  margins  (2' -3' long), 
the  midrib  and  peduncles  pubescent ;  calyx-teeth  acute.  —  Swamps,  coast  of  Virginia 
and  southward.     May,  June. 

§  2.  PRINOIDES.  Paris  of  the  {poly(/amous  or  dlarlons)  Jlowers  in  fours  or  Jivrs 
{rarely  In  sires) :  drape  red  or  purple,  the  millets  striute-many-rlbbed on  the  buck: 
leaves  deciduous :  shrubs. 

5.  I.  decidua,  Walt.  Leaves  iccd//e-ublong  or  lunce-obovafe,  obtusely  serrate, 
downy  on  the  midrib  beneath,  shining  above,  becoming  thickish  ;  peduncles  of  tho 
sterile  flowers  longer  than  the  petioles,  of  the  fertile  short ;  calyx-teeth  smooth, 
acute.  —  Wet  grounds,  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  .southward.     Mav. 

6.  I.  montieola,  Gray.  Leaved  ovate  or  lance-oblong,  ample  (.T- 5' long), 
taper-pointed,  thin-mcmbranaceous,  smooth,  sharply  sen-ate ;  fertile  flowers  very 
Bhort-ped uncled ;  calyx  ciliate.  (L  ambigua,  Torr.  L  montkna,  Ed.  1,  not 
Prinos  montanus,  >S'«;.)  — Damp  woods,  Taconic  and  Catskill  Mountains,  and 
Cattaraugus  Co.,  New  York  (G.  W.  Clinton),  through  Pennsylvania  (cast  to 
Nortluuuptou  Co.  Mr.  Wolle,  Prof.  T.  Green),  and  southward  along  the  Alle- 
fhanics.     May. 

7.  I.  moUiS,  Gray.  Leaves  soft  downy  benntlh,  oval,  ovate,  or  oblong,  taper- 
ijointcd  at  both  ends,  especially  at  the  ajK-x,  thin-membranaccous,  sharply  ser- 
tulatc  ;  sterile  flowers  very  numerous  in  umbel-like  clusters,  the  pedicels  shorter 
than  the  petiole  and  (with  the  calyx)  soft-downy,  the  fertile  peduncles  very 
short.  (Prinos  pubescens,  Michx.  herb.  P.  ambiguus,  Purx/t,  not  MIchx.)  — 
Burgeon's  Gap,  Alleghanies  of  Pennsylvania  (.7.  It.  Lowrie,  Porter),  and  alony 
the  mountains  in  the  Southern  States.  —  Resembles  the  last. 


EBENACEiE.       (eBONY    FAMILY.)  307 

§3.  PRINOS,  L.  Parts  of  the  sterile  flowei-s  in  fours,  fvcs,  or  sixes,  those  of  the 
fertile  Jiowi-rs  commoiili/  in  sixcs  (rarefy  injicts,  secens,  or  tiyhts)  :  nutlets  smooth 
and  tvtii :  Jiiuhs. 

*  Leaves  (Itcidiiuits:  Jlowcrs  in  sessile  clusters,  or  the  fertile  solitary :  fruit  bright  red. 

8.  I.  verticillkta,  Gray.  (Black  Aldek.  WiNTKUUEKitY.)  Leaves 
obovate,  oval,  or  wcdge-lanccolatc,  pointed,  acute  at  tlie  base,  serrate,  downy  on 
the  veins  beneath;  floweis  all  very  short-pedunded.  (Prinos  vcrtieillatiis,  L.)  — Low 
grounds  :  couiinou.     May,  June. 

9.  I.  laevigata,  Gray.  (Smooth  WiNTERBERRY.)  Leaves  lanceolate  or 
obloug-Unucolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  appressed-serrulate,  shining  above,  be- 
neath mostly  (jlahrous ;  sterile  Jiotvers  lony-peduncled.  (Prinos  la;vigatus,  Pursh.) 
—  Wet  grounds,  Maine  to  the  mountains  of  Virginia.  June.  —  Fruit  larger 
than  in  the  last,  ripening  earlier  in  the  autumn. 

*  *  Leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen,  shining  above,  of  en  black-dotted  heucatli :  fruit  black. 

10.  I.  gl^bl'a,  Gray.  (Inkheruv.)  Leaves  wedge-lanceolate  or  oblong, 
sparingly  toothed  towards  the  apex,  smooth;  peduncles  (|'  long)  of  the  sterile 
flowers  .3 - G-flowered,  of  the  fertile  1 -flowered  ;  calyx-teeth  rather  blunt.  (Pri- 
nos glaber,  L.)  —  bandy  grounds.  Cape  Ann,  Massachusetts,  to  Virginia  and 
southward  near  the  coast.     June.  —  Shrub  2°  -3°  high. 

2.     NEMOPANTHES,     Kaf.        Mountain  Hoixy. 

Flowers  polygamo-dioecious.  Calyx  in  the  sterile  flowers  of  4  -  5  minute  de- 
ciduous teeth;  in  the  fertile  ones  obsolete.  Petals  4-5,  oblong-Iinear,  spread- 
ing, distinct.  Stamens  4-5:  filaments  slender.  Drupe  with  4-5  bony  nutlets, 
light  red.  —  A  much-br.nnched  shrub,  with  ash-gray  bark,  alternate  and  oblong 
deciduous  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  entire,  or  slightly  toothed,  smooth.  Flowers 
on  long  and  slender  axillary  peduncles,  solitary,  or  sparingly  dustei-ed.  (Name 
said  by  the  author  to  mean  "  flower  with  a  filiform  peduncle,"  therefore  prob- 
ably composed  of  vrjfia,  a  thread,  ttovs.  afoot,  and  livOos,  a  flower.) 

1.  N.  Canadensis,  DC.  (Ilex  Canadensis,  Jl//f/i.r.)  — Damp  cold  woods, 
from  the  mountains  of  Virginia  to  Maine,  Wisconsin,  and  northward  :  commoa 
at  the  north.     May. 

OuDKR  59.     EBENACE.^.     (Eboxy  Family.) 

Treea  or  shrubs,  irilh  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  pnli/gamous  regular  flmo- 
ers  which  have  a  calyx  free  from  the  3-  \2-ceUed  ovary:  the  stamens  2 -i 
times  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  of}en  in  pairs  before  them,  their 
anthers  fumed  inwards,  and  the  fruit  a  several-celled  berry.  •Ovules  1  or  2, 
suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  cell.  Seeds  anatroponp,  mostly  sinfjle 
in  each  cell,  large  and  flat,  with  a  smooth  coriaceons  integument ;  the 
embryo  shorter  than  the  hard  albumen,  with  a  long  radicle  and  flat  cotyl- 
edons. Styles  wholly  or  partly  separate.  —  Wood  hard  ami  dark -colored. 
No  milky  juice.  —  A  small  family,  chiefly  tropical,  reprefe^ted  here  only 
by  the  Persimmon. 


308  safotacejE.     (sappodilla  family.) 

1.    DIOSPYROS,    L.        Date-Plum.        Persimmon. 

Calyx  4-6-lol)eil.  Corolla  4- G-lolicd,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  com- 
monly 16  in  the  sterile  flowers,  and  8  in  the  fertile,  in  the  latter  imperfect. 
Berry  larj^e,  globular,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  thickish  calyx,  4-8-ccllcd, 
4  -8-sced'.'d.  —  Flowers  diuiciously  poly<^amous,  the  fertile  axillary  and  solitary, 
the  sterile  smaller  and  often  clustered.    (Name,  Atos,  of  .love,  and  nvpni,  ijrain.) 

1.  D.  Virgini^aa,  L.  (Commo.v  Pekslmmox.)  Leaves  ovate-oblong, 
smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  peduncles  very  short ;  caly.x  4-parted ;  corolla  between 
bell-shaped  and  urn-shaped  ;  styles  4,  two-lobed  at  the  apex;  ovary  8-cclled.  — 
Woods  and  old  fields,  Rhode  Island  and  New  York  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 
June.  —  Ti-ee  20° -60°  high,  with  very  hard  blackish  wood,  thickish  leaves,  a 
pale  yellow  corolla,  and  a  plum-like  fruit,  1'  in  diameter,  which  is  exceedingly 
astringent  when  green,  yellow  when  ripe,  and  sweet  and  edible  after  exposure 
to  frost. 

Order  60.     SAPOTACEJE.     (Sappodilla  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  ivilli  a  m'dkij  juice,  simple  and  entire  alternate 
leaves  {often  rusty-downy  beneath),  srnall  and  perfect  regular  flowers  usually 
in  axillary  clusters ;  the  calyx  free  and  persistent ;  the  fertile  stamens  com- 
monly as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  hypogynous  short  corolla  and  opposite 
them,  inserted  on  its  tube,  along  with  one  or  more  rows  of  appendages  and 
scales,  or  sterile  stamens  ;  anthers  turned  outwards  ;  ovary  4-1  '2-celted,  with 
a  single  anatropous  ooule  in  each  cell ;  seeds  large.  —  Albumen  mostly  none ; 
but  the  large  embryo  with  thickened  cotyledons.  Style  .single,  pointed.  — 
A  small,  mostly  tropical  order,  producing  the  Sappodilla  or  Star-apple, 
and  some  other  edible  fruits,  represented  in  our  district  only  by  the  genua 

1.    BUMELIA,     Svvartz.        Blmelia. 

Calyx  .'5-parteil.  Corolla  S-clcft,  with  a  pair  of  internal  appendages  at  each 
sinus.  Fertile  stamens  5  :  anthers  arrow-shaped.  Sterile  stamens  5,  petal-like, 
alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  5-celled.  Fruit  small,  resem- 
bling a  cherry,  black,  centaining  a  large  ovoid  and  erect  seed,  with  a  roundish 
scar  at  its  base.  —  Flowers  small,  white,  in  fascicles  from  the  axil  of  the  leaves. 
Branches  often  spiny.  Leaves  often  fascicled  on  short  si)urs.  Wood  very  hard. 
(The  ancient  name  of  a  kind  of  Ash.) 

1.  B.  lycioides,  G;ertn.  (Southern  Buckthorn.)  Spiny  (10°  -  25° 
high);  lectves  ivnl^/e-oblony  varying  to  ovid-huuxohite,  with  a  tapering  base,  often 
acute,  reticiilateil,  imirly  gktbrous  (2' -4'  long);  clusters  deitsely  mauy-Jhwered ; 
fruit  ovoid.  —  Moist  ground,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     May,  June. 

2.  B.  Ianugin6sa,  Pers.  Spiny  (10°-40°  high);  leaves  obtong-oliovate  or 
wedye-obocate,  rusty-woolly  beneath,  ohtase  (I J' -3' long)  ;  clusfirs  6-\2-flowered ; 
fruit  globular.  (B.  lanuginosa  &  tomentosa,  A.  pC.)  —  Woods,  Illinois,  Gi)po- 
site  St.  Louis,  and  .southward,  —  a  variety  with  the  leaves  less  woolly  and  rusty 
beneath  (B.  oblongilolia,  Natt.),  passing  towards  No.  1.     July. 


STYRACACi:^-.       (STORAX    FAMILY.)  309 

ORni-.R  01.     STVKACACE.E.     (Storax  Family.) 

Shrubs  or  trees,  icith  alternate  simple  leaves  destitute  of  stipules,  and  per- 
fect ref/ular  flowers ;  the  cali/x  either  free  or  adherent,  to  the  2  -  i>-celkd 
ovary  ;  the  corolla  of  i-S  petals,  commorUi/  more  or  less  united  at  the  base  ; 
the  stamens  twice  as  manij  as  the  petals  or  more  numerous,  monadelphous  or 
poli/adel/>hous  at  the  base  ;  style  1 ;  fruit  dry  or  drupe-like,  1  - b-celled,  the  cells 
commonly  \-seeded.  —  Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo  nearly  the  length  of  the 
albumen  :  radicle  slender,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  flat  cotyledons. 
Corolla  hypogynous  when  tlie  caly.x  is  free :  the  stamens  adherent  to  ita 
base.  Ovules  2  or  more  in  each  cell.  —  A  small  family,  mostly  of  warm 
countries,  comprising  two  very  distinct  tribes,  which  arc  sometimes  sepa- 
rated as  suborders  or  orders. 

Tribe  I.  STYRACE.fl5.  C;il.vx  4-8-tnotho(l  or  entire.  Stamens  2-4  times  as  manj 
as  till'  petals  :  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  adimt*;,  introrse.  Ovules  or  part  of  tliem  asceoiliug 
—  Flowers  white,  handsome.     Pubescence  soft  auil  stellate. 

1.  Styrnx.     Calyx  coherent  only  with  the  base  of  tlie  3-celled  ovary.     Corolla  mostly  5, 

p.irted.     Fruit  1-celled,  1-seeded. 

2.  Ilalesia.     Calyx  coherent  with  the  whole  surface  of  the  2-4-celled  ovary,  which  is  2-4, 

winged  and  2-4-Cflled  in  fruit.     Corolla  4-lobed. 
Tribe  H.     SY.MPLOCINE.E.      Caly.x  5-cleft.    Stamens  usually  very  numerous:  aa 
tln-rs  sliort,  innate.     Ovul>-s  pendulous.  --  Flowt-rs  yellow.     I'ubesceuce  simple. 

3.  J^yiiiplocoti.     Caly.x  coherent.    PeUils  5,  united  merely  at  the  base. 

1.     ST"^RAX,     Tourn.        Storax. 

Calyx  truncate,  somewlmt  .o-foothi-d,  the  base  (in  our  species)  coherent  with 
the  hii.se  of  the  3-ccllcd  ma)iy-ovuled  ovary.  Corolla  5-parted  (rarely  4-8- 
parted),  larpe ;  the  lobes  mostly  soft-downy.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla :  filiiinents  tlat,  united  at  the  base  mto  a  short  tube  :  anthers 
linear,  adnatc.  Frtut  j,dobuUr,  its  ba.se  surrounded  by  the  persistent  calyx, 
1-ccllcd,  mostly  1-seeded,  dry,  often  .3-valved.  Seed  jrlobular,  erect,  with  a  hard 
coat.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  coinniouly  deciduous  leaves,  and  axillary  or 
Icafy-raccmed  white  and  showy  flowers,  on  droopini,'  peduncles  ;  produced  in 
spring.  Pubescence  scurfy  or  stellate,  (ij  Srupa^,  the  ancient  Greek  name  of 
the  tree  which  produces  stouir.) 

1.  S.  grandifdlia,  Ait.  Leaves  obovatc,  acute  or  pointed,  (c//»V^-/ompn/osc 
l>ei„-iilh  (.J'-e'  lun-)  ;  jloivtrs  mtstly'ni  eluu;i(it>'d racemes ;  corolla  (J'  long)  convo- 
luie-inil.riiatcd  in  ilic  l.ud.  — Woods,  Virginia  and  southward. 

2.  S.  pulverul6nta,  Michx.  Leaves  oval  or  obovatc  (al>out  1'  long), 
above  spaihii/li/  i>itl,ciiil<i,t.  ti„d  friirOf-lomciitoxfi  himith ;  flowers  (^  long)  \-3  to- 
gethr  in  ihe  tirlls  and  at  the  tips  of  the  branches,  fragrant.  —  Low  pine  barrens, 
Virginia  (Pins/,)  and  .^outlnyard.  —  Shrub  lO-4°  high. 

3.  S.  Americana,  Lan^  Leaves  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends  (l  -.Tlong), 
smn>.th,ortHn:lii  jni/nmlnit  l;^rath  :  fluircrt  arilhiry  or  in  3-4floitynd  rorrmes 
(^'  loii^') ;  corolla- valvate  in  the  bud.  (S.  glabrum  and  S.  lave,  £7/.)  — Mar- 
gin of  swamps,  Viiginia  and  southward.  —  Shrub  4°  -  8°  high. 


310  PLANTAGIXACE.E.       (PLANTAIN    FAMILT.) 

2.  HALESIA,     Ellis.        SNownnor  or  Silvkr-bell-Tree. 

Calyx  inversely  conical,  4-toothcd ;  the  tube  4-ribl)ed,  coherent  with  the  2-4- 
cellccl  ovary.  Petals  4,  united  at  the  base,  or  ol'tener  to  the  middle,  into  an  open 
bell-shaped  corolla,  convolute  or  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  8-16:  tila- 
iijcnts  united  into  a  riny  at  the  base,  and  usually  a  little  coherent  with  the  base 
of  the  corolla:  anthers  linear-oblonj,'.  Ovules  4  in  each  cell.  Fruit  larye  and 
dry,  2-4-winged,  within  bony  and  1-4-celled.  Seeds  single,  cylindrical. — 
Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  large  and  veiny  pointed  deciduous  leaves,  and  showy 
white  Howers,  drooping  on  slender  pedicels,  in  clusters  or  short  racemes,  from 
axillary  buds  of  the  preceding  year.  Pubescence  partly  stellate.  (Named  for 
Step/im  Hales,  author  of  Vegetable  Statics,  &c.) 

1.  H.  tetl'^ptera,  L.  Leaves  oblong-ovate  ;  fruit  4-wingcd.  —  Banks  of 
streams,  upper  jiart  of  Virginia,  also  on  the  Ohio  Kiver  at  Evansville  (S/iort), 
and  southward.     Fruit  I^'  long. 

3.  SYMPLOCOS,    Jacq.     (HOPEA,  L.)        Sweet-Leaf. 

Calyx  5-clcft,  the  tube  coherent  Avith  the  lower  part  of  the  3-cclled  ovary. 
Petals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  lightly  ui.Jted  at  the  base.  Stamens  very  nu- 
merous, in  5  clusters,  one  cohering  with  the  base  of  each  petal :  filaments  slen- 
der :  anthers  very  short.     Fruit  drupe-like  or  dry,  mostly  1-cellcd  and  1 -seeded. 

—  Shrubs  or  small  trees ,  the  leaves  commonly  turning  yellowish  in  drying, 
and  furnishing  a  yellow  dye.  Flowers  in  axillary  clusters  or  racemes,  yellow. 
(Name  avfnrXoKos,  connected,  from  the  union  of  the  stamens.) 

1.  S.  tinctdria,  L'Hcr.  (Horse-Scgar,  &c.)  Leaves  elongated-oblong, 
acute,  obscurely  tootheil,  thickish,  almost  persistent,  minutely  pubescent  and 
pale  beneath  (.3' -5'  long) ;  flowers  6-  14,  in  close  and  bracted  clusters,  odorous. 

—  Rich  ground,  Virginia  and  southward.  April. — Leaves  sweet,  greedily 
eaten  by  cattle. 

Order  fi2.    PLANTAGINACE^.     (Plantain  Family.) 

CJiiefli/  stemlex.t  herb.'i,  irith  rrr/ulnr  A-mrrnu;^  spiked  ftotcers,  the  stamens 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  dry  and  memhranaceous  veinless  monopetalous 
corolla,  alternate  with  its  tnhrs  ;  —  chiefly  represented  by  the  genus 

1.     PLANTAGO,     L.        Plantain.     Ribgra.ss. 

Calyx  of  4  imbricated  persistent  sepals,  mostly  with  dry  membranaceous  mar- 
gins. Corolla  salver-form,  withering  on  the  pod,  the  border  4-parted.  Stamens 
4,  or  rarely  2.  in  all  or  some  flowers  with  long  and  weak  exserted  filaments,  and 
fiVracions  2-celled  anthers.  Ovary  2-  (or  in  No.  .5  falsely  3-4-)  celled,  with  1  - 
several  ovules  in  each  cell.  Stvlc  and  long  hairy  stigma  single,  filiform.  Pod 
2-celled,  2 -several-seeded,  opening  all  round  by  a  transverse  line,  so  that  tho 
top  fills  offlike  a  lid,  and  the  loose  partition  (whi(4i  boars  the  peltate  seeds)  falls 
away.  Embryo  strnight,  in  fleshy  albumen.  — Leaves  ribbeil.  Flowers  whitish, 
small,  in  a  bracted  spike  or  head,  raised  on  a  naked  scape.     (The  Latin  name.) 


PLANTAGINACK/E.       (PI.ANTAIN    FAMILY.}  311 

§  1.  Flowers  all  perfect  and  alike,  and  with  the  4  stamens  and  fiiform  stigma  much 
erserted,  but  diriwijumotts,  i.  e.  with  the  stiijma  cxsertnl  from  the  tip  of  tin-  corolla  a 
duji  or  so  before  it  expands  and  the  anthers  are  hun;/  out  (an  arrangement  for  crosr- 
fertilization)  :  tobts  of  the  corolla  spreading  or  rejlexed  after  Jiowering. 

*  Leaves  5  -  1-ribbid,  mostli/  broad :  spike  long  and  slcmler,  smooth :  seeds  not  concave 

on  the  inner  face:  root  perennial,  or  perhaps  annual  in  No.  2  and  3. 

1.  P.  M.Vjon,  L.  (Common  Plantaix.)  Smooth  or  ratlmr  hairy,  rarely 
rounhi.sli ;  leaves  ovate,  obloii},^  oval,  or  sliijhtly  heart-shaped,  often  toothed, 
abruptly  narrowed  into  a  ehainielled  petiole;  spike  dense;  }X)d  7 -16-seedcd. — 
Moist  {^rounds,  everywhere  near  dwellings.  June  -  Sept.  —  A  small  and  rougher 
form  in  salt  marsiies.     (Nat.  from  Eu.,  but  probably  indigenous  high  north.) 

2.  P.  KamtscuAt'ca,  Cham.  Much  resembles  small  forms  of  the  preced- 
ing; but  sepals  and  bract  narrower,  and  pod  4-seeded.  (P.  Kugelii,  Uecaisne.) 
—  Buttalo,  N.  Y.,  Mr.  Dag,  and  sparingly  in  the  south.     (Apparently  adv.) 

3.  P.  sparsiflbra,  Michx.  Slender  (3' -18'  high),  smoothish  or  hairy; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  vlilong,  3  -  5-ncrvcd,  tapering  to  both  ends,  denticulate  or  entire  ; 
spike  spitrsilg-Jluirercd,  very  slender;  lobes  of  the  corolla  acute;  pod  2-seedeJ. — 
Mound  City,  Illinois  (Dr.  Vaseg),  and  southward.     July -Sept. 

4.  P.  COrdata,  Lam.  Tall,  glabrous;  leaves  heart-shaped  or  ronnd-ovate 
(3'  -  8'  long),  long-pctioled,  the  ribs  rising  from  the  midrib ;  spike  at  length  loosely 
flowered ;  bracts  round-ovate,  flfshy ;  pod  2  -  4-seeded.  —  Along  rivulets,  New  York 
to  Wisconsin  (rare),  and  southward.     April -June. 

*  ♦  Leaves  linear,  thick  and  flesliy,  ivithout  I'ibs,  or  when  dry  obscurely  3-nerved:  spike 

slender:  tube,  of  the  corolla  hairy  below:  seeds  not  hollowed. 

5.  P.  maritima,  L.,  var.  juncoides.  Smooth,  or  the  scape  slightly  pu- 
bescent; leaves  flat  or  tlnttisii  anil  eliaiinelled,,  erect,  nearly  as  long  as  the  scape 
(5'- 12'),  mostly  entire;  pud  2-eelled  or  iiu.omi)leteiy  3 -4-cel  led,  2 -4-seeded  ; 
root  on  our  coast  annual  or  liiennial.  (P.  juncoides,  Litm.)  —  Salt  marshes,  from 
New  Jer.'-ey  northward.  Near  Boston  a  dejjauperate  form,  2' -5' high,  littlo 
fleshy,  grows  in  sand  beyond  the  influence  of  salt  water  (D.  Murray).  The  per- 
ennial P.  maritima  occurs  in  New  Brunswick,  &c.,  perhaps  in  Maine. 

*  »  «  Leaves  3-5-riblKd,  narrow:  spike  thick  arid  dense,  at  first  or  throughout  very 

short:  two  of  the  scarious  sepals  generally  united  into  one:  seeds  only  2,  hollowed 
on  the  inner  face. 

6.  P.  lanceolXta,  L.  (RincRASs.  Rii-plegrass.  English  Plantain.) 
Mostly  hairy ;  scape  groovcd-angled,  at  length  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate 
or  lance-oblong  leaves,  slender  (9' -2°  high);  root  perennial.  —  Dry  fields: 
common  eastward.     (Nat.  from  En.) 

§  2.  Flowers  of  two  .<>orts  on  dislinrt  plants,  apparently  polygamo-dimions  ;  the  mostly 
sterile  with  thf  tismd  large  anthers  on  long  rnpillari/ flanifnts,  and  the  lolxs  of  the 
corolla  refi'xedor  spreading  ;  the  truly  fitilc  with  minute  anthers  on  short  imlmlid 
filaments,  and  the  corolla  usually  closing  periuanmlli/  oinr  the  apex  of  the  fruit : 
seeds  not  hollou-e<l  on  the  fare:  small  annuals  or  biennials. 
*  Stamens  4  :  spike  dens(^ 

7.  P.  Virginica,  L.  Hairy  or  honry-jmbescent  (2'-9' high);  leaves  ob- 
long,  varying   to  obovate  and   spatulate-lanccolatc,  3 -5-ncrvcd,   sligiitly   or 


312  rLUMBAGiNACi:^'..     (lkadwokt  family.) 

coarsely  and  sparingly   tootlied ;    seeds   usually  2.  —  Sandy  grounds,   Uhode 
Island  to  Illinois  and  southward.     May -Sept. 

*  *  Stamens  onli/  2  :  Imres  narrowli/  linear  or  thread-shaped,  bareli/  \-ribbcd:  spike 
invsllji  sleiidfr,  of  few  or  inanif  croivdiu  or  sailtered  small  Jlotrers. 
8.  P.  pusilla,  Nutt.     Minutely  pubescent  (1'- 4' higii) ;  leaves  entire  ;  pod 
short-ovoid,  4-se(did,  little  exceeding  the  calyx  and  bract.  —  Dry  hills,  New  York 
to  Illinois,  and  southward.     April- Aug. 

0.  P.  heterophylla,  Nutt.  Leaves  rather  fleshy,  acute,  entire,  or  some 
of  them  helow  2-4-lobed  or  toothed;  pod  olilnmj-ronoidal,  ]0-'28-seeded,  nearly 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  and  bract.  ( P.  pusilla,  Dtcaisne,  in  DC.)  —  Low  or 
sandy  grounds,  from  Philadelphia  southward.  April -June.  —  Plant  2' -8' 
high. 

§  3.  Flowers  all  rotiimonli/  firtik,  but  of  2  sorts  on  diffi-rent  plants;  the  more  common 
mth.veri)  small  anthers  on  short  filaments  (perhaps  early  and  close-frtilized) ;  oth- 
ers with  large  anthers  on  lomj-erserted  f  laments :  corolla  with  broad  round  lobes 
permaneiilli/  iridehj  spreadinij :  seeds  2  (one  in  each  cell),  boat-shaped,  deeply  hol- 
lowed on  the  face:  uwslltf  annuals,  with  narrow  and  ivoolly  or  hairy  leaves. 
10.    P.  Patagonica,  Jacq.     Silky-woolly,  or  becoming  naked;  leaves  1- 
3-nervcd  ;  spike  (vlindrirai  or  oblong,  dense;  sepals  very  obtuse,  scarious,  with 
a  thick  centre.     (Fuund  tln-ough  almost  the  whole  length  of  America.) 

Var.  gnaphalioides,  Gray.  White  with  silky  wool ;  leaves  varying  from 
oblong-linear  to  filiform;  spike  very  dense  (5'  4' long),  woolly;  bracts  noi 
exceeding  the  calyx.  (P.  Lagopus,  Piirsh.  P.  gnaphalioides,  AV/.) — Dry 
plains,  W.Wisconsin  and  southwestward.  —  Runs  through  var.  spinulosa  and 
var.  NiiDA  mto 

Var.  arist^ta,  Gray.  Loosely  hairy  and  green,  or  becoming  glabrous  ; 
bracts  awned,  2-3  times  the  lengtl^of  the  flowers.  (P.  aristata,  Michx.,  &c.)  — 
Llinois  and  southwestward. 

Order  G3.     PLUMB AGINAcE.*:.     (Lead wort  Family.) 

Maritime  herhs,  icith  regular  b-merous  flowers.,  a  plaited  calyx.,  the  5  sta- 
mens opposite  the  separate  petals  or  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  the  free  ovary 
one-celled,  with  a  solitary  ovule  hanr/ing  from  a  long  cord  irhich  rises  from 
the  base  of  the  cell.  —  The  Statice/E  or  Marsu-Rosemary  Tribe  only 
is  repnisentcd  in  our  region,  in  gardens  by  the  Thrift  (Arm'eria  vul- 
garis), on  the  coast  by  a  single  species  of 

1.  STATICE,     Tourn.        Sea-Lavender.     Marsh-Rosemary. 

Flowers  scattered  or  loosely  spiked  and  1 -sided  on  the  branches,  2-3-bractcd. 
Calyx  funnel-form,  dry  and  membranaceous,  persistent.  Corolla  of  5  nearly  or 
quite  distinct  petals,  with  long  claws,  the  5  stamens  severally  attached  to  their 
bases.  Styles  5,  rarely  3,  separate.  Fruit  membranous  and  indehiscent,  1 -seeded, 
in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx*.  Embryo  straight,  iii  mealy  Jilbumen.  —  Seaside 
perennials,  with  thick  and  stalked  radical  leaves;  the  naked  flowering  stems  or 


PRIMULACE^.   (rRIMROSE  FAMILY.)  313 

scapes  bmnchcd  into  panicles.  (SrariKij,  an  ancient  name  given  to  this  or  somo 
other  herb,  on  account  of  its  astringency.) 

1.  S.  Lim6nium,  Ij.  Leaves  oblong,  spntuiate,  or  obovatelanceolatc,  l- 
riblicd,  tipiied  with  a  deciduous  bristly  point,  ])etioled;  scape  inueh-hnmehed, 
corynibose-panicled  (l°-a°  high);  spikelets  I  -  3-llo\vered  ;  caly.x-tuhe  hairy  on 
the  angles,  the  lobes  ovate-triangular,  with  as  many  teeth  in  the  sinuses.  — 
Root  thick  and  woody,  very  astringent.     Flowers  lavender-color,     (lai.) 

Var.  Caroliui^na  (S.  Caroliniana,  Walt.,  &.C.),  the  plant  of  the  Northcra 
States,  has  a  hollow  scape,  more  erect  branches,  at  length  scattered  Howers,  and 
sharper  caly.\-lobcs.  —  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast,  extending  northward  ( whero 
it  passes  into  S.  Bahusiensis,  Fries).     Aug.,  Sept.     (Eu.) 

Order  G4.     PRII?IUL.ACE.E.     (Primrose  Family.) 

Herbs,  u-ith  sunple  leaees,  and  regular  pei-fect  Jloivers,  the  stamens  as  many 
as  the  lubes  of  the  monapelalous  (rarely  polyjietalous)  corolla  and  inserted 
opposite  them,  a  l-celled  ovary  with  a  central  free  placenta  rising  from  the 
base,  bearing  several  or  many  seeds.  —  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  or  in 
Sainolus  partly  coherent.  (Corolla  none  in  Glaux.)  Stamens  4  or  5, 
rarely  6  or  8.  Style  and  .stigma  one.  Seeds  with  a  small  embryo  in  fleshy- 
albumen,  ampbitropous  and  fixed  by  the  middle,  except  in  Tribe  4. 
Tribe  I.  PRIMULEiE.  Pod  free  from  the  calyx,  opening  by  valves  or  teeth. 
*  Stemless :  leaves  all  in  a  cluster  from  the  root. 

1.  Primula.     Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-shaped,  open  at  the  throat.     Stamens  included. 

2.  Aiidrosnce.     Corolla  short,  very  small,  constricted  at  the  throat.     Stamens  included. 

3.  Dodecathcoii.     Corolla  reflexcd,  5-parted.     Stamens  exserted  :  filaments  united. 

*  •  Stems  leafy :  corolla  wheel-shaped  (or  in  Glaux  none). 

4.  Trientalis.     Corolla  mostly  '-parted.     Stem  leafy  only  at  the  summit. 

5.  I^ysimncliia.     Corolla  5    6-parted  or  5-6-i)etalled.     Stems  leafy  throughout, 

6.  Glaiix.     Corolla  none  :  the  calyx  petal-like. 

Tribe  II.     ANAGALLIDE^.     Pod  circumcissile.     Otherwise  as  in  Tribe  L 

7.  AiiR{;alIia.     Corolla  lonper  than  the  calyx,  5-parted.     Leaves  opposite. 

8.  Cciitiiiiculus.     Corolla  shorter  thau  the  calyx,  4- deleft.     Leaves  alternate. 
Tribe  III.     SA  MOIjF.JE.      Poil  partly  adherent  to  the  caly^c,  opening  by  valves. 

9.  ^amolus.     Corolla  tiell-shaped  and  with  5  sterile  filaments  in  the  sinuses. 

Tribe  IV.     IiOTTOiVIE.E.    Pod  as  in  Tribe  L    Seeds  fixed  by  the  base,  anatropous. 
(0.  Ilottoiiia.     Corolla  salvcr-shiiped.     Immersed  leaves  pcctinately  dissected. 

1.     PRIMULA,     L.         rniMROSE.     Cowslip. 

Calyx  tubular,  angled,  ."i-cleft.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  enlarging  above  the 
Insertion  of  the  stamens;  the  5  lohcs  often  notched  or  inversely  hciirt-shaiK-d. 
Stamens  .5,  included.  Tod  many-seeded,  sjilitting  at  the  top  into  !i  valves  or  10 
teeth.  —  Low  perennial  lierhs,  producing  a  tuft  of  veiny  leaves  at  the  root,  and 
simple  scapes,  bearing  the  flowers  in  an  umlwl.  (Name  a  diminutive  of /wimus, 
from  the  flowerinir  of  the  true  Primrose  in  early  s])rifig.) 

1.  P.  farin6sa,  L.  (limn's-KVK  Pkimhose.)  Leaves  elliptical  or  obo- 
vatc-lan<xolatc,  llie  lower  surface  and  the  3-20-flowered  involucre,  <Jx.  covered  with 
G  M-U 


314  PRIMULACE^.       (primrose    FAMILY.) 

a  while  mealiness:  corolla  pale  lilac  with  a  yellow  eye.  —  Shores  of  Lakes  St. 
Clair  and  Huron ;  also  Mount  Kineo,  Maine  {A.  H.  Smith),  and  northward. 
June,  July.  —  Sciipc  3' -10'  lii;.^h.     (Eu.) 

2.  P,  Mistassinica,  jNIichx.  Leaves  spatulatc  or  wedge-oblong,  thin  and 
veiny,  not  mealy;  involucre  1-8-flowcred;  lobes  of  the  flesh-colored  corolla 
broadly  and  deeply  obeordate.  —  Shores  of  the  Upper  Lakes :  also  Crooked  Lake 
(Utirtirell)  and  Annsville,  Oneida  County,  New  York  (Knicskern  and  Vasey), 
Wilioughby  Mountain,  Vermont  (Wood,  Sfc),  and  northward.  May. — A 
pretty  species,  2' -6'  high.     (Eu.) 

2.    ANDROSACE,    Tourn.        Androsace. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  the  tube  short.  Corolla  salver-shaped  or  funnel-form ;  the  tube 
shorter  than  the  calyx,  contracted  at  the  throHt;  the  limb  5-parted.  Stamens 
and  style  included.  Tod  5-valved.  —  Small  herbs,  with  clustered  root-leaves, 
and  very  small  solitary  or  unibellcd  flowers.  (An  ancient  and  obscure  name, 
thought  by  Linnaeus  to  be  formed  of  at8poy,  of  man,  and  o-fiKOf,  a  shield.) 

1.  A.  OCCidentalis,  Pursh.  Smoothish  annual;  scapes  diff'use  (2' -4' 
high),  many-flowered  ;  leaves  and  leaflets  of  the  involucre  oblong-ovate,  entire, 
sessile ;  calyx-lobes  leafy,  triangular-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  (white)  corolla. 
—  Bare  hills  on  the  Mississippi,  Illinois,  and  northwestward. 

3.  DODECATHEON,     L.        American  Cowslip. 

Calyx  deeply  .'i-cleft ;  the  divisions  lanceolate,  reflexed.  Corolla  with  a  very 
short  tube,  a  thickened  throat,  and  a  .5-partcd  reflexed  limb ;  the  divisions  long 
and  narrow.  Filaments  short,  monadelphous  at  the  base :  anthers  long  and 
linear,  approximate  in  a  slender  cone. — Perennial  smooth  herb,  with  fibrous 
roots,  a  cluster  of  oblong  or  spatulate  leaves,  and  a  simple  naked  scape,  involu- 
cratc  with  small  bracts  at  the  summit,  bearing  an  ample  umbel  of  showy  flowers, 
nodding  on  slender  peduncles.  Corolla  rose-color,  or  sometimes  white.  (Name 
fancifully  assumed  from  ScoSfKu,  twelve,  and  6eoi,  gods.) 

1 .  D.  Me^dia,  L.  —  Kich  woods,  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland  to  Wiscon- 
sin, and  southwcstward.  May,  June.  —  Very  handsome  in  cultivation.  In  the 
West  called  Siiooting-Star. 

4.  TRIENTALIS,    L.     Ciiickweed-Wintekgreen. 

Calyx  mostly  7-parted;  the  divisions  linear-lanceolate,  pointed.  Corolla 
mostly  7-parted,  spreading,  flat,  without  any  tube.  Filaments  slender,  united  in 
a  ring  at  the  base  :  anthers  oblong,  rcvolutc  after  flowering.  Pod  fcw-sccdcd.  — 
Low  and  smooth  perennials,  with  simple  erect  stems,  bearing  a  few  alternate 
usually  minute  and  scale-like  leaves  below,  and  a  whorl  of  thin  veiny  leaves  at 
the  summit.  Peduncles  one  or  more,  very  slender,  bearing  a  delicate  white  and 
star  shaped  flower.  (A  Latin  name,  meaning  the  third  part  of  a  foot,  alluding 
to  the  heijrht  of  the  plant.) 

1.  T.  Americana,  Pursh.  (Star-flower.)  Leaves  elongated-lanceo- 
late, tapering  to  both  ends ;  petals  fiiiely  pointed.  —  Damp  cold  woods  :  common 
northward,  and  southward  in  the  mountains.     May. 


•  PRIMULACK^.       (primrose    FAMILY.)  315 

6.     LYSIMACHIA,     Tourn.         Looskstrife. 

Calyx  5- (nurly  C-7-)  juirtcd.  Corolla  wlieel-sliapcd,  5-  (or  6-7-)  parted, 
or  even  of  as  many  separate  petals.  Stamens  as  many.  I'od  globose,  .5-10- 
valvcd,  few  -  many-seeded. — Leafy-stemmed  perennials,  with  mo.stly  yellow 
flowers,  either  axillary  or  in  a  terminal  raeeme.  (Named  in  honor  of  King 
Lysimac/tun,  or  from  Xvcris,  a  rdaisefiom,  fidx']^  ulrl/e.) 

§  1.  NAUMBCRGIA,  Moeneh.  Daves  opjwslte,  sessile,  minutelij glandulnr-dotled : 
jvirts  oflhefloutr  not  ranlij  6,  sometimes  7 ;  the  narrow  petals  a/most  or  f/iiitc 
distinct,  and  with  an  interposed  small  tooth,  spriukkd  with  purplish  dots:  jilamcnts 
slender,  distinct,  equal :  anthers  short :  pod  few-seeded. 

1.  L.  thyrsiflbra,  L.  (Tufted  Loosestrife.)  Smooth;  stem  .simple 
(l°-2°  hij:li)  ;  lower  leaves  redueed  to  scales,  the  rest  lanceolate,  the  axils  of 
one  or  two  pair.s.  of  the  middle  ones  hearing  a  short-jjcduncled  head-like  or  sjjike- 
likc  elnster  of  light  yellow  small  flowers;  divisions  of  the  eorolhi  lance-linear. 
(Xaumhurgia  thyrsiflora,  luichenb.,  and  Ed.  2.)  — Cold  wet  swamjjs,  from  Tenn. 
northward.     June,  July.     (Kn.) 

§  2.  TRIDYNLV,  Kaf  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  sessile,  dotted:  calyx  and 
golden-i/ellow  corolla  streaked  trith  dark  lines :  Jilaments  mosllij  nnerjual,  jilainli/ 
monadclphous  at  the  base,  tcilh  no  interposed  sterile  ones :  anthers  short :  poil  5- 
Vdlvcd,  riprnimi  onli/  2  -  .5  sn-ds. 

2.  L.  Stricta,  Alt.  Smootii,  at  length  branched,  very  leafy;  leaves  opiiosite. 
or  rarely  alternate,  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end ;  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  in 
a  lonrj  raceme  (,')'-  12'),  which  is  leafy  at  the  base;  or,  in  var.  producta,  leafy 
for  fully  half  its  length  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  lance-oblong.  —  Low  grounds  :  com- 
mon. June -Aug. —  Stems  l^-l^  high,  often  bearing  oblong  or  monihform 
bulbiets  in  tlie  axils. 

3.  L.  quadrifolia,  L.  Somewhat  hairy;  stem  simple  (l°-2°  high); 
leaves  ivhorkd  in  lours  or  flves  (rarely  in  threes  or  sixes)  ovate-lanceolate;  flow- 
ers on  long  capillary  peduncles  y/o/«  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  lobes  of  the  corolla 
ovate-oblong.  —  Moist  or  sandy  soil :  common.  June.  —  A  variety  has  the 
leaves  varying  to  opposite  and  partly  alternate,  some  of  the  upper  reducL'd  to 
bracts  shorter  than  tlie  peduncles.     Near  New  York,  Washington,  &c. 

§  3.  STEIRONEMA,  Raf.  Leaves  opposite,  no!  doited,  (jltdiroiis,  mostlij  dilate  at 
the  base :  flowers  noddinij  on  slender  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves : 
corolla  light  yellow,  not  streaked  nor  dotted ;  the  lol>es  broadly  ovate,  fm'nted,  trith 
undulate  or  denticulate  margins,  little  exceeding  the  sepals:  flJamenls  nearly  equal, 
scarcely  momulclphous,  with  the  rudiments  of  a  sterile  set  interpnsid  at  the  bnsi'  in 
the  form  of  slender  teeth  or  processes:  anthers  linear,  at  length  curved:  pod  '>  -  10- 
valred,  or  bursting  irregularly,  1 0  -  20-sefded. 

4.  L.  Ciliilta,  L.  Stem  erect  (20-.'}0  high);  leaves  lanceolate-ovate  (.T-f.' 
.ong),  tapering  to  an  acute  point,  rnu»ded  or  heartsha/^d  at  the  base,  all  on  long 
iind  fringed  petioles;  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Low  ground  and  thickets: 
common.     July. 

5  L.  radlcans,  Hook.  .S>m  «/«)rfrr,  .<;oon  J7v//wrf,  the  elongated  branches 
jften  rooting  in  the  muil ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  rounded  at  Uie  base,  on  sltn- 


316  rniMULACK.E.       (primrose  FAMILY.)- 

der  petioirs :  corolla  about  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Swampy  river-banks,  West 
Yirjriiiia  [Aik'm)  and  southward.  —  Leaves  and  flowers  nearly  one  halt'  smaller 
thnii  ill  the  last. 

0.  L.  lanceolata,  Walt.  Stem  erect  (W - 20' \ni;\\)  ;  leaves  lancfohite,  va- 
ryiiKj  to  ulilonij  mid  to  linear,  nariowid  into  a  short  man/ined ]>etiole  or  tapering  base, 
or  the  lowest  short  and  broad  on  long  petioles.  —  Var.  iiybuida  is  merely  the 
broader-leaved  form.  Var.  angi'stifolia  (L.  angustifolia,  Dim.)  is  a  slender 
branching  form,  with  the  ujiper  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear,  and  acute 
at  both  ends.  —  Low  grounds  :  not  uncommon,  especially  westward  and  south- 
ward.    June -Aug. 

7.  L.  longifblia,  Pursh.  6"'to«<'r«-/,4-angled,  slender  (l°-3° high),  often 
branched  below;  stem-leaves  sessile,  tutrrotili/  linear,  elonijated  (2' -4'  long,  2" -3" 
wide),  smooth  and  shining,  rather  rigid,  obtuse,  the  margins  often  a  little  revo- 
lute,  the  veins  obscure;  the  lowest  oblong  or  spatulate  ;  corolla  (8" -9"  broad) 
longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lobes  conspicuously  pointed.  (L.  rcvoliita,  Nntt.)  — 
Moist  soil,  Western  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin  and  Illinois. 
July-  Sept. 

§  4.  Introduced  European  species  of  true  Lysimachia. 

8.  L.  nummcl.Vria,  L.  (Monevwout.)  Smooth;  stems  trailing  and 
creeping;  leaves  roundish,  small,  short-petiolwl ;  peduncles  axillary,  1 -flowered  ; 
divisions  of  the  corolla  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  lance-ovate  ealyx- 
lol)es  and  the  stamens;  filaments  slightly  monadelphous  at  the  base.  —  Escaped 
from  gardens  into  damp  ground  in  some  places.     July -Sept. 

6.     GLAUX,    L.        SiiA-MiLKwoRT. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  ovate,  petiil-like.  Corolla  wanting.  Sta- 
mens ."),  on  the  base  of  the  calyx,  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Pod  ."i-valved,  few- 
seeded. —  A  low  and  leafy  fleshy  perennial,  with  opposite  oblong  and  entire  ses- 
sile leaves,  and  solitary  nearly  sessile  (purplish  and  white)  flowers  in  their  axils. 
(An  ancient  (ircck  name,  from  yXavKos,  sea-(jreen.) 

1.  G.  mai'itima,  L.  —  Sea -shore  of  New  England  from  Cape  Cod  north- 
ward.    Also  beyond  the  Mississippi  northwestward.     June.     (Eu.) 

7.     ANAGALLIS,     Tourn.        Pimpekxel. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  with  almost  no  tube,  .5-parted,  longer 
than  the  caly.x ;  the  divisions  broad.  Stamens  b :  filaments  bearded.  Pod 
membranaceous,  circumcissile,  the  top  falling  off"  like  a  lid,  many-seeded.  —  Low, 
spreading  or  ])rocumbent  herbs,  mostly  annuals,  with  opposite  or  whorled  entire 
leaves,  and  solitary  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  (The  ancient  Greek  name, 
probably  from  di'ii,  ar/ain,  and  ayiiXXw,  to  dili(//it  in.) 

1.  A.  AiiVKNSis,  L.  (Common  PiMricRxici,.)  Leaves  ovate,  sessile,  shorter 
than  the  peduncles  ;  petals  obovate.  obtuse,  fringed  with  miiiute  teeth  or  stalked 
glands.  —  Waste  sandy  fields.  June-  Aug.  —  Flowers  variable  in  size,  scarlet, 
sometimes  purple,  blue,  or  white,  quickly  closing  at  the  approach  of  bad 
weather;  whence  the  ICnglish  popular  name  of  "Poor  Man's  Weatlier-ijluss." 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 


LENTIBULACi;^..       (iJLADDKRWORT    FAMILY.)  317 

8.    CENTUNCULUS,    L.        Cuaffweed. 

Calyx  4-5-partcd.  Corolla  shorter  than  the  ealyx,  4-5-cleft,  wheel-shaped, 
with  an  urn-shaped  short  ttilie,  usually  withering  on  the  sununit  of  the  pod 
(whieh  is  like  that  of  Aiiagallis).  Stamens  4  or  5:  lilaiiients  beardless. — 
Small  annuals,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  solitary  inconspieuous  flowers 
in  their  axils.     (Derivation  obscure.) 

1 .  C.  minimus,  L.  Stems  aseending  (2'  -  5'  long) ;  leaves  ovate,  obovatc, 
or  spatulate-oblong;  flowers  nearly  sessile,  the  parts  mostly  in  fours.  (C.  lan- 
ccolatus,  Miclix.)  — Low  grounds,  Illinois  and  southward.     (1-u.) 

9.     SAMOLUS,     L.        Water  Pimpernel.     Brook-weed. 

Calyx  o-eleft ;  the  tube  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Corolla  somewhat 
bell  shaped,  .'j-eleft,  commonly  with  5  sterile  filaments  in  the  sinuses.  True 
stamens  5,  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  included.  Pod  5-valved  at  the  summit, 
many-seeded.  —  Smooth  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  small  white 
flowers  in  racemes.     ("  According  to  Pliny,  an  ancient  Druidical  name.") 

1.  S.  Valerindi,  L.  Stem  erect  (6'- 12' high),  leafy  ;  leaves  obovate; 
bracts  none ;  bractlcts  on  the  middle  of  the  slender  aseending  pedicels ;  calyx- 
lobes  ovate,  shorter  than  the  corolla.     (Eu.) 

Var.  Americ^nus,  Gray.  More  slender,  becoming  diffusely  branched; 
racemes  often  panidcd,  the  pedicels  longer  and  spreading  ;  bractlets,  flowers, 
and  pods  smaller.  (S.  floribiindus,  //.  li.  A'.)  —  Wet  places  :  common.  June- 
Sept. 

10.    HOTTONIA,    L.        Featiiekfoil.     Water  Violet. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  linear.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  with  a  short 
tube;  the  limb  5-parted.  Stamens  5,  included.  Pod  many-seeded,  5-valved; 
the  valves  cohering  at  the  base  and  summit.  Seeds  attached  bv  their  b;ise, 
anatropous.  —  Aquatic  perennials,  with  the  immersed  leaves  pectinate,  and  the 
erect  hollow  flower-stems  almost  leafless.  Flowers  white  or  whitish,  whorlcd  at 
the  joints,  forming  a  sort  of  interrupted  raceme.  (Named  for  Prof.  Ilollun,  a 
botanist  of  Leyden,  in  the  17th  century.) 

1.  H,  infl^ta,  Ell.  Leaves  dis.seetcd  into  thread-like  divisions,  scattered 
on  the  floating  and  rooting  stems,  and  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  duster  of  pe- 
duncles, which  are  strongly  inflated  between  the  joints  (odffu  as  thick  as  one's 
finger)  ;  pedicels  short.  —  Pools  and  ditches,  New  England  to  Kentucky,  and 
southward.     June  -  Aug. 

Order  G5.     LENTIBIIL.4CE.£.     (BLADni-uwoRT  Fa.mily.) 

Small  herbs  (fjroirhif/  in  water  or  wcl  places),  wilh  n  2-lij>pe(l  cali/x,  ami  a 
2-lipped  personate  corolla,  2  stamens  tcilk  (con/luentli/)  one-celled  anthers, 
and  a  one-celled  ovary  with  a  free  central  placenta,  hearing  several  anatro- 
pous seeds,  wilh  a  thick  straiijht  endirf/o,  and  no  albumen.  —  Corolla  <leenly 
2-lipped,  spurred  at  the  base  in  front ;  the  palate  visually  beai-ded.    Ovary 


318  LENTIBULACE^,       (bLADDKUWORT    FAMILY.) 

free :  style  very  short  or  none :  stigma  1  -  2-lipped,  the  lower  lip  larger 
and  with  a  prominent  palate.  Tod  often  bui-sting  irregularly.  Scapes 
1 -few-flowered. —  Consists  mostly  of  the  two  following  genera:  — 

1.     UTRICULARIA,    L.        Bladdekwort. 

Lips  of  tlic  2-])artcd  calyx  entire,  or  nearly  so.  Corolla  personate,  the  p.alate 
on  the  lower  11])  projectin},^  often  closing:  the  throat.  Anthers  eonvcri^ent. — 
Aquatic  and  ininicrsed,  with  capillary  di.ssectcd  leaves  bearing  little  bladders, 
which  are  filled  with  air  and  float  the  plant  at  the  time  of  flowering;  or  rooting 
in  the  mud,  and  sometimes  with  few  or  no  leaves  or  bladders.  Scapes  1  -  few- 
flowered  ;  usually  flowering  all  summer.    (Name  from  iitriculus,  a  little  bladder.) 

*  Upper  leaves  in  a  ivhoH  on  the  otherwise  naked  scape,  floating  by  means  of  large 

bladders  formed  of  the  inflated  petioles ;  the  lower  leaves  dissected  and  capillarij, 
bearing  little  bladders:  rootlets  fow  or  none. 

1.  U.  inflata,  Walt.  (Inflated  Bladdeuwort.)  Swimming  free; 
bladder-like  imtioles  oblong,  pointed  at  the  ends,  and  branched  near  the  apex, 
bearing  (iuc  thread-like  divisions  ;  flowers  .')- 10  (large,  yellow) ;  the  appresscd 
spur  half  the  lengtli  of  the  corolla;  style  distinct.  —  Ponds,  iMaiiiu  to  Virginia, 
and  southward,  near  the  coast. 

*  *  Scapes  naked  (except  some  small  srnli/  bracts),  from  immersed  branching  stems, 

which  commonlij  swim  free,  and  bear  capillarij  dissected-  leaves  furnished  ivith 
small  air-bladders  on  their  lobes:  roots  few  and  not  affixed,  or  none.     [Mostly 
perennial,  projiagated  from  year  to  year  by  a  sort  of  buds.) 
+-  Flowers  all  alike,  ydloiv,  seveml  in  a  raceme:  pedicels  nodding  in  fruit. 

2.  U.  vulgaris,  L.  (Greater  Bladderwort.)  Immersed  stems  (1°- 
3°  long)  crowded  ivith  2-3-pinnittfly  many-parted  capillary  leaves,  bearing  many 
bladders;  scapes  5  -  12-flowered  (6' -12'  long) ;  corolla  closed  (6"- 9"  broad,  the 
sides  reflexcd  ;  spur  conical,  rather  shorter  than  the  lower  lip,  thick  and  blunt 
in  the  European  and  the  high  northern  plant;  in  the  common  Var.  Americ.Vna 
(U.  macrorluza,  LeContc),  less  thick  and  rather  acute.  —  Common  in  ponds  and 
slow  streams.     (Eu.) 

3.  U.  minor,  L.  (Smaller  B.)  Leaves  scattered  on  the  thread-like  im- 
mersed stems,  2-4  times /w/ar/,  short ;  scapes  weak,  2  -  8-flowcred  (3'  -  7'  high ) ; 
upper  lip  of  the  gapgtg  corolla  not  longer  than  the  depressed  ])ahite  :  spur  very  short 
and  blunt,  or  almost  none.  —  Shallow  water,  Rhode  Island  to  Illinois  and  north- 
ward. —  Corolla  2"  - 3"  broad.     (Eu. ) 

•*-  -t-  Flowers  of  2  sorts ;  viz.  the  usual  .'<ort  (3-  7)  in  a  raceme,  their  pedicels  ascend- 
ing, the  corolla  yellow ;  and  more  fertile  ones  solitary  and  sraltertd  along  the  hafy 
Stems,  on  short  .soon  refle.red  pednnrb s,  fruiting  in  the  bud,  the  roiolla.  minute  and 
never  expanding. 

4.  U.  clandestina,  Nutt.  Leaves  numerous  on  the  slender  immersed 
stems,  several  times  forked,  capillary,  copiously  bladder-bearing ;  scapes  slen- 
der (3'-.')'  high) ;  lips  of  the  corolla  nearly  equal  in  length,  the  lower  broader 
and  3-lobed,  somewhat  longer  than  the  ajjproximatc  thick  and  blunt  sj)ur.  — 
Ponds,  E.  New  England,  W.  New  York,  and  New  Jersey. 


LENTIBULACE^.,       (bLADDERWORT    FAMILY.)  319 

•*-■*-■*-  Flowers  all  alike,  few  (1  -5) :  pedicels  erect  in  fruit. 
**  Corolla  yellow :  scape  and  pedicels  jili/brni :  sjjitr  ascendini/  or  horizontal. 

5.  U.  intermedia,  Ilayne.  Lmves  crowdcil  oil  tlic  immersed  stems, 
'Z-rauk<d,  4-:')  times  furLid,  ri</ id ;  tlie  divisions  linciir-iiwl-shnpcd,  minutely 
bristic-tootiied  along  the  margins,  not  bladder-beuriiu/,  the  bladders  being  on  sep- 
arate leiifless  branches  ;  upptr  lip  of  (he  corulla  much  longer  than  the  palate ;  spur 
conical -diloiuj,  acute,  oppressed  to  the  very  l,road  (6"  -  8")  lower  lip  and  nearly  as  lontj 
as  it.  —  SJiullow  pools,  New  England  and  New  Jersey  to  Ohio,  Wiseonsin,  and 
florthward.  —  Leafy  stems  3' -  6'  long.     Scapes  3' - 7'  high.     (En.) 

6.  U.  striata,  LeConte.  Leaves  crowded  or  whorled  on  the  small  im- 
mersed stems,  several  times  forked,  capillary,  hiadder-hearinej ;  flowers  2-5  (6" 
broad),  on  long  pedicels  ;  lips  of  the  corolla  nearly  equal,  broad  and  expanded ; 
the  upper  undulate,  concave,  plaited-striatc  in  the  middle;  spur  neeirly  linear, 
obtuse,  approaching  and  almost  equalling  the  lower  lip.  —  Shallow  pools  in  pine  bar- 
rens, Long  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  southward.  —  Scape  8'-  12'  high. 

7.  U.  bifl6ra,  Lam.  Scape  (2' -5' high)  I -Sflowered,  at  the  base  bear- 
ing soniL-wliat  elongated  submersed  branches  with  caj)illary  root-like  leaves  and 
numerous  bladders  ;  spur  oblong,  erjuulling  the  lower  lip ;  seeds  scale-shaped  ;  other- 
wise resembles  the  next.  —  Shallow  water,  Illinois  and  southward. 

8.  U.  gibba,  L.  Scape  (1 '-3' high),  \ -2flowered,  »\.  the  base  furnished 
with  very  slender  short  branches,  bearing  sparingly  dissected  capillary  root-like 
ieaves  and  scattered  bladders ;  lips  of  the  corolla  broad  and  rounded,  nearly 
equal;  the /o!f«- with  the  sides  reflexed  (^''-S"  long),  cj-acf//m/  the  very  thick 
and  blunt  coniced  gibbous  spur.  —  Shallow  water,  Vii'ginia  to  Massachusetts,  N. 
New  York  and  N.  Illinois. 

■>-<-  ++  Corolla  violet-purple. 
0.  U.  purptirea,  "Walt.  ?  Leaves  whorled  along  the  long  immersed  free 
floating  stems,  jietiuled,  decompound,  capillary,  bearing  many  bladders;  flowers 
2-4  (G"  wide)  ;  spur  a]ipressed  to  the  3-lobcd  2-saccate  lower  li|)  of  the  corolla 
and  about  half  its  length.  (U.  saccata,  LeConte.)  — Ponds,  Maine  to  Virginia, 
and  southward.  —  Scape  3'-G'  high,  not  scaly  below. 

*  *  *  Scape  solitary,  slender  and  naked,  or  with  a  fexo  small  scales,  the  base  rooting 
in  the  mud  or  soil :  leaves  snudl,  awl-shaped  or  gia.is-like,  often  raised  out  of  the 
tcater,  commonly  few  or  fugacious:  air-blaelders  few  on  the  leaves  or  rootlets,  or 
commonly  none. 

■*-  Flower  purple,  solitary:  leaves  bearing  a  few  delicate  lobes. 

10.  U.  resupin^ta,  Greene.  Scape  (2'-8'high)  2-bracted  above;  leaves 
thread-like,  on  delicate  creeping  branches ;  corolla  (4"-  5"  long)  deeply  2-i>arted  ; 
.vpur  oblong-conical,  very  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  dilated  lower  lip  and  remote 
from  it.  l>olh  ascending,  the  flower  resting  transver.-icly  on  the  summit  of  the  scape- 
—  Sandy  margins  of  ponds,  E.  Maine  to  Rhode  Island. 

■*-  ■»-  Flenvers  2-10,  {chiefly)  yellow:  leaves  entire,  rarely  .sent. 

11.  U.  COrndta,  .Mlchx.  Stem  strict  (;5'-l°  high),  2  -  lO-flowercd  ;  /W- 
icels  not  longer  than  the  califx;  lowir  lip  of  the  corolla  large  and  helnut-shapfd,  its 
centre  very  convex  and  ](rojeeting,  while  the  sides  are  strongly  rellexed  ;  upper 
lip  obovato  and  much  smaller ;  spur  awl-sliaped,  turned  downward  and  outward. 


320  BIGNONIACE^..       (bIGXONIA    FAMILY.) 

about  as  long  as  the  lower  lip.  —  Peat-bogs,  or  sandy  swamps  :  common  both 
northward  and  southward.  —  Flowers  close  together,  large. 

12.  U.  SUbulita,  L.  Stem  capillary  (3' -5'  high);  pedicels  rapilhry  ; 
lower  lip  of  the  roiolla  Jlut  or  with  its  margins  recurved,  eqmdly  3-M>ed,  much 
larger  thim  the  ovate  upper  one ;  spur  oblumj,  acute,  straight,  oppressed  to  the 
lower  lip,  which  it  nearly  equals  in  length.  —  Sandy  swamps,  pine-barrens  of 
Kew  Jersey,  Virginia,  and  southward.     June. —  Corolla  2" -4"  broad. 

U. —  Walter  characterizes  his  IJ.  purpurea  as  with  " Jlorilms  pnrvis." 
Elliott  mentions  that  he  once  saw,  near  Savannah,  a  small  terrestrial  species, 
like  U.  subulata,  but  purple-flowered,  which  he  took  for  Walter's  plant.  Mr.  J. 
A.  Paine,  Jr.  found  in  the  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  in  Sept.,  18G6,  a  few 
minute  specimens  of  this  sort,  with  "  faint  pink-purple  corolla,  not  larger  than 
a  pin's  head."     It  is  left  for  further  investigation. 

2.    PINGUiCULA,    L.        Butterwort. 

Upper  lip  of  the  calyx  3-clcft,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  with  an  open  hairy 
or  spotted  palate.  —  Small  and  stcmless  perennials,  growing  on  damp  rocks, 
with  1 -flowered  scape.<i,  and  broad  and  entire  leaves,  all  clustered  at  the  root, 
soft-fleshy,  mostly  greasy  to  the  touch  (whence  the  name,  from  pinguis,  fat). 

1 .  P.  vulgaris,  L.  Leaves  ovate  or  elliptical ;  scape  and  calyx  a  little 
pubescent ;  lips  of  the  violet  corolla  very  unequal,  the  tube  funnel-form  ;  spur 
straightish.  —  Wet  rocks,  W.  New  York  to  Lake  Superior,  and  northward. 
July.     (Eu.) 

Order  GG.     BIGNONIACEiE.     (Bignoxia  Family.) 

Woody  or  rarely  herbaceous  plants,  monopetalous,  didynamous  or  dian- 
drous,  with  the  ocary  commonly  2-celled  by  the  meeting  of  the  two  parietal 
placenlce  or  of  a  projection  from  them,  many-seeded :  the  large  seeds  with  a 
flat  embryo  and  no  albumen.  —  Calyx  2-lipped,  5-cleft,  or  entire.  Corolla 
tubular  or  bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  somewhat  irregular  or  2-lij)ped,  deciduous; 
the  lower  lobe  largest.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla  ;  the  fii'th  or  pos- 
terior one,  and  sometimes  the  shorter  pair  also,  sterile  or  rudimentary : 
anthers  of  2  diverging  cells.  Ovary  free,  bearing  a  long  style,  with  a 
2-lipped  stigma.  —  Leaves  compound  or  simple,  opposite,  rarely  alternate. 
Flowers  large  and  showy,  —  Chiefly  a  tropical  family  :  to  which  are  ap- 
pended several  outlying  groups,  such  as  the  I^kdalinEvE,  represented 
by  Marty nia,  &c. 

•  Woody  plants,  with  do'  pods.     Seeds  transverse,  very  flat,  winged  ;  the  broad  and  leaf-lili« 

cotyle<lons  notched  at  both  ends. 

1.  Bignonia.     Pod  flattened  iiaralKl  with  the  jiartition.     Leaves  compound,  tendril-be.iring. 

2.  Tecoina.     Pod  flattish  contrary  to  the  partition.     Leaves  compound,  without  tendrils. 

3.  Catalpa.     Pod  as  in  No.  2.     Fertile  stamens  only  2.    Trees:  leaves  simple. 

*  «  Herbs.     Fruit  fleshy  outside,  woody  within.     Seeds  attached  by  one  cud,  not  winged  ;  tba 

cotyledons  thick  and  entire. 

4.  Alartyuia.     Fertile  Elamens  2  or  4.    Corolla  bell-shaped  o-lobed.     Fruit  beaked. 


# 


BIGNONIACK.Ii.       (I'.IGNOMA    FAMILY.)  321 

1.     BIGNONIA,     Toiirn.        Biononia. 

Calyx  truncate,  or  slijL;litly  5-t()()tliC(l.  Corolla  somewhat  lu'll-shnpcd,  S-lobcd 
and  rather  2-li])pe(l.  Stamens  4,  often  showing  a  rudiment  of  the  fifth.  Tod 
2-celled,  flattened  parallel  with  the  valves  and  partition.  Seeds  transversely 
winged.  —  Woody  elinihers,  with  chieHy  cuinpoiind  leaves,  terminating  in  a  ten- 
dril.    (Named  for  the  Ahhe  Biiinon.) 

1.  B-  capreol^ta,  I>  Smooth  ;  leaves  of  2  ovate  or  oblong  leaflets  and  a 
braneheil  tendril,  often  wiili  a  jjair  of  accessory  leaves  in  the  a.xil  resembling 
stipules;  peduncles  few  and  clustered,  1-flowered.  —  Rich  soil,  Virginia  to  S. 
Illinois  and  southward.  April.  —  Stems  climbing  tall  trees ;  a  transverse  sec- 
tion of  the  wood  showing  a  cross.  Corolla  orange,  2' long.  Pod  6' long.  Seeds 
with  the  wing  1^'  long. 

2.    TECOMA,    Juss.        TRuj^ET-FLowEn. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed.  Corolla  funncl-forra,  5-lobcd,  a  little  irregular. 
Stamens  4.  Pod  2-ceiled,  the  jjartition  contrary  to  the  convex  valves.  Seeds 
transversely  winged.  —  Woody  climbers,  with  compound  leaves.  (Abridged  from 
the  Mexican  name.) 

1.  T.  radicans,  Juss.  (Trumpet  Creeper.)  Climbing  by  rootlets; 
leaves  pinnate ;  leaflets  .5-11,  ovate,  pointed,  toothed;  flowers  corymbcd ;  sta- 
mens not  protruded  beyond  the  tubular-funnel-form  corolla.  (IJignonia  radi- 
cans, Z,.) —  Rich  soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and  southward;  but  cultivated 
farther  north.     July  -  Sept.  —  Corolla  2'  -3'  long,  orange  and  scarlet,  showy. 

3.     CATALPA,     Scop.,  Walt.        C.vtalpa.     Ixdi an  Bean. 

Calyx  deeply  2-lipped.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  sAvclling ;  the  undulate  5-lobcd 
spreading  border  irregular  and  2-Iipi)ed.  Fertile  stamens  2,  or  .sometimes  4; 
the  1  or  3  others  sterile  and  rudimentary.  Pod  very  long  and  slender,  nearly 
cylindrical,  2-cclled  ;  the  ])artition  contrary  to  the  valves.  Seeds  winged  on 
each  side,  the  wings  cut  into  a  fringe.     (The  aboriginrtl  name.) 

1.  C.  bignonioides,  Walt.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  pointed,  downy  be- 
neath ;  Howers  in  open  coin])ound  panicles.  —  S.  Illinois  ?  and  southward.  Cul- 
tivated in  the  Northern  States :  a  well-known  ornamental  tree,  with  large  leaves, 
and  showy  Howers,  which  are  white,  .slightly  tinged  with  violet,  and  dotted  with 
purple  and  yellow  in  the  throat,  appearing  in  July.  Pods  hanging  till  the  next 
spring,  often  I*'  long. 

4.     MARTYNIA,     L.     U.vironN-pi.AXT. 

Calyx  .5-cleft,  mostly  unequal.  Corolla  gibbous,  bell-shaped,  5-Iobcd  and 
somewhat  2-lipped  Fertile  stamens  4.  or  only  2.  I'od  fleshy,  the  flesh  at  length 
falling  away  in  2  valves  ;  the  inner  j)art  woody,  terminated  by  a  beak,  which  at 
length  sjjlits  into  2  hooked  horns,  and  opens  at  the  apex  k'tween  the  horns, 
imperfectly  5-celled,  owing  to  the  divergence  of  the  two  plates  of  each  of  the  two 
partitions  or  i)laeenta;,  leaving  a  space  in  the  centre,  while  by  reaching  and  co- 
hering with  the  walls  of  the  fruit  they  form  4  other  cells.  Seeds  several,  wing- 
21 


322  OROBANCIIACK.E.       (bUOOM-RAPK    FAMILY.) 

less,  with  a  thickened  and  roughened  coal.  —  Low  hrancliing  annuals,  clammy- 
pubcsccnt,  exlialing  a  heavy  odor :  .stems  thickish :  leaves  .simple,  rounded. 
Flowers  raceiiK'd,  large.     ( Dedicated  to  Prof.  John  Martyu,  of  Caml)ridge.) 

1.  M.  proboseidea,  Glo.x.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  oblique,  entire,  or  un- 
dulate, the  upper  alternate;  corolla  dull  white  or  purplish,  or  spotted  with  yel- 
low and  ])urple ;  endocarp  of  the  fruit  crested  on  one  side,  long-beaked.  —  Banks 
of  the  Mississippi  in  S.  Illinois  (probaldy  indigenous)  and  southwestward.  Also 
common  in  gardens.     July -Oct. 

Ordkr  G7.     OROBANCUACEiE.     (Broom-rape  Family.) 

Herbs  destitute  of  green  foliage  (root-parasites)  monopetalous,  didi/na- 
mous,  the  ovary  one-celled  uuth  2  or  4  parietal  placentce;  pod  very  inany- 
secded:  seeds  minute,  with  albumen^  and  a  very  minute  embryo. —  Ca!y.K 
persistent,  4  -  5-toothed  or  parted.  Corolla  tubular,  more  or  less  2-lipped, 
ringent,  persistent  and  withering;  the  upper  lip  entire  or  2-lobed,  the  low- 
er 3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  dldyiiamous,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla: 
anthers  2-celled,  persistent.  Ovary  free,  ovoid,  pointed  with  a  long  style 
which  is  curved  at  the  apex  :  stigma  large.  Pod  1-celled,  2'Valved ;  the 
valves  each  bearing  on  tlieir  face  one  placenta  or  a  pair.  Seeds  very  nu- 
merous, minute,  anatropous,  the  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  transparent 
albumen.  —  Low,  thick  or  lleshy  herbs,  bearing  scales  in  place  of  leaves, 
lurid  yellowish  or  brownish  throughout.     Flowers  solitary  or  spiked. 

*  Flowers  of  two  sorts :  stems  branching. 

1.  EpipUeff  us.     Upper  flowers  sterile,  with  a  tubular  corolla  ;  the  lower  fertile,  with  the 

corolla  miuute  and  not  expanding.     Bracts  inconspicuous. 

#  *  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect:  stems  mostly  simple. 

2.  C on o pi) oils.     Flowers  spiked.     Calyx  with  2  bractlets,  and  split  on  the  lower  side.    Sta- 

mens protruded.     Corolla  2-Iipped. 

3.  Pheliprca.     Flowers  spiked  or  panicled.     Calyx  with  2  bractlcts,  and  regularly  5-cleft. 

Corolla  2-lipped.     Stamens  included. 

4.  Aphylloii.    Flowers  solitary,  without  bractlets.     Calyx  regularly  5-cleft.     Corolla  with 

the  border  almost  equally  5-lobed.     Stamens  included. 

1.    EPIPHEGUS,    Nutt.        BcEcn-DROPS.     Caxcer-root. 

Flowers  racemose  or  spiked,  scattered  on  the  branches ;  the  upper  sterile,  with 
a  long  tuliular  corolla  and  long  filaments  and  style  ;  the  lower  fertile,  with  a  very 
short  corolla  which  seldom  opens,  l)Ut  is  forced  off  from  the  base  i)y  the  growth 
of  the  pod  :  the  stamens  and  style  very  short.  Calyx  5-toothcd.  Stigma  capi- 
tate, a  little  2-lobed.  Pod  2-valved  at  the  apex,  with  2  approximate  jdaccntaj 
on  each  valve. —  Herbs  slender,  purplish  or  yellowish-brown,  much  branched, 
with  small  and  scattered  scales,  6' -12'  high.  (Name  composed  of  eVi,  upon, 
and  (firjyik,  the  Bez-rh,  because  it  grows  on  the  roots  of  that  tree.) 

1.  E.  Virginiana,  Bart.  (E.  Americimus,  Niitt.)  — Common  under 
Beech-trees,  parasitic  on  their  roots.  Aug.  -Oct.  —  Corolla  of  the  upj^er  (ster- 
ile) flowers  whitish  and  purple,  6"  -  8"  long,  curved,  4-toothed. 


onoBANCiiACK^.     (bkoom-rapk  KAMILY.)  323 

2.     CONOPHOLIS,     Wallruth.         Sqiaw-root.     Ca.vcer-root. 

Flowers  in  a  tliick  sciily  spike,  perfect,  with  2  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  irre<^- 
nlarl y  4 -  5-tootlieil  calyx;  its  tube  sjjlit  down  on  the  lower  side.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar, swollen  at  the  base,  strongly  2-lii)ped ;  the  u])per  lip  arehed,  notehed  at  the 
summit ;  the  lower  shorter,  .'}-parted,  spreading.  Stamens  ])rotruded.  Stijrma 
depressed.  Pod  with  4  placenta',  a  pair  on  tiie  middle  of  each  valve.  —  Upper 
scales  forming  bracts  to  the  Howers ;  the  lower  covering  each  other  in  regular 
order,  not  unlike  those  of  a  fir-couc  (whence  the  name,  from  kwi/os,  a  cone,  and 
\})ai\is,  a  scale.) 

1.  C.  Americana,  Wallroth.  (OrobiincheAmcricana,Z.)  — Oak  woods: 
not  rare,  growing  in  clusters  among  fallen  leaves.  May,  June.  —  A  singular 
plant,  chestnut-colored  or  yellowish  throughout,  as  thick  as  a  man's  thumb,  3'- 
6'  long,  covered  witli  scales,  which  are  at  first  fleshy,  then  dry  and  hard. 

3.    PHELIP^A,     Tourn.        Broom-k.\pe. 

Flowers  perfect,  crowded  in  a  spike,  raceme,  or  clustered  panicle,  with  a  pair 
of  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  regular  4  -  5-cleft  calyx.  Corolla  2-lipped  ;  the 
upper  lip  2-lobed  or  notched  ;  the  lower  3-parted.  Stamens  included.  Ovary 
with  a  gland  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side.  Tod  with  4  jilaccntre,  two  on  the 
middle  of  each  valve.  —  Stems  rather  thick,  scaly.  (Named  for  L.  rj- ./.  P/uli- 
peaux,  patrons  of  science  in  the  time  of  Tourncfort.) 

1.  P.  LudOViciana,  Don.  Glandular-pubescent,  branched  (3'-  12'  high) ; 
the  flowers  spiked  in  close  clusters;  corolla  somewhat  curved,  twice  the  length 
of  the  narrow  lanceolate  calyx-lobes;  the  lips  equal  in  length.  —  Illinois  (E. 
Hall)  and  westward.     Oct. 

4.     APHYLLON,     Mitchell.        Naked  Broom-r.u'e. 

Flowers  perfect,  solitary  on  long  naked  scapes  or  peduncles,  without  bractlets. 
Calyx  5-clcft,  regular.  Corolla  with  a  long  curved  tube  and  a  spreading  bor- 
der, somewhat  2-lipped;  the  upper  lij)  deeply  2-cleft,  its  lobes  similar  to  the  3 
of  the  lower  lip..  Stamens  included.  Stigma  broadly  2-lippcd.  Capsule  with 
4  equidistant  placentae,  2  borne  on  each  valve  half-way  between  the  midrib  and 
the  margin.  Plants  brownish  or  yellowish.  Flowers  (purplish)  and  scaj)cs 
minutely  glandular-pubescent.  (Name  from  a  privative  and  (f)vX\ov,  foliuije, 
alluding  to  the  naked  stalks.)  —  Perhaps  rather  a  section  of  Phclipa'a. 

1.  A.  uniflbrum,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Oxe-floweued  C.axcer-root.)  Slem 
suhUrnini'on  or  VKirli/  so,  verij  short,  scaly,  often  branched,  each  branch  sending 
up  1 -3  slender  one-flowered  scapes  (3'- .5' high) ;  divisions  of  the  calyx  hnce- 
awl-shajml,  half  the  length  of  the  corolla.  (Orobanche  uniflora,  L.)  —  Woods  : 
not  rare.  April,  May. — Corolla  1'  long,  with  2  yellow  bearded  folds  in  the 
throat,  the  lobes  obovatc. 

2.  A.  fasciculitum,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Saih/ stem  erect  and  risitir/ 3' -  4'  out 
of  the  f/roiinil,  mostly  lunger  than  the  crowded  peduncles;  dirisions  of  the  calijx 
triuii(/ii/tir,  viifji  iniirh  slioilir  than  the  corolla,  which  has  rounded  short  lobes. 
(Orobanche  fascicuhita,  A'»/^)  —  Islands  in  Luke  Michigan  (Engelmann),  N. 
Illinois  (  Vasey),  and  northwestward.     May. 


324  SCROPIILLARIACK.E.        (fIGWOUT    FAMILY.) 

Ordkr  G8.     SC'ROPIIULARIACE.E.      (Fiowout  Family.) 

ChieJJy  herbs  {rarehj  trees),  ivitli  d'uhjmimnus  or  diandrous  (or  very  rarely 
5  perfect)  sffnnens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  2-lipped  or  more  or  less  irregu- 
lar corolla,  the  lobes  of  which  are  imbricated  in  the  bud:  fruit  a  2-celled  and 
usually  many-seeded  pod,  icith  the  placentcB  in  the  axis :  seeds  anatropous, 
with  a  small  embryo  in  copious  albumen.  —  Style  single  :  stigma  entire  or 
2-lobed.  Leaves  and  inflorescence  various  ;  but  the  flowers  not  terminal 
in  any  genuine  representatives  of  the  order.  —  A  large  order  of  bitterish, 
some  of  them  narcotic-poisonous  plants  :  the  two  principal  groups  generally 
distinguishable  by  the  lestivation  of  the  corolla. 

I.  ANTIRRIIINIDE.E.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  covering  the  lower  in 

the  bud  (with  occasional  exceptions  in  Mimulus,  &c.).     Pod  usually 
septicidal. 
Tribe  I.     VERBASCE.E.     Corolla  nearly  wheel-shaped.    Flowers  in  a  simple  spike  or 
raceme.     Leaves  all  alternate. 

1.  Vei-basciiin.     Stamens  5,  all  with  anthers,  and  3  or  all  of  thera  with  bearded  filaments. 
Tribe  II.     ANTinRlillVEiE.     Corolla  tubular,  with  a  spur  or  sac  at  the  base  below, 

the  throat  usuiilly  with  a  palate.  Pod  opening  by  chinks  or  holes.  Flowers  in  simple 
racemes  or  a.\illary.     Lower  leaves  usually  opposite  or  wlinrled. 

2.  Li  Italia.     Corolla  spurred  at  the  base  ;  the  palate  seldom  closing  the  tliroat. 

3.  Aiitirrliiiiuin.     Corolla  mert-ly  saccate  at  the  base  ;  the  palate  closinR  the  throat. 
Tribe  III.     CIIELONEjE.    Corolla  tubular,  or  2-lipped,  not  spurred  nor  saccate  below. 

Pod  2-  4-valved.  Leaves  opposite.  Inflorescence  usually  compound  ;  the  flowi-rs  in  small 
clusters  or  cymes  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  bracts,  the  clusters  spiked  or  racemed  ;  or 
when  reduced  to  a  single  flower  the  peduncle  2-bracleate.  Stamens  4,  with  mostly  a  rudi- 
ment of  the  tifth. 

4.  Scropiiularia.     Corolla  inflated,  globular  or  oblong,  with  four  erect  lobes  and  one 

spreading  one.     Rudiment  of  the  sterile  stamen  a  scale  on  the  upper  lip. 
'  5.   Colliiisia.     Corolla  2-cleft,  the  short  tube  saccate  on  the  upper  side  ;  the  middle  lobe  of 
the  lower  lip  sac-like  and  enclosing  the  declined  stiimens. 

6.  Ctieloiie.     Corolla  tubular,  inflated  above.     Sterile  stamen  shorter  than  the  others. 

Anthers  very  woolly.     Seeds  winged. 

7.  Peiitstenion.   Corolla  tubular.   Sterile  stamen  about  as  long  as  the  rest.   Seeds  wingless. 
Tribe  IV.     GRATIOLEiE.     Corolla  tubular,  not  saccate  nor  spurred.    Vod  2-valved. 

Iiillurcsccnco  simple  ;  the  flowers  being  single  in  the  a.\il  of  the  bracts  or  leaves,  the  pe- 
duncles bractless.     Leaves  all  or  the  lower  ones  opposite.     No  rudiment  of  a  fifth  stamen. 
*  Stamens  4,  all  antlier-bearing  and  similar. 

8.  Itliinnlus.     Caly.i  prismatic,  5-angled,  6  toothed.     Corolla  elongated. 

9.  CoiKibeu.     Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  equal.     Corolla  short.  • 

10.  Herpestis.     Calyx  5-parted,  unequal,  the  upper  division  largest.     Corolla  short. 

*  »  Anther-bearing  stamens  2 :  usually  also  a  pair  of  sterile  filaments. 

II.  Gratiola.     Calyx  5-parted.    Stamens  included  ;  the  sterile  pair  short  or  none. 

12.    Ilysaiillies.     Calyx  5-parted.     Stamens  included  ;  the  sterile  filaments  protruded. 

11.  RIIINANTIIIDE.E.     Under  lip  or  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla 

covering  tiie  upper  in  the  bud.     Pod  commonly  loculicidal. 
Tribe  V.     SIBTHORPIK^,  VEROIVICE^,  &c.     Corolla  wheel-shaped,  salver- 
shapeil,  or  bell-shaped.     Suimens  2  or  4,  not  approaching  each  other  in  pairs  nor  strongly 
diilynamous  -.  anthers  2-celled. 


SCROPHULARIACEJE.       (fIOWORT    FAMILY.)  325 

13.  Mlcrnikthemnin.  Calyx  4-tooth<?<l  or  cleft.  U)>i)er  lip  of  corolla  short  or  none.  Sta- 
mens 'Z,  anterior  :   liliinieiits  with  an  iiiipeiiiliigc.     Leaves  o|>|>o8it<'.     Flowers  axillary. 

14  L.iiiio8elIn.  Calyx  5-toothe(l.  Corolla  oih;h  bell-shaped,  .Vcleft,  nearly  regular.  Sta- 
mens 4.     Leaves  alternate  or  fascicled,  fleshy.     Flowers  axillary. 

15.  Syiitliyrla.  Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  bell-shapeil,  2-4-lobed,  irregular.  Stamens  2 
or  4.     Leaves  alternate.     Flowers  raceuie.1. 

10.  Veronica.  Calyx  4- (rarely  3-5-)  parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  salver-shaped, 
almost  regular.    Stamens  2.     Leaves  chiefly  opposite  or  whorled.     Flowers  racemed. 

Tribe  VI.  BDCIINEREjE.  Corolla  salver-shaped.  Stamens  4,  approximate  in  pairs  : 
anthers  l-celled.     I  ppcr  leaves  alternate.     Flowers  in  a  spike. 

17.  Biicliiiera.     Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.     Limb  of  the  elongated  corolla  5-clert. 

Tribe  VII.  GEUAR1}IK;E.  Corolla  inflated  or  tubular,  with  a  spreading  and  slightly 
unequal  5-lobed  liiiil>.  Stamens  4,  approximate  in  pairs  :  anthers  2-celled.  Leaves  oppo 
site,  or  the  uppermost  alternate. 

18.  Seymeria.    Stamens  nearly  equal.    Tube  of  the  corolla  broad,  not  longer  than  the  lobes. 

19.  Gerard  in.    Stamens  strongly  unequal,  included. 

Tribe  VIII.  EVPHIl  ASlE.iE.  Corolla  tubular,  2-lipi)ed  ;  the  upper  lip  narrow, 
erect  or  arched,  enclosing  the  4  usually  strongly  didyuamous  stiimens. 

«  Anther-cells  uuequal  and  separated.     Pod  many-seeded. 

20.  Castilleiu.     Calyx  tubular,  cleft  down  the  lower,  and  often  also  on  the  upper,  side. 

«  *  Anther-Cells  equal.     Pod  many -several-seeded. 

21.  Sclfivalbea.     Calyx  5-toothed,  very  oblique,  the  upper  tooth  much  the  smallest. 

22.  Euphrasia.     Calyx  4-cleft.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  2-lobed.     Pod  oblong. 

23.  Rliliiaiitbus.     Calyx  inflated,  ovate.     Pod  orbicular :  seeds  winged. 

24.  Pedicularis.     Calyx  not  inflated.     Pod  ovate  or  sword-shaped  :  seeds  wingless. 

•  *  *  Anthcr-ccUs  equal.     Pod  1-4-secdod. 

25.  Melampyrnin.     Calyx  4-cleft.     Ovary  2-celled,  4-ovuled.     Pod  flat,  oblique. 

1.    VERBASCUM,    L.        Mlllkin. 

Calyx  5-partcd.  Corolla  5-lobcd,  open  or  concave,  Avhecl-shapcd  ;  the  lobes 
broad  and  rounded,  a  little  unctiual.  Stamens  •') ;  all  the  lilainents,  or  the  3 
upper,  woolly.  Style  flattened  at.  the  apex.  Pod  globular,  many-seeded. — 
Tall  and  usually  woolly  biennial  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  those  of  tlie  stem 
sessile  or  decurrciit.  Flowers  in  large  terminal  racemes,  ephemeral ;  in  sum- 
mer.    (The  ancient  Latin  name,  altered  from  Barbasmm.) 

1.  V.  Tii.vi'Sis,  L.  ((^OMMON  MiTLLEiN.)  Denselij  icoolly  tliiouijhout ;  sstcm 
tall  Olid  stout,  siiiijile,  winged  J)y  the  deciirrcnt  bases  of  the  oblong  acute  leaves  ; 
Jlowers  (yellow,  very  rarely  white)  in  a  proloncjed  and  reiji  dense  cijlindriail  sjiilce; 
lower  stamens  usually  beardless.  —  Fields,  &c.  :  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  V.  BlattXria,  L.  (Moth  M.)  Green  and  smoolhisli,  slender ;  lower 
leaves  j)etioled,  oblong,  doubly  serrate,  sometimes  lyre-shaj)ed,  tiie  upper  partly 
clasping;  raceme  loose;  filaments  all  bearded  with  violet  wool.  —  Roadsides: 
not  rare  eastward.  Corolla  either  yellow,  or  white  with  a  tinge  of  purple. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  V.  LychnItis,  L.  (Wiiiti;  M.)  Clotlied  in'ih  a  thin  jioinlen/ iroolllness  ; 
stem  and  branches  angled  above;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  not  decurreiit,  greenish 
above;  flom-rs  (yellow,  rarely  whiti«)  in  a  fii/ramidal  fianirfe  ;  filaments  with 
whitish  wool.  —  Waste  places,  Penn.  to  New  York  :  rare:  hybridizes  spontane- 
ously with  the  common  Mullein.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


326  SCROPHULARIACE^.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.) 

2.     LINARIA,    Tourn.        Toad-Flax. 

Calyx  5-partcd.  Corolla  personate,  with  the  prominent  palate  often  nearly 
closinj,'  the  tinoat,  spurred  at  the  Itase  on  the  lower  side.  Stamens  4.  Pud 
thin,  opening  below  the  summit  by  one  or  two  pores  or  chinks.     Seeds  many. 

—  Herbs,  with  at  least  all  the  upper  leaves  alternate  :  fl.  in  summer.     (Name 
from  Liiium,  the  Flax,  which  the  leaves  of  some  species  resemble.) 

*  Leaves  sessile,  narrow :  plant  (jhihroiis,  erect,  leafij. 

1.  L,  Canadensis,  Spreng.  (Wild  Toad-Flax.)  Slender  annual  or 
biennial,  mostli/  simple,  with  scattered  linear  leaves  ;  those  from  prostrate  shoots 
oblong,  crowded,  and  mostly  opposite  or  whorled  ;  Jlowcrs  blue  (very  small),  in 
a  slender  raceme,  short-pedieelled  ;  spur  thread-shaped  (occasionally  wanting). 

—  Sandy  soil :  common. 

2.  L.  vulg.Vris,  Mill.  (Toad-Flax.  Blttek-and-eggs.  Ramsted.) 
Perennial,  pale  (l°-3°  high);  leaves  alternate,  crowded,  hnear  or  lanceolate, 
SLCVLiiih  ;  flowers  crowded  in  a  dense  raceme,  i/d low  (I'long);  spur  awl-shaped; 
seeds  flattened  and  munjined.  —  Old  fields  and  roadsides  :  common  eastward,  ex- 
tending westward  :  a  showy  but  pernicious  weed.  —  The  Pcloria  state,  with  a 
regular  5-cleft  border  to  the  corolla,  5  spurs,  and  5  stamens,  has  been  observed 
in  Pennsylvania  by  Dr.  Duilintjlon.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  L.  GENiSTiFOLiA,  Mill.  G/rtf/coKS /)eren7(H(/,  paniculate-branclicd  ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute,  often  partly  clasping  ;  flowers  scattered,  yellow  (smaller  than  in 
No.  2)  ;  seeds  angled  and  wrinkled. — Roadsides,  New  York,  near  the  city  {Prof. 
H.  J.  Clarh,  Lesqitereux) .     (Adv.  from  Eu. ) 

*  *  Leaves  petioled,  broad,  veinij,  hairi/ :  stems  procumbent. 

4.  L.  ElAtine,  Mill.  Branching  annual ;  leaves  alternate,  ovate  and  hal- 
berd-shaped, mostly  shorter  than  the  slender  axillary  peduncles  ;  flowers  small, 
yellow  and  purplish;  sepals  lanceolate,  very  acute.  —  Fields  and  banks,  east- 
ward: scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.    ANTIRRHINUM,    L.        SxAPDnvGox. 

Corolla  saccate  at  the  base,  the  throat  closed  by  the  large  bearded  palate. 
Seeds  oblong-truncate.  Otherwise  nearly  as  Linaria.  Corolla  commonly  showy, 
resembling  the  face  of  an  animal  or  a  mask;  whence  the  name  (from  avri,  in 
comparison  with,  and  piP,  a  snout.)     Fl.  summer  and  autumn. 

1.  A.  OiJONTiuM,  L.  A  small  flowered  annual  or  biennial,  low,  erect; 
leaves  lance-linear ;  spike  loose,  leafy  ;  sepals  longer  than  the  purplish  or  white 
corolla. — About  gardens,  and  old  fields  in  Virginia.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  A.  m\.jus,  L.  (Large  Snapdragon.)  A  large-flowered  perennial,  with 
oblong  smooth  leaves  and  a  glandular-downy  raceme ;  sepals  short ;  corolla  1  i'  - 
2'  long,  purple  or  white.  —  Eastward  escaping  from  gardens.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.     SCROPHULARIA,     Tourn.        Figwort. 

Calyx  deeply  .")-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  somewhat  globular  tube ;  the  4  upper 
lobes  of  the  short  border  erect  (the  two  upper  longer),  the  lower  spreading. 
Stamens  4,  declined,  with  the  anthcr-ccUs  transverse  and  eoiiUuent  into  one  ; 


scrophulariacejE.     (figwort  family.)  327 

the  vestige  of  the  fifth  stamen  forms  a  scale-like  nuliineiit  at  the  summit  of  tho 
tube  of  the  coiollii.  Pod  iiiiiiiy-.siednl.  —  Kaiik  herbs,  with  mostly  ojjpositc 
leaves,  and  small  <;ivenisli-i)iir])le  or  lurid  Howers  in  loose  cymes,  formiii;;  a  ter- 
minal narrow  panicle.     (So  called  because  a  reputed  remedy  for  sciofala.) 

1.  S.  UOdbsa,  L.  Smooth  perennial  (3°-4°  high);  stem  4-sided;  leaves 
ovate,  oblong,  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  cut-serrate,  rounded  or  heart-shaped  at 
the  base.    (S.  Marilaiidica,  Z.)  —  Damp  copses  and  banks.    June- Aug.    (Eu.) 

5.    COLLINSIA,    Nutt.        CoLMNsiA. 

Calyx  deeply  .5-clcft.  Corolla  declined,  with  the  tube  saccate  or  bulging  at 
the  base  on  the  u])])er  side,  dcei)ly  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  2-cleft,  its  lobes 
partly  turned  backwards  ;  the  lower  3-clet't,  its  middle  loi)e  keeled  and  sac-like, 
enclosing  the  4  declined  stamens  and  style.  Fifth  stamen  a  slender  rudiment, 
p. id  4 -many-seeded.  —  Slender  branching  annuals  or  biennials,  with  ojJiHjsitc 
leaves,  and  handsome  party-colored  flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters,  apjjcaring 
whorled  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  (Dedicated  to  the  late  Zaccheus  Collins, 
of  Philadelphia,  an  accurate  botanist.) 

1.  C.  v6rna,  Nutt.  Slender  (6'-20'  high);  lower  leaves  ovate;  the  up- 
per ovate-lanceolate,  clasping  by  the  heart-shaped  base,  toothed  ;  whorh  aliout 
6-ftoicered ;  JioHfis  lon<]-])eihinded ;  corolla  (blue  and  ichite)  twice  the  length  of  the 
caltfx.  — Moist  soil,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.     May,  June. 

'.i.  C.  parvifl6ra,  Dougl.  Small;  lower  leaves  ovate  or  rounded; 
the  up])er  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  entire;  ichorls  2 -&- flowered ;  flowers  short- 
peduncled;  the  snuiU  (blue)  corolla  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx  — Shore  of  Lake 
Superior  and  westward. 

6.     CHELONE,     Tomn.        Tlrtle-iie.vd.     Sn.\ke-iie.\d. 

Calyx  of  5  distinct  imbricated  sepals.  Corolla  inflated-tubular,  with  the 
month  a  little  open ;  the  upper  lip  broad  and  arched,  keeled  in  the  middle, 
notched  afthe  apex  ;  the  lower  woolly-bearded  in  the  throat,  ;3-lobcd  at  the  ajK-x, 
the  middle  lobe  smallest.  Stamens  4,  with  woolly  fllaments  and  very  woolly 
heart-shaped  anthers ;  and  a  tilth  sterile  lilament  smaller  than  the  others.  Seeds 
many,  wing-margined.  —  Smooth  jjcrennials,  with  upright  branching  stems,  op- 
posite serrate  leaves,  and  large  white  or  purple  flowers,  which  are  nearly  sessile 
in  s|)ikes  or  clusters,  and  closely  imbricated  with  round-ovate  concave  bracts 
and  bractlets.  (Name  from  x^^^vrj,  a  tortoise,  the  corolla  resembling  in  shape 
the  head  of  a  rci)tile.) 

1.  C.  glabra,  L.  Leaves  very  short-petioled,  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong, 
l)ointed,  variable  in  wiiltli,  &c.  :  the  llowers  wliite,  rose-color,  or  purple.  (Also 
C.  obluiua,  L.,  &e.)  —  Wet  places :  common.  July  -  Sept.  —  Called  also  Suell- 
ILOWKU,  Balmoxy,  i«ic. 

7.    PENTSTEMON,     Mitchell.       Beaud-toxgle.     Peststemox. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  tubular  and  more  or  less  inflated,  or  bell-shaped, 
cither  decidedly  or  slightly  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  2-lobed,  and  the  lower  3-eleft. 
Stamens  4,  declined  at  the  base,  ascending  above  ;  and  a  fifth  sterile  (ilament 


328  SCKOPHULAUIACE^.       (fIGWOKT    FAMILY.) 

usually  as  long  as  the  others,  either  naked  or  bearded.  Seeds  numerous,  wing- 
less.—  Perennials,  braHched  from  the  base,  simple  above,  with  opposite  leaves, 
the  upper  sessile  and  mostly  clasping.  Flowers  mostly  showy,  tliyrsoid  or  ra- 
ccmose-panieled.  (Name  from  nivT(,Jive,  and  arrffiaiv,  stamen;  the  fifth  stamen 
being  present  and  eon.>;pieuous,  although  sterile.) 

«  Sterile  Jilament  bearded  down  one  side:  Jioioers  numcioiis  in  a  loose  and  somewhat 
chimmi/  panicle,  white  or  purjilish. 

1.  P.  pub6scens,  Solander.  More  or  less  pubescent  (l°-3°  high);  stem- 
leaves  lanceolate  from  a  clasping  ba.se,  serrate  or  sometimes  entire ;  corolla  2 
h'pped,  (jradiiaJli/  widened  upwards,  somewhat  Jlatteneil i\nd  one-ridged  on  the  ujjper 
side,  and  with  2  infolded  lines  on  the  lower  which  are  bearded  inside ;  thu  throat 
almost  closed ;  lower  lip  rather  longer  than  the  upi)er;  sterile  filament  densely 
ycIlow-bcardcd.  —Varies  greatly  in  the  foliage,  sometimes  nearly  glabrous,  when 
it  is  P.  hvvigatus,  Solander,  &c. —  Dry  banks,  C^ounecticut  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southward.     June -Sept. 

2.  P.  Digitalis,  Xutt.  Nearly  glabrous  (2° -4°  high);  stem-leaves  ob- 
long- or  ovate-lanceolate,  clasping,  serrulate  or  entire  ;  corolla  ahruptli/  inflated  and 
almost  bell-shaped  from  a  narrow  base,  beardless,  with  the  throat  widely  open,  the 
spreading  lobes  nearly  equal ;  sterile  filament  sparingly  bearded.  (Flowers  more 
showy  than  in  the  preceding,  mostly  white,  over  1'  long).  —  Rich  soil,  Alexan- 
dria, Virginia  {A.  H.  Curtiss),  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     June -Aug. 

*  *  Sterile  filament  nearly  beardless,  dilated  and  hooked  at  the  end  [rarelij  wanting). 

3.  P.  grandifl6rus,  Fraser.  Very  smooth  and  glaucous;  stems  simple 
(l°-3°  hi-li) ;  leaves  tliicki.sh,  ovate  or  rounded,  the  upper  clasping  ;  flowers 
(showy,  2'  long)  on  short  pedicels,  in  a  long  and  narrow  raceme  rather  than 
])anicle;  corolla  oblong-bcll-shajied,  almost  regular,  bluish  or  lilac-purple. — 
Prairies,  W.  Wi.sconsin  (Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  Lupham),  and  westward.     June. 

8.     MIMULUS,    L.        Monkey-flower. 

Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled,  .^-toothed,  the  upper  tooth  largest.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar ;  the  upper  lij)  erect  or  refle.Kcd-spreading,  2-lobed  ;  the  lower  spreading,  3- 
lobed.  Stamens  4.  Stigma  2-lippcd,  the  lips  ovate.  Seeds  numerous.  —  Herbs, 
with  opf)Ositc  leaves,  and  mostly  h>mdsome  flowers  on  solitary  axillary  and 
bractless  peduncles.  (Name  from  /ntum,  an  ape,  on  account  of  the  gaping  corolla.) 
*  Erect  from  a  perennial  root,  (jlohrons :  leaves  feather-veined :  corolla  violet-purple. 

1.  M.  ringenS,  L.  Stem  square  (1°- 2°  high);  leavis  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
pointed,  clasping  by  a  heart-sluqied  base,  serrate ;  pedmicles  longer  than  the 
flower  ;  calyx-teeth  tMper-])ointed,  nearly  e(iual.  — Wet  places  :  common.  July  - 
Sept.  —  Flower  1'  -  U'  long,  rarely  white. 

2.  M.  al^tUS,  Ait.  Stem  somewhat  winged  at  the  angles;  leai-es  oblong- 
ovate,  tapering  into  ajtetiole;  jjcduneles  shorter  than  the  calyx,  which  has  very 
short  abruptly  pointed  teeth  :  otherwise  like  the  last.  — Low  grounds,  Connecti- 
cut to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

*  *  Dijfnsflli/ spreading:  hares  sereral-nervrd  and  veinij  :  corolla  yellow. 

3.  M.  Jamdsii,  Toit.  Smooth  or  smoothish  ;  stems  creeping  at  the  base: 
stem-leaves  roundish  or  kidney-shaped,  nearly  sessile,  equalling  the  peduncles; 


SCROl'llLLAUlACIi^.       (FIGWOKT    FAMILY.)  329 

calyx  ovate;  inflated  in  fruit,  the  ui)pcr  tootli  inncli  tiic  larj^cst.  —  In  cool  sprin{?«, 
N.  Miehi;ian,  Witiconsin,  Illinois,  aniT  wci^twaid. — Flovwrs  small,  little  larger 
than  in  the  cultivated  M.  Jios(  iiatus  or  Mlsk-Plant. 

9.    CONOBEA,    Aublct.        (CaprXkia,  .1//V-Ax.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  ecpial.  Up])cr  lip  of  the  corollu  .'i-loKcd,  the  lower  3-piirted. 
Stamens  4,  fertile:  anthers  approximate.  Style  2-lolie(i  at  tiie  apex,  the  lobe. 
wed<;e-form.  Seeds  numerous. — Low  brancliini;  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves, 
and  small  solitary  flowers  on  axillary  2-bractleted  peduncles.  (Namcuncx- 
l.lainecl.) 

1.  C.  multifida,  liontli.  Ditfuscly  spreadinjr,  niueli  branelied,  minutely 
pubescent,  annual ;  leaves  petioled,  i)innately  parted,  divisions  linear-wedf^e- 
shaped  ;  corolla  (greenish-white)  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  — River-banks, 
Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward  ;  also  adventive  bejow  Philadelphia.    July-  Sept. 

10.     HERPESTIS,     Gartn.         IIiiRi-KSXis. 

Calyx  ."j-parted  ;  the  u])pcr  division  broadest,  the  innermost  often  vvvy  narrow. 
Upi)er  lij)  of  the  corolla  entire,  notched  or  2-cleft ;  the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens 
4,  all  fertile.  Style  dilated  or  2-lobed  at  the  apex.  Seeds  numerous.  —  Low 
herbs,  with  opjwsite  leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  flo^vers;  in  summer:  ours 
rather  succulent  perennials.  (Name  from  efJ7rr](TTr]s,  (t,cn<jHii(j Oiiug,  the  species 
being  chiefly  procumbent.)  i 

*  T'^ppcr  lip  of  the.  blue  corolla  merely  notched:  Imves  many -nerved. 

1.  H.  rotundifblia,  Pursh.  Nearly  smooth,  crecming ;  leaves  round-ohovate, 
half  cUiSjumi  (^'  -  1 '  long) ;  peduncles  twice  or  thrice  the  Imrith  of  the  calyx,  the  upjjcr 
Bcpal  ovate.  —  Wet  places,  Illinois  and  southward.      K 

2.  H.  amplexicaulis,  Pursh.  Stems  hairy,  cAjjing  at  the  base ;  leaves 
ovate,  cldspiiHj;  ptdniirhs  shorter  than  the  calyx;  upper  semi  heart-shaped.  — Wet 
places,  New  Jersey  and  southward.  —  Aromatic  when  bmised. 

*  «  Corolla  (bluish)  almost  equally  b-clejl,  the  upper  lip  (M^  "l-parted:    calyx  2- 
bnirtid:  stttmens  almost  equal:  hares  nearly  ii^k'cless. 

3.  H.  Monnidra,  II.  B.  K.  Smooth,  somewhat  creiMng;  leaves  obovate 
or  wedge-shai)ed.  —  JNIaryland  and  southward  along  the  coa^^ 

11.    GRATIOLA,    L.        IIej)ok-IIys1^ 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  narrow  and  nearly  ecjual.  Uppe^ii)  of  the  co- 
rolla entire  or  2-cleft,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  2,  inclndi^knosterior; 
the  anterior  mere  sterile  filaments,  or  wanting.  Style  dilated  or  2-li^Bd  at  the 
apex.  Pod  4-valvcd,  many-seeded.  —  Low  herbs,  mostly  ])crennials,  som^ppar- 
cntly  annuals,  with  opposite  sessile  leaves,  and  axillary  1 -flowered  peduncles, 
usually  with  2  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Flowering  all  summer;  all 
inhabiting  wet  or  damp  i)laces.  (Name  from  yralia,  grace  or  favor,  on  account 
of  supposed  excellent  medicinal  properties.) 

§  1.  Anthers  u-ith  a  broad  connective:  the  cells  transverse:  stems  mostly  diffusfly 
branched,  or  crecpiny  at  base,  soft  viscid-pubtsc&d  or  smooth. 
L  &  M— 34 


G30  SCROPHULARIACK^.       (fIOVVOUT    FAMILY.) 

♦  Sterile  fdameiits  minute  or  none:  corolla  whitish,  with  the  tube  yellowish. 

1.  G.  Virginicina,  L.  Stem  cliiinii)y-pulH;rulciU  above  (4' -6'  liigh) ; 
leaves  laiiccolutc,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sparingly  tootiied ;  piduncles  almost  equal- 
ling the  leavis  (i'-  1'  long) ;  pod  ovoid  (2"  long).  —  Very  eomnion. 

2.  G.  sphaeroe^rpa.  Ell.  Smooth,  ratlier  stout  (5'- 10'  high);  leaves 
lance-ovate  or  oblong,  tootiied;  jiedunrlcs scarctly  longer  than  the  culi/x  and  the 
large  (3")  glol)iilar  pod.  —  N.  Jersey  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

»  ♦  Sterile  filaments  slender,  tipped  ivith  a  little  head:  leaves  short  (I'-l'  long). 

3.  G.  visedsa,  Schwcinitz.  Clummji-puhejicent  or  glandular;  leaves  ovate- 
lanccniate  or  ollong,  acute,  tootiied,  mostly  shorter  than  the  peduncles;  corolla 
whitish,  ijellow  within.  —  Kentucky  and  southward. 

4.  G.  atirea,  Muhl.  Nearly  glabrous  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear,  entire, 
equalling  the  peduncles;  corolla  golden-yellow  (.J'  long).  —  Sandy  swamps,  N. 
Vermont  and  New  Hampshire  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

§  2.  Anthers  with  no  broad  connective;  the  cells  vertical:  hairy  plants,  with  erect  rigid 
and  more  simple  stems,  from  an  apparently  annual  rout :  sterile  Jiluntents  tii>ptd 
with  a  head. 

5.  G.  pil6sa,  Michx.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  sparingly  toothed,  sessile 
(4'  long)  ;  flowers  nearly  sessile;  corolla  white,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx.  — 
Low  ground,  Camden  Co.,  New  Jersey  ( C.  E.  Smith,  C.  F.  Parker),  JMaryhmd, 
and  southward. 

12.    ILYSANTHES,    Raf.        (Lindernia,  Muhl.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  nearly  e(pial.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  short,  erect,  2-lobed  ; 
the  lower  larger  and  spreading,  .3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  2,  included,  posterior ; 
the  anterior  pair  sterile,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  2-lobed,  without 
anthers  ;  one  of  the  lobes  glandular  ;  the  other  smooth,  usually  short  and  tooth- 
like.  Style  2-lipped  at  the  apex.  Pod  ovate  or  oblong,  many-seeded.  —  Small 
and  smooth  annuals,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  axillary  (purplish)  flowers, 
or  the  upper  raceined,  produced  all  summer.  (Name  from  i\vs,  mud,  or  mire, 
and  ("tvdos,  Jlowtr.) 

1.  I.  gratioloides,  Benth.  (False  Pimpernel  )  Much  branched,  dif- 
fusely spreading  (4' -8'  high);  leaves  ovate,  rounded,  or  oblong,  sparingly 
toothed  or  entire,  the  upper  partly  clasping.  (Capraria  gratioloides,  L.  Lin- 
dernia dilatata,  &  L.  attenulita,  Muhl.)  —  Wet  places  :  common. 

13.     MICRANTHEMUM,     Michx.      (Including  IIemiaxtiius,  Nutt.) 

Calyx  4-lobcd  or  4-  (rarely  5-)  parted.  Corolla  short,  2-lippcd,  with  the  up- 
per lip  considerably  shorter  than  the  lower,  or  l-liijjied,  the  upper  lip  obsolete ; 
lower  lip  3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  longest.  Stamens  2,  anterior,  the  short  fila- 
ment with  a  glandular  (mostly  basal)  appendage  :  anthers  2-celled,  didynious. 
No  sterile  filaments.  Style  short,  its  apex  or  the  stigma  2-lohcd.  Pod  glob- 
ular, thin,  with  a  very  delicate  or  evanescent  partition,  several -many-seeded. 
—  Small,  smooth,  depressed  and  tufted  or  creeping  annuals,  in  mud  or  shallow 
water,  with  opposite  and  entire  rounded  or  spatulate  sessile  leaves,  and  minute 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (fIGWOKT    FAMILY.)  331 

•white  or  purplish  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  some  of  the  middle  leaves  (usu- 
ally one  axil  florilcroiis,  that  of  the  other  Iciif  stirik-j.  (Name  formed  of  fiiKpos, 
siiutU,  and  audfiiov,  Jloiver.)  —  The  section  IIesiiAntiius  (Irom  rjfii,  ha fj,  and 
tivOos,  Jidiccr)  includes  the  species  like  ours,  of  which  there  are  several  dis- 
covereil  by  C.  Wri;,'ht  in  Culm,  havin;;  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  very  short 
or  obsolete,  and  mostly  slender  or  subulate  stij^^uias. 

1.  M.  Nutt^Uii.  (Ilcmiantlnis  micranthcmoidcs,  Nittt.)  Branches  as- 
cendiuj;,  \' -'2'  high;  leaves  obovate-spatulatc  or  oval;  peduncles  at  length 
recurved,  about  the  length  of  the  calyx,  which  is  bell-shaped,  4-toothed  and 
usually  split  down  on  one  side,  in  fruit  becoming  pear-shaped ;  middle  lobe  of 
the  corolla  linear-oblong,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  lateral  ones  ;  appen- 
dage of  the  stamens  nearly  as  long  as  the  filament  itself;  stigmas  subulate.  — 
Tidal  muddy  bands  of  the  Delaware  River,  and  southward.     Aug.  -Oct. 

14.    LIMOSELLA,    L.        Mldwort. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed.  Corolla  short,  widely  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  nearly 
regular.  Stamens  4  :  anthers  contluently  1-eelled.  Style  short,  club-shaped. 
Pod  globular,  many-seeded;  the  partition  thin  and  vanishing.  —  Small  annuals, 
growing  in  mud,  usually  near  the  sea-shore,  creeping  by  slender  runners,  with- 
out ascending  stems  ;  t!;e  entire  fleshy  leaves  in  dense  clusters  around  the  simple 
1-flowered  peduncles.  Flowers  small,  white  or  purplish.  (Name  a  diuiiimtive 
oi  limns,  mud,  in  which  these  little  plants  delight  to  grow.) 

1.  L.  aqu^tica,  L.  :  var.  tenuifblia,  llort'm.  Leaves  (with  no  blade 
distinct  from  tlie  petiole)  awl-shaped  or  thread-form.  (L.  tenuifolia,  Nittt.  L. 
subulata.  Ices.)  —  In  brackish  tidal  mud,  from  New  Jersey  northward.  Aug., 
Sept.  —riant  r-2'  high.     (Eu.) 

15.    SYNTHYRIS,    Benth.        Syntiivius. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  somewhat  bell-shaped,  variously  2  -4-lobcd  or  cleft. 
Stamens  2,  inserted  just  below  the  sinuses  on  each  side  of  the  upper  lobe  of  the 
corolla,  occasionally  with  another  pair  from  the  other  sinuses,  exserted  :  anther- 
eeils  not  confluent  into  one.  Style  slender :  stigma  simple.  Pod  flattened, 
rounded,  obtuse  or  notched,  2-grooved.  2-cclled  (rarely  .3-lobed  and  .3-celled), 
many-seeded,  loculicidal  ;  the  valves  cohering  below  with  the  columella.  —  Per- 
ennial herbs,  with  the  simple  scape-like  stems  beset  with  partly-clasping  braet- 
like  alternate  leaves,  the  root-leaves  rounded  and  ))etioled,  crenate.  Flowers 
in  a  raceme  or  sjjike,  with  bracted  jjcdicels.  (Name  composed  of  avv,  tofjfther, 
and  Ovpis.  a  lit//,-  thmr :  evidently  in  allusion  to  the  closed  valves  of  the  pod.) 

1.  S.  Houghtoniina,  Benth.  Hairy;  root-leaves  round-ovate,  heart- 
shaped;  raceme  spiked,  dense  (.">'- 12');  corolla  not  longer  than  the  calyx, 
usually  2-.3-parted.  —  High  prairies  and  hills.  Wisconsin, //wyA/o", /v//>A<imi. 
Michigan,  Wrif/ht.  Illinois,  Mcdd.  May.  —  Corolla  grceni>h-white,  for  tlie 
most  part  deeply  2-parted,  with  the  ujjper  lip  entire,  a  little  hunger  and  narrower 
than  the  lower,  which  is  .3-toothed  ;  but  occasionally  3-tiarled,  with  the  ujiper 
lip  notched  or  2-lobed.  When  there  are  4  stameus  the  lower  aie  later  than 
the  others- 


332  SCROPHULAKIACE.E.       (kIGWORT    FAMILY.) 

16.    VERONICA,     L.        Speedwell. 

Calyx  4-  (rarelv  .3-5-)  partuil.  Corolla  wlicel-shapcd  or  salvcr-shapcd,  the 
border  4-iKuted  (rarely  5-parto(l) ;  the  lateral  lobes  or  the  lower  one  eoinmonly 
narrower  than  the  others.  Stamens  2,  one  caeh  side  of  the  upper  lolte  of  the 
corolla,  exserted  :  anther-cells  confluent  at  the  apex.  Style  entire  :  sti^^ma 
sinj;le.  I'ud  flattened,  obtuse  or  notched  at  the  apex,  2celled,  few -many- 
seeded.  —  Chiefly  herbs :  leaves  mostly  opposite  or  whorled :  flowers  blue,  flesh- 
color,  or  white.  (Derivation  doubtful;  perhaps  the  flower  oi' Si.  Veronica.) 
§  1.    Tall  perennials,  with  mostly  ivhorled  leaves:  raames  terminal,  dense,  spiked : 

bracts  verij  small:  tube,  of  llie  corolla  lonc/er  than  its  limb  and  much  lonyer  than 

the  calijx ;  both  sometimes  b-difl.      (Lepttindra,  Nutt.) 

1.  V.  Virginica,  L.  (Culver's-koot.  Cilver's  Physic.)  Smooth 
or  rather  douny  ;  stem  simple,  straight  (2° -6°  hi^h)  ;  leaves  whorled  in  fours 
to  sevens,  short-petioled,  lanceolate,  pointed,  finely  serrate ;  spikes  panicled ; 
stamens  much  exserted.  —  Rich  woods,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and  southward: 
often  cultivated.  July,  Aug.  —  Corolla  small,  nearly  white.  Pod  oblong-ovate, 
not  notched,  opening  by  4  teeth  at  the  apex,  many-seeded. 

§  2.    Perennials  with  opposite  nsuallij  serrate  leaves :  flowers  in  axillary  mostly  oppo- 
site racemes :  corolla  wheel-shaped  (pale  blue) :  pod  notched,  many-seeded. 

2.  V.  Anagallis,  L.  (Water  Speedwell.)  Smooth,  creeping  and 
rooting  at  the  base,  then  erect ;  leaves  sessile,  most  of  them  claspivy  by  a  heart- 
shaped  base,  ovute-lanceolale,  acute,  serrate  or  entire  (2'  -  3'  long) ;  j)cdicels  spread- 
ing; pod  slightly  uotclied. — Brooks  and  ditches,  especially  northward:  rare 
eastward.     June -Aug.  —  Corolla  pale  blue  with  purple  stripes.     (Eu.) 

3.  V.  Americana,  Schwcinitz.  (American  Brooklime.)  Smooth, 
decumbent  at  th.c  base,  then  erect  (8' -15'  high) ;  leaves  mostly  petioled,  ovate  or 
Mom],  acutish,  serrate,  thickish,  truncate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base; 
the  slender  pedicels  spreading;  pod  turgid.  ( V.  Beccabiinga,  ^mer.  a«//iorA-.) 
—  Brooks  and  ditches  :  common.     June -Aug. 

§  3.  Perennials,  with  diffuse  or  ascending  branches  from  a  decumbent  base :  leaves 
opfiosite :  racemes  axdiary,  from  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite  axils :  corolla 
wheel -shaped :  pod  strongly  flattened,  several-seeded. 

4.  V.  SCUtellkta,  L.  (Marsh  Speedwell.)  6';noor/i,  slender  and  weak 
(6'-  12'  high)  ;  leaves  sessile,  linear,  acute,  remotely  denticulate;  racemes  1  or  2,  very 
slender  and  zigzag  ;  flowers  fw  and  scattered,  on  elongated  spreading  or  reflexed 
pedicels ;  pod  very  flat,  much  broader  than  long,  notched  at  both  ends  or  didy- 
mous.  —  Bogs  :  common  northward.     June- Aug.     (Eu.) 

5.  V.  ofl&cinklis,  L.  (Common  Speedwell.)  Pubescent;  stem  pros- 
trate, rooting  at  the  base  ;  leaves  short-petioled,  obovate-illiptical  or  wedge-oblong,  ob- 
tuse, seiTale ;  i-acemes  den.iely  many-flowered ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx;  ]iod 
obovate-iriangular,  broadly  notched.  — Dry  hills  and  open  woods.  July.  (Ku.) 
§4.    Leaves  opposite :  flotvirs  in  a  terminal  raceme,  the  lower  bracts  resembling  the 

stem-ldivis:  corolla  wheel-shaped :  pods  flat,  several-seeded. 
*  Perennials  (mostly  turning  blackish  in  drying). 

6.  V.  alplna,  L.  Stem  branched  from  the  base,  erect,  simple  (2'-G' 
high) ;  leaves  elliptical,  or  the  lowest  rounded,  entire  or  toothed  ;  nearly  sessile; 


SCROPIIUL.VRIACK.E.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  333 

raceme  hairy ,  f  w- flowered,  eroirded ;  pod  ohovate,  luitclicd.  — Alpine  summits  of 
the  Wliitc  Mountains  of  New  Ilnmpsiiiiv.     (Kii.) 

7.  V.  serpyllifblia,  L.  (TiiYMK-i.KAVia)  Spekdwell.)  Much  inanelied 
at  the  creepinir  l>:>se,  »«/////  amooth ;  Itranclics  asccndinjr  and  simple  (2'  -  4'  liigli) ; 
laves  ovate  or  oh/oiii],  ol)si-urely  crcnatc,  the  lowest  fietioled  and  rounded,  tlic  njiper 
pas.sin,!|  into  lanceolate  hraet.s  ;  raenne  loose;  pod  rountled,  broader  than  lon<^, 
obtusely  notched.  —  Roadsides  iind  (iclds  ;  common  :  introduced  and  indigenous. 
May-July. —  Corolhi  whitish,  or  pale  blue,  with  deeper  stripes.     (En.) 

«  #  AnnuaU  or  hiennkds :  floral  leaves  like  those  of  the  stem,  so  that  tlie  Jlowers 
appear  to  be  axdiary  and  solitary:  corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

8.  V.  peregrina,  L.  (Neck  weed.  Purslane  Speed  well.)  Neaily 
smooth,  erect  (4' -9'  liif^h),  branched;  lowest  leaves  petioled,  ocal-ohloni/,  toothed, 
thiekish  ;  the  others  sessile,  obtuse  ;  the  upper  oblong-linear  and  entire,  longer 
than  the  almost  sessile  (whitish)  flowers;  pod  orbicular,  slightly  notched,  many- 
seeded. —  Waste  and  cultivated  grounds:  common:  appearing  like  an  intro- 
duced weed.     April -June. 

9.  V.  ARVEssis,  L.  (Corn  Speedwell.)  Simple  or  diffusely  branched 
(.3' -8'  high),  hairy ;  lower  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  crenate;  the  uppermost  sessile, 
lanceolate,  entire  ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  pod  inversely  heart-shaped, 
the  lobes  rounded.  —  Cultivated  grounds  :  rather  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§  5.  Annuals  or  biennials  [prostrate-spreading,  hairy)  :  stem-leaves  opposite  [all  peti- 
oled), the  upper  alternate  and  bearing  solitary  peduncled  Jlowers  In  their  axils  : 
corolla  tcheej-shaped :  pod  flat:  seeds  cup-shaped.  Rare  or  local  immigrants, 
and  only  near  the  coast,  from  Massachusetts  to  Virginia. 

10.  V.  AGRESTLS,  L.  (FiELD  SPEEDWELL.)  Leaves  round  or  ovate,  cre- 
nate-toothcd  ;  the  floral  somewhat  similar,  about  the  length  of  the  recurred  pedun- 
clis  ;  ealyx-loi)cs  oi)long  ;  flower  small  ;  ovary  uiany-ovuled,  but  the  nearly  orbicu- 
lar and  sharply  notched  pod  1  -  2-seeded.  —  Sandy  fields.     (Adv.  from  Eu. ) 

11.  V.  BuxnAu.Mii,  Tenore.  Leaves  round  or  heart-ovate,  crcnatcly  cut- 
toothed  (i'-l'  long),  shorter  than  tlw.  peduncles;  flower  large  (nearlv  A' wide, 
blue) ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  widely  spreading  in  fruit ;  pod  olicordate- triangular, 
broadly  notched,  16-24-seeded.  —  Waste  grounds.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

12.  V.  heder.ef6lia,  L.  (Ivy-leaved  Speedwell.)  Leaves  rounded 
or  heart-shaped,  3  -  1-toothed  or  lobed,  shorter  than  the  peduncles ;  calyx-lobes  some- 
what heart-shaped;  flowers  small;  pod  turgid,  2-lobed,  2-A-seedtd.  —  Shaded 
places.     April -June.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

17.     BUCHNERA,    L.        Blle-IIearts. 

Calyx  tubular,  obscurely  nerved,  5-toothed.  Corolla  salver-form,  with  a 
straight  or  curved  tube,  and  an  almost  equally  5-eleft  Iind) :  the  lobes  oblong  or 
wedge-obovate,  flat.  Stamens  4,  included,  apjiroximatc  in  jiairs :  anthers  one- 
celled  (the  other  cell  wanting).  Style  club-shaped  and  entire  at  the  apex.  Pod 
2-valved,  maiiy-sccdcd.  — Perennial  rough-hairy  herbs  (doubtless  root-parasitie), 
turning  blackish  in  drying,  with  opposite  leaves,  or  the  upix'rmost  alternate; 
the  flowers  opposite  in  a  terminal  sjiike,  braeti-d  and  with  2  Iractlcts.  (Named 
in  honor  of  y.  G.  Buchner,  un  early  German  botanist.) 


334  scnopiiULARiACE.E.     (figwort  family.) 

1.  B.  Americana,  L.  Rough-hairy;  stem  wand-like  (l°-2°  high); 
lower  leaves  oliovate-olilun^^  the  others  oblong  and  lanceolate,  sparingly  and 
coarsely  toothed,  veiny;  tiie  ni)])erinost  lincar-lanccolate,  entire;  spike  inter- 
rui)ted ;  calyx  longer  than  the  bracts,  one  third  the  length  of  the  deep-purplt» 
corolla.  —  riaiiis,  W.  New  York  to  WiK-onsin  and  southward.    June- Aug. 

18.    SEYMEKIA,    Pursh.        Sey-mkuia. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  deeply  S-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  short  and  l)road  tube,  not 
longer  than  the  5  ovate  or  oblong  nearly  equal  and  spreading  lobes.  IStaniens 
4,  somewhat  equal :  anthers  approximate  by  pairs,  oblong,  2-cellcd ;  the  cells 
equal  and  pointless.  I'od  nuuiy-seeded.  —  Erect  branc^iing  herbs,  with  the  gen- 
eral as])ect  and  character  of  Gerardia  :  leaves  mostly  opposite  and  dissected  or 
pinnatitid,  the  uppermost  alternate  and  bract-like.  Flowers  yellow,  interrupt- 
ed! v  racemed  or  sjjiked.     (Named  for  IJenn/  Scymer,  an  English  naturalist.) 

1.  S.  macroph^lla,  Nutt.  (Mullein-Foxglove.)  Rather  pubescent 
(4° -5°  high) ;  leaves  large,  the  lower  pinnately  divided,  with  the  broadly  lan- 
ceolate divisions  pinnatitid  and  incised,  the  upper  lanceolate ;  tube  of  the  corolla 
incurved,  very  woolly  inside,  as  arc  the  filaments  except  their  apex;  style  short, 
dilated  and  notched  at  the  point ;  pod  ovate,  pointed.  —  Shady  river-banks,  Ohio 
to  Illinois,  and  soutliwcstward.     July. 

19.     GERARDIA,    L.        Gerardia. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed  or  5-clcft.     Corolla  campanulatc-funnel-form,  or 
somewhat  tubular,  swelling  above,  with  5  more  or  less  unequal  spreading  lobes, 
the  2  upper  usually  rather  smaller  and  more  united.     Stamens  4,  strongly  di- 
dynamous,  included,  hairy :  anthers  approaching  by  pairs,  2-celled ;  the  cells 
parallel,  often  pointed  at  the  base.     Style  elongated,  mostly  enlarged  and  flat- 
tened at  the  apex.  Pod  globular  or  ovate,  ))ointcd,  many-seeded.  —  Erect  branch- 
ing herbs  (more  or  less  root-parasitic) :  stem-leaves  opposite,  or  the  upper  alter- 
nate, the  uppermost  reduced  to  bracts  and  subtending  1 -flowered  peduncles, 
wliich  often  form  a  raceme  or  spike.     Flowers  showy,  purple  or  yellow ;  in  late 
summer  and  autumn.     (Dedicated  to  the  celebrated  hcr])alist,  John  Gprnrde.) 
§  1.  GERARDIA  proper.      Cali/r-trcth  shmi .-  romlla  purple  or  rose-mJnr :  nnthfra 
all  alike,  nearhi  poinlless:  leaves  linear,  entire.      {Our  spenex  are  nil  hrnnrhlnrj 
annuals.      Tltey  still  need  revision ,  in  connection  with  those  of  the  Southern  States.) 
»  Peel  uncles  .<!horfer  or  moderatelfi  lonqer  than  the  cah/r:  stem  erect. 

1.  G.  purptirea,  I>.  (Purple  Gerardia.)  Stem  (8'-20'  high)  with 
long  and  rigid  widely  spreading  branches;  leaves  linear,  acute,  rouqh-warqined; 
flowers  large  (I'  long),  bright  purple,  often  downy;  cali/r-teefh  .sharp-pointed, 
shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Low  grounds,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  southward, 
mostly  towards  the  coast. 

2.  G.  marltima,  Rnf.  (Sea-side  G.)  Low  (4'- 12' high),  with  shorter 
branches  ;  lemrs  rathrr  flr-fhi/  and  obtuse,  as  are  the  short  cali/x-teeth ;  corolla  ^'  long. 
—  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast. 

3.  G.  ^spera,  Dongl.  Sparingly  branched  (P-2°  high);  leaves  long 
and  narrowly  linear,  rough ;  pedicels  once  or  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  which  has 


SCKOI'IIULAUIACE.E.       (fIGWOUT    FAMILY.)  335 

lanceolate  acute  teeth  nearli/ as  long  as  the  tultc ;   corolla  lar<;cr  than  in   No.  1. — 
Damp  grounds,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  westward. 

*  *  Peduncles   long  and  Jili/orm,  commonli/  exceeding  the  leaves :    stems  diffusely 
branched,  slender  (8'  -  20'  hit/h) :  corolla  liyht  purjile,  5"  -  7"  long. 

4.  G.  tenuif61ia,  Vahl.  (Slkndku  G.)  Leaves  narroicli/  linear,  acute, 
the  tlural  unis  iiio.-tly  like  the  others;  calyx-teeth  very  sliort,  acute;  pod  globular, 
not  exr<ediii(/  the  ciilyx.  —  Di'y  woods  :  common. 

5.  G.  Set^eea,  Walt.  Leaves  bristle-shaped,  as  arc  the  branchlcts,  or  the 
lower  linear ;  pod  orate,  mostly  longer  than  the  calyx,  which  has  siiort  setaceous  teeth. 
(G.  Skinneriaiia,  Wood.) — Dry  grounds,  I'enn.  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward. 

§  2.  DASi'STOiMA,  .Raf.     Calyx  5-cleJ},  the  lobes  ojlen  toothed:  corolla  yellow; 
the  tube  elongated,  woolly  inside,  as  well  as  tlie  anthers  andfilanu.nts :  anthers  all 
alike,  scarcely  included,  the  cells  awn-pointed  at  the  base:  leaves  rather  large,  all 
of  them  or  only  the  lower  pinnutijid  or  toothed.     (Pei-ennials.) 
6.'G.  fl^va,  L.  partly.     (Downy   False   Foxglove.)     Pubescent  trith  a 
fine  close  down  ;  stem   (3° -4°  hijih)  mostly  simple;  /cures  ovate-lanceolate  or  ob- 
long, obtuse,  entire,  or  the  lower  usually  sinuate-toothed  or  pinnafi/id ;  jmluncles  very 
short:  calyx-lol)es  oliloiig,  obtuse,  rather  shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Open  woods, 
especially  in  the  Middle  States.  —  Corolla  U'  long. 

7.  G.  quercifblia,  I'ursh.  (S.mootii  False  Foxglove.)  Smooth  and 
glaucous  (3°  -  6°  lii^h),  usually  branching ;  lower  leaves  commonly  twice-pinntitijid ; 
the  upjier  oblong-lunceolate,  pinnatifid  or  entire;  peduncles  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
the  lance-linear  acute  lobes  of  which  arc  as  long  as  the  at  length  inflated  tube. 

—  Rich  woods,  cs])ccially  southward.  —  Corolla  2'  long. 

8.  G.  integrif61ia,  Gray.  Smooth,  uolglaucous;  stem  (10-2°  high)  mostly 
simple  ;  kuvis  hinrinhite,  acute,  entire,  or  the  lowest  obscurely  toothed;  jxdunclcs 
shorter  than  the  calyx.  ( Da.'^ystoma  qucrcitblia,  var.  ?  intcgrifolia,  Benih. )  — Woods 
and  barrens,  Penn.sylvauia  to  Illinois,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.  — 
Corolla  1 '  long. 

9.  G.  grandifl6ra,  Benth.  Minutely  downy;  stem  much  branched  (3°- 
4°  high)  ;  leaves  ovaU-laiiceolale,  coarsely  toothed  or  cut,  the  lower  pinnatifid ;  pedun- 
cles rather  shorter  than  the  caly.x;  corolla  (2'  long)  4  times  the  length  of  the 
broadly  lanceolate  entire  or  toothed  calyx-lobes.  {Di\systoma  Drummondii, 
Benth.)  —  Oak  o])cnings,  Wisconsin  {Lapham),  Illinois  (]'asfy)  and  southward. 

—  Intermediate  between  G.  flava  and  the  next. 

10.  G.  pediculiria,  L.     Smoothish  or  pubescent,  much  branched  (2°- 
3°  high,  very  leafy )  ;  leaves  nvate-lanceolate,  pinnatifid.  mid  the  lohes  cut  and  toothed; 
peduncles  longer  than  the  hairy  mostly  serrate  calyx-lvbes.  —  Dry  copses  :  common. 
§3.  OTOPIIYLLA,  Benth.      Calyx  deeply  H-cle ft.  the  lolics  unequal:  corolla  pur- 
ple (rarely  white),  sparingly  hairy  inside,  as  well  as  the  very  unequal  stamens: 
anthers  jio'ii/ltss,  those,  of  the  shorter  jniir  much  smaller.      {Annuals?) 

11.  G.  auricul^ta,  Michx.  Rough-hairy;  stem  erect,  nearly  simple  (9'- 
20'  higli);  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  the  lower  entire,  the 
others  with  an  ol)long-Ianceolate  lobe  on  each  side  at  the  ba.<e ;  flowers  nearly 
sessile  in  the  axils  (1'  long).  —  Low  grounds,  Fcnu.  to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and 
southward. 


o30  scROPnuLARiACE-^.     (figwort  family.) 

20.  CASTILLEIA,     Mutis.        Paintf.d-Ccp. 

Calyx  tulmlar,  flnttciicd,  deft  af  tlic  summit  on  tlic  anterior,  and  usnally  on 
tlio  jiostcriur  side  also ;  tiie  divisions  entire  or  2-lol)cd.  Tube  of  tiie  corolla  in- 
cluded ill  the  cal^x  ;  its  ujipcr  lij)  long  aiul  narrow,  arched  and  keeled,  flattened 
laterally,  enclosing  the  4  unequal  stamens  ;  the  lower  lip  short,  3-lobed.  Anther- 
cells  oblong-linear,  imequal,  the  outer  fixed  by  the  middle,  the  inner  pendulous. 
I'od  miiny-bceded.  —  Herbs  (root-parasitic),  with  alternate  entire  f)r  cnt-lobcd 
leaves;  the  floral  ones  usnally  dilated,  colored,  and  more  showy  than  the  yel- 
low or  pui-plish  s])iked  flowers.     (Dedicated  to  Casti/lrjo,  a  Spanish  botanist.) 

1.  C.  COCCinea,  Spreng.  (Sc.vklet  Painted-Cup.)  Hairy  biennial  or 
annual;  stem  sim])lc;  root-leaves  clustered;  tho.sc  of  the  stem  incised;  the  floral 
.3-cleft,  hn'i/ht  scarict  towards  the  summit  (rarely  yellow)  ;  ca/i/.r  u/mosl  crjunlli/  2- 
rlef'/,  the  lolws  tikiiIij  entire,  about  the  length  of  the  \y.\]c  yellow  corolla.  ( Euchroma 
coccinca,  .iY»/r)  —  Sandy  low  grounds:  not  unconunon.     May -Aug. 

2.  C.  pallida,  Knnth.  Smooth  or  sparingly  hairy  perennial ;  at  the  sum- 
mit woolly ;  leaves  often  incised ;  the  floral  oblong  or  obovate,  whitish,  rarely 
tinged  with  purple;  cahj.r  clefl  more  deeply  in  front,  the  divisions  2-cleJ},  the  ovate- 
oblong  lobes  mostly  shorter  than  the  whitish  corolla.  (C.  sei)tentrionalis, 
fjndl.)  —  Alpine  region  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  Green 
Mountains,  Vermont,  Lake  Superior  and  northwestward.     Aug.     (En.) 

3.  C.  sessiliflbra,  Pursh.  Hairy  and  low  perennial  (6' -9' high) ;  leaves 
mostly  3-clcft,  with  narrow  diverging  lobes  ;  the  floral  broader,  not  colored:  spike 
many-flowered,  crowded ;  calyx  deeper  cleft  in  front,  the  divisions  dee/ily  2-de/l', 
shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  long  and  narrow  greenish-yellow  corolla;  which 
has  the  lol>es  of  the  lower  lip  slender,  pointed,  about  half  the  length  of  the  upper. 
—  I'rairies,  Wisconsin  [Lapham),  Illinois,  and  westward.  —  Corolla  2'  long. 

21.  SCHWALBEA,     Gronov.         Chaff-seed. 

Calyx  oblique,  tubular,  10- 12-ribbcd,  5-toothed ;  the  posterior  tooth  much 
smallest,  the  2  anterior  united  much  higher  than  the  others.  Upper  lip  of  the 
corolla  acthcd,  oblong,  entire ;  the  lower  rather  shorter,  erect,  2-plaitcd,  with  3 
very  short  and  broad  obtuse  lobes.  Stamens  4,  included  in  the  ui)per  lip :  an- 
thcr-cclls  equal  and  parallel,  obscurely  pointed  at  the  base.  Pod  ovate,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  linear,  with  a  loose  chafl-like  coat.  —  A  perennial  minutely  pu- 
bescent upright  herb  (lo-2°  high),  with  leafy  simple  stems,  terminated  by  a 
loose  spike  of  rather  large  dull  purplish-yellow  flowers ;  the  leaves  alternate, 
sessile,  3-nerved,  entire,  ovate  or  oblong,  the  upper  gradually  reduced  into  nar- 
row bracts.  Pedicels  very  short,  with  2  bractlets  under  the  calyx.  (Dedicated 
to  C.  G.  Schwalbe,  an  obscure  German  botanist.) 

1.  S.  Americana,  L.  —  Wet  sandy  soil,  Cajie  Cod  at  Sandwich  (B.  D. 
Greene),  near  Albany,  New  York,  pine  barrens  of  IS'cw  Jersey,  and  southward 
ntS&r  the  coast.     May -July. 

22.     EUPHRASIA,     Tourn.        Evebright. 

Calyx  tubular  or  bell-shaped,  4-cleft.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect,  scarcely 
arched,  2-lobed,  the  lobes  broad  and  spreading;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-cleft,  the 


scROPiitn.ARiACF.yE.     (figwort  famti.t.)  337 

lobes  obtnsc  or  notched.  Stnmcns  4,  under  the  upper  )ip  :  antlicr-cclls  equal, 
pointed  at  tlic  base.  Pod  oblong,  fl.ittencd.  Seeds  numerous.  —  Ilerlis  witli 
branebin<;  stems,  and  opposite  toothed  or  cut  leaves.  Flowers  small,  sj)iked. 
(Name  elcf^paala,  cheerfulness,  in  allusion  to  its  reputed  medicinal  properties.) 

1.  E.  officinalis,  I-^-  Low  annual;  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  the  lowest 
crcnato,  the  (Uiral  lirisily-toothed  ;  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  of  tlic  (whitish,  yellow- 
ish, or  bluish)  corolla  notched.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New 
Hampshire  {Ouhs),  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.  A  dwarf  variety,  1 '-.')' 
high,  with  very  small  flowers.      (E.  pusilla,  Godcl,  mss.)     (Eu.) 

23.    RHINANTHUS,    L.     Ykllow-Ratti.e. 

Calyx  membranaceous,  flattened,  much  inflated  in  fruit,  4-toothed.  I'pper 
lip  of  the  corolla  arched,  ovate,  obtuse,  flattened,  entire  at  the  summit,  hut  fur- 
nished with  a  minute  tooth  on  each  side  below  tlic  apex  ;  lower  lip  3-lobcd.  Sta- 
mens 4,  under  the  upper  lip  :  anthers  approximate,  hairy,  transver.se;  the  cells 
equal,  pointless.  Pod  orliicuhvr,  flattened.  Seeds  many,  orbicular,  winged.  — 
Annual  upright  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves;  the  lower  oblong  or  linear;  the 
upper  lanceolate,  toothcJ  ;  the  floral  rounded  and  cut-serrate  with  bristly  teeth  ; 
the  solitary  yellow  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  their  axils,  and  crowded  in  a  one- 
sided s])ikc.  (Name  composed  of  piv,  a  snout,  and  tivdos,  a  Jlourr,  fvom  the 
beaked  u])per  li|)  of  the  corolla  in  some  species  formerly  of  this  genus.) 

1.  E.  Crista-g^lli,  L.  (Common-  Yellow- Rattle.)  Leaves  ol)long 
or  lanceolate;  seeds  broadly  winged  (when  ripe  they  rattle  in  the  inflated  calyx, 
whence  tlic  popular  name).  —  Plymouth,  Mass.  (probably  introduced),  White 
Mountains,  X.  Hampshire  (Tuckennun),  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.    (Eu.) 

24.     PEDICULARIS,     Tourn.        Loisewort. 

Calyx  various.  Corolla  strongly  2-lippcd  ;  the  upper  lip  arched,  flattened, 
often  beaked  at  the  apex  ;  the  lower  erect  at  the  base,  2-crested  above,  3-lobed ; 
the  lobes  commonly  spreading,  the  lateral  ones  rounded  and  larger.  Stamens 
4,  under  the  upper  lip:  anthers  transverse;  the  cells  equal,  pointle-'s.  Pod 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  mostly  oblique,  several-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with 
chiefly  pinnatifid  leaves,  the  floral  bract-like,  and  rather  large  flowers  in  a  spike. 
(Name  from  fiidivulnx,  a  louse  ;  of  no  obvious  application.) 

1.  P.  Canadensis,  L.  (Common  Lolsewokt.  AVood  Betoxy.) 
Hairy;  stems  simple,  clustered  (5'- 12'  high);  haves  scattered;  the  lowist  pin- 
nalely  parted;  llie  others  half-pinmitijid;  spike  short  and  dense;  calyx  split  in 
front,  otherwise  .ilmost  entire,  oblique;  upper  lip  of  the  (dull  greenish-yellow 
and  purplish)  corolla  hooded,  inciuved,  2-toothed  under  the  apex;  ]>od  Jhit, 
wiiieirhdt  sirnrd-s/miird.  —  Co])ses  and  lianks  :  common.     May  -July. 

2.  P.  lanceol^ta,  Michx.  Stem  upright  (l°-.3°  high),  nearly  simple, 
mostly  smooth;  Imrcs  ]Kiit/i/  opfiosito,  ohlvnq-lnnreolate,  doiib/i/  cut-toothed ;  spiko 
crowded;  calyx  2-lolx'd,  leafy-crested;  upper  lip  of  the  (pale  yellow)  coi-oUa 
incurved  and  bearing  a  short  truncate  beak  at  the  apex  ;  the  lower  erect,  so  aa 
nearly  to  close  the  throat;  /W  orate,  smrci/i/  /onf/er  than  the  cnli/r.  (P.  pallida, 
Pursh.)  —  Swamps,  Connecticut  to  Virginia  and  Wisconsin.    Aug.,  Sept. 

G  M     15 


338  ACAXTIIACE/E.       (ACANTIirS    FAMILY.) 

25.    MELAMPYRUM,     Tourn.        Cow-Wukat. 

Calyx  bc'll-sliapcd,  4-cli'ft ;  the  taper  lobes  sharp-pointed.  Tube  of  the  co. 
rolla  eyliiulrieal,  enlargin;^  above;  ii]>por  li])  arehed,  coin])rcssed,  straight  in 
front;  the  lower  creet-spreading,  biconvex,  3-lobed  at  the  apex.  Stamens  4, 
under  the  npper  lip :  anthers  approximate,  oblong,  nearly  vertical,  hairy ;  the 
cqnal  cells  minutely  pointed  at  the  ba.se.  Ovary  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell. 
Pod  flattened,  oblique,  1-4-seedcd.  —  Erect  branching  annuals,  with  o])posite 
leaves,  the  lower  entire,  the  upper  mostly  larger  and  fringed  with  bristly  teeth 
at  the  base.  Flowers  scattered  and  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  in 
our  spcQics.  (Name  composed  of  /xe'Xas,  hloLk,  and  jrupoi-,  ivlmit ;  from  the  color 
of  the  seeds  of  field  species  in  Europe,  as  they  appear  mixed  with  grain.) 

1.  M.  Americ^num,  Miehx.  Leaves  lanceolate,  short-petioled,  the  lower 
entire  ;  the  floral  ones  similar,  or  abrupt  at  the  base  and  I)eset  with  a  few  bristly 
teeth  ;  calyx-teeth  linear-awl-shaped,  not  half  the  length  of  the  slender  tube  of 
the  pale  greenish-yellow  corolla,  (M.  pratense,  var.  Americannm,  Bmth.)  — 
Open  woods:  common.  June- Sept. — Plant  6'- 12' high.  Corolla  5"  long, 
more  slender  than  in  M.  pratense,  sometimes  tinged  with  purple. 

Order  G9.    ACAKTII.4.CEiE.     (Acanthus  Family.) 

Chieflij  herbs,  tiAth  opposite  simple  leaves,  didynamous  or  diandrons  sta- 
mens, inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  more  or  less  2-lippcd  corolla,  the  lobes  of 
which  are  convolute  or  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  fruit  a  2-celled  and  few-  (4  - 
12-)  seeded  pud ;  seeds  anatropous,  without  albumen,  usually  flat  and  sup- 
ported by  hoolced  projections  of  the  placentte.  —  Flowers  commonly  much 
bracted.  Calyx  5-clefl.  Style  thread-form:  stigma  simple  or  2-clell. 
Pod  loculiciilal,  usually  flattened  contrary  to  the  valves  and  partition. 
Seed  with  albumen  in  Elytraria  of  the  Southern  States,  according  to  Dr. 
Feay.  Cotyledons  broad  and  flat.  —  Mucilaginous  and  slightly  bitter,  not 
noxious.  A  large  Aimily  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world  :  represented 
in  gardens  by  Tiiuxbeiu.ia,  which  diflTers  from  the  rest  by  the  globular 
pod  and  seeds,  the  latter  not  on  hooks  (relinacula)  ;  in  the  Northern  States 
by  only  two  indigenous  genera. 

1.    DIANTHERA,     Gronov.        Water-Willow. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  deeply  2-lij)ped  ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  notched ;  the 
lower  spreading,  3-parted,  external  in  the  bud.  Stamens  2 :  anthers  2-celled, 
the  cells  separated  and  somewhat  unequal.  Pod  obovate,  flattened,  contracted 
at  the  i)ase  into  a  short  stalk,  4-seedcd.  —  Perennial  herbs,  growing  in  water  or 
wet  places,  with  entire  leaves,  and  jnirplish  flowers  in  axillary  peduncled  spikes 
or  heads.  (Name  formed  of  bis,  donlile,  and  avOqpd,  nnthcr ;  the  separated  cells 
giving  the  appearance  of  two  anthers  on  each  filament.) 

1.  D.  Americana,  E.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elongated;  spikes  ob- 
long, dense,  long-pcduncled.  (Justi'cia  jiedunculo.sa,  Michx.  llhytiglossa.  Nets.) 
—  Borders  of  streams  and  ponds,  N.  W.  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  Virginia,  and 
southward.     Jnly  -  Sept. 


VERBENACE^-.       (VEUVAIN    FAMILY.)  33\> 

2.     RUELLIA,     L.        (DiptkracAnthls,  Nccs,  &  Ed.  2.) 

Calyx  o-partuil.  Coiullii  fiiiiiiol-foriii,  the  spreading  ample  Ixjrdcr  almost 
equally  and  re<^ularly  ."i-cleft,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  included,  di- 
dynamous :  cells  of  the  .somewhat  aiiow-shapcd  anthers  parallel  and  nearly 
equal.  Pod  narrow,  in  our  species  (of  the  section  Dii'Tkkacantiius)  somewhat 
flattened,  contracted  and  seedless  at  the  base,  above  8-  I2-.seeded.  beeds  with 
a  mucilaginous  coat,  when  wet  under  the  microscope  cxhil)itiuy  innumerable 
tapering  short  bristles,  their  walls  marked  with  rings  or  spirals.  —  Perennials, 
with  rather  large  and  showy  blue  or  purple  flowers,  mostly  in  axillary  dusters, 
sometimes  also  with  small  flowers  precociously  close-fertilized  in  the  bud.  Calyx 
often  2-bracte()huc.     (Named  for  the  early  herbalist,  John  Riulk.) 

1.  R.  cilidsa,  Pursh.  ///«)//«  with  soft  whitish  hairs  (l*- 3°  high) ;  fotw* 
imirhi  srs-llc,  oral  or  ovate-oblong  (l'-2'  long) ;  flowers  1  -3  and  almost  sessile 
in  the  axils;  tube  of  the.  corolla  (I'-  H'  long)  fully  twice  the  lent/th  of  the  setaceous 
cahjx-hhes ;  the  throat  short.  (Dipteracanthus  ciliosus,  Nejis.)  —  Dry  soil,  Mich- 
igan to  Illinois,  and  southward.     Jime-Scpt. 

2.  R.  Str^penS,  L.  Glabrous  or  sparlnfjlij  pnhesrent  (l°-4°  high);  leaves 
uarroired  at  the  Ikisc  into  (t  petiole,  ovate,  obovate,  or  mostly  oblong  (2^'  -  .'3'  long) ; 
tube  of  the  corolla  {ahowt  \' \on<r)  little  longer  than  the  dilated  portion,  slir/htly 
exceeding  the  hiiiceohite  or  linear  calf/ r-lobes.  (Dipteracanthus  strepcns.  Nets.)  — 
Flowers  1  -5  in  each  axil,  rarely  on  a  slender  pt'diinclc,  usually  almost  .sessile; 
sometimes  many  and  closely  crowded,  then  mostly  fruiting  in  the  bud,  (when  it 
is  D.  micninthns,  EiifjeJm.  <f-  (Jr.).  —  Kich  soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southward.    July  -  Sej)t. 

Order  70.     VERBEWACE^.     (Vervain  Family.) 

//p;-t.<j  or  sh-ii7).<f,  irlth  oppnuite  leaven,  more  or  fess  2-Upped  or  irregular 
corolla,  and  didipiamonx  .'Stamens,  the  2-4-celled  (in  Phryma  l-celled)//-MJ< 
dnj  or  drupaceous,  usualli/  splilting  xchen  ripe  into  as  many  l-seeded  inde- 
hi^cent  nutlel.i ;  difTerlng  from  the  following  order  in  the  ovary  not  being 
4-lobed,  the  style  therefore  terminal,  and  the  plants  seldom  aromaric  or 
furni.shing  a  volatile  oil.  —  Seeds  with  a  straight  embryo  and  little  or  no 
albumen.  —  A  large  order  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world,  sparingly  rep- 
resented in  cool  regions. 

TrllJC   I.     VERBENE.3E.     Ov.nry  2  -  4-cellc(l,  and  with  an  erect  anatropous  ovulein  cacb 
cdl  :  r.i.licle  inforinr. 

1.  Vtrbeiin.     Flowers  in  spikes  or  heads.     Ciilyx  tuliular.     Fruit  splittinp  into  4  nutlets. 

2.  Lippla.     Fluwers  in  spikes  or  lieiuls.     Calyx  short,  2-eleft.     Fruit  splitting  into  2  nutlets. 

3.  CalUciirpa.  Flowers  in  axillary  cynics.  Calyx  short.  Fruit  beiTy-like,  with  4  nutlets. 
Tribe  II.  PIIKYRIE^.  Ovary  I -celled  :  ovule  erect,  orthotropnus  :  radicle  superior, 
i.    Phryiua.     Flowers  in  slender  spikes.     Calyx  cylindrical,  2  lip|>ed.     Fruit  an  achcnium. 

1.    VERBENA,     L.        V.kvain. 

Calyx  tubular,  a-toothed,  one  of  the  teeth  often  shorter  than  the  others.  Co 
rolla  tubular,  often  curved,  salver-form;  the  border  somewhat  unequally  5-cleft. 


340  VKRBENACr.E.       (VERVAIN    FAMILY.) 

Stamens  included  ;  the  upper  pair  occasionally  without  anthers.  Style  slender : 
sti<,^niu  capitate.  Fruit  splitting  into  4  ;-ceil-like  nutlets-.  —  Flowers  sessile,  in 
single  or  often  i)anicled  spikes,  bractcd;  produced  all  summer.  (The  Latin 
name  for  any  sacred  herb:  derivation  obscure.)  —  The  species  present  numerous 
spontaneous  hybrids. 

§  1.  Aitt/ters  not  appendiu/cd :  erect  herbs,  vith  slender  spikts. 
*  Lmves  undivided:  root  perennial, 

1.  V.  angUStifolia,  Michx.  Low  (6' -18'  high),  often  simple;  leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  b;vsc,  sessile,  roughish,  slightly  toothed ; 
spikes  few  or  single;  the  purple  flowers  crowded,  larger  than  in  the  next.  —  Dry 
soil,  Amherst,  JIass.,  to  Wisconsin  and  southward  :  rare  northward. 

2.  V.  hastata,  L.  (Hluk  Vluvai.n.)  Tall  (4°-G°  high);  leaver  lance- 
olate or  oUoiKj-tunctulute,  taper-pointed,  cut-serrate,  petioled,  the  loioer  ojlen  lobed  and 
sometiiiiis  halherd-shaiied  at  the  base  ;  ypikes  linear,  erect,  denselij  flowered,  corymbed 
or  panicled.  (V.  paniculiita.  Lam.,  when  the  leaves  are  not  lobed.)  — Low  and 
waste  grounds :  common.     At  the  north  probably  immigrant  from  the  south. 

3.  V.  Ul'ticifdlia,  L.  (Nettle-leaved  or  White  V.)  liather  tall; 
leaves  oval  or  oUony-ovale,  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  petioled;  spikes  very  slender,  at 
length  much  elongated,  with  the  flowers  remote,  loosely  panicled,  very  small,  white. 
—  Old  fields  and  roadsides  :  apparently  immigrant. 

4.  V.  Stricta,  Vent.  (HoAKY  v.)  Downg  with  soft  whitish  hairs;  stem 
nearly  simi)le  (1°  -  2°  high) ;  leaves  sessile,  obovate  or  oblong,  serrate ;  s/iikis  thick 
and  verij  denscli/  flowered,  .somewhat  clustered,  hairy.  — Barrens,  Ohio  to  Wiscon- 
sin, and  southward. —  Flowers  blue,  pretty  large. 

*  *  Leaves  clefl  or  pinnritifid,  narrowed  at  the  base:  root  perennial  ? 

5.  V.  offici.nXlis,  L.  (Eukopean  V.)  Erect,  \oosii\y  branched  (1° -3° 
high) ;  leaves  pinnatifid  or  3-clefl,  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  smooth  above,  the  lobes 
cut  and  toothed ;  spikes  panicled,  very  slender ;  bracts  small,  much  shorter  than 
the  very  small  purplish  flowers.  (V.  spuria,  L.) — Roadsides;  chiefly  south- 
Avard  :  scarce.     (Nat.  from  En.) 

6.  V.  braete6sa,  Michx.  Widdg  spreading  or  procumbent,  hairy;  A  ares 
wedge-lanceolate,  vut-pinnatijid  or  3-rlfft,  short-petioled ;  spikes  single,  remotely 
flowered ;  bracts  large  and  lenfi/,  the  lower  pinnatifid,  longer  than  the  small  pur- 
ple flowers.  —  Waste  places,  Wisconsin  to  Kentucky  and  southward. 

§  2.  Anthers  of  thf  longer  stamens  tipped  with  a  glandular  appendage. 

7.  V.  Aubl6tia,  L.  tIwhho/,  rather  hairy,  spreading  or  ascending;  leaves 
obovatc-oblong  with  a  wedge-shaped  base,  .3-cleft  and  cut  or  pinnatifid  ;  spikes 
])cduiu'led.  flat-t()|iped  in  flower;  bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx;  flowers  .showy, 
light  jiurple.  —  Prairies  and  rocks,  from  Illi^iois  southward.     Also  cultivated. 

2.     LIP  PI  A,     L.         (Zap.\xia,  ./«.«.) 

Calyx  short,  often  flattened,  2-4-toothed,  or  2-lipped.  Corolla  2-lipped  :  up- 
per lip  notched  ;  tiie  lower  much  larger,  .3-lobcd.  Stamens  inclu<led.  Style 
slender:  stigma  obliquely  capitate.  Fruit  2-celled,  2-seeded.  (Dedicated  to 
Augustus  Lippi,  an  Italian  naturalist  and  traveller.) 


LARIAT.E.       (mint    FAMILY.)  '341 

1.  L.  lanceolMa,  Michx.  (Fog-frlmt.)  Procumbent  or  creeping,  rough- 
ish,  green  ;  leaves  oldaiieeolatc  or  wedgc-spatiilate,  serrate  al>ove ;  ])ediiiKlcs 
axillary,  slender,  bearing  solitary  closely  braetcd  beads  of  bluisb-wbitc  Howers; 
calyx  2-elefi,  tbc  divisions  sbarply  keeled.  —  River-banks,  Pennsylvania  to  Illi- 
nois and  soutliward.     July -Sept. 

3.    CALLICARPA,    L.        Callicarpa. 

Caly^  4-5-tootlied,  sliort.  Corolla  tiibular-bcll-sbapcd,  4-5-lobcd,  nearly 
regular.  Stamens  4,  nearly  equal,  exserted  :  antliers  opening;  at  tbe  npcx.  Style 
slender,  tbiekened  upwards.  Fruit  a  small  berry-like  druj»c,  witli  4  nutlets. — 
Sbrubs,  witb  scurfy  i)ubcseence,  and  small  Howers  in  axillary  cymes.  (Name 
lormed  of  xiiXXos,  Imuiti/,  and  Kapnos,  fruit.) 

1.  C.  Americana,  L.  (French  Mulberry.)  Leaves  ovate-oblong  with 
a  tapering  base,  toothed,  whitish  beneath;  calyx  obscurely  4-tootbcd  ;  fruits  vio- 
let-color. —  Kich  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.     May  -  July. 

4..  PHRYMA,    L.        Lopseed. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  2-lipped ;  tbc  upper  lip  of  3  bristlc-awl-shapcd  teeth ;  tho 
lower  shorter,  2-toothed.  Corolla  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  notched  ;  tlie  lower  much 
larger,  3-lobed.  Stamens  included.  Style  slender:  stigma  2-lobed.  Fruit  dry, 
in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  oblong,  1-celled  and  1 -seeded!  Seed  orthotropous. 
Radicle  pointing  upwards:  cotyledons  convolute  round  their  axis.  —  A  peren- 
nial herb,  with  slender  branching  stems,  and  coarsely  toothed  ovate  leaves,  the 
lower  long-pctiolcd  ;  the  small  opposite  flowers  in  elongated  and  slender  terminal 
spikes,  reflcxed  in  fruit,  and  bent  close  against  the  axis.  Corolla  purjilisb  or 
pale  t:o.se-color.     (Derivation  of  the  name  unknown.) 

1.  P.  Leptost^chya,  L.  —  Woods  and  copses  :  common.  July.  —  Plant 
(20-3°  high)  :  leaves  3'-.'}'  long,  thin. 

OuDEU  71.     LABlAT.i:.     (Mixt  Family.) 

Chicflf/  7ie)-hs,  trilli  square  stems,  opposite  aromatic  legces,  more  or  less  2- 
lippetl  corolla,  ilidi/namous  or  diaiulrous  stamens,  and  a  deeply  i-lohcd  ovary, 
which  forms  in  fruit  4  little  seed-like  nutlets  or  achenia,  swTounding  the  base 
of  the  single  style  in  the  bottom  of  the  persistent  calyx,  each  filled  with  a  sin- 
ffle  erect  seed.  —  Nutlota  smooth  or  barely  rougliish  and  fixed  by  their 
base,  except  in  the  first  tribe.  Albumen  mostly  none.  Knibryo  straigiit 
(except  in  Scutellaria)  :  radicle  at  the  base  of  the  Iruit.  Upper  lij)  of 
the  corolla  2-lobed  or  sometimes  entire ;  the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens 
^hserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Style  2-Iobed  at  the  apex.  Flowers 
axillary,  chielly  in  cyniose  clusti'rs,  these  often  aggregateti  in  terminal 
spikes  or  racemes.  Foliage  mostly  dotted  with  small  glands  containing  a 
volatile  oil,  upon  which  dep*'nds  the  warmth  and  aroma  of  the  plants  of 
this  large  and  well-known  family.  (More  abundant  in  the  Ohl  World 
than  the  New.  One  third  of  our  genera  and  many  of  the  species  are 
merely  intro«luced  plants.) 


342  LABIAT.E.        (mint    FAMILY.^ 

Tribe  I.  A  JUGOIDF:.^.  Stamens  4,  a.-icendin);  (curved  upwards)  and  parallel,  usually 
projecting  from  the  notch  of  the  upper  side  of  thf  (not  evidently  2-Iipped)  5-lobcd  corolla. 
Nutlets  reticulated  and  pitted,  obliquely  attoched  by  the  inside  near  the  base. 

*  Lobes  of  the  corolla  all  declined  (turned  forwards) :  stamens  exserted. 

1.  Teui-rluin.     Lower  lobe  of  the  corolla  much  larger  than  the  others.     Cal..  x  5  toothed. 

2.  Ti'lchosttriiiR.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  scarcely  unequal.     Calyx  5-cleft,  oblique. 

•  *  Lobes  of  the  corolla  almost  equally  spreading  :  stamens  nearly  included. 

3.  liiaiit  lilts.     Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  almost  equalling  the  small  corolla. 

Tribe  II.     SATi:UEIE.^.     Stamens  4.  the  inferior  pair  longer,  or  onl.;  2,  dist;int, 
straight,  diverging,  or  converging  under  the  upper  lip  :  anthers  2  celled.     Lobes  of  the 
corolla  flat  aud  spreading. 
•  Corolla  not  evidently  2-lipped,  but  almost  equally  4-lobed,  small.    Stamens  erect,  distant. 

4.  Mentha,     Fertile  stamens  4,  nearly  equal. 

5.  Lycopus.     Fertile  stamens  2  ;  and  often  2  sterile  filaments  without  anthers. 

*  *  Corolla  more  or  less  2-lipped  ;  the  tube  naked  (not  bearded)  within. 

■I-  Stamens  only  2,  distjint :  no  rudiments  of  the  upper  pair. 

6.  Caulla.     Calyx  very  hairy  in  the  throat,  equally  5-toothed.     Corolla  small. 

H-  4-  Stamens  4,  all  with  anthers. 

7.  Ilyssopus.     Calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  naked  in  the  throat,  equally  5-toothed.     Sta- 

mens exserted,  diverging. 

8.  Pyciiaiitlieiiiiint.     Cal>x  ovate  or  short-tubular,  10-13ncrved,  naked  in  the  throat, 

equally  5-toothed  or  somewhat  2-lipped.     Flowers  in  dense  heads  or  dusters. 

9.  OriKniiuiii.     Calyx  ovate-bell-shaped,  hairy  in  the  throat,  13  nerved,  5-toothed.     Sta- 

mens diverging.     Flowers  spiked,  and  with  large  colored  bracts. 

10.  Thymus.     Calyx  ovate,  nodding  in  fruit,  hairy  in  the  throat,  10- 13-nerved,  2-lipped. 

Stamens  distant.     Bracts  minute.     Leaves  very  small. 

11.  Sntiireiu.     Calyx  bell-shaped,  naked  in  the  throat,  10-nerved,  equally  5-toothed.     Sta- 

nicn.s  somewhat  ascending. 
12     Calainintho.     Calyx  tubular,  often  liairy  in  the  throat,  13-nerved,  2-lipped.   Tu,be  of 
the  corolla  straight.    Stamens  connivent  at  the  suniniit  in  pairs  under  the  upper  lip. 

13.  Melissa.     Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  2-lipped,  flatti.sh  on  the  upper  side.     Tube  of  the 

corolla  curved  upwards.     Stamens  curved  above,  connivent  under  the  erect  upper  lip. 
4_  ^_  ^_  Stamens  only  2  with  anthers,  aj^ccnding,  and  a  pair  of  small  sterile  filaments. 

14.  Iledeoina.     Calyx  gibbous  on  the  lower  side,  hairy  in  the  throat.    Flower.-<  loose. 

»  »  «  Corolla  2-lipped  and  with  a  bearded  ring  inside  at  the  bottom  of  the  enlarged  throat. 

15.  Colliiisuiiia.     Calyx  enlarged  and  declined  in  fruit,  2-lipped.     Lower  lobe  of  the  co- 

rolla much  larger  than  the  other  four.     Stamens  2  or  4,  long,  diverging. 

Tribe  III.  MON.\RDP3.E.  Stamens  2  (.sometimes  hIso  with  mere  rudiments  of  the 
upper  pair),  ascending  and  parallel  :  anthers  either  apparently  or  really  1-ceIled.  Corolla 
2-lipped. 

16.  Salvia.     Calyx  2-lipped.     Anthers  with  a  long  connective  astride  the  filament,  bearing 

a  linear  cell  at  the  upper  end,  and  none  or  an  imperfect  cell  on  the  lower. 

17.  MnilRi-dn.     Calyx  tubular  and  elongated,  equally  5-toothcd.     Anthers  of  2  cells  con- 

fluent into  one  ;  the  connective  inconspicuous. 

18.  BlephlPn,     Calyx  ovate-tubular,  2-lipped     .Anthers  as  in  the  preceding. 

Tribe  IV.  WEPETE.^.  Stamens  4,  the  superior  (inner)  pair  longer  than  the  inferior! 
a.<cendiiig  or  diverging.  Corollb,  2-lippcd  ;  the  U|>per  lip  concave  or  arched,  the  lower 
spreading.     Calyx  mostly  15-nerved. 

19.  Lophnnthns.     Stamens  divergent;  the  upper  pnir  curved  downwards  ;  the  lower  aa- 

cending:  anther  cells  nearly  parallel. 

20.  ]Kepeta.     Stamens  all  ascending  ;  the  anthers  approximate  in  pairs  ;  the  cells  at  length 

widely  diverging.    Calyx  more  or  less  currad. 


LABlATiF,.       (mint    FAMILY.)  343 

21.  DracocephnlHin.    Stnmcns  nearly  as  in  the  pnrceding.     Calyx  Btmisht,  the  upper 

lip  or  mipcr  tooth  coiiinionl.v  larger. 

22.  Ce«lr«ni«-Iln.     Staiiions  all  asceudini;.     Anther-rolls  panillel. 

Tribe  V.  STACIIYDK^.  Stamens  4,  ascending  and  parullel  ;  the  inferior  (outer) 
pair  iDiiiftT  than  the  superior,  except  in  No.  33.  Anthers  usually  approximate  iu  pairs. 
Corolla  2-lippeil  ;  the  upper  lip  concave  or  arched,     (,'alyx  5  -  lO-ncrved. 

•  Calyx  not  2-lipped,  thin  and  membranaceous,  inflatcd-bell-.ihaped  in  fruit. 

23.  Sy nam! III.     Calyx  almost  equally  4-lobed  1     Arither-oells  widely  divergent. 

24.  PI>y8oate(;la.     Calyx  5-toothed  or  5  lobed.     Anther-cells  panillel. 

•  ♦  Calyx  2-lipped,  closed  in  fruit. 

25.  Brunella.     Calyx  nerved  and  veiny  ;  upper  lip  flat,  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft. 

26.  Siculellaria.     Calyx  with  a  helmet-like  projection  on  the  upper  side  ;  the  lips  entire. 

•  *  •  Calyx  not  2-lipped,  nor  the  tube  inflated,  5-10  toothed. 
4-  Stamens  included  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 

27.  MniTubluin.     Calyx  tubular,  5  -  10-uerved,  and  with  5  or  10  awl  shaped  teeth. 

4-  1-  Stamens  projecting  beyond  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
♦*  Anthers  opening  tninsversely  by  two  unequal  valves  ;  the  smaller  valve  ciliate. 

28.  Galeopsis.     Calyx  tubular-bell-sbaped  ;  the  5  teeth  spiny -pointed. 

«  ++  Anthers  opening  leugtlnvi.-^e. 

29.  Stachys.      Calyx  tubuhir-bell-shaped.      Nutlets  rounded  at  the  top.      Stamens  after 

shedding  the  pollen  often  turned  downward. 

30.  L.<-oiiiirii)i.    Calyx  top-shaped,  the  rigid  and  spiny-pointed  teeth  soon  spreading.    Nut- 

lets trun  ate  and  acutely  3-angled  at  the  top. 

31.  Laiiiiiiin.    Calyx-teeth  not  spiny-pointed.    Nutlets  sharply  3-anglcd,  truncate  at  the  top. 

32.  Ilallula.     Calyx  somewhat  funnel-form,  the  5 -10  teeth  united  at  the  base  into  a  spread- 

ing border.     Nutlets  roundish  at  the  top.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect. 

33.  Plilouiia.    Calyx  tubular,  the  5  teeth  abruptly  awned.    Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  arched. 

1.    TEUCRIUM,    L.        Gekm.vnder. 

Calyx  5-tootlicfl.  C'oroll.T  witli  the  4  nppiM-  lolics  nearly  equal,  oblong,  turned 
forward,  po  that  there  .';ecnis  to  lie  no  iqijicr  lip ,  the  lower  one  iniieh  larger. 
Stamens  4,  exserted  from  the  deep  cleft  hetween  the  2  upper  lobes  of  the  corolla  : 
anther-ecll.-^  confluent.     (Named  for  Tencer,  king  of  Troy.) 

1.  T.  Canad6nse,  L.  (A.mkrican  Gkr.m.wder.  Wood  S.voe.)  Her- 
baceous perennial,  downy  ;  stem  erect  (l°-3°  high);  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
serrate,  rounded  at  the  base,  short-petiolcd,  hoary  undcrnciith;  the  floral  scarcely 
longer  than  the  oblique  unequally-toothed  calyx  ;  whorls  about  6-flowered, 
crowded  in  a  long  and  simple  wand-likc  spike.  —  Low  grounds:  not  rare. 
July- Sept.  —  Corolla  pale  purple,  rarely  white. 

2.     TRICHOSTEMA,     L.        Bue  Crni.s. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  oblitjue,  deeply  ."i-deft  ;  the  .3  upjier  teeth  elongated  and 
partly  iiniled,  the  2  lower  very  .'<hort.  Corolla  51oi)ed  ;  the  lobes  narrowly  ob- 
long, declined,  nearly  equal  in  lenjrth  ;  the  .'{  lower  more  or  less  united.  Sta- 
mens 4,  with  very  long  capillary  filaments,  exscrted  much  beyond  the  corolla, 
curved:  anther-cells  divergent  and  at  lrn'.:th  conlliient.  —  Low  annuals,  some- 
what clanjmy-glandular  and  balsamic,  branched,  with  entire  leaves,  and  mostly 
solitary  1 -flowered  j)cdicels  terminating  the  branches,  becoming  lateral  by  the 
production  of  axillary  branchlets,  and   the  flower  appearing  to  be  reversed. 


•'^44:  *  LABIATE.       (mint    FAMILY.) 

namely,  the  short  teeth  of  the  ealyx  upward,  &c.  Corolla  blue,  varyinj^  to  pur 
nle,  rarely  white,  sm:Ul ;  in  summer  and  autumn.  (Name  composed  of  Of>i^, 
hair,  luiil  orrj^a,  slumrii,  from  the  capillary  filaments.) 

1.  T.  dichbtomum,  L.  (Rastakd  Pexnyroyai,.)  Lmirs  lance-Monrj 
or  r/ioinliic-laiicco/(ite,  rarely  lance-linear,  short-petiolcd.  —  Sandy  fields.  New 
England  to  Kcntueky,  and  southward,  chiefly  eastward.  —  Stamens  ^'  long. 
Corolla  blue  :  a  j)ink  variety  near  Hartford,  Conn.,  C.  II.  Olmstaul. 

2.  T.  line^re,  Nutt.  Z/«'^«w-i;  ///im/-,  nearly  smooth.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens 
of  New  JersL-y,  and  southward.  — More  slender  and  less  forked  than  the  last. 

3.     ISANTHUS,     Michx.        False  Tj-nnyroyal. 

Calyx  bcll-slinped,  5-lobed,  equal,  enlarged  in  fruit.  Corolla  little  longer  than 
the  calyx  ;  the  border  bell-shaped,  with  5  nearly  e<jual  and  obovate  spreading 
lobes.  Stamens  4,  slightly  didynamous,  iiieurved-aseending,  scarcely  exceeding 
the  corolla.  —  A  low,  much  branched  annual,  clammy-pubescent,  with  nearly  en- 
tire lance-oblong  3-nerved  leaves,  and  small  pale  blue  flowers  on  axillary  1-3- 
flowered  peduncles.  (Name  from  lo-oj,  equal,  and  avQoSt  flower,  referring  to  the 
almost  regular  corolla.) 

I.  I.  CSeruleus,  Michx. —  Gravelly  banks  and  fields,  Maine  to  Illinois,  and 
southward.     July,  Aug.  —  Corolla  2"  long. 

4.    MENTHA,    L.        Mint. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  or  tubular,  .5-toothed,  equal  or  nearly  so.  Corolla  with  a 
short  included  tube;  the  bell-shaped  border  somewhat  equally  4-cleft;  the  upjier 
lobe  broadest,  entire  or  notched.  Stamens  4,  equal,  erect,  distant.  —  Odorous 
perennial  herbs,  with  the  small  flowers  mostly  in  close  clusters,  forming  axil- 
lary capitate  whorls,  sometimes  approximated  in  interrupted  spikes  ;  produced 
in  summer ;  of  two  sorts  as  to  the  length  of  the  stamens  in  most  species. 
Corolla  pale  ])urple  or  whitish.  (MtV^r;  of  Theophrastus,  from  a  Nymph  of  that 
name,  fabled  to  have  been  changed  into  Mint  by  the  jealous  Proserpine.) 
*  Inflorescence  terminal,  fljrming  narrow  spikes:  hares  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

1.  M.  rotuxdif6lia,  L.  (Rodnd-leaved  Mint.)  ASo/J-Zia/V^  or  downy ; 
leaves  ronml-ovate  and  somewhat  heart-shaped,  rugose,  crenate-toothed.  —  Wet 
places,  Maine,  .7.  Blake,  New  Jersey  and  Penn.,  Porter.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  M.  vfRiDis,  L.  (Spearmint.)  Nearly  smooth;  leaves  olilonij- or  oiate- 
lanceolate,  unequally  serrate.  —  Wet  places  :  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Inflorescence  mostly  terminal,  fl:irmiii(]  interrupted  spikes  or  heads :  leaves  pctioled. 

3.  M.  piperita,  L.  (Peppermint.)  5moo//t,-  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute; 
spikes  loose.  —  Var.  sitbiiirsuta,  Benth.,  has  the  petioles,  veins  of  the  leaves, 
&c.  rather  hairy.  —  Low  grounds,  and  along  brooks  :  less  naturalized  than  the 
last;  and  like  it  multiplying  rapidly  by  running  under-grouiul  shoots.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

4.  M.  aquAtica,  L.  (Water  Mint.)  Puhesceiit  or  smoothisli ;  leaves 
ovifte  or  round-ovate ;  flowers  in  a  terminal  (jlohutar  or  interrupted  and  oblong 
head,  often  with  one  or  more  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  uppei  leaves ;  calyx  and 


LABIAT.E.       (MINT    FAMILY.)  345 

usnallj  the  pedicels  hairy.  The  common  form  has  the  stems  hninj  doionwards. 
—  Muddy  shores,  Nantiioiic  River,  Delaware,  IT.  .1/.  Ctinbi).  —  Var.  glahrAta, 
Briitii.,  a  ucarly  sinootli  litrin,  dittlrin},'  from  Peppermint  in  the  rounder  leaves 
and  i^])ike  of  2  or  a  rounded  heads  (M.  eitratii,  Eltrh.).  —  Litchtield,  Connecti- 
cut, Dr.  T.  F.  Allen.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 
*  *  »  Inflorescence  axilla ri/,  the  (/lobular  whorls  or  clusters  all  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 

the  iipprrmost  axils  not  floiver-biarinij :  leaves  more  or  less  ytlioled,  toothed.     (  The 

species  (tjiparenllij  run  together,) 

5.  M.  satIva,  L.  (WiiouLED  MrNT.)  Stem  hninj  doumcards;  \ca.ycs ovate  ; 
calyx  ohlong-cylindrical  with  vcri/  slender  teeth.  Intermediate  between  the  last 
and  the  ne.xt,  ap|)arently  runs  into  both.  —  Kivcr-banks,  N.  Jersey  &Penn.,  Prof. 
Porter.     (Adv.  from  Eu.)* 

6.  M.  AKVEN'sis,  L.  (Corn  Mixt.)  Lower  and  smuUcr-leavcd  tliaii  tlio 
last;  calyx  bell -shaped,  the  teeth  short  and  broader.  —  Moist  fields:  rare.  (Adv, 
from  Eu.) 

7.  M.  Canadensis,  L.  (Wild  Mint.)  Z.<?aie.s  varying  from  ovate-oblong 
to  lanei'olate,  l<i/i<riii(i  to  both  ends;  calyx  oblony-bell-sliaped,  tiie  teeth  rather 
short;  hairs  on  tiie  stem  when  present  not  conspicuously  reflcxed.  The  com- 
moner form  is  more  or  less  hairy,  and  has  nearly  the  odor  of  Pennyroyal.  — 
Var.  GLABRATA,  Bcnth.  (M.  borealia,  Michx.)  is  smoothish,  "the  scent  pleas- 
antcr,  more  like  that  of  Monarda."  (Prof.  Porter.)  —  Shady  wet  places,  New 
England  to  Kentucky.and  northward. 

6.     LYCOPUS,    L.        Water  IIoreiiound. 

Calyx  bell-sh:ipcd,  4-.5-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla  bell-shaped, 
scarcely  lon;;er  than  the  calyx,  nearly  equally  4-lobed.  Stamens  2,  distant ;  the 
upper  pLiir  either  sterile  rudiments  or  wanting.  Nutlets  with  thickened  margins. 
—  Perennial  low  herbs,  reseful)ling  Mints,  with  sharply  toothed  or  pininitilid 
leaves,  the  floral  ones  similar  and  much  longer  tlAn  the  dense  axillary  whorls  of 
small  mostly  white  flowers;  in  summer.  (Name  compounded  of  XJicoy,  a  wolf, 
and  TTovs,  fo"t,  from  some  fancieil  likeness  in  the  leaves.) 

1.  L.  Virginicus,  L.  (Blgi.e-weed.)  Stem  obtusely  4-angled  (6'- 18' 
high),  producing  long  and  slender  runners  from  the  base ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovatc- 
laneeolate,  toothed,  entire  towards  the  base,  short-petiolcd ;  calyx-teeth  4,  ovate, 
bluntish  and  pointless.  —  Shady  moist  places:  common,  especially  northward. — 
Smooth,  often  purpli>ih,  with  small  caj)itate  clusters  of  very  small  flowers.  —  The 
depauperate,  few-flowered  form,  often  tiiU'riferous  at  base  (L.  uniHorus,  il/(c/ix., 
and  L.  piinrilus,  Vulil),  I.,ake  Superior  and  northward.     Plant  very  Iiitter. 

2.  L.  Europceus,  L.  Stem  sharply  4-angled  (1° -3°  high);  leaves  ovate- 
oiilong  or  o!)long-lanccolate,  sinuate-toothed.or  pinnatifid,  usually  more  or  less 
jjCtioled ;  whorls  many-flowered  ;  cali/x-teeth  5,  triampilarlanceohite,  tajKrincj  to  a 
rifjid  reri)  sharp  ])oint ;  nutlets  (smooth  or  glandular-roHgliene<l  at  the  top)  equal- 
ling or  exceeding  the  calyx-tube.  (En.)  —  Includes  several  nominal  species  (tho 
sterile  filaments  variable) ;  among  them  in  our  district  is 

Var.  sessilif61ius.  Nearly  smooth,  producing  slender  leafy  runners  from 
the  decumbent  base ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  closely  sessile  or  almost  clasping,  re- 


346  lauia'im:.     (mint  family.) 

motely  toothed ;  sterile  filaments  minute  and  slender.  —  Atsion  Creek,  New  Jer- 
sey, ir.  M.  Cunbi).  —  Nearest  the  var.  parvifolius,  Miqttel,  from  Japan:  proba- 
bly L.  ruhelhif^,  Mdnrh,  is  a  closely  related  form. 

Var.  integrif'61ius.  Stems  often  producing  slender  runners  ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  varying  to  narrowly  lanceolate  (L.  angustifolius,  Nutt.),  much  acu- 
minate at  both  ends  (2' -4'  lougj,  sleuder-petioled,  sharply  serrate.  —  Common 
westward. 

Var.  sinuitUS.  (L.  sinuatus,  Bmth.  L.  exaltatus  &.  L.  sinuatus,  Ell.) 
Much  brauciied,  smooth  or  smpothish ;  runners  short  or  none ;  leaves  mostly 
more  tupering  to  both  ends  than  in  the  European  form,  varying  from  cut-toothed 
to  pinnatihd  ;  sterile  filaments  mostly  with  a  globular  or  spatulatc  tip.  —  Com- 
mon in  wet  grounds.  , 

6.    CUNILA,    L.        Dittany. 

Calyx  ovate-tubular,  equally  .5-toothed,  very  hairy  in  the  throat.  Corolla  2- 
lipped ;  upper  lip  erect,  flattish,  mostly  notched ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft. 
Stamens  2,  erect,  cxsertcd,  distant:  no  sterile  filaments.  —  Perennials,  with 
small  white  or  purplish  flowers,  in  corym bed  cymes  or  clusters.  (An  ancient 
Latin  name,  of  unknown  origin.) 

1.  C.  Mariana,  L.  (Common  Dittany.)  Stems  tufted,  corymbosely 
much  branched  (1°  high) ;  leaves  smooth,  ovate,  serrate,  rounded  or  heart-shaped 
at  the  base,  nearly  sessile,  dotted  (1'  long) ;  cymes  peduncled  ;  calyx  striate. — 
Dry  hills,  S.  New  York  to  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southward.     July-SepL 

7.    HYSSOPUS,    L.        Hyssop. 

Calyx  tubular,  1.5-ncrved,  equally  .^)-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla 
phort,  2-]ip]X'd  ;  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  obscurely  notched  ;  the  lower  3-clcft,  with 
the  middle  lobe  larger  and  2-clgft.  Stamens  4,  cxserted,  diverging.  —  A  peren- 
nial herb,  with  wand-like  simple  branches,  lanceolate  or  linear  entire  leaves,  and 
blue-purple  flowers  in  small  clusters,  crowded  in  a  spike.     (The  ancient  name.) 

1.  H.  officix.Vlis,  L.  —  Roadsides,  &c.,  sparingly  escaped  from  gardens. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

8.     PYCNANTHEMUM,     Michx.       Mountain  Mint.     Basil. 

Calyx  ovate-oblong  or  tubular,  about  13-nerved,  equally  5-toothcd,  or  the 
three  upper  teeth  more  or  less  united,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla  short,  more 
or  less  2-li{)ped  ;  the  upper  lip  straight,  nearly  flat,  entire  or  slightly  notched; 
the  lower  3-cleft,  its  lobes  all  ovate  and  obtuse.  Stamens  4,  distant,  the  lower 
pair  rather  longer  :  anther-cells  parallel.  —  Perennial  uprighs  herbs,  with  a  pun- 
gent mint-like  flavor,  corymbosely  branched  .nbove ;  the  floral  leaves  often 
whitened;  the  many-flowered  whorls  dense,  crowded  with  bracts,  and  usually 
forming  terminal  heads  or  close  cymes.  Corolla  whitish  or  purplish,  the  lips 
mostly  dotted  with  ))urple  Fl.  summer  and  early  autumn.  —  Varies,  like  the 
Mints,  with  the  stamens  exserted  or  included  in  different  flowers.  (Name  com- 
posed oiirvKvos,  dense,  and  apdefioi/,  a  blossom,  from  the  dense  infloreeceace.) 


LABIAIVIC.       (mint    FAMILY.)  347 

•  Calyx  srarceli/  at  all  2-lipped,  the  teeth  and  bracts  awl-shaped  and  awn-pointed, 

ri</id,  nalid,  as  /oiifj  as  the  corolla :  Jloivtrs  in  rather  dense  mostly  terminal  heads: 
Iciiris  ri</i(l,  sli</litlij  pctiolvd. 

1.  P.  aristitum,  Michx.  IMimitdy  hoary-puln'iiilciit  (l°-20  lii;,rli)  ; 
leaves  ovate-oldonf;  ami  oMoii^-laiK-eolate,  acute,  spariiijily  ileiiticulatc-serratc 
(I '-2'  Ion;;),  ruimdisli  at  tiie  liasc.  — riae  barrens,  from  New  Jersey  southward. 

Var.  hyssopifblium,  Gray.  Leaves  narrowly  ol)lon;4  or  broadly  linear, 
nearly  entire  aiidobtusc.     (P.  hyssopifolium,  Benth.)  —  Virginia  and  southward. 

#  ♦  Calyx  2-lipped  from  the  greater  union  more  or  less  of  the  3  upper  teeth,  which, 

with  the  l)racts,  are  subulate  and  bearded  with  some  spreadinij  hairs:  /lowers  m 
dense  and  compound  Jlatteiicd  cymes,  which  become  considei'ably  expanded  in  fruit.' 
learrs  membranaceous,  petioled.     (S/>ecies  2-5  incline  to  run  toyelher. ) 

2.  P.  Tlillia,  Benth.  Leaves  greener  and  loosely  sojldowny,  only  the  floral 
ones  whitened,  otherwise  icsembling  those  of  the  next;  cymes  dense;  bracts 
much  surpassing  thejlowirs,  their  long  awn-likc  points  and  the  awn-pointcd  calyx- 
teeth  bearded  with  long  loose  hairs.  — Dry  ground,  mountains  of  Virginia  and 
southward. 

3.  P.  inc^num,  Miehx.  Lcm-es  ovate-oblong,  acute,  remotely  toothed, 
downy  ultove  and  mostly  hmry  icith  ivhiiish  wool  underneath,  the  uppermost  ichitcned 
bothgides;  cymes  0}>en ;  bracts  linear-awl-shaped  and,  with  the  caly.x-tceth,  more 
or  less  awn-pointed. —  Hocky  woods  and  hills.  New  England  to  Michigan,  and 
southward.  —  Plant  2° -4°  high,  the  taste  intermediate  between  that  of  Penny- 
royal and  Spearmint,  as  in  most  of  the  following  species.     Very  variable. 

4.  P.  clinopodioides,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Leaves  ohlong-lanceulate,  scarcely 
toothed,  sliDrt-pctioleil,  not  whitened ;  the  upper  surface  often  smooth,  the  lower 
as  well  as  the  stem  downy;  cymes  contracted ;  bracts  and  calyx-teeth  short-subu- 
late, the  latter  nearly  one  half  shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Dry  copses,  S.  New  York 
to  Pennsylvania.     Connects  No.  3  with  No.  Ci. 

*  *  *  Calyx  usually  almost  equally  5-toothed :  flowers  crowded  in  loose  heads  or  dense 

clusters  at  the  end  of  the  branches  and  in  the  uppermost  axils;  the  brads  shorter 
than  the  2-Hpped  corollas  :  leaves  almost  sessile. 

5.  P,  Torr6yi,  Benth.  Somewhat  pubescent;  stem  strict  and  nearly 
simple  {•2°-3°  high) ;  leaves  thin,  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends  (mostly 
2'  long  and  2" -3"  wide),  nearly  entire;  the  awl-shaped  calyx-teeth  and  bracts 
cancscent. — Dry  soil,  S.  Now  York  to  Pennsylvania. — Intermediate  in  aspect 
between  No.  4  and  No.  8. 

tj.  P.  pil6sum,  Nutt.  More  or  less  downy  with  lontj  and  soft  whitish  hairs, 
much  brauihed  al)Ove  ;  hares  lanceolate,  acute  at  l>oth  ends,  or  th.:  lower  oratr-lan- 
ceolatf,  nearly  entire,  the  jloral  not  whitened;  caly.x-tecth  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
and  with  the  bracts  hoary-hairy.  —  Dry  hills  and  plaitis,  \V.  Pennsylvania  to 
Illinois,  and  southwanl. 

"•  P.  mtlticum,  Pers.  Minnttly  lifHiry  throughout,  or  becoming  almost 
smooth,  corymbosdy  much  branched  { 1°  -  2J°  high) ;  leaves  ovate  or  broadly  ovate- 
lanceolate,  varying  to  lanceolate,  rather  rigid,  acute,  rounded  or  slightly  htartsltu/ted 
at  the  base,  mostly  sessile  and  minutely  sliarji-toothed,  prominently  veined,  green 
when  old  ;  the  floral  ones,  bracts,  and  triangulai-  or  ovate  calyx-tccth,  hoary  with  a 


348  LABlATiE.       (mint    FAMILY.) 

fine  closfi  down.     (Brachystemum  vcrticillatnm,  Michx.) — Dry  liills,  Maine  to 

Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  southward.  —  Flowers  in  very  dense  clusters;  the  outer 

bracts  ovate-lanceolate  and  pointed,  the  others  pointless. 

«  *  «  *  Caljix  eqmdly  b-toothed :  flowers  collected  in  dense  and  rjlobidar,  oflevflis- 

cichd,  small  and  nnnierons  heads,  which  are  crowded  in  terminal  corymbs:  bracts 

rigid,  closely  apprtssed,  shorter  than  the  flowers:  lips  of  the  corolla  very  short: 

leaves  narrow,  sessile,  entire,  r'tgid,  crowded  and  clustered  in  the  axils. 

B.    P,  lanceol^tum,  Pursh.      Smoothish  or  minutely  pubescent  (2°  high); 

(eaves  lanceolate  or  lance-linear,  obtuse  at  the  base ;  /wads  downy ;  calyx-teeth  short 

and  triangular.  —  Dry  thickets  ;  not  rare. 

9.  P.  linifblium,  Pursh.  Smoother  and  leaves  narrower  and  heads  less 
downy  than  in  the  last ;  the  narrower  bracts  and  lanre-awl-shaped  calyx-teeth  pun- 
gently  pointed.  —  S.  New  England  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

*****  Calyx  equally  5-tonthed :  flowers  collected  in  few  and  solitary  large  and 
glohular  heads  (terminal,  and  in  the  up/ier  axils  of  the  membranaceous  petioled 
learrs) ;  the  brads  loose,  ciliate-bcurded. 

10.  P.  mont^num,  Michx.  Stem  (l°-30  liigli)  and  ovate-  or  oblong- 
lanceolatc  serrate  leaves  glabrous;  bracts  very  acute  or  awl-pointed,  tlie  oiitcr- 
nio.^t  ovate  and  Iwif-Iikc,  the  inner  linear;  teeth  of  the  tubular  calyx  shoit  and 
acute. — Alleghanies,  from  S.  Virginia  southward.  —  Flavor  warm  and  pleas- 
ant.    Foliage  and  heads  resembling  Monarda. 

9.     ORIGANUM,     L.        Wild  Mar.joram. 

Calyx  ovatc-bell-shapcd,  hairy  in  the  throat,  striate,  5-toothed.  Tube  of  the 
corolla  about  the  length  of  the  calyx,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  rather  erect  and 
slightly  notched  ;  the  lower  longer,  of  3  nearly  etpial  spreading  lobes.  Stamens 
4,  exscrtcd,  diverging.  —  Perennials,  with  nearly  entire  leaves,  and  purplish 
flowers  crowded  in  cylindrical  or  oblong  spikes,  imbricated  with  colored  bracts. 
(An  ancient  Greek  name,  said  to  be  composed  of  o/joy,  a  mountain,  and  ydvos, 
delight. ) 

1.  O.  vulgXre,  L.  Upright,  hairy,  corymbose  at  the  summit;  leaves  peti- 
oled, round-ovate ;  bracts  ovate,  obtuse,  purplish.  —  Dry  banks  :  scarce.  June  - 
Oct.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

10.    THYMUS,    L.        TuvME. 

Calyx  ovate,  2-lipped,  I3-nerved,  hairy  in  the  throat;  the  npper  lip  3-toothed, 
spreading;  the  lower  2-clcft,  with  the  awl-shnped  divisions  ciliate.  Corolla 
short,  slightly  2-lippcd  ;  the  upper  lip  straight  and  flatti>h,  notched  at  the  apex  ; 
the  lower  3-cleft.  Stamens  4,  straight  and  distant,  usually  exsertcd.  —  Low  per- 
ennials, with  small  and  entire  strongly-veined  leaves,  and  purplish  or  whitish 
flowers.  (The  ancient  Greek  mime  of  the  Thyme,  probably  from  6vo,  to  burn 
perfume,  because  it  was  used  for  incense.) 

1.  T.  Serpylldm,  L.  (Creeping  Thyme.)  Prostrate;  leaves  green,  flat, 
ovate,  entire,  short-petioled,  flowers  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branches.  —  Old 
fields.  Eastern  New  England  to  Pennsylvania:  rare.  (Adv.  fromEu. )  The 
Garden  Thyme  is  T.  vulgaris,  L. 


I.AUIAT.i:.       (mint    lA.MlLY.)  349 

11.     SATURJSIA,    L.         Savory. 

Calyx  l)ell-sliapc(l,  lO-iicrvt'd,  equally  5-tootlic(l,  naked  in  tlic  throat.  Corolla 
2-lii)pecl ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  nearly  entire,  tlic  lower  3-clcft.  Stamens  4, 
somewhat  ascendinj;.  —  Aromatic  plants,  with  narrow  entire  leaves,  often  clus- 
tered, and  .somewhat  spiked  purpli.sh  flowers.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  S.  iioiJTENSis,  L.  (SuMMiiU  Savory.)  Pubescent  annual ;  clusters  few- 
flowered  ;  bracts  small  or  none.  —  Prairies  of  Illinois,  and  rocky  islands  at  the 
Palis  of  the  Ohio,  Short:  escaped  from  gardens.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

12.    CALAMINTHA,     Manch.        Calamintii. 

Calyx  tubular,  13-nerved,  mostly  hairy  in  the  throat,  2-lippeil,  the  upper  lip 
3-clett,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  straijibt  tube  and  an  inflated  throat, 
distinctly  2-iipjx'd  ;  the  upper  lij)  erect,  flatfish,  entire  or  notched ;  the  lower 
spreading,  3-partcd,  the  middle  lobe  usually  largest.  Stamens  4,  mostly  ascend- 
ing ;  the  anthers  usually  approximate  in  pairs.  —  Perennials,  with  mostly  pur- 
plish or  whitish  flowers;  produced  all  summer :  inflorescence  various.  (Name 
composed  of  (caXor,  hcatiliful,  and  filvda,  Mint.) 

§  1.  CALAMINTHA,  Ma-nch.  Cnh/x  striate,  scarcely  r/iblmux  at  the  Ixtse:  cliistt-rs 
ofjiowers  loose  and  pedmicUd  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  and  Junniny  a  raceme  at 
the  summit:  bracts  minute. 

1.  C.  Nepeta,  Link.  (Rasil-Tiiymk.)  Soft  hairy  ;  stem  ast ending  (1°- 
3"  higli)  ;  leaves  pctioled,  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  crcnate  ;  corolla  (3"  long)  about 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Dry  hills,  Virginia,  &,c.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§2.  CALOMELfSSA,  Benth.  Cah/z  nearlj/  «s  §  1  :  whorls  feu^- several-flow- 
ered, .'ir-ssilc ;  flowas  on  slender  naked  pedicels :  the  bracts  at  their  base  linear  or 
oiilon'i,  Ip'iflike. 

2.  C.  glabella,  Benth.  Smooth  ;  stems  diffuse  or  spreading  (10-2°  long) ; 
leaves  slightly  pctioled,  oblong  or  oblong-linear,  narrowed  at  the  base  (8" -2' 
long),  sparingly  toothed,  or  nearly  entire  ;  clusters  6-10-flowered  ;  corolla  (pur- 
plish, .5" -6"  long)  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  the  teeth  of  the  latter 
awl-pointed.  ( Cunila  glabella,  Michx.  Mieromcria.  Benth.)  —  Limestone  banks, 
near  Frankfort,  Kentucky  (Short),  and  southward. 

Var.  Nuttallii,  Gray.  Smaller;  the  flowerinj?  stems  more  upright  (.')'- 9' 
high),  wiih  narrower  mostly  entire  leaves  and  fewer-flowered  clusters;  while 
sterile  runners  from  the  base  bear  ovate  thickish  leaves  only  2" -.5"  long.  (C. 
Nuttallii,  Benth.  Micronu-ria  glabella,  var.  angustifolia.  Ton:)  —  Wet  limestone 
rocks,  Niagara  Falls  to  Wisconsin,  Central  Ohio  (Sultirant),  and  south  westward 
—  Appearing  very  distinct,  but  united  by  southwestern  specimens. 
§3.  CLINC)rODIUM,  L.  Cali/x  more  or  less  qiblioiis  In-low :  clusters  sessile  and 
mnnii-tloicired,  dense,  crowded  with  awl-shaped  bracts. 

3.  C.  Clinop6dium,  Benth.  (Basil.)  Hairy,  erect  (1°- 2°  high) ;  leaves 
ovate,  ixjtioled,  nearly  entire;  flowers  (pale  purple)  in  globular  clusters;  hairy 
bracts  as  long  as  the  calyx.  (Clinopodium  vulgare,  />.)  — Borders  of  thickets 
nnd  fields.  Naturalized  extensively :  but  apparently  also  indigenous  about  the 
upper  Great  Lakes  and  elsewhero.     (Eu.) 


350  LABIAT.E.       (mint    FAMILY.) 

13.    MELISSA,    L.        Balm. 

Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  flattened  and  3-tootlied,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla 
with  a  recurvod-aseendin^'  tiil)C.  Stamens  4,  curved  and  connivin;;  under  the 
upper  lip.  Otherwise  nearly  as  Calanuntha.  —  Clusters  Jew-flowered,  loose, 
one-sided,  with  few  and  mostly  ovate  bracts  rescniblin<^  the  leaves.  (Xame  from 
firj\i(Taa,  a  bee ;  the  flowers  yielding  abundance  of  honey.) 

1.  M.  officinXlis,  L.  (Common  Balm.)  Uprijiht,  branehinjr ;  leaves 
broadly  ovate,  crenate-toothed,  lemon-scented ;  corolla  nearly  white.  —  Sparingly 
escaped  from  gardens.     (Xat.  from  Eu.) 

14.     HEDEOMA,    Pers.        Mock  Pexnyroyal. 

Calyx  ovoid  or  tubular,  gibbous  on  the  lower  side  near  the  base,  13-nervcd 
bearded  in  the  throat,  2-lippcd  ;  the  upper  lip  3-tootlied,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Co- 
rolla 2-lij)ped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  notched  at  the  apex  ;  the  lower  spread- 
ing, 3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  2;  the  ujiper  pair  reduced  to  sterile  filaments  or 
wanting.  —  Low,  odorous  annuals,  with  small  leaves,  and  loose  axillary  clusters 
of  Howers  (in  summer),  often  forming  terminal  leafy  racemes.  (Altered  from 
'll8vu(Tfj.oi>,  an  ancient  name  of  Mint,  from  its  sweet  scent.) 

1.  H.  pulegioides,  Pers.  (American  Pennyroyal.)  Erect,  branch- 
ing, hairy;  leaces  petioled,  oblong-ovate,  ol'scureli/  seiraie,  the  floral  similar;  whorls 
few-flowered  ;  corolla  (bluish,  pubescent)  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  sterile 
filaments  tipped  with  a  little  head.  —  Open  barren  woods  and  fields.  — The  taste 
and  odor  nearly  of  the  true  Pennijroija/  (Mentha  Pulegium)  of  Europe. 

2.  H.  hispida,  Pursh.  Erect,  hairy  (2' -5' high) ;  leaves  sessile,  linear,, 
entire,  the  floral  similar  and  exceeding  the  flowers ;  corolla  scarcely  longer  than 
the  ciliate  /lispid  cahjx.  —  Dry  hills,  W.  Illinois  and  westward. 

15.    COLLINSONIA,    L.       IIorse-Balm. 

Calyx  ovate,  enlarged  and  declined  in  fruit,  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  truncate  and 
flattened,  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  elongated,  expanded  at  the  throat, 
somewhat  2-lippcd  ;  the  4  upj)er  lobes  nearly  equal,  but  the  lower  much  larger  and 
longer,  pendent,  toothed  or  laeerate-fringt  d.  Stamens  2  (sometimes  4,  the  up- 
per pair  shorter),  much  exserted,  diverging:  anther-cells  divergent.  —  Strong- 
scented  perennials,  with  large  ovate  leaves,  and  yellowish  flowers  on  slender  pedi- 
cels, in  loose  and  ])anicled  terminal  racemes.  (Named  in  honor  of  Pdtr  ColUn- 
son,  a  well-known  patron  of  science  and  correspondent  of  Linnaeus,  who  intro- 
duced it  into  England.) 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  L.  (Rich-weed.  Stone-root.)  Nearly  smooth 
(l°-3°  high);  leaves  serrate,  pointed,  petioled  (3' -6' long);  panicle  loose; 
stamens  2.  —  Rich  moist  woods  :  common.  July  -  Sept.  —  Corolla  8"  -  9"  long, 
lemon-sceutcd. 

16.    SALVIA,    L.        S.^GE. 

Calyx  naked  in  the  throat,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  3-toothcd  or  entire,  the 
lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  deeply  2-li])ped,  ringcnt ;  the  upper  lip  straight  or  scythe- 
shaped,  entire  or  bai-ely  notched  ;  the  lower  spreading  or  pendent,  3-lobcd.  the 


LABIAT/E.       (mint    FAMILY.)  851 

middle  lobe  larger.  Stamens  2,  on  short  filaments,  jointed  with  the  elongated 
transverse  connective,  one  end  of  wliicli  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  hears  a 
linear  1-celled  (half-)  anther,  the  other  usually  descending  hears  an  ini|>crfect  or 
deformed  (half-)  anther.  —  Flowers  mostly  large  and  showy,  in  spiked,  raccined, 
or  paniclcd  whorls,  produced  in  summer.  (Name  from  salco,  to  save,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  repined  healing  qualities  of  Sage.) 

1.  S.  lyrita,  L.  (LviiE-LKAVKn  S.u;i:.)  Low  perennial  (10'- 20' high), 
someuhit  /iiiiri/ ;  sfcm  ncdili/  siiiijile  <tnd  nalccd ;  root-lcuvis  oljuvdte,  li/ieshajied  or  sin- 
uatc-pimiiititid,  .sometimes  almost  entire;  Uiose  of  the  stem  mostly  a  single  ]>iiir, 
smaller  and  narrower ;  the  floral  oblong-linear,  not  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  whorls 
loose  and  distant,  forming  an  interrupted  raceme;  upper  lip  of  the  hlue-purplo 
pubescent  corolla  short,  straight,  not  vaulted.  —  Woodlands  and  meadows,  New 
Jersey  to  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southward. 

2.  S.  urticifdlia,  L.  (Ni;ttm;-le.\ved  S.voe.)  Domii/ u-illi  claminj/ hairs, 
lecfll ;  leans  rliomhir-oratt',  ])()inted,  crenate,  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at 
the  base,  narrowed  into  a  short  ])etiole,  the  floral  nearly  similar;  whorls  remote, 
many-flowered  ;  upper  lip  of  the  blue  corolla  erect,  one  third  the  length  of  the 
lower;  style  bearded.  —  Woodlands,  from  Maryland  southward. —  Corolla  4" 
long;  the  lateral  lobes  delkwed,  the  middle  nutciicd. 

17.    MONARDA,    L.        IIok.se-Min-t. 

Calyx  tubular,  elongated,  15-ncrved,  nearly  ecpially  5-tootlied,  usually  hairy 
in  the  throat.  Corolla  elongated,  with  a  slightly  expanded  throat,  and  a  strongly 
2-lij)ped  limb ;  the  li])s  linear  or  oblong,  somewhat  equal ;  the  upper  erect,  entire 
or  slightly  notched;  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobcd  at  the  apex,  the  lateral  lobes 
ovate  and  obtuse,  the  middle  one  narrower  and  slightly  notched.  Stamens  2, 
elongated,  ascending,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla  :  anthers  linear  (the 
divaricate  cells  confluent  at  the  junction).  —  Odorous  erect  herbs,  with  entire  or 
toothed  leaves,  and  pretty  large  flowers  in  a  few  whorled  heads,  closely  surrounded 
with  bracts.  (Dedicated  to  Nicolas  Moimnks,  author  of  many  tracts  upon 
medicinal  and  other  useful  plants,  especially  those  of  the  New  World,  in  the 
latter  half  of  the  16th  century.) 

»  Slametis  and  sti/le  exserted  heipnd  the  narrow  acute  upper  Up  of  the  corolla  :  root  per- 
eiinial ;  hares  lance-ovate  or  oblong,  with  a  roundid  or  slightly  heart-shaped  Ixise. 

1.  M.  didyma,  L.  (Osw-kgo  Tk.\.)  Somewhat  hairy  (2°  high) ;  leaves 
petioled,  pointed ;  the  floral  ones  and  the  large  outer  bracts  tinged  with  red ; 
culyx  smiiolh,  inciirced,  nearly  nuLiil  in  ihelltroat;  corolla  snioalh  (2' long),  bright 
red.  showy. —  Moist  woods  by  streams.  New  England  to  Wisconsin  northward, 
and  southward  in  the  AUeghauies  :  often  cultivated  (under  the  name  of  Balm  or 
B(e-Uahu).     July,  Aug. 

2.  M.  fistul6sa,  L.  (Wild  Bki!o.\mot.)  Smoothish  or  downy;  leavea 
petiolid;  tlu'  uppermost  and  outer  bracts  somewhat  colore<l  (whitish  or  purplish) ; 
culyx  slightly  curved,  veiy  hairy  in  the  throat ;  corolla  purplish,  rose-color,  or  almost 
white,  smooth  or  hairy.  —  Woods  ami  rocky  banks,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southward,  csi)ceially  westward.  July  -  Sejit.  —  Very  variable  in  appearamio, 
2° -5°  high;  the  pale  corolla  smaller  than  iu  tl»c  last. 


352  LABIATE.       (mint    FAMILY.; 

3.  M.  Bradburiana,  Beck.  Leaves  nearly  sessile,  clothed  with  lonrj  soft  hairs, 
espi-ciulli/  uiuiciiu'uth  ;  the  Horul  and  tlie  outer  bracts  somewhat  heart-shaped,  pur- 
plish ;  calyx  smoolhish,  contracted  above,  vei-y  hairy  in  the  throat,  wit\  awl-shufjcd 
owned  teeth ;  corolhi  smootliish,  bearded  at  the  tip  of  the  uppt-r  iij),  scarcely  twice 
the  length  of  the  calyx,  pale  purplish,  the  lower  lip  dotted  with  purple.  —  Oak- 
openings  and  woods,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  westward.     May -July. 

*  *  Stamens  not  exceeding  the  upper  lip  of  the  short  corolla:  annuals  or  biennials. 

4.  M.  punctata,  L.  (Horse-Mint.)  Minutely  downy  (2°-3°high); 
leaves  pctioled,  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base ;  bracts  lanceolate,  obtuse  at 
the  base,  sessile,  yellowish  and  purple ;  teeth  of  the  downy  calyx  short  and  rigid, 
awnlcss;  corolla  nearly  smooth,  yellowish,  the  upper  lip  spotted  with  purple, 
notched  at  the  apex,  the  tube  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Sandy  fields  and 
dry  banks,  New  York  to  Illinois  and  southward.  July -Sept.  —  Very  odorous 
and  pungent. 

18.    BLEPHILIA,    Raf.        Blephilia. 

Calyx  ovoid-tuljular,  13-ncrved,  2-lippcd,  naked  in  the  throat;  upper  lip  with 
3  awned  teeth,  the  lower  with  2  nearly  awnless  teeth.  Corolla  inflated  in  the 
throat,  strongly  and  nearly  equally  2-lippcd ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  entire ;  the 
lower  spreading,  3-clcft,  with  the  lateral  lobes  ovate  and  rounded,  larger  than 
the  oblong  and  notched  middle  one.  Stamens  2,  ascending,  exserted  (the  rudi- 
ments of  the  upper  pair  minute  or  none) :  anthers,  &c.  as  in  Monarda.  —  Peren- 
nial herbs,  with  nearly  the  foliage,  &c.  of  Monarda  ;  the  small  pale  bluish  purple 
flowers  crowded  in  axillary  and  terminal  globose  capitate  whorls ;  in  summer. 
(Name  from  jSAe^api'y,  the  eyelash,  in  reference  to  the  hairy-fringed  bracts  and 
calyx-teetli. ) 

1.  B.  eilikta,  Kaf.  Somewhat  downy  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  almost  sessile, 
oblnnfi-ovote,  narrowed  at  the  base,  whitish-downy  underneath ;  outer  bracts  orate, 
acute,  colored,  ciliate,  as  long  as  the  calyx;  corolla  hairy.  (Monarda  ciliata, 
L.) — Dry  open  places,  Penn.  to  Kentucky  and  Wisconsin. 

2.  B.  hirstlta,  Benth.  Usiiry  throu'r'hont;  leaves  long-petio'ed,  ovate,  pointed, 
rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base;  the  lower  floral  ones  similar,  the  uppermost 
and  the  h-acts  linear-awl-shaped,  shorter  than  the  long-haired  calyx  ;  corolla 
smoothish,  pale,  with  darker  purple  spots.  (B.  nepetoides,  Rqf.  Monarda  hir 
suta,  Pursh.)  —  Damp  rich  woods,  E.  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky. — 
Plant  2°  -  3°  high,  with  spreading  branches,  and  numerous  close  whorls,  the 
lower  remote. 

19.     LOPHANTHTJS,     Benth.        Giant  Hyssop. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-sliaped,  1.5-nerved,  oblique,  5-toolhed,  the  ui)pcr  teeth  rathev 
longer  than  the  others.  Corolla  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  nearly  erect,  2-lobed ; 
the  lower  somewhat  spreading,  3-cleft  with  the  middle  lobe  crenate.  Stamens  4, 
exserted  ;  the  upper  pair  declined  ;  the  lower  and  shorter  pair  ascending,  so  that 
the  pairs  cross.  Anther-cells  nearly  parallel. — Perennial  tall  herbs,  with  peti- 
oled  serrate  leaves,  and  small  flowers  crowded  in  interrupted  term  nal  spikes;  in 
summer.     (Name  from  X6<pos,  a  crest,  and  uv6os,  a  flower.) 


LABIAT.E.       (hint    FAMILY.)  353 

1.  L.  nepetoides,  Bcnth.  .S'j/ioo^A,  or  nearly  so  ;  leaves  ovate,  somewhat 
pointed,  coarsely  crenatc-toothed  (2' -4'  long) ;  culjix-teethcuate,  rather  obtuse,  /title, 
shorter  than  the  pale  (jreenish-yelloiv  corolla.  —  Borders  of  woods,  W.  Vermont  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward.  —  Stem  stout,  4°  -  6°  high,  sharply  4-angled.  Spikes 
2' -6'  long,  crowded  with  the  ovate  jiointed  bracts. 

2.  L.  serophularisefblius,  Benth.  Stem  (obtusely  4-anglcd)  and  lower 
surface  of  the  ovate  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  acute  leaves  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent; cati/.v-tetth  lanceolate,  acute,  .shorter  than  the  fiurijlish  corolla  (spikes  4'  - 15  'long) : 
otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Same  geographical  range. 

3.  L.  anisatus,  Benth.  (Anise  Hissop.)  Smooth,  but  the  ovate  acute 
leaves  glaucotis-ichlte  underneath  \\''\i\\  minute  down  ;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  acute. 
—  Plains,  Wisconsin  and  northwestward.  —  Foliage  with  the  scent  of  anise. 

20.     NEPETA,    L.        Cat-Mixt. 

Calyx  tubular,  often  incurved,  obliquely  .5-toothcd.  Corolla  dihited  in  the 
throat,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  rather  concave,  notched  or  2-cktt ;  the 
lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  largest,  either  2-lobed  or  entire.  Sta- 
mens 4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  the  lower  pair  shorter.  Anthers  ap- 
proximate in  pairs ;  the  cells  divergent. — Perennial  herbs.  (The  Latin  name, 
thought  to  be  derived  from  Nepete,  an  Etrurian  city.) 

§  1.   Cymose  chisli-rs  rather  dense  and  many-floicerfd,  forming  interrupted  sjiikes  or 
racemes:  upper  floral  leaves  small  and  bract -like. 

1.  N.  Cat.yria,  L.  (Catnip.)  Downy,  erect,  branched;  leaves  heart- 
shaped,  oblong,  deeply  crenate,  whitish-downy  underneath;  corolla  whitish, 
dotted  with  purple. —  Near  dwellings:  a  very  common  weed.  July -Se] it. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.    GLECHOMA,  L.     Leaves  all  alike:  the  axillary  clusters  loosely  fw-flou-ered. 

2.  N.  Glechoma,  Benth.  (Ground  Ivy.  Gill)  Creejiiiig  and  trail- 
ing ;  leaves  pctioled,  round  kidney-shaped,  crenate,  green  both  sides ;  corolla 
thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  light  blue.  (Glechoma  hederacea,  L.) — Damp 
waste  grounds  near  dwellings.  May  -  Aug.  —  Anther-cells  diverging  at  a  right 
angle,  each  pair  approximate' and  forming  a  cross.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

21.    DRACOCEPHALUM,    L.        Dragon-IIead. 

Calyx  tubular,  13- 15-nerved,  straight,  5-toothed  ;  the  upper  tooth  usually 
much  largest.  Corolla  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  slightly  arched  and  notched  ;  the 
lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  with  its  middle  lobe  largest  and2-cleft  or  notched  at  the 
end.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  ;  the  lower  pair  shorter.  An- 
thers approximate  by  pairs,  the  cells  divergent. — Whorls  many-flowered,  mostly 
spiked  or  capitate,  and  with  awn-tootiicd  or  fringed  leafy  bracts.  (Name  from 
8paK(ov,  a  dragon,  and  Kfcpa^r],  luad,  alluding  to  the  form  of  the  corolla  in  the 
original  species.) 

1.  D.  parvifldrum,  Nutt.  Annual  or  biennial;  stem  erect,  leafy  (8'- 
20' high)  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  cut-toothed,  petioled  ;  whorls  crowded 
in  a  terminal  head  or  spike ;  upper  tooth  of  the  calyx  ovate,  nearly  equalling 
L  &  M— 35 


354  LABIAT.E.       (mint    FAMILY.) 

the  bluish  small  slender  corolla.  —  Rocky  places,  from  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  New 
York,  to  Wisconsin  along  the  Great  Lakes,  northward.     May  -  Aug. 

22.     CEDRONELLA,    Mu;nch.        Cedronella. 

Calyx  rather  .obliquely  5-toothed,  many-nerved.  Corolla  ample,  expanded 
at  the  throat,  2-lipped  ;  the  upjier  lip  flattish  or  concave,  2-lobed  ;  the  lower  3. 
cleft,  spreading,  the  middle  lobe  largest.  Stamens  4,  ascending;  the  lower  pair 
shorter.  Anther-cells  parallel.  —  Sweet-scented  perennials,  with  pale  purpHsh 
flowers.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  Ke8piov,  oil  of  Cedar,  from  the  aromatic  leaves 
of  the  original  species,  C.  triphylla,  the  Balm-of-Gilead  of  English  gardens.) 

1.  C  COl'd^ta,  Benth.  Low,  with  slender  runners,  hairy  ;  leaves  broadly 
heart-shaped,  crenate,  potioled,  the  floral  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  whorls  few- 
flowered,  at  the  summit  of  short  ascending  stems  ;  corolla  hairy  inside  (1^'  long) ; 
stamens  shorter  than  the  upper  lip.  (Dracoccphalum  cordatum,  Nult.)  — Low 
shady  banks,  W.  Penn.  to  Kentucky,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.   June. 

23.     SYNANDRA,    Nutt.        Stnandra. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  inflated,  membranaceous,  irregularly  veiny,  almost  equally 
4-toothed !  Corolla  with  a  long  tube,  much  expanded  above  and  at  the  throat; 
the  upper  lip  slightly  arched,  entire  ;  the  lower  spreading  and  3-cleft,  with  ovate 
lobes,  the  middle  one  broadest  and  notched  at  the  end.  Stamens  4,  ascending  : 
fllaments  hairy :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs  under  the  upper  lip ;  the  two 
upper  each  with  one  fertile  and  one  smaller  sterile  cell,  the  latter  cohering  with 
each  other  (whence  the  name  ;  from  <tvv,  together,  and  avr]p,  for  anther). 

1.  S.  grandifl6ra,  Nutt.  —  Shaded  banks,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  south- 
ward. June.  —  A  perennial?  hairy  herb,  1°  high.  Lower  leaves  long-petioled, 
broadly  ovate,  heart-shaped,  crenate,  thin ;  the  floral  sessile,  gradually  reduced 
to  bracts,  each  with  a  single  sessile  flower.     Corolla  Ij'  long,  yellowish-white. 

24.     PHYSOSTEGIA,     Benth.        False  Dragon-head. 

Calyx  nearly  equally  5-toothed,  obscurely  10-ncrved,  short-tubular  or  bell- 
shaped,  more  or  less  enlarged  and  slightly  inflafed  in  fruit.  Corolla  funnel- 
form  with  a  much  inflated  throat,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  nearly  entire  ; 
the  lower  3-parted,  spreading,  small :  its  middle  lobe  larger,  broad  and  rounded, 
notched.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip :  anthers  approximate ; 
the  cells  parallel.  —  Smooth  perennials,  with  upright  wand-like  stems,  and  ses- 
sile lanceolate  or  oblong  mostly  serrate  leaves.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  rose 
or  flesh-color  variegated  with  purple,  opposite,  crowded  in  simple  or  panicled 
terminal  leafless  spikes.     (Name  from  ^vaa,  a  bladder,  and  aTfyrj,  a  covering.) 

1.  P.  Virginiana,  Benth.  Corolla  1'  or  more  long,  gaping,  the  upper 
lip  slightly  arching  ;  calyx-tubc  oblong-  or  obconical-bell-shaped.  (Dracoccph- 
alum Virginianuni,  L.)' — "Wet  bank«,  &c.,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and 
southward.  July  -  Sept.  —  Varies  from  l°-4°  high,  stout  or  slender;  the 
leaves  from  oblong-obovate  (the  lower)  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  and  from  very 
sharply  toothed  to  nearly  entire ;  the  flowers  either  crowded  or  scattered. 


LABIATiE.       (mint    FAMILY.)  OOO 

25.     BRTJNELLA,     Tourn.     (Prunella,  Z.)        Self-heal. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shiiped,  soiiicwluit  lO-nervud  and  reticuhitcd-veiny,  flat- 
tened on  the  upper  side,  naked  in  tlie  throat,  closed  in  fruit,  2-lipiJcd  ;  the  up- 
per lip  broad  and  flat,  truncate,  with  3  .short  teeth  ;  the  lower  2-clett.  Corolla 
ascending,  slightly  contracted  at  the  tlnoat,  and  dilated  at  the  lower  side  just 
beneath  it,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  arched,  entire ;  the  lower  reflexcd- 
spreadiug,  3-cleft ;  its  lateral  lobes  oblong  ;  the  middle  one  rounded,  concave, 
crenulatc.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  :  fllaments  2-toothed  at 
the  apex,  the  lower  tooth  bearing  the  anther.  Anthers  approximate  in  pairs, 
their  cells  diverging.  —  Low  perennials,  with  nearly  simple  stems,  and  3-flow- 
ered  clusters  of  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  round  and  bract-like  membrana- 
ceous floral  leaves,  imbi'icated  in  a  close  spike  or  head.  (Name  said  to  be  taken 
from  the  German  braune,  a  disease  of  the  throat,  for  which  this  plant  was  a 
reputed  remedy. 

2.  B.  vulgaris,  L.  (Common  Si;lf-iieal  or  He.vl-all.)  Leaves  ovate- 
oblong,  entire  or  toothed,  petioled,  hairy  or  snioothish  ;  corolla  (violet  or  flesli- 
color,  rarely  white)  not  twice  the  length  of  the  purplish  calyx.  —  Woods  and 
fields  :  common.     June -Sept.     (Eu.) 

2  6.    SCUTELLARIA,    L.        Skullcap. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  in  flower,  2-lippcd  ;  the  lips  entire,  closed  in  fruit,  the  upper 
with  a  helmet-like  at  length  concave  and  enlarged  appendage  on  the  back  (the 
upper  sepal) ;  calyx  splitting  to  the  base  at  maturity,  the  upper  lip  usually  fall- 
ing away.  Corolla  with  an  elongated  curved  ascending  tube,  dilated  at  the 
throat,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  arched,  entire  or  barely  notched;  the  lateral 
lobes  mostly  connected  with  the  upper  rather  than  the  lower  lip  ;  the  lower  lobe 
or  lip  spreading  and  convex,  notched  at  the  apex.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under 
the  upper  lip  :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  ciliate  or  bearded  ;  those  of  the 
lower  stamens  1-cclled  (halved),  of  the  upper  2-cellcd  and  heart-shaped. — Bit- 
ter perennial  herbs,  not  aromatic,  with  axillary  or  else  s])iked  or  racemcd  flow- 
ers; in  summer:  the  short  peduncles  or  pedicels  chiefly  opposite,  1-flowered, 
often  1 -sided.  (Name  from  scutella,  a  dish,  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  ap- 
pendage to  the  fruiting  calyx.) 

*  Flowers  (blue)  in  terminal  {single  or  pan  id ed)  racemes;  the  Jloral  Icares,  except  the 

loiver  ones,  being  small,  and  reduced  to  bracts. 
1-  Lips  short,  nearhj  equal  in  length,  the  lateral  lobes  rather  distinct,  and  almost  as 
long  as  the  slraigldish  or  scarcely  incurved  upper  lip  :  leaves  on  slender  petioles. 
1.  S.  versicolor,  Nutt.  Soft  hairg,  the  hairs  of  the  inflorescence,  &c. 
partly  viscid-glandular ;  stem  mostly  erect  (l°-3°  high);  leaves  ovate  or  round- 
ovate,  chiefly  heart-shaped,  crenate-toothed,  very  veiny,  rugose,  the  floral  reduced 
to  broadly  ovate  entire  bracts  about  equalling  the  glandular-hairy  calyx ;  ra- 
cemes mostly  simple.  —  River-banks,  &c.,  Pcnu.  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 
—  Corolla  9"  long,  with  a  slender  tube,  below  whitish,  the  lower  lip  purple- 
spotted  ;  the  upper  deep  blue ;  the  lateral  lobes  belonging  as  much  to  the  loweif 
as  to  the  upper  lip.  —  S.  saxatilis,  var.  ?  pilosior,  Benik.,  is  probably  a  smaller 


356  LABIAT.E.       (mIXT    FAMILY.) 

form  of  this,  as  is  S.  rugosa,  Wood.     (The  hatter  from  Harper's  Feny,  Dr.  Aihln, 
according  to  Wund.) 

2.  S.  saxatilis,  Riddell.  Smoothish  or  sliglul'/  Itairi/ ;  stem  weak,  ascend- 
ing (6'- 18' long),  often  producing  runners,  branched;  leaves  ovate  or omte-oblong 
and  mostlij  heart-shuped,  coarsely  crenate-toothed  (l'-2'  long),  thiri,  obttisn ;  upper 
bracts  oblong  or  ovate,  small ;  racemes  loose.  —  Moist  shaded  banks,  S.  Ohio, 
Virginia,  and  Kentucky,  and  southward  in  the  mountains.  —  Corolla  8"  long, 
the  lateral  lobes  connected  with  the  straightish  upper  lip. 

•*-  -t-  Lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla  small,  7nitcJi  shorter  than  the  decidedly  arched  or  in 
curved  upper  lip,  and  connected  with  it:  stem  erect:  leaves  modeiately  peliuhd, 
except  in  No.  6. 

3.  S.  can6scens,  Nutt.  Stem  branched  (2° -4°  high)  above,  with  the 
paniclcd  many-flowered  racemes,  flowers,  and  the  lower  surface  of  the  ovate  or  lance- 
ovatu  acute  (at  the  base  acute,  obtuse,  or  cordate)  crenate  leaves  whitish  icith  flne 
sofl  down,  often  becoming  rather  glabrous ;  bracts  oblong  or  lanceolate  ;  upper 
lip  of  the  corolla  shorter  than  the  lower.  —  Rich  ground,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and 
southward.  —  Corolla  8"  long. 

4.  S.  serrata,  Andrews.  Green  and  nearly  glabrous;  stem  rather  simple 
(l°-3°  high),  Avith  single  loosely-flowered  racemes;  leaves  serrate,  acuminate  at 
loth  ends,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong  ;  calyx,  &c.  somewhat  hairy  ;  lips  of  the  corolla 
equal  in  length  (corolla  1'  long,  the  tube  more  tapering  below  than  in  the  last, 
which  this  resembles). — Woods,  Penn.    to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

5.  S.  pil6sa,  Michx.  Pubescent  with  spreading  Jmirs;  stem  nearly  simple 
(1°  -3°  high) ;  leaves  rather  distant,  crenate,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  varying  to  round- 
ish-ovate, the  lower  abrupt  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base  and  long-petiolcd,  the 
upper  on  short  margined  petioles,  veiny ;  bracts  oblong-spatulate  ;  racemes  short, 
often  branched  ;  corolla  (6"  -  8"  long)  rather  narrow,  the  lower  lip  a  little  shorter. 
(S.  hirsuta,  Short,  is  a  large  form.)  — Dry  ground,  S.  New  York  to  Michigan 
and  southward. 

6.  S.  illtegl*if61ia,  L.  Downy  all  over  with  a  minute  hoariness  ;  stem  com- 
monly simj)le  (l°-2o  high) ;  leaves  Mong-lanceolate  or  linear,  mostly  entire,  obtuse, 
very  short-petiolcd  ;  raceme  often  branched  ;  corolla  (I'long)  much  enlarged  above, 
the  ample  lips  equal  in  length. — Borders  of  thickets,  from  Bridgewater,  Mass. 
(Mr.  Howard),  to  Pennsylvania  and  southward. 

*  *  Flowers  {blue  or  violet,  short-peduncled)  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  mosdy 

sessile  leaves,  which  are  similar  to  the  lower  ones. 

•1-   Corolla  (2" -3"  long)  seldom  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  the  short  lips  nearly 

equal  in  length,  the  upper  lip  concave. 

7.  S.  nervdsa,  Pursh.  Smooth,  simple  or  branched,  slender  (10' -20- 
high)  ;  loivcr  leaves  loundi.^h  ;  the  middle  ones  orate,  toothed,  somewhat  heart-shaped 
(V  long) ;  the  floral  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  ;  nerve-like  veins  prominent  beneath. 
(S.  gracilis,  Nutt.)  —  Moist  tliickcts,  New  York  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

(      (^/vi*^S.   parvula,   Michx.     Minutely  downy,  dwarf  (3' -6'  high),  branched 
P^    arrd  spreading;  lowest  leaves  round-ovate ;  the  others  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  obtuse,  all 
entire  or  nearly  so,  slightly  hcarl'shaprd  (G" -8"  long).     (S.  amlngua,  A^««.)  — 
Dry  banks,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     May,  June. 


LABIAT.E.       (.MINT    FAMILY.)  357 

t-  H-   Corolla  (S"-9"  hnrj),  with  n  slc/ulrr  tube:  Innrr  lip  larfje  and  rallur  longer 
tluin  the  so.'ueichat  inched  uii/x  r  lip  :  stem  aiiiiple. 

9.  S.  galericulata,  L.  Smooth  or  a  little  downy,  erect  (l°-2°  high) ; 
leaves  ovatc-lanccohitc,  acute,  serrate,  roundish  and  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the 
base  ( 1' -  2' long).  —  Wet  shady  places  :  common  northward.     ( En.) 

*  *  *  Flowers  small  [blue,  3"  long),  in  axillarjj  and  ofien  also  in  terminal  one-sided 
racemes  ;  the  lower  Jioral  leaves  like  the  others,  the  upper  small  and  bract-like. 

10.  S.  laterifldra,  L.  Smooth;  stem  upright,  much  branched  {\°~2° 
high) ;  leaves  lanceolate-ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  pointed,  coarsely  serrate,  rounded 
at  the  base,  petioled  (2'- 3'  long).  —  Wet  shaded  places  :  common.  —  A  iiuack 
having  formerly  vaunted  its  virtues  as  a  remedy  for  hydrophobia,  this  species 
bears  the  name  of  Mad-dog  Skullcap. 

27.  MARRtlBIUM,    L.        Horehound. 

Calyx  tubular,  5  -  10-nerved,  nearly  equally  5  -  10-toothed ;  the  teeth  more  or 
less  spiny-pointed  and  spreading  at  maturity.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect, 
notched ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  its  middle  lobe  broadest.  Stamens  4, 
included  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Nutlets  not  truncate.  —  Whitish-woolly  bitter- 
aromatic  perennials,  branched  at  the  base,  with  rugose  and  crenatc  or  cut  leaves, 
and  many-flowered  axillary  whorls.  (A  name  of  Pliny,  said  to  be  derived  from 
the  Hebrew  marrob,  a  bitter  juice.) 

1.  M.  vulgXue,  L.  (Common  Horehound.)  Stems  ascending;  leaves 
round-ovate,  petioled,  crenatc-toothed  ;  whorls  capitate;  calyx  with  10  recurved 
teeth,  the  alternate  ones  shorter;  corolla  small,  white.  —  Escaped  from  gardens 
into  waste  places.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

28.  GALEOPSIS,     L.        Hemp-Nettle. 

Calyx  tubular-bcll-shaped,  about  5-nerved,  with  .5  somewhat  equal  and  spiny- 
tip])ed  teeth.  Corolla  dilated  at  the  throat ;  the  tipper  lip  ovate,  arched,  entire ; 
the  lower  3-cleft,  spreading  ;  the  lateral  lobes  ovate,  the  middle  one  inversely 
heart-shaped  ;  palate  with  2  teeth  at  the  sinuses.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under 
the  upper  lip  :  anther-cells  transversely  2-valved ;  the  inner  valve  of  each  cell  bristly- 
fringed,  the  outer  one  larger  and  naked. — Annuals,  with  spreading  branches, 
and  several  -  many-flowered  whorls  in  the  axils  of  floral  leaves  which  are  nearly 
like  the  lower  ones.  (Name  composed  of  yaXerj,  a  weasel,  and  o\j/^is,  resemblance, 
from  some  fancied  likeness  of  the  corolla  to  the  head  of  a  weasel.) 

1.  G.  TetrXiiit,  L.  (Common  Hemp-Nettle.)  Stem  swollen  below  the 
joints,  bris>li/-hairi/ ;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  serrate  ;  corolla  pur]ilish,  or  variegated, 
about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  or,  in  var.  graxdi flora,  3-4  times  the 
length  of  the  calyx,  often  yellowish  with  a  purple  spot  on  the  lower  lip. — 
Waste  places  :  rather  common.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  G.  LAdanum,  L.  (Red  H.)  Stein  smooth  or  pubescent;  leaves  ob/ong- 
lanceolate,  more  or  less  downy  ;  corolla  red  or  rose-color  (the  thront  often  spotted 
with  yellow),  much  exceeding  the  calyx.  — Eastern  New  England  :  rare.  Aug. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 


358  LABTAT^E.       (.MINT    FAMII.Y.) 

29.     STACHYS,    L.        Hkdge-Nettle. 

Calyx  tubular-bcll-sluijjcd,  5  -  lO-uevvcd,  equally  5-tootlicd,  or  the  upper  teeth 
united  to  form  an  upper  li]).  Corolla  not  dilated  at  the  throat ;  the  upper  lip 
erect  or  ratlier  sprcadini^-,  often  arched,  entire  or  nearly  so ;  the  lower  usually 
longer  and  spreading,  3-lobed,  with  the  middle  lobe  largest  and  nearly  entire. 
Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  (often  reflexed  on  the  throat  after 
flowering)  :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs.  Nutlets  obtuse,  not  truncate.  — 
Wiiorls  2  -  inany-flowered,  approximate  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  spike  (whence 
the  name,  from  ardxvs,  a  spike).  Flowering  in  summer. 
*  ll(jot  annual :  stems  decumbent,  low. 

1.  S.  ARVENSis,  L.  (Woundwort.)  Hairy;  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  obtuse, 
crcnate,  heart-shaped  at  the  base ;  a.xillary  whorls  4  -  6-flowered,  distant ;  corolla 
(purplish)  scarcely  longer  than. the  soon  declined  unarmed  calyx.  —  Waste 
places,  E.  Massachusetts  :  scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Root  ]>erennial :  stem  erect. 

2.  S.  pallistris,  L.  Stem  4-angled  j2°-3°  high),  leafy,  hirsute  with 
spreading  or  reflexed  hairs,  especially  on  the  angles ;  leaves  sessile,  or  the  lower 
short-petioled,  oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate,  crenately  serrate,  rounded  or  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base,  downy  or  liairj'-pubescent,  obtusish  (2' -4'  long),  the  upper 
floral  ones  shorter  than  the  nearly  sessile  calyx  ;  whorls  6  -  10-flowered,  the  up- 
per crowded  into  an  interrupted  spike ;  calyx  hispid ;  the  lance-subulate  teeth 
somewhat  spiny,  half  the  length  of  the  purple  corolla,  diverging  in  fruit.  —  Wet 
banks  of  streams,  &c.,  mostly  northward.  (Eu.)  —  To  this,  for  the  present,  we 
must  refer  all  the  following  as  varieties,  different  as  some  of  them  are  :  — 

Var.  ^spei'a.  (S.  aspcra,  Michx.)  Stem  more  commonly  smooth  on  the 
sides,  the  angles  beset  with  stiff  reflexed  bristles ;  leaves  hairy  or  smoothish, 
pointed,  the  lower  petioled,  the  lower  floral  as  long  as  the  flowers  ;  spike  often 
slender  and  more  interrupted ;  calyx-tube  rather  narrower  and  the  teeth  more 
awl-shaped  and  spiny.  —  Common  in  wet  grounds.  —  This  passes  into 

Var.  glabra.  (S.  glabra,  RiWfJl,  suppl.  cat.  Ohio  pi.  1836.)  More  slender, 
smooth  find  f/labtous  throiic/hout,  or  with  few  bristly  hairs  ;  leaves  oblong-  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  more  sharply  toothed,  mostly  rounded  or  truncate  at 
the  base,  all  petioled.  —  W.  New  York  to  Michigan  and  southwestward. 

Var.  cord kta.  (S.  cordata,  7?/fWe//, /.  c.  S.  'SnttaWii,  Shuttlew.)  Stem 
beset  with  spreading  or  reflexed  bristly  hairs  ;  leaves  hairy  or  smoothish,  oblong, 
heart-shaptd  at  the  narrowed  base,  all  more  or  less  petioled ;  calyx-teeth  sometimes 
shorter.  —  Common  westward  and  southward. 

3.  S.  hyssopifblia,  Midix.  Smooth  and  glabrous,  or  nearly  so ;  stems 
slender  (1°  high),  the  angles  sometimes  reflexed-bristly ;  leai'es  lincar-ohlonp,  or 
narrowly  linear,  sessile,  obscurely  toothed  towards  the  ape.x  ;  whorls  4  -  6-flowered, 
rather  distant;  corolla  (light  purple)  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  triangular- 
awl-shaped  spreading  calyx-teeth.  —  Wet  sandy  places,  Massachusetts  to  Vir- 
ginia ;  also  Michigan,  Illinois  and  southward. 

Betonica  officin.\lis,  the  Wood  Betony  of  Europe,  —  of  a  genus  hardly 
distinct  from  Stachys,  —  was  found  by  C.  J.  Sprague  in  a  thicket  at  Newton, 
Massachusetts. 


LABIATE.       (mint    FAMILY.)  S69 

30.    LEONURUS,     L.        Motherwort. 

Calyx  top-shaped,  5-ncrvcd,  witli  T)  nearly  equal  teeth  which  arc  awl-shaped, 
and  when  old  rather  spiny-pointed  and  spreading.  Upper  lip  of  the  eorolla  ob- 
long and  entire,  somewhat  arehed  ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobcd  ;  its  middle  lobe 
larger,  broad  and  inversely  heart-shaped,  the  lateral  ones  oblong.  Stamens  4, 
ascending  under  the  upper  lip  :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  the  valves  naked. 
Nutlets  truncate  and  sharply  3-angled.  —  Upright  herbs,  with  cut-lobed  leaves, 
and  close  whorls  of  flowers  in  their  axils  ;  in  summer.  (Name  from  X«'coi/,  a  lion, 
and  ovpdi  tail,  i.  e.  Lion's-tail.) 

1.  L.  CaruLvca,  L.  (Common  Motherwort.)  Tall  perennial ;  leaves 
long-petioled ;  the  lower  rounded,  palmately  lobed ;  the  floral  wedge-shaped  at 
the  base,  3-cleft,  the  lobes  lanceolate ;  upper  lip  of  the  pale  purple  corolla  bearded. 

—  Waste  places,  around  dwellings.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  L.  MarrubiAstrum,  L.  Tall  biennial,  with  elongated  branches  ;  stem- 
leaves  olilong-ovate,  coarsely  toothed;  corolla  (whitish)  shorter  than  the  calyx- 
teeth;  the  tube  naked  within;  lower  lip  rather  erect.  —  Koadsidcs,  Pennsyl- 
vania: rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

31.     LAMIUM,     L.        De  ad-Nettle. 

Calyx  tubular-ix'll-shapod,  about  .5-ncrvcd,  with  5  nearly  equal  awl-pointed 
teeth.  Corolla  dilated  at  the  throat ;  the  upper  lip  ovate  or  oblong,  arched,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base;  the  middle  lobe  of  the  spreading  lower  lip  broad,  notched 
at  the  apex,  contracted  as  if  stalked  at  the  base ;  the  lateral  ones  small,  at  the 
margin  of  the  throat.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip :  anthers  ap- 
proximate in  pairs,  2-celled,  the  cells  divergent.     Nutlets  truncate  at  the  apex. 

—  Herbs,  decumbent  at  the  base,  the  lowest  leaves  small  and  long-petioled,  the 
middle  ones  heart-shaped  and  doubly  toothed,  the  floral  subtending  the  whorled 
clusters  of  flowers  ;  produced  from  spring  to  autumn.  (Name  from  Xainos,  the 
throat,  in  allusion  to  the  ringent  corolla.) 

*  Anmiah  or  biennials,  low:  Jlowers  small,  purple,  in  feiv  u'horls  or  heads. 

1.  L.  amplexicaule,  L.  Leaves  rounded,  deeply  crenate-toothed  or  cut, 
the  upper  ones  claspirtrj ;  corolla  elongated,  upper  lip  bearded,  the  lower  spotted; 
lateral  lobes  truncate.  —  Cultivated  grounds.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  L.  PURPUREUM,  L.  Leaves  roundish  or  oblong,  heart-shaped,  crenate- 
toothed,  all  petio/cd.  —  Cult,  grounds,  Pennsylvania.     (Adv.  from  Eu. ) 

*  *  Perennial,  lalUr :  ^flowers  larger,  in  several  axilkmj  whorls. 

3.  L.  Album,  L.  Hairy ;  leaves  ovate,  heart-shaped,  petioled  ;  calyx-teeth 
very  slender,  spreading ;  corolla  white,  the  tube  curved  upwards,  obliquely  con- 
tracted near  the  base,  where  there  is  a  ring  of  hairs  inside  ;  lateral  lobes  of  lower 
lip  bearing  a  long  slender  tooth.  —  Waste  ground  near  Boston,  D.  Murray. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

32.     BALLOTA,     L.        Fetid  Horehound. 

Calyx  nearly  funnel-form  ;  the  lO-ribbed  tube  expanded  above  mto  a  spreaCN 
ing  regular  border,  with  5-10  teeth.     Anthers  exserted  beyond  the  tube  of 


."GO  BOPaiAGINACICiE.       (bORAGE    FAMILY.) 

the  corolla,  approximate  in  pnirs.     Otherwise  mueh  as  in  Marrubium.     (The 
Greek  name,  of  iineertaiii  origin.) 

1.  B.  n'igua,  L.  (Black  IIorehouxi).)  More  or  less  hairy,  but  green, 
erect;  the  root  perennial;  leaves  ovate,  toothed;  wliorls  maiiy-Howercd,  dense; 
calyx-teetli  5,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  purplish  corolla.  —  Waste  places,  Mas- 
sachusetts and  Connecticut :  scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

33.     PHLOMIS,     L.        Jerusalem  Sage. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-10-ribbed,  truncate  or  equally  5-toothed.  Upper  lip  of  the 
corolla  arched ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft.  Stamens  4,  ascending  and  approx- 
imate in  pairs  under  the  upper  lip ;  the  filament.t  of  the  upper  pair  with  an  awl- 
shaped  apj)cndage  at  the  base.,  longer  than  tite  others  in  V.  tuberosa,  &c. :  anther- 
cells  divergent  and  confluent. — Leaves  rugose.  Whorls  dense  and  many-flow- 
ered, axillary,  remote,  bracted.  (An  old  Greek  name  of  a  woolly  species,  of 
oliscurc  derivation.) 

I.  P.  tuber6sa,  L.  Tall  perennial  (3° -5°  high),  nearly  smooth;  leaves 
ovate-heart-shaped,  crenatc,  petioled ;  the  floral  oblong-lanceolate ;  bracts  awl- 
shnped,  hairy;  upper  lip  of  the  purple  corolla  densely  bearded  with  white  hairs 
on  the  in.';] de,  —  Shore  of  Lake  Ontario  near  Rochester.  June,  July.  (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

Order  72.     BORRAGII^ACE.E.     (Borage  Family.) 

Chinflii  rough-hairy  herbs  (not  aromatic),  with  alternate  entire  leaven,  ana 
sTjmmetrical  Jlowers  with  a  5-parted  calyx,  a  regular  b-lobed  corolla  (except 
in  No.  1),  5  stamens  inserted  on  its  tube,  a  single  style  and  a  deeply  4:-lobed 
ovary  (as  in  Labiatse),  which  forms  in  fruit  4  seed-like  nutlets,  each  with  a 
single  seed.  —  Albumen  none.  Cotyledons  plano-convex  :  radicle  pointing 
to  the  apex  of  the  fruit.  Stigmas  1  or  2.  Calyx  valvate,  the  corolla  im- 
bricated (in  Myosotis  convolute)  in  the  bud.  Flowers  mostly  on  one  side 
of  the  branches  of  a  reduced  cyme,  imitating  a  spike  or  raceme,  which  is 
rolled  up  from  the  end,  and  straightens  as  the  blossoms  expand  (circinate 
or  scorpioid),  often  bractless.  (A  rather  large  family  of  innocent,  muci- 
laginous, and  slightly  bitter  plants;  the  roots  of  some  species  yielding  a 
red  dye.) 

Tribe  I.     BORRAGGjG.    Ovary  deeply  4-parted,  forming  aa  many  separate  1-seeiled 

nutlets  i:i  fruit ;  the  style  rising  trom  the  centre  between  them.     (Root  frequently  red  ) 

*  Corolla  naked  and  open  (without  scales)  in  the  throat,  somewhat  irregular  !     Nutlets  erect 

1.  IDcliiuin.     Corolla  funnel-form,  unequally  5-lobed.     Stamens  protruded. 

*  *  Corolla  with  5  scales  closing  the  throat.     Nutlets  not  prickly,  erect ;  the  scar  broad. 

2.  Lycopsis.     Coi'oUa  funnel-form,  slightly  curved  and  oblique  :  scales  blunt  and  hairy. 

3.  Symphytum.     Corolla  tubular,  and  enlarged  at  the  summit :  scales  awl -shaped. 

•  »  »  Corolla  open,  with  folds  rather  than  scales  in  the  throat.  Nutlets  smooth,  erect ;  scar  small 
—  Lobes  of  the  tubular  corolla  imbricated  ii\  the  bud. 

4.  Onosmotlium.     Nutlets  stony,  smooth.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  acute  and  erect. 

6.    Liithospcrmum.     Nutlets  stony,  smuuth.     Lubes  of  the  corolla  spreading,  rounded- 


BORUAGINACE^.       (bOUAGE    FAMILY.)  3G1 

6.  Mertensla.     Nutlets  fleshy,  fixed  by  tlie  inner  angle.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  roundud. 

■<-  ■>-  Lobes  of  the  short  salver-shnped  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud. 

7.  M'yosotis.     Nutlets  hard  and  smooth.     Flowers  all  or  most  of  them  bractUss. 

»  *  »  «  Corolla  with  5  scales  closing  the  throat.     Nutlets  prickly,  laterally  fixed  to  the  central 
column  or  the  base  of  the  style,  often  recuuiljent. 

8.  EcUinospermum.     Corolla  salver-shaped.     Nutlets  eiwct,  prickly  on  the  margin 

9.  Cyuu^loasuiu.    Corolla  fuiinet-furm.     Nutlets  oblique  or  depressed,  prickly  all  over. 
Tribe  II.     HELIOTROPEjE.     Ovary  not  lobed,  tipped  with  the  simple  style  :  the  fruit 

sei)arating  when  ripe  into  2  or  4  nutlets. 

10.  Helioti-opluhi.     Throat  of  the  short  salver-shaped  corolla  open.     Nutlets  l-celled. 

11.  Ileliophytum.     Throat  of  the  corolla  contracted.     Nutlets  2,  each  2-celled,  i.  c.  4  iu  2 

pairs  and  sometimes  a  pair  of  empty  false  cells. 

1.     ECHIUM,     Touni.        Viper's  BiTGLOSS. 

Corolla  with  a  cylindraccous  or  funnel-forin  tube,  and  a  more  or  less  unequal 
spreading  .5-Iobcd  border ;  the  lobes  rounded,  the  expanded  throat  naked.  Sta- 
mens mostly  cxserted,  unequal.  Style  thread-form.  Nutlets  roughened  or 
wrinkled,  fixed  by  a  flat  base.     (A  name  of  Dioscorides,  from  exis,  a  viper.) 

1.  E.  vulg.\re,  L.  (Blue-weed.)  Rough-bristly  biennial;  stem  erect 
(2°  high),  mostly  simple;  stem-leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sessile ;  floAvers  showy, 
in  short  lateral  clusters,  disposed  in  a  long  and  narrow  raceme ;  corolla  reddish- 
purple  changing  to  brilliant  blue  (rarely  pale).  —  Roadsides  and  meadows  :  rather 
rare  northward  ;  but  a  troublesome  weed  in  ciiltivatetl  fields  in  Virginia.  June. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.    LYCOPSIS,    L.        BuGEOss. 

Corolla  funnel-shaped,  with  a  curved  tube  and  a  slightly  unequal  limb ;  the 
throat  clo.sed  with  5  convex  obtuse  bristly  scales  placed- opposite  the  lobes.  Sta- 
mens and  style  included.  Nutlets  rough-wrinkled,  erect,  fixed  by  a  hollowed- 
out  base.  —  Annuals.      (Name  from  'Kvkos,  a  ivolf,  and  o^is,  fnce.) 

1.  L.  ARVENSis,  L.  (SiM.\LL  BuGLOSs.)  Very  rough-bristly  (l°high); 
leaves  lanceolate ;  flowers  in  leafy  raceme-like  clusters ;  calyx  as  long  as  the  tube 
of  the  small  blue  corolla.  —  Dry  or  sandy  fields.  New  England  to  Virginia: 
scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.    SYMPHYTUM,    Tourn.        Comfret. 

Corolla  oblong-tubular,  inflated  above,  5-toothed ;  the  short  teeth  spreading ; 
the  throat  closed  with  .5  converging  linear-awl-shaped  scales.  Stamens  included ; 
anthers  elongated.  Style  thread-form.  Nutlets  smooth,  ovate,  erect,  fixed  by 
the  large  hollowed  base,  which  is  finely  toothed  on  its  margin.  —  Coarse  peren- 
nial herbs,  with  thickened  bitterish  mucilaginous  roots  ;  the  nodding  raccmc-liko 
clusters  cither  single  or  in  pairs.  (Name  from  cri;/i^eli',  to  grow  tojether,  proba- 
bly in  allusion  to  its  re])uted  healing  virtues.) 

1.    S.  officx.v.Vle,    L.      (C(i.M.MON  CoMFREY.)      Hairy,  branched,  winged 
above  by  the  dccurrcnt  leaves ;  the  lower  leaves  ovatc-lanceolatc,  tapering  into 
a  petiole,  the  upper  n.arrowcr  ;  corolla  yellowish-white,  rarely  purplish.  —  Moist 
places ;  cscajxid  from  gardens.     June.     ( Adv.  from  Eu. ) 
G  M     16 


362  boiiragix\acp:^.     (bouage  family.) 

4.     ONOSMODIXJM,     Mirhx.        False  Gromwell. 

Calyx  5-prtrted ;  tlie  divisions  linear  and  erect.  Corolla  tubular,  or  tubular- 
funnel-form,  naked  in  the  throat  (the  sinuses  minutely  hoodcd-inflexcd) ;  the  5 
acute  lobes  converj;ing  or  barely  spreading.  Anthers  oblong-linear  or  arrow- 
shaped,  mucronate,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Style  thread-form, 
much  exserted.  Nutlets  bony,  ovoid,  smooth,  erect,  fixed  by  the  base;  the  .'car 
minute,  not  hollowed  out.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  coarse  and  hispid,  with  ob- 
long and  sessile  ribbed-veined  leaves,  and  white,  greenish,  or  yellowish  flowers, 
in  at  length  elongated  and  erect  leafy  raceme-like  clusters ;  in  summer.  — 
Our  siiecies  all  belong  to  true  Onosmodium,  having  the  anthers  all  induaed, 
smooth,  and  on  very  short  filaments  ;  the  corolla  only  once  or  twice  the  Icigth 
of  the  calyx.  (Named  from  the  resemblance  to  the  genus  Onosma,  which  means 
asssmell. ) 

1.  O.  Virginianum,  DC.  Clothed  all  over  idtli  harsh  and  rifiid  a),prcssed 
short  bristles ;  stems  rather  slender  (l°-2°high);  l>:aves  narrowly  ohloiir,,  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate (l'-2|'  long),  the  lower  narrowed  at  the  base;  lobes  of  the  nar- 
row corolla  lance-awl-shapcd,  sparingly  bearded  outside  with  long  bristles.  (0. 
hispidum,  Michx.  Lithospe'rmum  Virginianum,  L. !)  —  Banks  and  hillsides,  S. 
New  England  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

2.  O.  Carolinianum,  DC.  (excl.  syn.  3//c7(a:.)  Shfifffji/ all  v^'er  with  long 
and  spreading  hristlij  hairs;  stem  stout,  upright  (3° -4°  high)  ;  leavi/s  ovate-lance- 
olate or  oblong-lanceoliite,  acnte  ;  lobes  of  the  rather  broad  corolla  ovate-triangular 
or  triunqular-lanceolate,  thickly  hirsute  outside.  (0.  molle,  Beck,  &c.  Lithospcr- 
mum  Carolinianum,  Lam.) — River-banks,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and 
southward. —  Perhaps  passes  into  the  next. 

3.  O.  molle,  Michx.  Hoary  with  finer  and  soft  mostly  appressed  hairs ;  leavai 
ohlong-ovnte,  olnusish,  strongly  ribbed,  lobes  of  the  rather  narrow  corolla  triangu- 
lar and  sharp-pointed,  thicUy  hirsute  outside.— Dry  grounds,  Ohio  to  Ihinois> 
and  southward. 

5.    LITHOSPERMUM,    Toum.        Cromwell.    Plccooit. 

Corolla  funnel-form,  or  sometimes  salver-shaped  ;  the  open  throat  maked,  or 
with  a  more  or  less  evident  transverse  fold  or  scale-like  appendage  op^wsite  each 
lobe;  the  spreading  limb5-cleft;  its  lobes  rounded.  Anthers  oblong,  almost 
sessile,  included.  Nutlets  ovate,  smooth  or  roughened,  mostly  bony  or  stony, 
fixed  by  the  base ;  the  scar  nearly  flat.  —  Herbs,  with  thickish  aiid  commonly 
red  roots  and  sessile  leaves  ;  the  flowers  solitary  and  as  if  axillary,  or  spiked  and 
leafv-bractcd :  sometimes  dimorphous  as  to  insertion  of  stamens  and  length  of 
style.  (Name  formed  of  Xi'^oy,  stoiie,  and  anepfia,  seed,  from  the  hard  nutlets.) 
§  1.  Nutlets  tubercled  or  rough-icriiddtd  and  pitted,  gray  and  dull:  throat  of  the 
(nearly  white)  corolla  destitute  of  any  evident  folds  or  appendages. 

1.  L.  ARVENSE,  L.  (Corn  Cromwell.)  Minutely  rough-hoary  annual 
or  biennial;  stems  erect  (6'- 12'  high);  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  veinless; 
corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.— Sandy  banks  and  roadsides.  May- 
Ang.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


BORUAGINACIC^.       (boUAGI;;    FAMILY.)  3G3 

§  2.  Nutlets  smooth  and  shinitirj,  viostli/  ivhite  like  ivory,  occasional!)/  dotted  with  pores: 
corolla  in  our  species  ijreenish-white  or  cream-color,  small,  with  5  small  but  distinct 
pubescent  scales  in  the  throat.      {Root  perennial.) 

2.  L,  angUStifblium,  Michx.  Minutely  and  sliglitlj  hoaiy,  roughish, 
much  bratiched,  erect  or  spreading  (6'- 15' high) ;  leaves  linear,  rigid,  \-nerveA; 
corolla  not  lonc/er  than  the  calyx ;  the  sliort  peduncles  in  fruit  mostly  recurved ; 
nutlets  more  or  less  pitted  when  young,  rarely  bright  white,  but  smooth  and  shin- 
ing.—  River-banks,  from  Illinois  southward  and  westward.     May. 

3.  L.  officin.Vlk,  L.  (Common  Gromwell.)  ]\Iuuh  branched  above, 
erect  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  thinnish,  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  with  a  few  distinct 
veins,  rough  above,  soft-pubescent  beneath;  corolla  exceeding  the  calyx ;  nutlets  very 
smooth  and  even.  — Roadsides,  &c. :  ratlier  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  L.  latifdlium,  Michx.  Stem  loosely  branched,  erect  (2° -.3°  high), 
rough ;  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  taper-pointed  (even  the  floral  ones 
2' -4'  long),  ribbed-veined,  roughi-<h  above,  finely  soft-pubescent  beneath,  the 
root-leaves  large  and  rounded  ;  corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  nutlets  very  smooth  or 
sparingly  impressed-punctate,  shining,  turgid  (2"  long).  —  Borders  of  woods,  W, 
New  York  and  Penn.  to  Wisconsin  and  southwestward.     June. 

§  3.  BATSCHIA,  Gmclin.  Nutlets  smooth  and  shining:  corolla  large,  salver-shaped 
or  nearly  so,  deep  orange-yellow,  someiohat  pubescent  outside,  the  tube  2-4  times 
longer  than  the  calyx,  the  throat  more  or  less  appendaged.  (Roots  perennial,  long 
and  deep,  yielding  a  red  dye. ) 

*  Tube  of  the  corolla  from  one  half  to  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  not  much  longer  than 

its  ample  limb,  the  lobes  entire  ;  the  appendages  glandular  and  adherent  (especially 
ichen  the  stamens  are  at  the  base  of  the  tube),  or  slightly  arched. 

5.  L.  hirtum,  Lchm.  (Hairy  Puccoon.)  Hispid  with  bristly  hairs 
(1°  -2°  high) ;  stem-leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  those  of  the  flowering  branches 
ovate-oblong,  bristly-ciliato  ;  corolla  icoolty-bearded  at  the  base  inside;  flowers  dis 
tinctly  peduncled ;  fruiting  calyx  (j'long)  3-4  times  longer  than  the  nutlets- 
(Also  L.  sericeum,  Lehm.  Batschia  Caroliniensis,  Gniel.  B.  Gmclini,  Mich.) 
—  Dry  woods,  New  York  to  AVisconsin,  Virginia,  and  southward  and  westward. 
April- June.  —  Flowers  crowded,  showy:  limb  of  the  corolla  g'-l'  bi-oad. 

G.  L.  candscens,  Lehm.  (IIoary  Puccoox  or  Alkanet.)  Softly  hairy 
and  more  or  less  hoary  (G'-l.'j'  high)  ;  leaves  obtuse,  linear-oblong,  or  the  upper 
ovate-oblong,  more  or  less  downy  beneath  and  roughish  with  close  appressed  hairs 
above;  corolla  naked  at  the  base  within ;  flowers  sessile ;  fruiting  calyx  (3"  long) 
barely  twice  the  length  of  the  nutlets.  (Batschia  canesccns,  ]\L''-hx.)  —  Ojwn  Avoods 
and  plains,  New  York  to  Kentucky  and  nortliwcstward.  INIay. — Limb  of  the 
showy  corolla  smaller  and  the  calyx  shorter  than  in  the  last. 

*  *  Tube  of  the  corolla  2-4  times  the  length  of  the  calyx  and  of  its  erose-toothed  or 

crennlateh'irs,  the  appendages  more  projecting.  (Pentalophus,  A.  DC.) 
7.  L.  longifl6rum,  Sjjrcng.  Minutely  strigose-hoary ;  stem  simple  (C- 
18  high);  leaves  linear;  tulje  of  the  corolla  much  longer  than  the  calyx  (8"- 
1^'  long).  (Batscliia  longiflora,  Pursh.  L.  incisum,  Lehm.  Pentalophus  lon- 
giflorus,  A.  DC.) — Prairies  and  plains,  from  W.  Illinois  and  Wisconsin  west- 
ward.     May. 


364  BORHAGINACE^.       (BORAGE    FAMILY.) 

6.     MERTENSIA,    Roth.        Smooth  Lcngwokt. 

Corolla  triiiiipet-;sha])t'(l  or  hi'li-luuiicl-.slmpcd,  lunger  than  the  deeply  r)-cleft 
or  5-jjartC(l  ealy.x,  naked,  cr  with  5  small  jilandiilar  iolds  or  appendages  in  the 
open  throat.  Anthers  oblong  or  arro\v-sh;iped.  Style  long  and  thread-form. 
Nutlets  ovoid,  Heshy  when  fresh,  smooth  or  wrinkled,  obliquely  attaehed  next 
the  base  by  a  prominent  internal  angle ;  the  sear  small.  —  Smooth  !  or  soft-hairy 
pereimial  herbs,  with  pale  and  entire  leaves,  and  handsome  purplish-blue  (rarely 
white)  flowers,  in  loose  and  short  panieled  or  eorymbed  raceme-like  clusters, 
only  the  lower  one  Icafy-bracted :  pedicels  slender.  (Gained  t'ov  Prof.  Francis 
C/uiilcs  Merle/is,  a  German  botanist.) 

§  1.    Corolla  perfectly  nuked  in  the  throat;  the  broad  trumpet-iiiouthed  limb  almost 
entire :  filaments  slender,  protrudin<j,  much  longer  than  the  anthers. 

1.  M.  Virginiea,  DC.  (Virginian  Cowslip  or  Lungwout.)  Very 
smooth,  pale,  erect  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  obovatc,  veiny,  those  of  the  root  (4'- 
6' long)  petioled ;  corolla  trumpet-shaped,  1' long,  many  times  exceeding  tlie 
calyx,  rich  purple-blue,  rarely  white  ;  lol)es  of  the  disk  one  on  each  side  of  the 
ovary.  (Tnlmonaria  Virginiea,  L.) — Alluvial  banks,  W.  New  Yorji  to  Wis- 
consin, Virginia,  and  southward.     May.  —  Cultivated  for  ornament. 

§  2.    Corolla  with  5  glandular  folds  or  appendages  at  t/ie  throat;  the  limb  b-lobcd. 

2.  M.  maritima,  Don.  (Ska  Lungavort.)  Spreading  or  decumbent, 
smooth,  gliiuvoiis ;  leaves  fleshg,  ovate  or  obovatc,  the  upper  surface  becoming  pa- 
pillose ;  corolla  bell-funnel-form,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  (3"  long) ;  fila- 
ments longer  and  narrower  than  the  anthers  ;  nutlets  flattened.  —  Sea-coast,  on 
rocks  and  sand,  Cape  Cod  to  Maine  and  northward:  scarce.  June -Aug.  (En.) 

3.  M.  paniculata,  Don.  Ronghlsh  and  more  or  less  hairy,  erect  (10-2° 
high),  loosely  branched  ;  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolatr,  taper-pointed,  ribbed, 
thin;  corolla  (Belong)  somewhat  funnel-form,  3-4  times  the  length  of  the 
lance-linear  acute  divisions  of  the  calyx  ;  fihimcnts  broader  and  shorter  than  the 
hnthcrs.  —  Shore  of  L.  Superior  and  northward  and  westward.     July. 

.     BfYOSOTIS,     L.         ScoRnoN-GRASS.     Forget-me-not. 

Corolla  sal  vcr-form,  the  tube  about  the  length  of  the  5-toothed  or  5-clcft  calyx  ; 
the  throat  with  .')  small  and  blunt  arching  apjicndages  opposite  the  rounded 
lobes  ;  the  Litter  convolute  in  the  bud  !  Stamens  included,  on  very  short  fila- 
niints.  Nutlets  smooth,  compressed,  lixed  at  the  base;  the  scar  minute.  —  Low 
and  mostly  soft-hairy  herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  those  of  the  stem  sessile,  and 
Mitli  small  flowers  in  naked  (so  called)  racemes,  which  arc  entirely  bractlcss,  or 
occasionally  witii  one  or  two  small  leaves  next  the  base,  prolonged  and  straight- 
ened in  fruit.  Flowering  through  the  season.  (Name  composed  of /uijr,  mouse, 
and  Oi^s,  a>r(js,  car,  in  allusion  to  the  aspect  of  the  short  and  soft  leaves  in  some 
species  :  one  popular  name  is  Mouse-ear.) 

*   Cahjr  open  in  fruit,  its  hairs  appressed,  none  of  them  hooked  nor  r/lanehilar. 
1.    M.  palustris,  Withering.    (Ti:i-e  FonoET-ME-xoT.)    rcrcnni:il ;  stems 
ascending   from    an    oblique    creeping  base    (9'- 20'  high),   loosely  branched, 


BORRAGINACE^.        (bOHAGE    FAr.IILY.)  3Go 

Emoothish ;  leaves  rough-pubescent,  obloTig-Ianccolate  or  linear-oblong;  culvx 
moderately  5-clcft,  shorter  than  the  spreading  pedicels  ;  corolla  (rather  large  in 
the  genuine  phint)  pale  blue  with  a  yellow  eye. —Nat.  from  Eu.  near  Boston, 
escaping  from  gardens.  —  Varies  into  smaller-Howered  forms,  among  which  higli 
authorities  rank  M.  caispitosa,  and  (with  yet  more  i-eason)  the  intermediate 

Var.  laxa.     (M.  laxa,  Lehm.)     Creeping  base  of  the  stem  short;  flowers  a 
third  or  half  smaller ;  pedicels  longer.  —  Wet  places,  northward.     (En.) 
*  *   Calijr.  closiny  or  the  lobes  erect  in  fruit,  clothed  with  sprcadim/  hnirs,  a  />rni  of 

t/icin  1 1,  i  I  add y  hooked  or  glandular  at  the  apex :  corolla  small:  root  animal  or 

biennial. 

2.  M.  arvensis,  Iloffm.  Hirsute  with  spreading  hairs,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing (6'-  15'  high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish ;  racemes  naked  at  the  base 
and  stalked;  corolla  blue,  rarely  white  ;  pedicels  spreading  in  fruit  and  longer  than 
the  b-clejl  equal  calyx.  (M.  intermedia,  Link.  M.  scorpioides,  var.  arvensis,  L.) 
—  Fields,  &e. :  not  very  common,  perhaps  not  indigenous.     (Eu.) 

3.  M.  verna,  Kutt.  Bristly-hirsute,  branched  from  the  base,  erect  (4'- 
12' high);  leaces  obtuse,  linear-oblong,  or  the  lower  spatulate-oblong ;  racemes 
Itafy  at  the  base;  corolla  very  small,  white,  with  a  short  limb;  pedicels  in  fmit 
erect  and  oppressed  at  the  base,  usually  abruptly  bent  outwards  near  the  apex, 
rather  shorter  than  the  deeply  5-clefl  unequal  (somewhat  2-lippcd)  eery  hispid  calyx. 
(M.  inflexa,  Engelm.)  —  Dry  hills  :  rather  common.     May  -  July. 

4.  M.  VERSICOLOR,  Pers.  More  slender  than  the  last,  simple  at  the  base  ; 
racemes  loose,  mostly  naked  at  the  base  ;  flowers  almost  sessile;  corolla  pale  i/el- 
hw  changing  to  blue  or  violet;  calyx  deeply  and  equallij  5-clefl.  —  Fields,  Delaware, 
W.  M.  Canby.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

8.  ECHINOSPEEMUM,     Swartz.        Sticksiced. 

Corolla  salvcr-form,  short,  nearly  as  in  Myosotis,  but  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
the  throat  closed  with  5  short  scales.  Stamens  included.  Nutlets  erect,  fixed 
laterally  to  the  base  of  the  style  or  central  column,  triiingular  or  compresseci, 
the  back  armed  with  1-3  marginal  rows  of  prickles  which  are  barbed  at  the  ' 
apex,  otherwise  naked.  —  Rough-hairy  and  grayish  herbs,  with  small  blue  flow- 
ers in  bractcd  (so  called)  racemes;  ours  annuals  or  biennials,  flowering  all 
summer.     (Name  compounded  of  ex'""^- ''  hedgehog,  and  cnrep^a,  se(d.) 

1.  E.  LAppula,  Lehm.  Stem  upright,  branched  above  (1°- 2°  high) ;  the 
short  pedicels  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate,  rough-hairy  ;  nutlets  each  with  a  double 
row  of  prickles  at  the  margins,  and  rongh-tuberclcd  on  the  back.  — Waste  places  : 
common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  E.  Redowskii,  Lehm.  Nutlets  with  a  single  marginal  row  of  stout 
prickles,  and  granulate-roughened  on  the  back  :  otherwise  much  like  the  hi.st. 
(E.  patnlum,  Hook.)  —  St.  Paul's,  Minnesota,  and  on  tht  plains  westward 

9.  CYNOGLOSSUM,    Tourn.        IIocxd's-Tongue. 

Corolla  funnel-form  ;  the  tube  about  the  length  of  tl:e  .'i-partcd  calyx  ;  the 
throat  closed  with  5  obtuse  scales ;  the  lobes  rounded.    Stamens  included.    Nut- 


366  BORRAGINACE.C       (P.OKAGE    FAMILY.) 

lets  depressed  or  convex,  oblique,  fixed  near  the  apex  to  the  base  of  the  style, 
roughened  all  over  with  short  barbed  or  hooked  prickles.  —  Coarse  herbs,  with 
a  strong  scent  and  petioled  lower  leaves;  the  mostly  panicled  (so-called)  ra- 
cemes naked  above,  usually  bractcd  at  the  base.  Fl.  all  summer.  (Name  from 
Kvwv,  a  dtxj,  and  yXaxrcra,  tonf/uf,;  from  the  shape  und  texture  of  the  leaves.) 

1.  C.  officinXle,  L.  (Common  Houni>'s-Toxguk.)  Biennial;  clothed 
with  short  s'ljl  hairs,  Itafy,  panicled  above;  upper  leaves  lanceolate,  closely  sessile 
by  a  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped  base  ;  racemes  nearly  braetless  ;  corolla 
reddish-purple  (rarely  white);  nutlets  flat  on  the  broad  upper  lace,  somewhat 
margined.  —  Waste  grounds  and  pastures  :  a  familiar  and  troublesome  weed ; 
the  large  nutlets  adhering  to  the  fleece  of  sheep,  &c.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  C.  Virginieum,  L.  (Wild  Comfrey.)  Perennial;  rouyhish  with 
spreadiiu/  hristlj  hairs  ;  stem  s\m^\c,  Jlw-leaued  (2° -3°  high) ;  stem-leaves  lance- 
olate-oblong, clasping  by  a  deep  heart-shaped  base  ;  racemes  few  and  corj/mbed, 
raised  on  a  lour/  naked  j^eduncle,  braetless  ;  corolla  pale  blue ;  nutlets  strongly  con- 
vex.—  Kich  woods  :  rather  common,  especially  westward.  —  Flowers  interme- 
diate in  size  between  the  other  two. 

3.  C.  Moris6ni,  DC.  (Beggar's  Lice.)  Biennial;  stem  hairy,  very 
broadly  branched,  leafij  (2° -4°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  taper-pointed,  also 
tapering  at  the  base,  thin,  minutely  downy  underneath  and  rougliish  above ; 
racemes  panicled,  Ibrking,  diverging,  hairy,  leafy-brdcted  at  the  base ;  flo^vers  very 
small;  corolla  white  or  pale  Wue  (minute);  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit;  nutlets 
convex,  the  prickles  with  barbed  points.  (Myosotis  Virginica,  L.  Echino- 
spermum,  Lehm.)  —  Copses  :  a  common  and  vile  weed. 

10.     HELIOTROPIUM,     Tourn.        Heliotrope. 

Corolla  salver-shaped,  short,  5-lobcd ;  the  sinuses  more  or  less  plaited  in  the 
bud ;  the  throat  open.  Anthers  nearly  sessile.  Style  short :  stfgma  conical,  or 
capitate.  Nutlets  4,  when  young  united  by  their  whole  inner  faces  into  a  4- 
cellcd  ovary,  but  separating  when  ripe,  each  1-secded.  —  Herbs  or  low  shrubby 
plants,  the  small  flowers  in  one-sided  spikes  ;  in  summer.  (The  ancient  name, 
from  rjXius,  the  sun,  and  rponr],  a  turn.) 

1.  H.  EuROP.iiUM,  L.  Erect  annual  (6'  -  18'  high),  hoarj'-pubescent ;  leaves 
oval,  long-petioled  ;  lateral  spikes  single,  the  terminal  in  pairs ;  calyx  spreading 
in  fruit,  hairy.  — Waste  places,  southward  :  scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  H.  Curassavicum,  L.  Apparently  annual,  glabrous  ;  stems  a.scend- 
ing;  leaves  lanec-linear  or  spatulate,  thickish,  pale,  almost  vcinless;  spikes  in 
pairs.  —  Sandy  shores,  Norfolk,  Virginia,  S.  W.  Illinois,  and  .southward. 

11.     HELIOPHYTUM,     Cham.,  DC.        Indiax  Heliotrope. 

Corolla  constricted  at  the  throat.  Style  very  short.  Nutlets  2,  each  2-cellcd, 
i.  e.  4,  in  puirs,  and  sometimes  a  pair  of  empty  ialse  cells  besides  :  otherwise 
nearly  as  in  Heliotro])ium.     (Name,  rj\ios,  sun,  and  (J)vt6v,  plant.) 

1.  H.  ixDicuM,  DC.  Erect  and  hairy  annual ;  leaves  petioled,  ovate  or 
oval  and  somewhat  heart-shaped;  spikes  single;  fruit  2-cleft,  mitre-shaped, 
with  an  empty  false  cell  before  each  seed-bearing  cell.  (Heliotropiura  Indi- 
cum,  L.)  —  Waste  places,  S.  Illinois,  and  southward.     (Adv.  from  India.) 


HYDROPIIYLLACE^.       (WATERLEAF    FAMILY.)  3G7 

Order  73.     HYDROPIIYLLACE^.     (Waterleaf  Family.) 

Herbs,  commonhj  hairy,  wi:h  moslli/  alternate  leaves,  ref/ular  5-merous  and 
b-androus  flowers,  in  aspect  between  the  foregoing  and  the  next  order;  but 
the  ovari/  entire  and  l-celled  with  2  parietal  4  -  many-ovuled  placenta,  or 
rarely  2-celled  by  the  union  of  the  i^lacenloi  in  the  axis;  style  2-clefi  or  2 
separate  styles  ;  fruit  a  2-valved  4  -  many-seeded  pod.  —  Seeds  mostly  retic- 
ulated or  pitted.  Embryo  small  in  copious  albumen.  —  Flowers  cliieHy  blue 
or  white,  in  one-sided  cymes  or  ra'.'emes,  which  are  mostly  bractless  and 
coiled  fi'om  the  apex  when  young,  as  in  the  Borage  Family.  (A  small  order 
of  plants  of  no  marked  properties,  some  cultivated  for  ornament.) 

Tribe  I.     H  YDROPH  VL.l,E.E.     Ovary  and  pod  1-celleiI.    Seeds  amphitropous,  pitted 

or  reticulated,  and  with  cartilayiuous  albumen.     Leaves  usually  cut-toothed,  lobed  or  pinnate. 
Style  2-cleft. 
«  Ovary  lined  with  the  dilated  and  fleshy  placenta,  which  enclose  the  ovules  and  seeds  (in  our 
plants  these  are  only  4  in  numl)er)  like  an  inner  pericarp. 

1.  Hydropliy Hum.     Stamens  exserted  :  anthers  linear.     Calyx  unchanged  in  fruit. 

2.  Neiiiopltila.     Stamens  included -.  anthers  shoi't.     Calyx  with  ap])endagcs  at  the  sinuses. 

3.  Ellisiu.     Stamens  included.     Calyx  destitute  of  appL'ndages,  enlarfred  in  fruit. 

#  *  Ovary  with  narrow  pwietal  placentEe,  in  fruit  projecting  inwards  more  or  less. 

4.  Pliai'elia.     Coralla-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.    Calyx  destitute  of  appendages. 

Tribe  II.     HYDROLE.E.     Ovary  and  pod  2-celled,  the  placentas  often  projecting  from 
the  axis  far  into  the  cells.     Seeds  anatropous  :  albumen  fleshy.     Leaves  undivided. 

5.  Uydrolea.     Corolla  between  wheel-shaped  and  bell-shaped.    Styles  2     Leaves  entire. 

1.     HYDROPHYLLTJM,     L.        Waterleaf. 

Calyx  5-partctl,  sometimes  with  a  small  appendage  in  each  sinus,  early  open 
in  the  bud.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-clcft;  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud;  the 
tube  furnished  with  5  longitudinal  linear  appendages  opposite  the  lobes,  which 
cohere  by  their  middle,  while  their  edges  are  folded  inwards,  forming  a  necta- 
riferous groove.  Stamens  and  style  mostly  exserted :  filaments  more  or  less 
bearded  :  anthers  linear.  Ovary  bristly-hairy  (as  is  usual  in  the  famil}-)  ;  the  2 
fleshy  placentae  expanded  so  as  to  line  the  cell  and  nearly  fill  the  cavity,  soon 
free  from  the  walls  except  at  the  top  and  bottom,  each  bearing  a  pair  of  ovules 
on  the  inner  face.  Pod  rii)ening  1-4  seeds,  spherical.  —  Perennials,  with  petiolcd 
ample  leaves,  and  white  or  pale  blue  cymose-clustered  flowers.  (--Naftie  formed 
of  i^^otfp,  water,  and  (f)v\Xov,  leaf;  of  no  obvious  application  to  these  plants.) 

*  Calyx  toifk  minute  if  any  appendages:  rootstocks  creeping,  sca/y-toot/ied. 

1.  H.  macroph^llum,  Nutt.  Rough-hain/ ;  Imces  oblong,  pinnate  and 
pinnatifd;  the  dirisions  9-13,  ovate,  obtuse,  coarsely  cut-toothed;  peduncle  very 
long;  calyx-lohcs  lanccolatc-pointcd  from  a  broad  base,  very  hairy.  —  Kocky, 
shaded  l)anks,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  southward.  July.  —  Pioot-lcavcs 
1°  long  ;  flowers  crowded  in  a  globular  cluster. 

2.  H.  Virginieum,  L.  5(/wv/f/.s/i  (1°- 2°high);  leaves pinnntelydlrldcd; 
the  divisions  5-7,  ovate-Uinoolate  or  oblong,  pointed,  sharjdy  cut-toothed,  the  lowest 
mostly  2-parted,  the  uppermost  confluent ;  peduncles  longer  'han  the  petioles  of  the 
ujiper  leaves,  forked ;  calyx-lobas  narrowly  linear,  bristly-ciliatc  —  Damp  woods. 
June  -  Aug. 


368  nVDUOPIIYLLACE^.       (WATERLEAF    FAMILY.) 

3.  H.  Canad6nse,  L.  Nearly  smooth  {\°  high);  leaves  palmalehj  6-7. 
lobed,  rounded,  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  unequally  toothed ;  tliose  fVom  the  root 
sometimes  with  2-3  small  and  scattered  lateral  leaflets;  peduncles  much  shorter 
than  the  lour/ pttioirs,  forked,  the  crowded  (nearly  white)  flowers  on  very  short 
peiliccls  ;  calyx-lobes  linear-awl-shaped,  nearly  smooth.  —  Damp  rich  woods,  W. 
New  England  to  the  mountains  of  Virginia  and  northward.  June -Aug. — 
Rootstocks  thickened  and  very  strongly  toothed  in  2  rows  by  the  persistent  bases 
of  the  stout  petioles  :  leaves  3'  -  5'  broad. 

*  *  Culi/x  tci/h  a  small  reflextd  append<ii/e  in  each  sinus:  stamens  sometimes  not 
txsertul  (prohahhj  two  forms  ofjluwcrs,  as  in  some  Borrafjinacece,  ^'c). 

4.  H.  appendiculatum,  Michx.  Hairy  ;  stem-leaves  palmatcly  5-lobed, 
rounded,  the  lobes  toothed  and  pointed,  the  lowest  pinnately  divided ;  cymes 
lather  loosely  flowered  ;  pedicels  (at  length  slender)  and  calyx  bristly-hairy. — 
Open  woods.  New  York  to  Virginia,  Wisconsin,  and  westward.     June,  July. 

2.    NEMOPHILA,    Nutt.        Nemophila. 

Calyx  5-parted,  and  with  a  reflexed  tooth  or  appendage  in  each  sinus,  more 
or  less  enlarged  in  fruit.  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  almost  wheel-shaped ;  the  lobes 
convolute  in  the  bud ;  the  tube  mostly  with  10  small  folds  or  scales  inside.  Sta- 
mens included  :  anthers  ovoid  or  heart-shaped.  Placenta;  (bearing  each  2-12 
ovules),  pod,  and  seeds  as  in  Hydrophyllum.  —  Diff"use  and  fragile  annuals,  with 
opposite  or  partly  alternate  pinnatifid  or  lobed  leaves,  and  one-flowered  pedun- 
cles ;  the  corolla  white,  blue,  or  marked  with  purple.  (Name  composed  of  vtfjLos, 
a  (/rove,  and  ^tXf'w,  to  love.)     Some  handsome  species  arc  garden  annuals. 

1.  N.  mici'oealyx,  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Small,  roughish-pubescent ;  stems 
diff'usely  spreading  (2'  -  8'  long) ;  leaves  parted  or  deeply  cleft  into  3  -  .5  roundish 
or  wedge-obovate  sparingly  cut-lobed  divisions,  the  upper  leaves  all  alternate; 
peduncles  opposite  the  leaves,  shorter  than  the  long  petioles ;  flowers  minute; 
corolla  white,  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  placentae  each  2-ovuled;  pod  1  -2-seeded. 
(Ellisia  microcalyx,  Nutt.  Nemophila  evanescens,  Darby.)  —  Moist  woods, 
Virginia  (near  Washington),  and  soutliward.     April -June. 

3.     ELLISIA,    L.        Ellisia. 

Calyx  5-parted,  without  appendages,  enlarged  and  foliaceous  in  fruit.  Corolla 
bell-sh.aped  or  cylindraceous,  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  .5-lobed  above  ;'  the  lobes 
imbricated  or  convolute  in  the  bud,  the  tube  with  5  minute  appendages  within. 
Stamens  included.  Placentfe  (each  2-ovuled),  fruit,  and  seeds  much  as  in  Hy- 
drophyllum.—  Delicate  and  branching  annuals,  with  lobed  or  divided  leaves, 
the  lower  opposite,  and  small  whitish  flowers.  (Named  for  John  Ellis,  a  dis- 
tinguished naturalist,  an  English  correspondent  of  Linnaus.) 

1.  E.  Nyct^lea,  L.  Minutely  or  sparingly  roughisli-hairy,  divergently 
branched  (G'-12'  high) ;  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  7-13  lanceolate  or  linear- 
oblong  sparingly  cut-toothed  divisions ;  peduncles  solitary  in  the  forks  or  oppo- 
site the  leaves,  I -flowered  ;  calyx-lobes  triangular-ovate  lanceolate,  pointed,  about 
the  length  of  the  cylindraceous  (whitish)  corolla  (in  fruit  becoming  nearly^' 
long) ;  pod  pendulous.  —  Shady  damp  places,  W.  New  Jersey  and  E.  Pennsyl- 
vania to  Virginia.     Mav-.Jiilv. 


IlYDROrilYLLACK.E.       (WATIiULKAF    TAMILV.)  3G9 

2.  E.  ambigua,  Xutt.  Later  peduncles  sometimes  2- S-flowcred;  corolla 
ratlicr  more  bcll-shnpcd,  tlic  upper  jiart  of  tube  5-angular :  otherwise  like  the 
prcuedinjj;,  of  which  it  is  ])rohably  a  variety.  —  Illinois  and  westward. 

4.     PHACELIA,    Juss.         (Phacelia  &  Eutoca,  7?.  5/-.) 

Calyx  5-partcd  ;  the  sinuses  naked.  Corolla  open  bcll-shapcd,  5-lobcd  ;  the 
lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Filaments  slender,  often  (with  the  2-cleft  style) 
cxserted :  anthers  ovoid  or  oblong.  Ovary  witli  2  narrow  linear  placenta2  ad- 
herent to  the  walls,  in  fruit  usually  projecting  inwards  more  or  less,  the  two 
often  ibrniing  an  imperfect  partition  in  the  ovoid  4 -  many-seeded  pod.  (Ovules 
2  -  30  on  each  placenta.)  —  Perennial  or  mostly  annual  herbs,  with  either  simple, 
lobed,  or  divided  leaves,  and  commonly  handsome  (blue,  purple,  or  white)  flow- 
ers iu  one-sided  raceme-like  clusters.     (Name  from  (fiuKeXos,  a  fascicle.) 

§  1.  PHACELIA.     Seeds  and  ovules  oiili/  4  (two  on  each  plaanta)  :  corolla  with 
narrow  folds,  appendaries,  or  scales  within,  the  lobes  entire. 

1.  P.  bipinnatiflda,  Michx.  Biennial;  stem  upright,  much  branched, 
hairy  (l°-2°  liigh) ;  leaves  long-petioled,  pinnately  3-5-divided  ;  the  divisions 
or  leaflets  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  and  often  sparingly  cut-lobed 
orpinnatifid;  racemes  elongated,  loosely  many-flowered,  glandular-pubescent; 
pedicels  about  the  length  of  the  calyx,  spreading  or  recurved. —  Shaded  banks, 
in  rich  soil,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  southward.  May,  June.  —  Corolla  bright  blue, 
6"  broad,  with  5  pairs  of  longitudinal  folds,  covering  as  many  externally  keeled 
deep  grooves.  Stamens  bearded  below;  these,  with  the  style,  are  either  some- 
what included  (P.  brevistylis,  Buckhy)  or  cxserted  in  different  individuals. 

§2.  COSMANTHUS.  (Cosmanthus,  AW/e.  Sect.  Eucosmanthns,  ^.  DC, 
in  part.)  Seeds  and  ovules  onlij  A:  corolla  naked  within ;  its  lobes  beaulifulhj 
fringe-toothed:  filaments  villous-hearded  below :  leaves  pinnatifid,  the  upper  clasp- 
ing at  the  base :  flowers  long-pedicelled :  annuals  or  spring  biennials. 

2.  P.  Purshii,  Buckley.  Sparsely  hairy ;  stem  erect  or  ascending,  branched 
(8'-12'  hi.i;h)  ;  Ivhcs  of  the  stem-leaves  5  -  9,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  ariite ;  raceme  many- 
flowered ;  cali/x-lobes  lance-linear ;  corolla  light  blue,  varying  to  white  (about  ^'  in 

diameter).  (P.  fimbriata,  Pursh.,  not  of  Michx.  Cosmanthus  fimbriatus, 
Nulte,  ij-c.)  —Moist  wooded  banks,  W.  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and  southward. 
April- June. 

3.  P.  fimbriata,  Michx.  Slightly  hairy,  slender;  stems  spreading  or  as- 
cending (5' -8'  long),  few-leaved;  lowest  leaves  3-5-divided  into  roundish  leaf- 
lets ;  the  upper  5  -  7-cleft  or  cut-toothed,  the  lobes  obtuse ;  raceme  3  -  \0-flou-ered ; 
cali/x-lobes  liiicar-oblong,  obtitse,  becoming  spatulate ;  corolla  white  (3'  -4"  broad). 
—  Woods,  high  mountains  of  Virginia,  and  southward.     May. 

§  3.  EUTOCA.  (Eutoca,  R.  Br.)  Seeds  (or  at  least  the  ovule.<!)  several  or  many, 
rarely  only  3  or  4  on  each  jihtcinta  :  corolla  usually  with  small  and  inconspicuous 
folds  or  (ippcndiign^  ivithin,  its  lobes  entire.      (Ours  are  annuals  or  biennials.) 

4.  P.  parviflora,  Pursh.  Somcwh;it  hairy,  slender,  diffusely  spreading 
(3' -8'  high)  ;  leaves  pinnately  cleft  or  the  lower  divided  into  3-7  short  lobes ; 
racemes  solitary,  loosely  f>  -  lb-flowered ;  pedicels  filiform,  at  length  several  times 

24 


370  rOLEJIONIACE^.        (I'OLEMOMU-M    FAMILY.) 

longer  than  the  oblong  calyx-lobes;  corolla  bluish-while  (3" -4"  broad) ;  pod 
/eir-secilfd.  —  Shaded  banks,  S.  Penn.  to  Virginia  and  southward.  April  -  June. 
•>.  P.  Pranklinii,  Gray.  Soft-hairy;  stem  erect  (C- 15'  hiyii),  rather 
stout;  leaves  j)innatcly  jjarted  into  many  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear  lobes, 
which  are  crowded  and  often  ciit-toothcd  or  pinnatifid  ;  racemes  short,  dense., 
crowded  into  an  oblumj  sfiike  ;  calyx-lobes  linear  ;  corolla  blue  ;  pod  uiani/s^eded . 
(Eutoca  Franklinii,  li.  Br.)  —  Shores  of  Lake  Superior,  especially  on  Isle 
Koyale  ;  thence  northward  and  westward. 

5.    HYDROLEA,    L.        Htdrolea. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  short-caniiianulatc  or  almost  wheel-shaped,  .5-clcft. 
Filaments  dilated  at  the  base.  Styles  '2,  distinct.  Pod  globular,  2-celled,  and 
the  cells  often  partly  divided  into  2  by  the  projection  of  the  many-seeded  pla- 
centJe,  thin-walled,  2-4-valved  or  bursting  irregularly.  Seeds  minute,  striate- 
ribbcd. — Herbs  or  scarcely  shrubby  plants,  growing  in  water  or  wet  places 
(whence  tlie  name,  from  vdcup,  icuter),  with  entire  leaves,  often  having  spines 
in  their  axils,  and  clustered  blue  flowers. 

1.  H.  afQ.nis,  n.  sp.  Glabrous  throughout ;  stem  ascending  from  a  creep- 
ing base,  armed  with  small  axillary  spines ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  into  a 
very  short  petiole;  flowers  in  small  axillary  leafy-bractcd  clusters;  divisions  of 
the  calyx  lance-ovate,  equalling  the  corolla  and  the  irregularly-bursting  globose 
pod. — Banks  of  the  Ohio  in  S.  Illinois,  Dr.  Vasey  (and  of  the  Missisippi  at 
Memphis,  A.  Fendler:  also  E.  Texas,  C.  Wright:  in  addenda  to  ed.  2,  referred 
to  H.  quadrivalvis,  Walt.,  of  the  Southeastern  States,  from  which  it  is  dis- 
tinguished by  the  smoothness  and  the  broader  sepals. 

Order  74.     POLiEIWONIACEJE.     (PolemoniUM  Family.) 

Herbs,  tvith  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  regular  b-merous  and  5-androus 
flowers,  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  (in  one  tribe  imbricated)  in  the  bud, 
a  3-celled  ovary  and  3-lobed  style ;  the  pod  3-celled,  3-valved,  loculicidal,few- 
many-seeded  ;  the  valves  usually  breakinr/  away  from  the  trianrjular  central 
column.  —  Seeds  amphitropous,  the  coat  frequently  mucilaginous  when 
moistened  and  emitting  spiral  threads.  Embryo  straight  in  the  axis  of 
copious  albumen.  Calyx  persistent,  usually  imbricated.  Corolla  with  a 
^-parted  border.  Anthers  introrse.  (Insipid  and  innocent  plants ;  many 
are  ornamental  in  cultivation.) 

Tribe  I.  POL.F.I»IO]VIE.aE.  Calyx  5  cleft.  Corolla  convolute  In  the  bud.  Filaments 
filiform,  iiisertwl  on  the  tube  of  the  conillii :  Cecils  of  the  anther  parallel,  opening  length- 
wise.    Flowers  cymose-paiiicilt'd  or  clustered. 

1.  Polciiioiiiiiin.     Calyx  and  corolla  open-bell -shaped.     Filaments  slender,  equal. 

2.  Plil«(X.     Calyx  narrow.     Corolla  salver-shaped,  with  a  long  tube,  including  the  unequally 

inserted  filaments. 
Tribe  II.     DIAPENSIEiE.     Calyx  of  5  sepals.     Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and 
with  the  broad  and  flat  filaments  in  the  sinuses.     Anthers  opening  transversely. 

3.  Diapeiisia.     Anther-cells  pointless,  opening  by  an  obliquely  transverse  line. 

4.  Pyxidaiitliera.     Anther-cells  awo-pointed  underneath,  opeuiug  straight  across. 


POLlCMONIACEyE.       (i'OLEMOlSlUM    FAMILY.)  371 

1.    POLEMONIUM,    Tourn.        Greek  Valerian. 

Calyx  bell-sliapcd.  Stamens  equally  inserted  at  the  summit  of  the  very  short 
tube  of  the  opcn-bell-shaped  or  short  funnel-form  corolla :  filaments  slender, 
declined,  hairy-appendaged  at  the  base.  Pod  few  -  several-seeded.  — Perennials, 
with  alternate  pinnate  leaves,  the  upper  leaflets  sometimes  confluent ;  the  (blue 
or  white)  corymbose  flowers  nearly  bractless.  (An  ancient  name,  from  noXefios, 
war,  of  doulitful  application.) 

1.  P.  reptans,  L.  Smooth  throughout;  stems  weak  and  spreading  (6'- 
10'  high,  never  creeping  as  the  name  denotes)  ;  leaflets  7-11,  ovate-lanceolate 
or  oblong  ;  corymbs  few-flowered  ;  flowers  nodding  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  rather 
shorter  than  the  tube  ;  stamens  and  stijie  not  protruding  beyond  the  corolla,  which 
is  light  blue,  about  ^'  wide ;  pods  about  3-seeded.  —  Woods,  W.  New  York  to 
Wisconsin  and  southward.     May,  June. 

2.  P.  esertlleum,  L.  (Jacob's  Ladder.)  Stem  erect  (1°- 3°  high); 
leaflets  9-21,  linear-lanceolate,  oblong-  or  ovate-lnnccolatc,  mostly  crowded; 
flowers  numerous,  in  a  thyrsus  or  contracted  panicle  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  longer 
than  the  tube;  stamens  and  sti/le  mosll//  e.rserted  beyond  the  bright  blue  corollo, 
which  is  nearly  1'  broad;  pod  several-seeded.  —  Swamps,  about  the  sources  of 
the  Susquehanna,  New  York:  East  of  Charlottesville,  Schoharie  Co.,  Dr.E.  C. 
Howe.  Elk  Creek,  near  Delhi,  Delaware  Co.,  D.  D.  Gilbert.  Head  of  Little 
Lakes,  Warren,  Herkimer  Co.,  G.  W.  Clinton.  Warren  Co.,  New  Jersey, 
A.  P.  Garber.     Wild  far  northwestward.     July.     (Eu.) 

2.    PHLOX,    L.        Phlox. 

Calyx  narrow,  somewhat  prismatic,  or  plaited  and  angled.  Corolla  salver- 
form,  with  a  long  tube.  Stamens  very  unequally  inserted  in  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  included.  Pod  ovoid,  with  (sometimes  2  ovules  but  ripening  only)  a  sin- 
gle seed  in  each  cell.  — Perennials  (except  a  few  Southern  species,  such  as  P. 
Drummondii  of  the  gardens),  with  opposite  and  sessile  perfectly  entire  leaves, 
the  floral  often  alternate.  Flowers  cyniosc,  mostly  bracted  ;  the  open  clusters 
terminal  or  crowded  in  the  upper  axils.  (^Xo^,  flame,  an  ancient  name  of 
Lychnis,  transferred  to  this  North  American  genus.)  Most  of  the  species  are 
cultivated  in  gardens. 

*  Stem  strictli/  upright:  panicle  pi/rnmidnl  or  oblong,  manij-floirered :  peduncles  and 
pedicels  very  short :  lobis  of  the  corolla  entire.     (  Very  common  in  gardens.) 

1.  P.  panicul^ta,  L.  Stem  stout  (2° -4°  high),  smooth;  leaves  oblou)^ 
lanceolate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  large,  tapering  at  the  base,  the  upper 
often  heart-shaped  at  the  base  ;  panicle  ample,  jn/ramiehd-corgmbed ;  culgx-teeth  awn- 
pointed.  (P.  undulata,  Ait.,  &c.)  —  Var.  acu.mix.Vta  (P.  acuminata,  Pursh)  has 
the  broader  and  taper-pointed  leaves  beneath  downy,  like  the  stem,  which  is  some- 
times rough-hairy  and  spotted  below.  —  Rich  woods,  from  I'enn.  to  Illinois,  and 
southward.     June,  July.  —  Flowers  pink-purple  varying  to  white. 

2.  P.  maeulMa,  L.  (Wild  SwEET-WiLLiAM.)  Sniootii,  or  barely 
roughish  ;  stem  spotted  with  purple,  rather  slender  (l°-2°  high);  lower  leaves 
iauceolate,  the  upper  nearly  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  apex  from  the  broad 


372  roLEMONiACK.E.     (poLEMOMUii  fa:\iily.) 

and  rounded  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  base ;  prtnide  narrow,  oblong,  leafy  below  •, 
calyx-tetth  trinnrjiilar-lanccoldtc,  .s/wrt,  scarcely  pointed;  corolla  purple  (sometimes 
white,  when  it  is  P.  suaveoleiis,  Ait.).  Lower  branches  of  the  ])anicle  rarely 
elongated,  so  as  to  become  pyraniidid,  when  it  is  P.  pyramidalis.  Smith.  —  Ricli 
woods  and  river-banks,  N.  Penn.  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.     June. 

*  *  Stems  ascmdintj  or  uprigid,  ojlenfrom  a  dicambent  base:  Jluwers  in  terminal  co- 

rijinbfd  cymes:  the  whole  plant  smooth  and  <jlahi  ous :  lobes  of  tin  corolla  round  and 
entire :  calj/x-teeth  short,  triangular-lanceolate. 

3.  P.  Carolina,  L.  Stems  ascending  (^°-a°  high),  often  from  a  pros- 
trate base  ;  leavi^s  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  and  sometimes 
licart-sliaped  at  tiie  base,  acute  or  i)ointed  ;  flowers  crowded,  short-pcduncled ; 
ctilijx-teeth  acute.  —  Var.  ovXta,  Benih.,  has  broader  leaves  (P.  ovata,  L.). — 
Var.  xfTiDA,  Benth.,  has  narrower  leaves  (P.  nitida,  Pursh),  and  verges  to  the 
next.  —  Woods,  W.  Pennsylvania  to  Michigan,  Virginia,  and  southward.  June, 
July.  —  Corolla  1'  long;  the  limb  I'  broad,  pink-purple. 

4.  P.  glaberrima,  L.  Stems  slender,  erect  (1°- 3°  high) ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate  or  rarely  obiong-lanciolute,  very  smooth  (except  the  rough  and  sometimes 
revolute  margins),  tapering  gradually  to  a  point  (3' -4'  long) ;  cymes  few-flow- 
ered and  loosely  corymbed;  flowers  peduncled  (pink  or  whitish);  calyx-teeth 
sharp-pointed.  (P.  carnea,  Sims.  P.  revoluta,  Aikin.)  —  Prairies  and  open  woods, 
Ohio  and  Wisconsin  to  Virginia  and  southward.     July. 

*  *  *  Stems  ascending  (or  in  No.  5  erect)  from  a  spreading  or  prostrate  base,  more 

or  Ics'i  clammy-pubescent,  us  ivell  us  the  calyx  and  the  oblong,  l<inc<olate,  or  linear 
leaves:  flowers  in  terminal  corymbed  cymes,  mostly  pedicclled:  calyx  deeply  cleft, 
the  teeth  linear-awl-shaped  or  setaceous. 

5.  P.  pildsa,  L.  Stems  slender,  nearly  erect  (1°-1^°  high),  usually  hairy, 
as  are  the  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves,  which  commonly  tapei-  to  a  sharp  point ;  cymes 
at  length  open ;  calyx-teeth  slender  awl-shaped  and  awn-like,  longer  tlian  the  tube, 
loose  or  spreading ;  lobes  of  the  pink-purple  or  rose-red  (rarely  white)  corolla 
obovate,  entire.  (P.  aristata,  Miclix.  P.  aristata  &  pilosa  in  part,  Benth.  in 
DC.)  —  Borders  of  thickets  and  prairies,  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward.    May,  June.  —  Leaves  l'-2^'  long,  l"-3"  wide. 

6.  p.  prociimbens,  Lehm.  Stems  ascending  (j°-l^°  liigli).  mostly 
simple  ;  leaves  broadly  linear,  lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  abruptly  acute  or  blunt 
(^'  -  1^'  long,  on  sterile  shoots  often  ovate) ;  cyme  mostly  compact  and  sessile,  leaf//- 
braeted;  calyx-teeth  aivl-shaped  or  linear,  sharp-pointed,  but  seldom  awned,  rather 
longer  than  the  tube,  straight ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  obovate  and  entire  (or  rarely 
notclied),  purple,  pink,  or  sometimes  white.  (P.  pilosa,  Wtdt.,  Michx.,  Ell., 
Benth.  in  part,  not  L.  P.  pilosa,  var.  ?  Walter!,  Ed.  2.  P.  Walteri,  Chapman. 
P.  procumbens,  Lehm.  is  a  small  form.)  —  Dry  hills  and  barrens,  Kentiuky, 
Virginia,  and  southward.     May,  June. 

7.  P.  l'6ptans,  Michx.  Runners  creeping,  bearing  round ish-olmrate  smooth- 
ish  and  thiekisli  leaves;  flowering  stems  (4' -8' high)  and  their  oblong  or  ovate 
obtuse  Uavis  (V  long)  pubescent,  often  clammy;  cyme  close,  few-flowered  ;  calyx- 
teeth  linear-awl-shaped,  about  the  length  of  the  tube  ;  lobes  of  the  reddish-purple 
corolla  round-obovate,  mostly  entire.  —  Damp  woods,  Pennsylvania,  Kentucky,  and 


POLEMONIACE^.   (POLEMONIUM  FAMILY.)         373 

southward.     May,  Juno.  —  Flowers  showy  :  tube  of  tlie  corolhi  an  inch  long  ; 
the  limb  nearly  as  broad. 

8.  P.  diVaricata,  L.  Stems  spreading  or  ascending  from  a  decumbent 
base  (9'-  18'  Iiigli) ;  leaves  ohlung-ocate  or  the  lower  oblong-lanceolate  (I^'  long), 
acutish  ;  cyme  corymbose-paniclcd,  spreading,  loosely-flowered;  peduncles  slen- 
der; calyx-teeth  slender  awl-shaped,  m-ich  longer  than  the  tube;  lobex  of  the  pale 
lilac  or  htuinh  corolla  obcordate  or  wed<je-ohovate  and  notched  at  the  end,  or  often  entire. 
( var.  Laphamii,  Wood),  j'  -  §'  long,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  tube,  with  rather 
wide  sinuses  between  them.  —  llocky  damp  woods,  mountains  of  Virginia  to  N. 
New  York,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     May. 

9.  P.  bifida.  Beck.  Stems  ascending,  branched  (5' -8' high) ;  leaves  linear, 
becoming  nearly  glabrous  (^'-li'  long,  Ij"  wide) ;  flowei's  few,  on  slender  pe- 
duncles; calyx-teeth  awl-shaped,  about  the  length  of  the  tube;  lobes  of  the  pale 
purple  corolla  2-cleft  to  or  below  the  middle  (4"  long),  equalling  the  tube,  the  divis- 
ions linear  oblong.  —  Prairies  of  Illinois,  Mead  (and  Missouri).     May. 

*  *  *  *  Stems  creeping  and  ttfled  in  broad  mats,  the  short  flowering  shoots  ascendin(/, 
glandalar-pahescent ;  the  rigid  narrow  leaves  crowded  and  fascicled. 

10.  P.  subulata,  L.  (Ground  or  Moss  Pink.)  Depressed,  in  broad 
mats;  leaves  awl-shaped,  lanceolate,  or  narrowly  linear  (.3" -6"  long) ;  cymes 
few-flowered;  calyx-teeth  awl-shaped,  rigid;  corolla  pink-purple  or  rose-color 
with  a  darker  centre  (sometimes  white) ;  the  lobes  wedge-shaped,  notched,  rarely 
entire.  (P.  setacea,  L.)  — Dry  rocky  hills  and  sandy  banks,  S.  New  York  to 
Michigan  and  southward.     April,  May.  —  Common  in  cultivation. 

3.    DIAPENSIA,    L.        Diapexsia. 

Calyx  of  5  concave  imbricated  sepals.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes 
roimded.  Filaments  broad  and  flat,  adherent  to  the  corolla  up  to  the  sinuses, 
short :  anthers  adnate,  of  2  ovoid  pointless  cells,  diverging  below,  each  opening 
therefore  by  a  ti-ansverse-deseending  line.  Pod  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  cartilagi- 
nous ;  the  cells  few-seeded.  —  An  alpine  dwarf  evergreen,  growing  in  very  dense 
convex  tufts,  with  the  stems  imbricated  below  with  cartilaginous  narrowly  spat- 
ulate  mostly  opposite  leaves,  terminated  by  a  scape-like  1 -flowered  peduncle, 
3-bracted  under  the  calyx.  Corolla  white  (^'  wide).  (Ancient  Greek  name  of 
the  Saniclc,  of  obscure  meaning,  strangely  applied  by  Linna?us  to  this  plant.) 

1.  D.  Lapponica,  L. — Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New 
Hampshire,  and  Adirondack  Mountains,  N.  New  York.     July.     (Eu.) 

4.    PYXIDANTHERA,    Michx.        Pvxidanthera.  . 

Anther-cells  awn-pointed  at  the  base,  opening  by  a  strictly  transverse  line. 
Otherwise  much  as  in  Diapensia.  —  A  small  prostrate  and  cree])ing  evergreen, 
■with  narrowly  oblanceolatc  and  awl-pointed  crowded  leaves,  which  are  mostly 
alternate  on  the  sterile  branches,  and  somewhat  hairy  near  the  base.  Fk)wcrs 
solitary  and  sessile,  very  numerous,  white  or  rose-color.  (Name  from  wv^ls, 
a  small  box,  and  a:>6r)pa,  anther,  the  anther  opening  as  if  by  a  lid.) 

1.  P.  barbulata,  Michx.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  and  south- 
Vvard.     April,  May. 


374       CONVOLVULACE.B.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.) 

Order  75.    CONVOLVULACE-a:.    (Convolvulus  Family.) 

Chiefly  twininf/  or  Iraiting  herbs,  often  with  some  milky  juice,  icith  alter- 
nate leaves  (or  scaleit)  and  regular  b-androus  flowers ;  a  calyx  of  5  imbricated 
sepals ;  a  5-plaited  or  b-lobed  corolla  convolute  or  twisted  in  the  bud  ;  a  2- 
celled  (rarely  3-celled)  ovary,  or  in  one  tribe  2  separate  pistils,  with  a  pair 
of  erect  ovules  in  each  cell,  the  cells  sometimes  doubled  by  a  false  partition 
between  the  seeds,  so  becoming  A-celled;  the  embryo  large,  curved  or  coiled 
in  mucilaginous  albumen.  —  Fruit  a  globular  2  -  G-seeded  pod.  Flowers 
mostly  showy,  on  axillary  peduncles  :  pedicels  articulated,  often  2-bracted. 
(Many  are  cultivated  for  ornament,  and  one,  the  Sweet  Potato,  lor  its  edi- 
ble farinaceous  roots :  those  of  several  species  are  cathartic ;  e.  g.  Jalap.) 
—  There  are  three  suborders,  or  rather  strongly  marked  tribes. 

Tribe  I.    CO]VVOIiVrL.E.E.    Leafy  plants,  mostly  twiners.    Ovary  2-4-celled.    Pod 

usually  SL'ptifragal.     Embryo  with  broad  and  leaf-IiUe  cotyledons,  crumpled  in  the  seed. 

»  Style  single  and  undivided. 

-^  Calyx  naked,  i.  e.  not  enclosed  or  surrounded  by  leafy  bracts. 

1.  Quamoclit.     Stamens  and  style  exserted.     Corolla  salver-shajied  or  nearly  so.    Stigma 

capitate-2-lobed.     Pod  4-celled  ;  the  cells  1-seeded. 

2.  Ipoincea.     Stamens  included.     Corolla  funnel-form  or  bell-shaped.    Stigma  capitate,  often 

2  -  3-lobed.     Pod  2  -  3-celled  ;  the  cells  2-seeded. 

3.  Couvolvulus.     Stigmas  2,  elongated,  linear.     Otherwise  much  as  in  Ipuraoca. 

—  -^  Calyx  surrounded  and  enclosed  by  a  pair  of  broad  leafy  bracts. 

4.  Calystegia.     Stigmas  2,  linear  or  oblong.     Pod  imperfectly  2-celled,  4-seeiled. 

*  *  Style  single  and  2-cleft,  or  styles  2,  rarely  more.     Prostrate  or  spreading  herbs. 

5.  Boitainia.    Styles  2  and  undivided,  or  a  single  one  2-cleft :  stigmas  capitate. 

6.  Evolvulus.     Styles  2,  and  each  2-cleft :  stigmas  obtuse. 

Tribe  II.     DICHONDRE.3E.     Creeping  plants.    Ovaries  as  well  as  styles  2  or  more. 
Embryo,  &c.  .is  in  the  preceding  tribe. 

7.  Dicliondra.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-cleft.     Pistils  2,  one-seeded. 

Tribe  III.     CUSCUTIKEiE.     Leafless  parasitic  twiners.    Embryo  spiral,  slender,  desti- 
tute of  cotyledons.    Ovary  2-ct'lled.     Parts  of  the  flower  rarely  iu  fours' 

8.  Cuscuta.    The  only  genus  of  the  group. 

1.     QUAMOCLIT,    Tourn.        CypeessVixe. 

Sepals  mostly  mucronatc  or  awncd.  Corolla  cylindrical-tubular,  with  a  small 
spreading  border,  not  twisted  in  the  bud.  Stamens  and  style  protruded.  Stigma 
capitatc-2-lol)cd.  Pod  4-celled;  the  cells  1 -seeded.  —  Annual  twiners,  with  red 
or  crimson  flowers;  in  summer.     (An  aboriginal,  probably  Mexican,  name.) 

1.  Q.  coccfxE.\,  Moeuch.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  acuminate,  entire,  or  an- 
gled; sepals  awupointcd;  corolla  light  scarlet  (I'long).  (Ijiomcca  coccinca, 
L.)  — Eivcr-banks,  tic,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  Virginia,  and  southward.  (Nat.  from 
Trop.  Amcr.  or  Ind.) 

2.  Q.  vulg-Vris,  Choisy.  (Cypress-Vike.)  Leaves  pinnately  parted  into 
lincar-thread-shapcd  delicate  parallel  lobes ;  peduncles  l-flowcrcd;  corolla  nar- 
row,, scarlet-red,  and  a  white  variety.  —  Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens  south, 
ward.     (Adv.  from  India.) 


CONVOLVULACE^.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.)        375 

2.    IPOMCEA,    L.  Mokxing-Glory. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  funnel-form,  &c.,  twisted  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  included.  Stigma  capitate,  often  2 -3-lobed.  Pod  2-celled, 
or  in  one  <;roup  .3-celled ;  the  cells  2-seeded.  (Name,  according  to  Linnaeus, 
from  lyj/,  Inus,  a  Bindweed  [which  it  is  not],  and  ofxoios,  like.) 

§  1,  PHARBITIS,   Choisy.     Pod  3-  {rarelij  4-)  celled;  the  cells  2-seeded. 

1.  I.  PURPUREA,  Lam.  (Common  Morning-Glory.)  Annual ;  stems  re- 
trorsely  hairy;  leaves  lienrt-shuped,  acuminate,  entire;  jjcduncles  long  umbellately 
3 - 5-flowercd  ;  calyx  bristly-hairy  below;  corolla  funnel-form  (2'  long),  purple, 
varying  to  white.  (Convolvulus  purpureus,  Z.  Pharbitis  hispida,  Choisy.)  — 
Around  dwellings,  escaping  from  cultivation.     (Adv.  from  Ti-op.  Amcr.) 

2.  I,  Nil,  Roth.  (Smaller  M.)  Stems  retrorsely  hairy  ; /eayes  Aea>-<-sAapec?, 
3-lobed,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate ;  peduncles  short,  or  rather  long,  1  -3  flow- 
ered ;  calyx  densely  hairy  below ;  corolla  white  and  purple  or  pale  blue  ( I'  - 1^' 
long).  (Conv.  Nil.  &  C.  hederaceus,  Z.)  —  Banks  and  near  dwellings,  from 
Maryland  southward.     (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amcr.?) 

§  2.  IPOMOEA,  Choisy.     Pod  2-celled;  the  cells  2-sccded. 

3.  I.  lacunosg,)  L.  Annual ;  leather  smooth  ;  stem  twining  and  creeping, 
slender ;  leaves  heart-shaped,  pointed,  entire  or  angled-lobed  ;  peduncles  short,  1  - 
3-flowered ;  sepals  hnice-ohlong,  pointed,  hristhj-ciliate  or  hairy,  half  the  length  of 
the  shai-ply  5-lobed  (white,  ^'- J' long)  corolla.  (C.  micranthus, /2(rfc/e//.)  — 
Woods  and  fields,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southward.     Aug. 

4.  I.  pandurata,  Meyer.  (Wild  Potato-vixe.  Man-of-tiie-Earth.) 
Perennial,  smooth  or  nearly  so  when  old,  trailing  or  sometimes  twining  ;  leaves 
regularly  heart-shaped,  pointed,  occasionally  some  of  them  contracted  at  the 
sides  so  as  to  be  fidille-shapcd ;  peduncles  lonr/er  than  the  petioles ;  I  -  5-flowered  ; 
sppnls  smooth,  ovate-oblong,  very  obtuse;  corolla  open-funncl-form  (3'  long),  white 
with  purple  in  the  tube. —  Sandy  fields  and  banks,  from  Connecticut  to  Illinois 
and  southward.  June -Aug.  —  Stems  long  and  stout,  from  a  huge  root,  which 
often  weighs  10-20  pounds.     Flowers  opening  in  bright  sunshine. 

3.     CONVOLVULUS,    L.        Bindweed. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base.  Corolla  open  funnel-form  or  bell-shaped.  Stamens 
included.  Style  1  :  stigmas  2,  linear,  often  revolute.  Pod  2-celled;  the  cells  2- 
seeded.  —  Stems  twining,  procumbent,  or  often  erect-spreading.  Flowers  mostly 
opening  at  dawn.     (Name  from  convolvo,  to  entwine.) 

1.  C.  ARVENSis,  L.  (BiNDW'EED.)  Perennial;  stem  jirocunibent  or  twin, 
ing,  and  low ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  arrow-shaped,  with  the  lobes  at  the  base  acute ; 
peduncles  mostly  1-flowered;  bracts  minute,  remote;  corolla  (9"  long)  white  or 
tinged  with  reddish. — Fields,  near  the  coast:  likely  to  become  a  troublesome 
weed.     June.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.     CALYSTEGIA,    R.Br.        Bracted  Bindweed. 

Calyx  enclosed  in  2  large  and  mostly  heart-shaped  leafy  bracts :  sepals  equal. 
Corolla  bell-funuel-forni,  the  border  obscurely  5-lobed  or  entire.     Stamens  in- 


376       CONVOLVULACE^.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.' 

eluded.  Style  1  :  stigmas  2,  linear  or  oblong.  Pod  imperfectly  2-cclled  or  1- 
cclled,  4-se(dod.  —  rerennials,  with  heart-shaped  or  arrow-shajxHl  leaves,  and 
axillary  l-flowcred  pediincles;  H.  in  summer.  (Name  from  (caAu|,  calijx,  and 
(TTtyw,  to  cover,  alluding  to  the  bracts  enclosing  the.  calyx.) 

1.  C.  S^pium,  11.  Br.  (HiCDGE  BixuwKED.)  Stem  tivinirig  or  sometimrs 
Irailin;/  e.rieiisirelj ;  leaves  triangular-halberd->haijcd  or  'arrow-shaped,  acute  or 
pointed,  the  lobes  at  the  base  obliquely  truncate  and  often  somewhat  toothed 
or  sinuate-Iobed ;  peduncles  4-angled  ;  corolla  white,  or  in  the  American  plant 
more  commonly  light  rose-color  ( H'  -  2'  long) :  the  typical  form  ylabrous  through- 
out. (Convolvulus  sepium,  and  C.  repens,  L.)  —  Varies  greatly,  often  slightly 
pubescent:  Var.  pubescens  is  a  downy  form,  in  the  young  state  approaching 
the  next.  (C.  Catesbyana,  Parsh.)  —  Common,  especially  along  the  moist  banks 
of  streams.     (Eu.) 

2.  C  SpithamSea,  Pursh.  Downij ;  stem  low  and  mostli/  simple,  upriijht  or 
ascending  (G'-12'  long) ;  leaves  oblong,  with  or  without  a  heart-shaped  or  auri- 
cled  base  ;  corolla  white  (2'  long).  —  Dry,  mostly  sandy  ground  :  not  rare. 

5.     BONAMIA,     Thouars.         (Breweria,  R.  Br.  &  Stylisma,  Raf.) 

Styles  2,  or  rarely  3,  simple  and  distinct,  or  else  united  into  one  below :  stig- 
mas depressed-capitate.  Otherwise  as  Convolvulus  and  Evolvulus.  —  Perennial 
prostrate  or  diffusely  spreading  herbs  (or  in  warmer  regions  sometimes  shrubby) ; 
flowers  small ;  in  summer :  corolla  more  or  less  hairy  or  silky  outside.  (Named 
for  Francis  Bonamij,  author  of  a  Flora  of  Nantes.) 

1.  B.  humistrata,  Gray.  (Proceed.  Amer.  Acad.  5,  p.  337.)  Sparsely 
hairfi  or  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  varying  from  oblong  with  a  somewhat  heart- 
shaped  base  to  linear,  mucronate ;  peduncles  1  -  7-flowered  ;  bracts  shorter  than 
the  pedicels  ;  sepals  pointed,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  corolla  icliite :  ^filaments  Itairi/ ; 
styles  united  (it  the  base.  (Convolvulus  humistratus,  Walt.,  who  well  distinguishes 
this  from  the  next.  Stylisma  evolvuloides,  C/iois.,  in  part.  S.  humistrata, 
Cha/nn.)  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Virginia  (probably  not  in  Ohio),  and  southward. 

2.  B.  aqiiatica,  Gray.  Minntflji  soft  downji  and  somewhat  hoary ;  sepals 
silk-ij ;  corolla  pink-  or  purple ;  ^filaments  smooth  ;  styles  separate  almost  to  the  base  : 
otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  last.  (Conv.  aquaticus,  Walt.  Stylisma  aquatica, 
Chapm.)  —  Mar;;in  of  ])onds,  S.  Virginia?  and  southward. 

3.  B.  Pickeringii,  Gray.  Soft-pubescent  or  smoothish ;  leaves  very  nar- 
rowly linear  or  the  lowest  linear-spatulate,  tapering  to  the  base,  nearly  sessile ;  pe- 
duncles 1  -3-flowered;  bracts  resembling  the  leaves,  mostly  exceeding  the  flowers; 
sepals  hairy :  ^filaments  (scarcely  hairy)  and  styles  (which  are  united  fir  above  the 
middle)  exser led  from  the  oprn  white  corolla.  (Stylisma  Pickeringii,  Ed.  2.)  — 
Rather  dry  sandy  pine-barrens,  New  Jersey  and  southward.  —  Stems  l°-o'^ 
long:  leaves  1 '- 1  ^' long.     Corolla  4"-. 'i"  bruail. 

6.     EVOLVULUS,     L.        Evolvulus. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  naked  at  the  base.  Corolla  open  funnel-form  or  almost 
wheel-shaped.     Styles  2,  each  2-cleft :  stigmas  obtuse.     Pod  2-celled ;  the  cells 


CONVOLVULACE^.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.)       377 

2-scedcd.  —  Low  and  small  herbs  or  suff'rutescent  plants,  mostly  diffuse,  never 
ivviuiiig  (hence  the  name,  from  evolvo,  to  unroll,  in  contrast  with  Convolvulus). 
1.  E.  argenteus,  Pursh.  Many-stemmed  from  a  somewhat  woody  base, 
dwarf,  silky- villous  all  over;  leaves  crowded,  broadly  lanceolate,  sessile,  or  the 
lower  oblong-spatulatc  and  short-petioled,  about  ^'  long;  flowers  almost  sessile 
in  the  axils ;  corolla  purple,  3"  broad.  —  Potosi  lead-mines,  Missouri,  probably 
also  on  the  Illinois  side  of  the  Mississippi :  common  westward. 

7.    DICHONDRA,    Forst.        Dichonuka. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  broadly  bell-shaped,  5-elcft.  Stamens  included. 
Styles,  ovaries,  and  the  utricular  1  -2-seeded  pods  2,  distinct.  Stigmas  thick. 
—  Small  and  creeping  perennial  herbs,  soft-pubescent,  with  kidney-shaped 
entire  leaves,  and  axillary  1 -flowered  bractless  peduncles.  Corolla  small,  yel- 
lowish or  white.  (Name  composed  of  5is,  double,  and  ^oi'Spos'j  roundish  mass; 
from  the  fruit.) 

1.  D.  repens,  Forst.:  var.  Carolinensis,  Choisy.  Leaves  round-kid ■ 
ney-shaped,  pubescent,  green  both  sides;  corolla  not  exceeding  the  calyx  (1"- 
Ij"  I'ong).  (D.  Carolinensis,  Michx.)  —  Moist  ground,  Virginia,  near  Norfolk, 
and  southward.     (Widely  difi'used  in  the  Southern  hemisphere.) 

8.     CUSCUTA,     Tourn.        Doi>der. 

Calyx  5-  (rarely  4-)  cleft,  or  of  5  sepals.  Corolla  globular-urn-shaped,  bell- 
shaped,  or  somewhat  tubular,  the  spreading  border  5-  (rarely  4-)  cleft.  Stamens 
furnished  with  a  scale-like  often  fringed  appendage  at  their  base.  Ovary  2-celled, 
4-ovuled :  styles  distinct,  or  rarely  unitcfl.  Pod  mostly  4-.seeded.  Embryo 
thread- shaped,  spirally  coiled  in  the  rather  •eshy  albumen,  destitute  of  cotyle- 
dons !  sometimes  with  a  few  alternate  scales  (belonging  to  the  plumule):  ger- 
mination occurring  in  the  soil.  —  Leafless  herbs,  chiefly  annuals,  yellowish  or 
reddish  in  color,  with  thread-like  stems,  bearing  a  few  minute  scales  in  place  of 
leaves;  on  rising  from  the  ground  becoming  entirely  parasitic  on  the  bark  of 
herbs  and  shrubs  on  which  they  twine,  and  to  which  they  adhere  by  means  of 
papillae  developed  on  the  surface  in  contact.  Flowers  small,  cymose-clustered, 
mostly  white;  usually  produced  late  in  summer  and  in  autumn.  (Name  of  un- 
certain, supposed  to  be  of  Arabic,  derivation.) 

The  following  account  of  our  species  is  contributed  by  Dr.  Engelmann, 
■whose  monograph  of  the  whole  genus  is  published  in  Transactions  of  the  St. 
Louis  Academy  of  Science. 

§  \.  Stigmas  eloiif/ated :  pod  open  in  (j  reguhirlij  around  the  base  hij  ciicumcissile  dehis- 
cence, leuvinp  (he  partition  behind.     (Natives  of  the  Old  World.) 

1.  C.  EpfLiNUM,  VVeihe.  (Flax  Dodder.)  Stems  very  slender,  low, 
flowers  globular,  sessile  in  dense  scattered  heads ;  corolla  5-parted,  short-cylin- 
arical,  scarcely  exceeding  the  broadly  ovate  acute  divisions  of  the  calyx,  left  sur- 
rounding the  pod  in  fruit ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  limb  ;  scales  short,  broad, 
crenulate,  shorter  than  the  globose  ovary.  —  Flax-fields;  in  Europe  very  in- 
jurious :  sparingly  introduced  with  flax-seed  into  the  Northern  States.  June 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

L  &  M— 36 


i>/8  coxvoLA'ULAC;:.ii.     (convolvulus  family.) 

§  2.  Stigmas  capitate :  pods  indehiscent,  rarely  bursting  irregularlij. 

♦  Flowers  more  or  less  pedicelled:  the  scaly  bracts  few  and  distant :  calyx  4  -  5-cleJl. 

■>-  Corolla  cylindrical,  in  fruit  covering  the  top  of  the  pod. 

2.  C.  tenuifldra,  Engelm.  Much  branched,  twining  high,  palc-colorcd ; 
flowers  at  length  pcduncled  and  in  rather  loose  cymes;  tube  of  the  coiolhi  (ven- 
tricosc  after  flowering)  twice  the  length  of  its  obtuse  sprecuUng  lobes  and  of  the  ovate 
obtuse  calyx-lobes ;  scales  ovate,  cut-fringed  ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  lohcs  of 
the  corolla;  pod  depressed,  membranaceous,  thin,  yellowish.  (C.  Cepiialanthi, 
Engelm.)  —  Swamps,  New  Jersey  to  Illinois  and  Avestward  ;  on  Ccplialanthus 
and  other  shrubs,  and  on  various  tall  herbs.  —  Hower  the  narrowest  of  all  our 
Northern  species. 

3.  C.  inflexa,  Engelm.  Flowers  pcduncled,  in  umbel-like  cymes,  1"  long; 
tube  of  the  mostly  A-cleft  fleshy  corolla  as  long  as  the  ovate  acutish  and  minutely  crenate 
erect  infexed  lobes  and  the  acute  keeled  calyx-lobes  ;  scales  minute  andfewtouthed, 
appressed  ;  pod  depressed,  somewhat  umbouate,  of  a  thicker  texture,  brown,  its 
top  covered  with  the  remains  of  the  corolla.  (C.  Coryli,  Engelm.  C.  umbrosa, 
B(yrich,  and  Kd.  2.)  — Prairies  and  barrens,  in  rather  dry  soil,  on  Hazels,  Ceano- 
thus,  and  other  shrubs  or  herbs ;  from  Western  Virginia  and  Illinois  southward 
and  westward. 

4.  C.  decdra,  Chois.,  altered  by  Engelm.  Floiivrs  larger  than  in  No.  3, 
from  l.V  to  nearly  2"  long,  loosely  paniculate,  broadly  campanulate;  corolla  5- 
clef;  the  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  the  scales  large,  broadly  oval;  pod  envel- 
oped by  the  remains  of  the  corolla.  ( C.  nidecora,  Chois.  C.  neuropetala,  Engelm. 
C.  pulcherrima,  Scheele.)  —  Wet  prairies,  S.  W.  Illinois  and  southward  ;  on  va- 
rious shrubs  and  herbs.  —  The  name  changed  by  Dr.  Engelmann,  because  this 
is  not  a  homely  but  the  handsomest  of  our  species. 

•*-  -1-  Corolla  bell-shaped,  persistent  at  the  base  of  lite  ripe  pod. 

5.  C.  arvensis,  Beyrich.  Low ;  flowers  small,  5-parted,  pcduncled  in 
loose  umbel-like  cymes;  tube  of  the  corolla  included  in  or  little  exceeding  the 
broad-lobed  calyx,  shorter  than  its  lanceolate  acuminate  spreading  or  reflexed 
lobes;  stamens  much  shorter  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla;  scales  ovate,  fim- 
briate, converging  and  often  exceeding.^  the  tube  ;  pod  globose,  thin,  yellowish. 
(C.  pentagona,  Engelm.)  —  In  fields,  prairies,  and  barrens,  from  S.  New  York 
(C.  F.  Austin)  to  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southwestward  ;  on  smaller  herbs,  and 
flowering  (in  June  and  July)  earlier  tlian  any  other  of  our  species.  —  Stems 
low,  scarcely  over  a  foot  high  ;  flowers  smaller  than  in  any  of  our  species,  and 
quite  variable :  when  with  a  large  5-angled  calyx  it  is  C.  pentagona  (Virginia)  •. 
with  a  small  one,  it  is  var.  microcalyx  (Illinois) :  with  a  large  and  hemispherical 
one,  var.  calycina  (Texas) :  with  a  lleshy  verrucose  calyx,  it  is  C.  verrucosa, 
Engelm.  (Texas.) 

6.  C.  chlorocarpa,  Engelm.  Low,  orange-colored;  flowers  mostly  4- 
cleft,  about  1"  long,  short-pcdicelled,  in  scattered  clusters;  corolla  open  bell- 
shaped,  the  tube  nearly  the  length  of  the  acute  lobes  and  calyx-teeth  ;  stamens 
as  long  as  the  lobes;  scales  snnill,  appressed,  incised,  sometimes  almost  want- 
ing ;  the  thick  styles  as  long  as  the  large  depressed  ovary ;  pod  depressed,  thin, 
greenish-yellow.     (C.  polygonoruin,  £;(^e/;«.)  —  Low  grounds,  on  Polygonum 


CONVOI.VULACE^.       (CONVOLVULUS    FAMILY.)  379 

nnd  other  herbs,  Delaware  to  Wisconsin,  and  southwestward.  —  The  large  ovary 
fills  the  shallow  tube  of  the  corolla. 

7.  C.  Grondvii,  Willd.  Stems  coarse,  climbing  high;  flowers  mostly  5- 
cleft,  pcduucled,  in  close  or  mostly  open  paniculate  cymes;  corolla  bell-shaped, 
the  tube  longer  than  (or  sometimes  only  as  long  as)  the  ovate  obtuse  entire 
spreading  lobes;  scales  large,  converging,  copiously  fringed,  confluent  at  the 
base;  pod  globose,  umbonate,  brown.  (C.  Americana,  P(trs/(,  &c.  C.  vulgivaga, 
Engelm.  C.  umbrosa,  Torr.)  —  Low,  damp  grounds,  especially  in  shady  places ; 
everywhere  common  both  cast  and  west,  and  the  principal  species  northward 
and  eastward  :  chiefly  on  coarser  herbs  and  low  shrubs.  —  The  close-flowered 
iorms  occur  in  the  Northeastern  States ;  the  loosely-flowered  ones  westward 
and  southward  ;  a  form  with  4-partcd  flowers  was  collected  in  Connecticut.  C. 
Sauriiri,  Engdm.,  is  a  form  with  more  open  flowers,  of  a  finer  te.\ture,  in  the 
Mississippi  valley. 

8.  C.  rostrkta,  Shuttleworth.  Stems  coarse,  climbing  high ;  flowers 
(2" -3"  long)  5-parted,  pedunclcd,  in  umbel-like  cj'mes ;  corolla  deep  bell- 
shaped,  the  tube  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  obtuse  teeth  of  the  calyx  and  its 
ovate  obtuse  entire  spreading  lobes  ;  the  large  scales  fimbriate,  confluent  at  the 
base ;  styles  slender,  as  long  as  the  acute  ovary ;  the  large  pod  pointed.  — 
Shady  valleys  of  the  Alleghanies,  from  Maryland  and  Virginia  southward  ;  on 
tall  herbs,  rarely  on  shrubs.  Flowers  and  fruit  larger  than  in  any  other  of  our 
species. 

*  *  Flowers  sessile  in  compact  and  mosthj  conUnuous  clusters:  calijx  of  5  separate 
sepals  surrounded  by  numerous  similar  bracts:  remains  of  the  corolla  borne  on  the 
top  of  the  globose  somewhat  pointed  pod.     (Lepidanche,  Engelm.) 

9.  C.  COmpaeta,  Juss.  Stems  coarse;  bracts  (3-5)  and  sepals  orbicular, 
concave,  slightli/  crenate,  appressrd,  nearly  equalling  or  much  shorter  than  the  cy- 
lindrical tube  of  the  corolla  ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  oblong  obtuse  spreading 
lobes  of  the  latter;  scales  pinnatifid-fringed,  convergent,  confluent  at  the  base. 
C.  coronata,  Beyrich  (C.  compacta,  Choisij)  is  the  Eastern  and  Southern  form, 
with  a  smaller,  slenderer,  more  exserted  corolla.  C.  (Lepidanche)  adpressa, 
Engelm.,  is  the  Western  form,  with  a  larger,  shorter,  nearly  included  corolla. 
Both  glow  almost  entirely  on  shrubs  ;  the  first  from  N.  New  York,  and  New 
Jersey  southward  ;  the  latter  from  Western  Virginia  to  the  Mississippi  and 
Missouri,  in  fertile  shady  bottoms.  The  clusters  in  fruit  are  sometimes  fully 
2'  in  diameter. 

10.  C.  glomer^ta,  Choisy.  Flowers  very  densely  clustered,  forming 
knotty  masses  closely  encircling  the  stem  of  the  foster  plant,  much  imbricated 
with  scarious  oblong  bracts,  their  tips  returved-spreading ;  sepals  nearhj  similar, 
shorter  than  the  oblong-cylindrical  tube  of  the  corolla  ;  stamens  nearly  as  long 
as  the  oblong-lanceolate  obtuse  spreading  or  reflexed  lobes  of  the  corolla ;  scales 
large,  fringed-pinnatifid ;  styles  slender,  longer  than  the  pointed  ovary  ;  the 
pointed  pod  mostly  1  - 2-seeded.  ( Lepidanche  Compositarnm,  Engelm.)  —  Moist 
pi'airies,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  southward  :  growing  commonly  on  tall  Conx- 
posita;.  —  The  orange-colored  items  soon  disappear,  leaving  only  the  close  mat- 
ted coils  of  flowers,  appearing  like  whitish  ropes  twisted  around  tllQ  stctas. 


380  SOLANACF-E.       (XIGUTSUADK    FAMILY.) 

Order  7G.    SOL.ANACE.E.    (Nightshade  Family.) 

Ilerhs  (or  rareli/  .ylirub^),  with  a  colorless  Juice  and  alternate  leaves,  regu- 
lar o-merous  and  b-audrous  jloicers,  on  bractless  pedicels ;  the  corolla  imbri- 
cate, convolute,  or  vulcate  in  the  bud,  and  mosthf  plaited  ;  the  fruit  a  2-ceHed 
(rarely  3  ~  5-celled)  many-seeded  ]Md  or  berry.  — Seeds  caiiii)ylotropous  tir 
ampliitropous.  Embryo  mostly  slender  and  curved  in  fleshy  albumen. 
Calyx  usually  persistent.  Stamens  mostly  equal,  inserted  on  the  corolla. 
Style  and  stigma  single.  Placenta?  in  the  axis,  often  projecting  far  into 
the  cells.  (Foliage  rank-scented,  and  with  the  fruits  mostly  narcotic, 
often  very  poisonous,  while  some  are  edible.)  —  A  large  family  in  the 
tropics,  but  very  few  indigenous  in  our  district.  It  shades  off"  into  Scro- 
phulariacea?,  from  which  the  plaited  regular  corolla  and  5  equal  stamens 
generally  distinguish  it. 

*  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-parted  or  5-lobed  ;   the  lobes  valvule  and   their  margins  usually 
turned  inwards  in  thu'  bud.     Anthers  conuivent.     Fruit  a  beny. 

1.  Solaiiuni.     Anthers  opening  by  pores  or  chinks  at  the  tip. 

*  *  Corolla  various,  not  wheel-shaped,  nor  valvate  in  the  bud.     Anthers  separate. 
•<-  Fruit  a  lierry,  enclosed  in  the  bladderyinflatL-d  calyx.     Corolla  widely  exjiaiidiiig. 

2.  Phy  sails.     Calyx  deleft.     Corolla  5-lobed  or  nearly  entire.     Berry  juicy,  2-CLlltd. 

3.  Kicaudra.     Calyx  5-parted.    Corolla  nearly  entire.    Berry  dry,  3-5-oelled. 

—  —  Fruit  a  berry  with  the  unaltered  calyx  persistent  at  its  base. 

4.  Iiyciunt.     CuruUa  funnel-form  or  tubular,  not  plaited.    Berry  small,  2-celled. 

M-  ■<-  »-  Fruit  a  pod. 

5.  Ilyoscj'amus.     Calyx  urn-shaped,  enclosing  the  smooth  2-celled  pod,  which  opens  by 

the  top  falling  off  as  a  lid.     Corolla  and  stamens  somewhat  irregular. 

6.  Datum.     Calyx  prismatic,  5-toothed.    Pod  prickly,  naked,  more  or  less  4-celled,4-valved. 

Corolla  funnel-form. 

7.  Nicotiaua.     Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  5-cleft.     Pod  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  2-celled. 

1.     SOLANUM,     Tourn.        Nightshade. 

Calyx  and  the  wheel-shaped  corolla  5-parted  or  5-cleft  (rarely  4- 10-parted), 
the  latter  plaited  in  the  bud,  and  valvate  or  induplicate.  Stamens  exserted: 
filaments  very  short :  anthers  converging  around  the  style :  opening  at  the  tip 
by  two  pores  or  chinks.  Berry  usually  2-cellcd. — Herbs,  or  shrubs  in  warm 
climates,  the  larger  leaves  often  accompanied  by  a  smaller  lateral  (rameal)  one; 
the  peduncles  also  mostly  lateral  and  cxtra-axillary.  —  A  vast  genus,  chiefly  in 
the  warmer  regions,  including  the  Potato  (S.  tuberOsuji)  and  the  Egg- 
plant (S.  Melongena);  while  the  To.mato  (Lycopeksicum  esculextuii) 
is  hardly  of  a  distinct  genus.     (Name  of  unknown  derivation.) 

*  Anthers  blunt.     {Plants  not  prickly,  smooth  or  nearly  so.) 

1.  S.  Dl-lcam.\ra,  L.  (Bittersweet.)  Stem  shrubby,  scarcely  climhing ; 
leaves  orate-lieart-shajied,  the  up]3er  halberd-slKiped,  or  with  two  eur-llL-e  lobes  at  the 
base;  flowers  (purple  or  blue)  in  small  cymes;  berries  oval,  red.  —  JMoist  banks 
and  around  dwellings.     June -Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  NIGRUM,  L.  (Co-MMON  Nightshade.)  ^l/iniW,  low,  much  branched 
and  often  spreading,  roug-h  on  the  angies;   leaves  vvate,  ivca-y-tvothed ;  Jiowers 


SOLANACE^.       (nightshade    FAMILY.)  381 

(rery  small,  white)  in  small  and  vmbel-liLe  lateral  clusters,  drooping;  berries 
globular,  black.  —  Shaded  grounds  and  fields  :  coniuion.  July  -  Sept.  —  A 
homely  weed,  said  to  be  poisonous.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Anthers  domjatfd,  lanceolate,  pointed.  (Phints  vwstli/ pricklij.) 
3.  S.  Carolinense,  !>•  (Hokse-Nettle.)  Perennial,  low  (1°  high); 
stem  erect,  prickly ;  leaves  ovatc-oblong,  acute,  sinuate-toothed  or  angled, 
roughish  with  stellate  pubescence,  prickly  along  the  midrib,  as  also  the  calyx ; 
flowers  (pale  blue  or  white,  large)  in  simple  loose  racemes;  berries  globular, 
orange-yellow.  —  Sandy  soil,  Connecticut  to  Illinois  and  southward.  June- 
Aug.     (S.  Virginianum,  L.,  is  not  here  identified  as  distinct.) 

2.     PHYSALIS,     L.         Ground  Cherry. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  reticulated  and  enlarging  after  flowering,  at  length  much  in- 
flated and  enclosing  the  2-celled  globular  (edible)  berry.  Corolla  between 
wheel-shaped  and  funnel-form,  the  very  short  tube  marked  with  5  concave 
spots  at  the  base;  the  plaited  border  somewhat  5-lobed  or  barely  5-  10-toothed. 
Stamens  .5,  erect:  anthers  separate,  opening  lengthwise.  —  Herbs  (in  this  coun- 
try), with  the  leaves  often  unequally  in  pairs,  and  the  1-flowered  nodding  pe- 
duncles extra-axillary;  flowering  through  tiie  summer.  (Name,  (f)V(Ta\is,  a 
bladder,  from  the  inflated  calyx.) 

*  Root  annual :  anthers  tintjed  icilh  blue  or  violet:  steins  1°  -3°  /;////(. 
-1-   Corolla  while,  larije. 

1 .  P.  grandifldra,  Hook.  Clammy-pubescent,  erect ;  leaves  lance-ovate, 
pointed,  entire  or  nearly  so  ;  corolla  l'-2'  wide  when  expanded,  almost  entire, 
and  with  a  woolly  ring  in  the  throat ;  fruiting  calyx  globular,  apparently  nearly 
filled  by  the  berry.  —  Upper  Michigan,  shore  of  Lake  Superior  (Dr.  Robbing, 
&c.)  and  northward,  springing  up  in  new  clearings. 

t-  -*~  Corolla  pale  or  fjreenish-yellow,  small  or  smallish. 

2.  P.  Philadelphica,  Lam.  Almost  glabrous,  erect ;  leaves  ovate  or  ob- 
long-ovate, oblique  at  base,  entire,  repand,  or  very  sparingly  angulate-toothed ; 
corolla  brownish-  or  violel-sjMtted  in  the  centre,  7" -10"  broad;  calyx  at  maturity 
globose  and  completely  filled  by  the  large  reddish  or  purple  berry  and  open  at 
the  mouth.  —  Rich  grounds,  not  rare,  especially  southward  :  also  cult. 

3.  P.  angulata,  L.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  erect,  much  branched  ;  leaves 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  shar])ly  and  irregularly /(»c/n(Vite-/oo//*ef/,-  peduncles  fili- 
form ;  corolla  uns/iotted,  verij  small  (3"-  6", broad  when  expanded) ;  fruiting  calyx 
conical-ovate  with  a  truncate  or  sunken  base,  10-angled,  loosely  inflated,  but  at 
lengtii  well  filled  by  the  greenish-yellow  berry.  —  Cult,  and  waste  grounds. 

4.  P.  pub6scens,  L.  Pubescent  or  ctammylwiirij  (rarely  smoothish)  dif- 
fuse] if  much  branch  (I  or  at  length  decumbent ;  leaves  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  angu- 
hite-  or  repand-toothed  ;  corolla  sjmtttd  with  brown-purple  in  the  centre,  ."^''-S" 
broad  when  cxp:inded,  oi)seurely  5 -10-toothed  ;  fruiting  calyx  ovate  from  a 
truncate  or  impressed  base,  pointed,  sharply  5-angled,  loosely  enclosing  the 
yellow  or  greenish  berry.  (P.  hirsuta,  Dunal.  P.  obscura,  Michx.  in  part.)  — ■ 
Low  grounds  :  common,  especially  southward  and  westward. 


382  soLANACE.E.     (nightshade  family.) 

♦  *  Root  perennial:  stems  mostli/  from  slender  creepinr/  rootstocks,  nsualh/  low  (6'- 
20'  liii/h)  :  anthers  ydlow :  fruiting  calyx  loosely  injiatcd,  b-anyled,  much  larger 
than  tlie  berry. 

*-  Wild  species :  corolla  greenish-yellow  and  commoxly  broirn  or  purplish  in  the 
cinlre,  the  border  !)-aiigUd  or  barely  5  -  lO-loollud,  6"  -  12"  broad. 

5.  P.  viscbsa,  L.  Clammy  pubescent,  diHiiJiely  much  branclied  and  widely 
spreading,  or  at  first  erect ;  leaves  ovate  or  siiyiitly  heart-shaped,  sometimes 
oblong,  repand  or  obtusely  toothed,  rarely  entire  ;  corolla  dark  brown  in  the 
centre;  fruiting  calyx  ovate,  barely  concave  or  truncate  at  base,  sharply  5- 
angled ;  berry  orange  or  reddish,  glutinous.  (P.  heterophylla,  iVees.  F.  nyc- 
taginea,  &,  P.  viscido-pubescens,  Dunul?)  — Light  or  sandy  soil  :  common. 

6.  P.  Pennsylvanica,  L.  Minutely  hirsute-pubescent  (not  clammy),  or 
nearly  glabrous ;  leaves  ovate,  oblong,  or  oblong-lanceolate  and  tapering  at  the 
base,  entire  or  sparingly  repand-toothcd  ;  corolla  merely  darker  or  purplish-veiny 
in  the  centre;  fruiting  calyx  conical  or  globular  ovate,  pointed,  and  with  an  im- 
pressed base;  berry  red. —  Var.  l.wceolata  ;  the  narrower-leaved  and  pubes- 
cent form  (.)'-15'  high),  especially  the  state  with  a  hairy  calyx.  (P.  lanceolata, 
Michx.  P.  maritima,  J/.  ^1.  Curtis.) — Dry,  often  sandy  soil,  from  Pennsyl- 
vania southward  and  westward,  even  northwestward  to  tiie  Winipeg  valley. — 
Fruiting  calyx  I'-l^'  long.     Shape  of  calyx-lobes  very  variable. 

t-  •*-  Introdiwed :  corolla  greenish -white,  unspotted,  5-lobed. 

7.  P.  Alkekengi,  L.  (Strawberry  Tomato.)  More  or  less  pubcs- 
cent ;  sparingly  branched  ;  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  pointed  ;  calyx-teeth  awl-shapcd ; 
fruiting  calyx  broadly  ovate,  turning  red  ;  the  berry  bright  red,  pleasant.  —  Cult, 
and  waste  grounds,  eastward.     (Cult.  &  Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.     NICANDRA,     Adans.        Apple  of  Peru. 

Calyx  .5-partcd,  5-anglcd,  the  cTivisions  rather  arrow-shaped,  enlarged  and 
bladder-like  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  3-5-celled  globular  dry  berry.  Corolla  with 
border  nearly  entire.  Otherwise  much  like  Physalis.  — An  annual  smooth  herb 
(2°-3°  high),  with  ovate  sinuate-toothed  or  angled  leaves,  and  solitary  pale 
blue  flowers  on  axillary  and  terminal  peduncles.  (Named  after  the  poet  A^zcan- 
der  of  Colophon.) 

1.    N.  PHYSALOiDES,  Gojrtn.  — Waste  grounds.     (Adv.  from  Peru.) 

4.     LYCIUM,     L.        Matrimony- Vine. 

Calyx  3-.5-toothed  or  cleft,  not  enlarging,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  berry. 
Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-shaped,  5-Iobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  and  not 
plaited  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5  :  anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Style  slender : 
stigma  capitate.  Berry  small,  2-celli'd.  Shrubby,  often  spiny  plants,  with 
alternate  and  entire  small  leaves,  and  mostly  axillary  small  flowers.  (Named 
from  the  country,  Lyn'a.) 

1.  L.  vul«.\ke,  Dunal.  (Common  M.)  Shrub  with  long  sarmentosc  re- 
curved-drooping  brandies,  smooth,  sparingly  if  at  all  spiny  ;  leaves  oblong-  or 
spatulate-lanceolate,  often  fascicled,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole  ;  flowers  on 
slender  peduncles  fascicled  in  the  axils ;  coi-olla  short  funnel-form,  greenish- 


SOLANACE^..       (nightshade    FAMILY.)  383 

purple  ;  style  and  slender  filaments  equalling  its  lobes  ;  berry  oval,  orange-red. 
(L.  Ba'rbarum,  L.,  in  part.)  — About  dwellings  ;  and  escaped  into  waste  grounds 
in  Pennsylvania,  &c.     June- Aug.     (Adv.  IVoni  Eu.) 

5.    HYOSCYAMUS,     Tourn.        Henbane. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  or  urn-shaped,  5-lobed.  Corolla  funncl-iorm,  oblique,  with 
a  5-lobed  more  or  less  unequal  plaited  border.  Stamens  declined.  Pod  en- 
closed in  the  persistent  calyx,  2-celled,  opening  transversely  all  round  near  tho 
apex,  which  falls  off  like  a  lid.  —  Clammy-pubescent,  fetid,  narcotic  herbs,  with 
lurid  flowers  in  the  axils  of  angled  or  toothed  leaves.  (Name  composed  of 
vs,  idr,  o  lioq,  and  Kvafios,  (t  bean;  said  by  ^lian  to  be  poisonous  to  swine.) 

1.  H.  xiciiiK,  L.  (Black  Henbane.)  Biennial  or  annual ;  leaves  clasp- 
ing, sinuate-toothed  and  angled  ;  flowers  sessile,  in  one-sided  leafy  spikes  ;  co- 
rolla dull  yellowish,  strongly  reticulated  with  purple  veins.  —  Escaped  from 
gardens  to  roadsides.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.     DATURA,     L.        Jamestown-Weed.     Thorn-Apple. 

Calyx  prismatic,  .'i-toothed,  separating  transversely  above  the  base  in  fruit, 
the  upper  part  falling  away.  Corolla  funuel-form,  with  a  large  and  spreading 
5  -  10-toothed  plaited  border.  Stigma  2-lipped.  Pod  globular,  prickly,  4-valved, 
2-cclled,  with  2  thick  placentie  projected  from  the  axis  into  the  middle  of  the 
cells,  and  connected  with  the  walls  by  an  imperfect  false  partition,  so  that  the 
pod  is  4-celled  except  near  the  top,  the  placenta;  as  if  on  the  middle  of  these 
false  partitions.  Seeds  rather  large,  flat.  —  Rank  weeds,  narcotic-poisonous, 
with  ovate  leaves,  and  large  and  showy  flowers  on  short  peduncles  in  the  forks 
of  the  branching  stem ;  produced  all  summer  and  autumn.  (Altered  from  the 
Arabic  name,  Tnlomlt.) 

1.  D.  Stram6nium,  L.  (Common  Stramonium  or  Thorn  Apple.) 
Annual,  glabrous;  leaves  ovate,  sinuate-toothed  or  angled;  stem  green;  corolla 
white  (3'  long),  the  border  with  5  teeth.  —  Waste  grounds  :  a  well-known  weed. 
(Adv.  from  Asia.) 

2.  D.  TAtula,  L.  (Purple  T.)  Mostly  taller ;  stem  purple ;  corolla  pale 
violet-purple.  Thought  to  be  sjjecifically  distinct  fronj  the  last,  on  aeeo'unt  of  the 
behavior  of  the  cross-breeds.     (Adv.  from  trop.  AmehJ) 

7.     NICOTIANA,     L.        Tobacco. 

Calyx  tubular-bcll-shapccl,  .'i-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-form,  usu- 
ally with  a  long  tube;  the  plaited  border  5-Tobed.  Stigma  capitate.  Pod  2- 
celled,  2-  4-valved  from  the  apex.  Seeds  minute.  —  Rank  acrid-narcotic  herbs, 
mostly  clammy-pubcseeiit,  with  ample  entire  leaves,  and  racemcd  or  panicled 
flowers.  (Named  after  .Aj/(n  Nicot,  who  was  thought  to  liave  introduced  the 
Tobacco  (N.  Tabacum,  L.)  into  Europe.) 

1.  N.  rlstica,  L.  (Wild  Tobacco.)  Annual;  leaves  ovate,  petioled ; 
tube  of  the  dull  greenish-yellow  corolla  cylindrical,  two  thirds  longer  than  the 
calyx,  the  lobes  rounded.  —  OM  fields,  from  New  York  westward  and  south- 
ward •  a  relic  of  cultivation  by  the  Indians.     (Adv.  from  Trop.  Anier.) 


384  GKNTIANACK-E.       (gICNTIAX    FAMILY.) 

OnoKn  77.     GElVTIAWACEiE.     (Gentian  Family.) 

Smooth  herbs,  with  a  colorless  bitter  Juice,  opposite  and  sessile  entire  and 
simple  leaves  (except  in  Tribe  II.)  without  stipules,  regular  Jiowers  with  the 
stamens  as  mani/  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  which  are  convolute  {rarely  im- 
bricated and  sometimes  valvule)  in  the  bud,  a  1-celled  ovanj  ivith  2  parietal 
placenfcE,  or  nearhj  the  tvhole  inner  face  of  the  ocarij  ovuliferous  ;  the  fruit 
usually  a  2-valred  and  septicidul  many-seeded  pod.  —  Flowers  solitary  or 
cymose.  Calyx  persistent.  Corolla  mostly  withering-persistent  ;  the 
stamens  inserted  on  its  tube.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  minute  embryo 
in  fleshy  albumen.     (Bitter-tonic  plants.) 

Tribe  I.  GENTIANE^.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  in  the  buil  (with  the  sinuses 
mostly  plaiteil),  or  in  Obolaria  imbricated.  Leaves  almost  always  opposite  or  whorled,  en- 
tire, those  of  the  stem  sessile.  Seeds  very  small  and  numerous,  with  a  cellular  coat ;  In 
Obolaria,  Bartonia,  and  several  Gentians,  the  ovules  and  seeds  covering  the  whole  face  of 
the  pericarp  ! 

*  Style  distinct  and  slender,  deciduous. 

1.  Sabbiitia.     Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5- 12-parted  :  anthers  at  length  recurved. 

2.  Erythrrea.     Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-shaped,  4  -  5-clefl :   anthers  soon  spiral. 

»  *  Style  (if  any)  and  stigmas  persistent :  anthers  straight. 

3.  Frasera.     Corolla  4-parted,  wheel-shaped  ;  a  fringed  glandular  spot  on  each  lobe. 

4.  Hnlenia.     Corolla  4-  5-cleft,  bell-shaped,  and  4  -  o-spurred  at  the  base. 

5.  Gentiaiia.      Corolla  funnel- or  bell-shaped,  mostly  plaited  in  the  sinuses,  not  spurred. 

6.  Barloiiia.     Corolla  deeply  4-cleft,  bell-shaped  :   no  jjlaits.     Calyx  4-parted. 

7.  Obolaria.     Corolla  tubular-bell-shaped,  4-lobea,  with  no  plaits,  the  lobes  imbricated  in 

the  bud  !     Calyx  '2-leaved. 

Tribe   II.     MEIV  YANTIIE^.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  valvate  in  the  bud,  with  the  edges 
turned  inwards.     Stem-leaves  alternate,  petioled.     Seed-coat  hard  or  bony. 

8.  MeiiyaiitUes.     Corolla  bearded  inside.     Leaves  3-foliolate. 

9.  liiniiiantbeuium.     Corolla  naked  or  bearded  on  the  margins  only.     Leaves  simple, 

rounded. 

1.     SABBATIA,    Adans.        American  Centaury. 

Calyx  .^- 12-piirteil,  tlic  divisions  slender.  Corolla  5-12-partcd,  wheel- 
shaped.  Stamens  5-12:  anthers  soon  recurved.  Style  2-piirtcd,  slender. — 
Biennials  or  annuals,  with  slender  stems,  and  cymose-panicled  handsome  (whitfe 
or  rose-purple)  flowers  ;  in  summer.  (Dedicated  to  L.  Sabbati,  an  early  Italian 
botanist.) 

*  Corolla  ^-/inrted,  or  rnreli/  6-7-pnrtrd. 
-»-   Corolla  ivhitc,  often  turning  yellowish  in  dryiny:  rynus  rarymhed,  wany-fowered. 

1.  S.  paniCUlkta,  Pursh.  Stpm  Imwhiately  much-lmmrhcd  (l°-2°  hi>,rh), 
rather  terete,  l)nt  angled  with  4  sharp  lines  ;  letrces  linpfir  or  the  hnvr  ahtmiq,  ob' 
fuse,  I- nerved,  iio;iily  ('(|iiallinfi  the  internodes  ;  calyx-lohes  linear-thread-form, 
much  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  Low  grounds,  Viriiinia  and  southward. 

2.  S.  lanceolata,  Ton-.  &  Gr.  Stem  sim/ile  (l°-3°  hi>-h)  bearing  a  flat- 
topped  cyme;  Imrts  ovntp-ianceohite  or  ovate,  H-nerved,  the  upper  acute,  much 
shorter  than  the  internodes ;   calyx-lobes  longer  and  flowers  larger  thnn  in 


gentianaoejG.     (gentian  family.)  '3S6 

No.  1.     (Chironia  lanccolata,  Walt.     S.  corymbosa,  Baldw.)  —  Vfet  pine  bar- 
rens, from  New  Jersey  southward. 

4_  ^_  Corolla  rose-i)ink,  rarely  white,  with  a  yellowish  or  greenish  eye:  stem  erect, 
1°  -3°  hii/h,  pyrumiihilly  maity-flowered :  bniiivhes  oi>/.osile  :  peduncles  short. 

3.  S.  brachi^ta,  Ell.  Stem  sliyhtly  anyled,  simple  below  (l°-2°  high); 
leaves  linear  and  linear-oblon(j,  obtuse,  or  the  upper  acute ;  branches  rather  few- 
flowered,  forming  an  oblong  panicle  ;  calyx-lobes  nearly  half  shorter  than  the 
corolla.  (S.  concinna.  Wood,  ex  char.)  —Dryish  grassy  places,  Virginia  (Indi- 
ana, Wood),  and  southward.  —  Corolla  rather  smaller,  and  its  lobes  narrower 
than  in  the  next. 

4.  S.  angularis,  Pursh.  St(m  sonmchat  Awinrjed-angled,  much  branched 
above  [\°--l^°  high),  many-flowered;  leaves  ovate,  acutish,  5-nerved,  with  a 
stmewhut  heart-sha/ied  clas/iiiiy  base ;  calyx-lobes  one  third  or  half  the  length  of 
the  corolla.  —  Dry  ground.  New  York  to  Illinois  and  southward.  Corolla  1^' 
wide  ;  the  lobes  obovate. 

4-  -t-  -t-  Corolla  rose-jnirple  or  while:  stems  (5' -20'  hiyh)  slender,  loosely  and  often 
alternately  branched,  or  merely  forked,  terete  or  scarcely  i-anyled :  peduncles  elon- 
gated and  \-fluwered. 

5.  S.  ealyc6sa,  Pursh.  Diffusely  forking,  pale  ;  leaves  oblong  or  lance-ob- 
long, narrowed  at  lite  base ;  caly.r-lobes  fuliace.ous,  spatulate-lanceolate  ('i' -  I'  long), 
exceeding  the  almost  while  corolla.  —  Marshes,  E.  Virginia,  and  southward. 

G.  S.  Stellaris,  Pursh.  Loosely  branched  and  forking ;  leaves  oblong-  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  or  the  upper  linear;  ctdyx-lobes  aicl-shaped-linear,  varying  from 
half  to  nearly  the  length  of  the  bright  rose-purple  corolla.  —  Salt  marshes,  Massachu- 
setts to  Virginia,  and  southward.     Too  near  the  next. 

7.  S.  gracilis,  Salisb.  Stem  very  slender,  at  length  diffusely  branched  ; 
the  branches  and  long  peduncles  filiform  ;  leaves  linear,  or  the  lower  lance-linear, 
the  uppermost  similar  to  the  setaceous  calyx-lobes,  which  equal  the  rose-purple 
corolla.  (Chironia  campanulata,  L.) — Brackish  marshes,  Nantucket  (OaKs), 
banks  of  lower  Delaware  River  {Mr.  Cooley,Mr.  Diffenbaugh),  and  southward. 

*  *  Corolla  9-12-parted,  large  {about  2'  bro'td).     (Lapithea,  Grisebach.) 

8.  S.  ehloroides,  Pursh.  Stem  (l°-2°  high),  loosely  panicled  above; 
the  peduncles  Slender,  1 -flowered  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  ;  calyx-lobes  linear, 
half  the  length  of  the  deep  rose-colored  (rarely  white)  corolla.  —  Borders  of 
brnckish  ponds,  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  to  Virginia,  and  southward. — One 
of  our  handsomest  plants. 

2.    ERYTHEMA,     Pers.        Centaury. 

Calyx  4-  5-parted,  the  divisions  slender.  Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-form, 
with  a  slender  tube  and  a  4 -5-parted  limb.  Anthers  exserted,  erect,  twisting 
spirally.  Style  slender,  single  :  stigma  capitate  or  2-lipped.  —  Low  and  small 
branching  annuals,  chiefly  with  rose-purple  or  reddish  flowers  (whence  the  name, 
from  (pvBpos,  red) ;  in  summer.  All  our  Northern  species  were  probably  intro- 
duced, and  occur  in  few  localities. 

1.  E.  CicxTAURiuM,  Pers.  (Ckntacuy.)  Stem  upright,  con/w/)OsT////)n(«(7(r<i 
above ;  leaves  oblong  or  elliptical,  acutish ;  the  uppermost  linear ;  cytm^  clus- 
GM     17 


3R6  GKNTIANACE^.       (GENTIAN    FAMII-Y.) 

terfd,  flat -topped,  the.  Jlourrs  all  ncarhj  sessile;  tube  of  the  (pnrple-rosc-colored) 
corolla  not  twice  the  len^^th  of  tlic  oval  lobes. — Oswego,  New  York.  —  Plant 
C  -  12'  high  :  corolla  3"  -  4"  long.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  E.  RAMOsfssiMA,  Pcrs.,  var.  pci.chella,  Griscb.  Low  (2'-G'  high)  ; 
stem  many  tl mes  forked  above  and  forming  a  diffuse  cipm  ;  leaves  ovatc-oblong  or 
oval ;  flowers  all  on  short  pedicels ;  tube  of  the  (pink-purple)  corolla  thrice  the 
length  of  the  elliptical-oblong  lobes.  (E.  Muhlenbe'rgii,  Grisd.,  as  to  Penn. 
plant.  Exacuni  pulchellum,  Pursh.)  —  Wet  or  shady  places,  Long  Island  to  E. 
Virginia  :  scarce.  —  Flowers  smaller  than  in  No.  1.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  E.  spicXta,  Pers.  Stem  strictly  upright  (6' -  10' high)  ;  the  floiccrs  ses- 
sile and  spiked  alonrj  one  side  of  the  simple  or  rarely  forked  brunches  ;  leaves  oval 
and  oblong,  rounded  at  the  base,  acutish  ;  tube  of  the  (rose-colored  or  whitish) 
corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lobes  oblong.  (E.  Pickcringii. 
Oakcs.)  —  Sandy  sea-shore,  Nantucket,  Massachusetts,  Oakes,  and  Norfolk,  Vir- 
ginia, Riir/fl.  —  Remarkable  for  the  spike-like  arrangement  of  the  flowers. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.  1) 

3.  PRASERA,     Walt.        American  Colcmbo. 

Calyx  deeply  4-partcd.  Corolla  deeply  4-parted,  wheel-shaped,  each  division 
with  a  glandular  and  fringed  pit  on  the  face.  Filaments  awl-shupcd,  usually 
somewhat  monadeljdious  at  the  base  :  anthers  oblong,  versatile.  Style  persist- 
ent :  stigma  2-lobed.  Pod  oval,  flattened,  4-  14-seeded.  Seeds  large  and  flat, 
wing-margined.  —  Tall  and  showy  herbs,  with  a  thick  root,  upright  and  mostly 
simple  stems,  bearing  whorled  leaves,  and  numerous  pcdunclcd  flowers  in  open 
cymes,  which  are  disposed  in  an  ample  elongated  panicle.  (Dedicated  to  John 
Eraser,  an  indefatigable  collector  in  this  country  towards  the  close  of  the  last 
century.) 

1.  F.  Carolinensis,  Walt.  Smooth  biennial  or  triennial  (.3° -8°  high)  ; 
leaves  mostly  in  fours,  lance-oblong,  the  lowest  spatulate,  veiny ;  panicle  py- 
ramidal, loosely  flowered  ;  divisions  of  the  corolla  oblong,  mucronate,  longer 
than  the  narrowly  lanceolate  calyx-lobes,  each  with  a  large  and  round  gland 
on  their  middle;  pod  much  flattened  parallel  with  the  flat  valves.  —  Rich  dry 
soil,  S.  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  July.  —  Root  very  thick 
and  bitter.  Corolla  1'  broad,  light  greenish-yellow,  marked  with  small  brown- 
purple  dots. 

4.  HALENIA,    Borkh.        Spurred  Gentian. 

Calyx  4- 5-parted.  Corolla  short  bcll-shapcd,  4-5-cleft,  without  folds  or 
fringe,  prolonged  at  the  base  underneath  the  erect  lobes  into  spurs,  which  arc 
glandular  in  the  bottom.  Stigmas  2,  sessile,  persistent  on  the  oblong  flattish 
pod.  Seeds  rather  numerous,  oblong.  —  Small  and  upright  herbs,  with  yellow- 
ish or  purplish  panicled-cymosc  flowers.     (Name  of  unknown  meaning.) 

1.  H.  defldxa,  Griscbadi.  Leafy  annual  or  biennial  (9'- 18'high),  sim- 
]ik'  (jr  branched  above;  leaves  3-5-ncrvcd,  the  lowest  oblong-spatulatc  and 
jietiolcd  ;  the  others  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  ;  spurs  cylindrical,  obtuse,  curved, 
descending,  half  the  length  of  the  acutely  4-lobcd  corolla.    (Swe'rtia  corniculata. 


GICNTIANACE^.       (gENTIAN    FAMILY.)  387 

L.,  partly.)  — Damp  woods,  from  the  northern  parts  of  Maine,  to  Wisconsin,  and 
northward.     July,  August. 

5.    GENTIANA,    L.        Gextiax. 

Calyx  4-5-clcft.  Corolla  4  -  5-lobed,  regular,  usually  with  intermediate 
plaited  folds,  which  bear  a|>pendages  or  teeth  at  the  sinuses.  Style  short  or 
none:  stigmas  2,  persistent.  Pod  oblong,  2-valved  ;  the  innumerable  seeds 
either  borne  on  placenta;  at  or  near  the  sutures,  or  in  most  of  our  species  cover- 
ing nearly  the  whole  inner  face  of  the  pod.    (First  shown  by  Prof.  II.  J.  Ckirlc!) 

—  Flowers  solitary  or  cymose,  showy,  in  late  summer  and  autumn.  (Name 
from  Gentlus,  king  of  Illyria,  who  used  some  species  medicinally.) 

§  1.  AMARELLOIDES,  Ton-.  &  Gr.  Corolla  tubular-funnel -form,  witliout 
crown  or  plaited  folds,  and  with  the  lobes  naked:  anthers  separate,  jixed  by 
the  middle,  iulrorse  in  the  bud,  but  reflextd  afer  the  flower  opens :  seeds  wing- 
liss :  annuals. 

1.  G.  quinquefldra,  Lam.  (Five-flowered  G.)  Stem  rather  slen- 
der, branching  (1°  high)  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  from  a  partly  clasping  and 
heart-shaped  base,  3  -  7-nerved,  tipped  with  a  minute  point ;  branches  racemed 
or  panicled,  about  5-flowered  at  the  summit ;  lobes  of  the  small  5-cleft  calyx 
awl-shaped-linear ;  lobes  of  the  ])ale-blue  corolla  triangular-ovate,  bristle-pointed, 
one  fourth  the  length  of  the  slender  obeonical  tube.  —  Var.  occidentXlis  has 
lineai'-lanceolate  calyx-lobes,  more  leaf-like,  about  half  the  length  of  the  corolla. 

—  Dry  hilly  woods,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  southward,  especially  along  the 
Alleghanies :  the  var.  is  the  common  form  in  the  Western  States.  —  Corolla 
nearly  1'  long ;  in  the  variety  proportionally  shorter. 

§  2.    CROSSOPETALUM,  Frcel.      Corolla  funnel-form,  gland-bcarinfj  between  the 
bases  of  the  f  laments,  without  crown  or  plaited  folds ;  the  lo'.ies  fringed  or  toothed 
on  the  marfiins :  anthers  as  in  §  1  :  pod  somewhat  stalked :  seeds  luingless,  clothed 
•  with  little  scales:  annuals  or  biennials. 

2.  G.  crinita,  Frcel.  (Fuixged  G.)  Flowers  solitary  on  long  peduncles 
terminating  the  stem  or  simple  branches  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ocate-lanceolate  from 
a  parth)  heart-shaped  or  rounded  base;  lobes  of  the  4-cleft  calyx  uneqnal,  ovate  and 
lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  bell-shaiied  tube  of  the  sky-blue  corolla,  the  lobes  of 
which  arc  wcdge-obovate,  and  strongl/j  fring^l  around  the  summit;  ovari/  lanceohite. 
r—  Low  grounds.  New  England  to  Kentucky  and  Wisconsin  :  rather  common.  — 
Plant  l°-2°  high  :  the  showy  corolla  2'  long. 

3.  G.  detonsa,  Fries.  (Smaller  Fringed  G.)  Stem  .simple  or  witli 
fllendcr  branches,  terminated  by  solitary  flowers  on  very  long  peduncles ;  leaves 
linear  or  lanceolate-linear  ;  lobes  of  the  4-  (rarely  h-)  cleft  calyx  unequal,  ovate  or 
triangular  and  lanceolate,  pointed  ;  lobes  of  the  sky-blue  corolla  spatulate-oblong, 
with  citiate-fringed  margins,  the  fringe  sliorter  or  almost  obsolete  at  tlte  summit; 
ovary  elliptical  or  obovatr.  —  Moist  grounds,  Niagara  Falls  to  Illinois  and  north- 
westward.    Passes  into  the  last.     (Eu.) 

§  3.  PNEUMONANTHE,  Nccker.  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  obeonical,  5-lobcd, 
with  plaited  folds  which  project  into  appendages  in  the  sinuses :  ant/ias  crtcl, 


388  GENTIANACE^.       (gKNTIAN    FAMILY.) 

Jixed  by  the  deep  sacjittate  base,  exfrorse,  often  cohtring  with  each  other  in  a  ring 
or  tube:  pofi  slulktd :  perennials,  musl/i/  (lulttmn-Jluwerini/. 

*  Flowers  nearly  sessile,  clustered  or  rarely  solitary,  2-bracteolale. 
•1-  Seids  winyless  :  anthers  unconnected. 

4.  G.  OChroleuea,  Fial.  (Ykllowisii-Whitk  G.)  Stems  ascending, 
mostly  smooth  ;  tlic  flowers  in  a  dense  terminal  cluster  and  often  also  in  ax- 
illary clusters ;  leavis  oborate-oUonfj,  the  lowest  broadly  obovate  and  obtuse,  the 
uppermost  somewhat  lanceolate,  all  narroued  at  the  base ;  calyx-lobes  linear,  un- 
equal, much  longer  than  its  tube,  rather  shorter  than  the  greenish-white  open  corolla, 
which  is  painted  inside  with  green  veins  and  lilac-purple  stripes ;  its  lobes  ovate, 
very  much  exceeding  the  small  and  sparingly  toothed  oblique  appendages  ;  pod 
included  in  the  persistent  corolla.  —  Dry  grounds,  S.  rennsylvania  (rare)  to 
Virginia,  and  common  southward. 

-i-  -1-  Seeds  winged:  anthers  connivent  and  usually  more  or  cohering. 

5.  G.  ^Iba,  Muhl.  Cat.!  (Whitish  G.)  Stems  ujiright,  stout,  and  very 
smooth  ;  Howers  closely  sessile  and  much  crowded  in  a  dense  terminal  cluster, 
sometimes  also  clustered  in  the  upper  axils  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  from  a  ncart- 
shaped  closely  clasping  base,  gradually  tapering  to  a  point ;  calyx-lobes  ovate, 
shorter  than  the  top-shaped  tube,  and  many  times  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  reflexed-spreading  ;  corolla  ivhite  more  or  less  tinged  with  greenish  or  yellow- 
ish, iiijlated-club-shaped,  at  length  open,  its  short  and  broad  ovate  lobes  n&trhj  twice  the 
length  of  the  tuothed  appenchig/'s ;  pod  nearly  included;  seeds  broadly  winged. 
(G.  flavida,  Gray,  in  Sill.  Jour.  G.  ochroleuca,  Sims.,  Darlingt.,  Griseltach, 
in  part.)  —  Glades  and  low  grounds,  S.  ^^.  New  York  to  Virginia  along  the 
AUeghanies,  and  west  to  Illinois  and  Lake  Superior.  Begins  to  flower  in  July, 
fur  earlier  than  the  two  next. 

6.  G.  Andl'ewsii,  Griseb.  (Closed  G.)  Stems  upright,  smooth  ;  flow- 
ers closely  sessile  in  tcrmin;il  and  upper  axillary  clusters  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate 
and  lancfolate  from  a  narrower  base,  gradunlly  pointed,  rough-margined  ;  calyx- 
lobes  ovate  or  oblong,  recurved,  shorter  than  the  top-shaped  tube,  and  much 
shorter  than  the  inflated  chib-slmpid  and  truncate  mostly  blue  corolla,  which  is 
dosed  at  the  mouth,  its  proper  lubes  obliteraUd,  the  apparent  lobes  consisting  of 
the  broad  fringe-toothed  and  notched  appendages  ;  pod  finally  projecting  out 
of  the  persistent  corolla;  seeds  broadly  winged.  (G.  Sajionaria,  Frai.,  not 
oi'  L.) — Moist  and  rich  soil:  common,  csi)ccially  northward.  —  Corolla  an 
inch  or  more  in  length,  striped  inside,  the  folds  whitish  ;  occasionally  jiare 
white  througboiit. 

7.  G.  Sapon^ria,  L.  (Soapwokt  G.)  Stem  erect  or  ascending,  smooth; 
the  flowers  clustered  at  the  summit  and  more  or  less  so  in  the  axils  ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  oblong,  or  lancenlate-olm-ute,  with  rough  margins,  narrowed  at  the  base  ; 
calyx-lobes  linear  or  spatulate,  acute,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  tube,  half  the 
length  of  the  corolla  ;  lobes  of  the  club-bell-shapcd  light-blue  corolln  obtuse,  erect  or 
converging,  short  and  broad,  but  distinct,  and  more  or  hss  longer  than  the  consj)>cuous 
2-cleft  and  minutrly  toothed  a/iptuditges ;  se/ds  acute,  narrowly  winged.  (G.  Cates- 
ba;i.  Wall.) — Moist  woods.  New  Jersey  and  S.  Penu.  to  Virginia,  Illinois,  and 
southward :  flowering  late. 


GENTIANACE^.       (gENTIAN    FAMILY.)  dSO 

Var.  linearis.  Slender,  nearly  simple  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  linear  or 
lancc-linuar  (2'-3' long),  acittish  ;  Hppendages  of  the  corolla  shorter  and  less 
cleft,  or  almost  entire.  (G.  rncumonanthc,  Amer.  autlt.,  .j-  Ed.  1.  G.  linearis, 
Fred.)  —  Mountain  wet  glades  of  Maryland  and  Pcnn.,  to  Lake  Superior, 
Northern  New  York,  New  Hampshire  (near  Concord),  and  Maine  (near  Tort- 
land)  :  heginning  to  hlossom  at  midsummer.  —  Seems  to  pass  on  one  side  into 
G.  Saponaria,  on  the  other  into  G.  Pneumonanthe  of  Europe. 

8.  G.  pub6rula,  IMichx.  Stems  erect  or  ascending  (8'- IC  high),  mostly 
?-oi(///t  and  minutely  pubescent  above;  leaves  rigid  varying  from  linear-lanceolate 
to  oblong-lanceulate,  rough-margined  (1'- 2' long)  ;  flowers  clustered,  rarely  soli- 
tary; calyx-lobes  lanceolafe,  not  longer  than  the  tube,  much  shorter  than  the 
b.H-fnmiel-form  o/ien  briglit-lilti  corolla,  the  spreading  ovate  lobes  of  which  are  acutish 
and  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  cut-toothed  appendages.  (G.  Catesbtei, 
Ell.  G.  Saponaria,  var.  pubcrula,  Ed.  1.)  —  Dry  prairies  and  barrens,  Ohio  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward.  Flowering  near  the  end  of  summer.  Corolla  large 
for  the  size  of  the  plant,  1,'- 2' long.  Seeds  (also  in  G-  Pneumonanthe)  not 
covering  the  walls,  as  they  do  in  the  rest  of  this  division. 

*  *  Flowers  1-3,  peduncled:  seeds  wingless:  anthers  separate. 

9.  G.  angUStifolia,  Michx.  Stems  slender  and  ascending  (6'  -  15'  high) ; 
leaves  linear  or  the  lower  oblanccolate,  rigid  ;  corolla  opcn-funnel-form,  azure- 
blue,  also  a  greenish  and  white  variety  (2'  long),  about  twice  the  length  of  the 
thread-like  calyx-lobes,  its  ovate  spreading  lobes  twice  the  length  of  the  cut- 
toothed  appendages.  —  Moist  piae  barrens.  New  Jersey,  and  southward. 

6.     BARTONIA,     Muhl.         (Centaurella,  Michx.) 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  deeply  4-cleft,  destitute  of  glands,  fringes,  or  folds. 
Stamens  short.  Pod  oblong,  flattened,  pointed  with  a  large  persistent  at  length 
2-lobed  stigma.  Seeds  minute,  innumerable,  covering  the  whole  inner  surface 
of  the  pod.  —  Small  annuals  or  biennials  (3'- 10'  high),  with  thread-like  stems, 
and  little  awl-shaped  scales  in  place  of  leaves.  Flowers  small,  white,  peduncled. 
( Dedicated,  in  the  year  1 801 ,  to  Prof.  Benjamin  Smith  Barton,  of  Philadelphia.) 

1.  B.  tenella,  Muhl.  Stems  branched  above;  the  branches  or  peduncles 
mostly  opposite,  1  -  3-flowered  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong,  acntish,  rather  longer 
than  the.  calg.v,  or  sometimes  twice  as  long  ;  anthers  roundish  ;  ovary  4-angled,  the 
cell  somewhat  cruciform.  — Open  woods,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward. Aug.  —  Centaurella  Moseri,  Grisebuch,  is  a  variety  with  the  scales  and 
peduncles  mostly  alternate,  and  the  petals  acute. 

2.  B.  verna,  Muhl.  Stem  l  -  few-flowered ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  s/iatitlate, 
obtii.se,  spreading,  thrice  the  length  of  the  cali/.r ;  anthers  oblong  ;  ovary  flat.  —  Bogs 
near  the  coast,  Virginia  and  southward.  March.  —  Flowers  3" -4"  long,  larger 
than  in  No.  1. 

7.     OBOLARIA,    L.        Obolaria. 

Calyx  of  2  spatulatc  spreading  sepals,  resembling  the  leaves.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar-l)ell-shaix;d,  withering-persistent,  4-clcft ;  the  lobes  oval-oblong,  or  with  age 


390  GENTIANACK^.       (GENTIAN    FAMILY.) 

spatiilatc,  imbricated  in  the  bud  !  Stamens  inserted  at  tlie  sinuses  of  the  corolla, 
sliort.  Style  short,  persistent :  stigma  2-lipped.  Pod  ovoid,  l-cclled,  the  ecll 
cruciform  :  tlic  seeds  covering  the  whole  face  of  tlie  walls.  —  A  low  and  very 
smooth  purplish-green  perennial  (3' -  8'  high),  witli  a  simple  or  sparingly 
branched  stem,  opposite  wedge-obovate  leaves  ;  the  dull  white  or  purplish 
flowers  solitary  or  in  clusters  of  three,  terminal  and  axillary,  nearly  sessile  ;  in 
spring.  (Xanie  from  o^oXoy,  a  small  Greek  coin;  to  which,  however,  the 
leaves  of  this  plant  bear  no  manifest  resemblance.) 

1.  O.  Virginica,  L.  (Grntj,  Clilor.  Bm-.-Am.,  t.?,.)  —  Rich  soil,  in  woods, 
from  New  Jersey  to  Illinois,  and  soutlnvard  :  rather  raie. 

8.    MENYANTHES,    Tourn.        Buckbean. 

Calyx  5-partcd.  Corolla  short  funnel-form,  .'j-parted,  deciduous,  the  whole 
npper  surface  white-bearded,  valvate  in  the  bud  with  the  margins  turned  inward. 
Style  slender,  persistent :  stigma  2-lol)ed.  Pod  bursting  somewhat  irregularly, 
many-seeded.  Seed-coat  hard,  smooth,  and  shining. — A  perennial  alternate- 
leaved  herb,  with  a  thickit;h  creeping  rootstoek,  sheathed  by  the  membranous 
bases  of  the  long  petioles,  which  bear  3  oval  or  oblong  leaflets  at  the  summit; 
the  flowers  raeemed  on  the  naked  scajie  (l°high),  white  or  slightly  reddish. 
(The  ancient  Theophrastian  name,  ])robably  from  }ir]v,  month,  and  (wBos,  a 
fluwtr,  some  say  from  its  flowering  for  about  that  time.) 

1.  M.  trifoliata,  I>.  —  Bogs,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin, 
and  northward.     May,  June.     (Eu.) 

9.    LIMNAISTTHEMUM,     Gmclin.        Flo.^ting  Heart. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  almost  wheel-shaped,  5-parted,  the  divisions  fringed 
or  bearded  at  the  base  or  margins  only,  folded  inwards  in  the  bud,  bearing  a 
glandular  appendage  near  the  base.  Style  short  or  none  :  stigma  2-lobcd,  per- 
sistent. Pod  few  -  many-seeded,  at  length  bursting  irregularly.  Seed-coat 
hard.  —  Perennial  aquatics,  with  rounded  floating  leaves  on  very  long  petioles, 
which,  in  most  species,  bear  near  their  summit  the  umbel  of  (polygamous) 
flowers,  along  with  a  cluster  of  short  and  s])ur-like  roots,  sometimes  shooting 
forth  new  leaves  from  the  same  place,  and  so  spreading  by  a  sort  of  proliferous 
stolons  :  flowering  all  summer.  (Name  compounded  of  'Kl^vr),  a  marsh  or/W, 
and  uvSfiJiov,  a  hlotKoin,  from  the  situations  where  they  grow.) 

1.  L.  lacunbsum,  Gri.sebach  (partly).  Zeai'es  ph^')7>,  round-lioart-sliaped 
(l'-2'  broad),  thickish  ;  petioles  filiform  ;  lobes  of  the  (white)  corolla  broadly 
oval,  naked,  except  the  crest-like  yellowish  gland  at  their  base,  twice  the  length 
of  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes;  style  none;  xarls  smoo/h  and  rrni.  (Villarsia 
lacunosa.  Vent.  Y.  cordlita,  Ell.)  —  Shallow  water,  from  Maine  and  N.  New 
York  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

2.  L.  trachyspermum,  Gray.  /.«7tvs/(/)y/rc  (2'- C broad),  and  rounder, 
thicker,  often  wavy-margined  or  crenate,  roughisli  and  dark-punctate  or  pitted 
beneath  ;  ])etioles  stouter  ;  seech  i/landiilar-ruui/hciictl.  (Menyanthes  traehysperma, 
Michx.)  — Ponds,  Maryland  ( IF.  M^.  Canbij)  and  southward. 


loganiacejE.     (logania  family.)  391 

Ordkr  78.     LiOGANIACE.lE.     (Logania  Family.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  loilh  opposite  and  entire  leaves,  and  stipules  or  a 
stipular  membrane  or  line  between  them,  and  with  regular  4  -  b-merous  4-5- 
androus  perfect  flowers,  the  ocunj  free  from  the  calyx  :  a  connecting  group 
between  Gentianaceai,  Apocynaccoe,  Scrophulariaccae  (from  all  wliich  they 
are  known  by  their  stipules)  and  Rubiaceaj,  from  which  they  differ  in  their 
free  ovary  :  our  representatives  of  the  family  are  all  most  related  to  the 
RubiaceoB,  to  which,  indeed,  they  have  been  apjjcnded. 

*  Woorly  twiners  ;  leaves  evergreen. 

1.  Gelseniiuin.     Corolla  large,  the  5  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Style  slender :  stigmas  4. 

«  *  Herbs. 

2.  Pol ypremuiM.     Corolla  4-Iobed,  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

3.  Spigelia,     Corolla  6-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.    Style  single,  jointed  in  the  middle. 

4.  Mitreola.   Corolla  5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.     Styles  2,  short,  converging,  united  at  the 

summit,  and  with  a  common  stigma. 

1.     GELSEMIUM,    Juss.        Yellow  (False)  Jessamine. 

Calyx  .5-partcd.  Corolla  opcn-funnel-form,  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  imbricated  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  5,  with  oblong  sagittate  anthers.  Style  long  and  slender. 
Stigmas  2,  each  2-partcd ;  the  divisions  linear.  Pod  elliptical,  flattened  con- 
trary to  the  narrow  partition,  2-celIed,  septicidally  2-valved.  Seeds  many  or 
several,  winged.  Embryo  straight  in  fleshy  albumen  ;  the  ovate  flat  cotyledons 
much  shorter  than  the  slender  radicle.  —  Smooth  and  twining  shrubby  plants 
with  opposite  and  entire  ovate  or  lanceolate  leaves,  minute  stipules,  and  showy 
yellow  (lowers,  of  two  sorts  as  to  relative  length  of  stamens  and  style.  ( (Jelse- 
iidiin,  the  Italian  name  of  the  Jessamine.) 

1.  G.  semp6rvirens,  Ait.  (Yellow  Jessamine  of  the  South.)  Stem 
climbing  high;  leaves  sbort-petioled,  shining,  nearly  persistent;  flowers  in 
short  axillary  clusters  ;  pedicels  scaly-bracted  ;  flowers  very  fragrant  (the  bright 
yellow  corolla  I'-l^'  long);  pod  flat,  pointed. —Low  grounds,  Eastern  Vir- 
ginia and  southward.     JMarcli,  April. 

2.    POLYPREMUM,    L.        PoLYruEMUM. 

Calyx  4-pnrtcd  ;  the  divisions  awl-shajied  from  a  brond  scariotis-marginrd 
Lase.  Corolla  not  longer  than  the  caly.x,  almost  wheel-shaped,  bearded  in  tbc 
throat;  the  4  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  very  short:  anthers 
globular.  Style  1,  very  short:  stigma  ovoid,  entire.  Pod  ovoid,  a  little  flat- 
tened, notched  at  the  apex,  2-cellcd,  loculicidally  2-valved,  many-seeded.  —  A 
smooth,  ditnisc,  much-branchcil,  small  annual,  with  narrowly  linear  or  awl- 
sliapcd  leaves,  connected  at  their  b:isc  across  the  stem  hy  a  slight  stipular  line; 
tlic  small  flowers  solitary  and  sessile  ia  the  forks  and  at  the  ends  of  tlic 
branches;  corolla  inconspicuous,  white.  (Name  altered  from  TroXv-pfjivos, 
mnni/slemmrd  ) 

1.  P.  pi'OC1J.rabenS,  L. — Dry  fields,  mostly  in  sandy  soil,  Maryland  and 
southward;  also  ad ventive  at  Philadelphia.     June- Oct. 


S^2  APOCYNACi:^.       (l>OGI5A\E    FAJIILY.) 

3.     SPIGELIA,    L.        Pink-root.        Worm-grass. 

Calyx  5-partC(l ;  tlic  lohcs  .slender.  Corolla  tubular-fiinncl-fonn,  ."i-lobed  at 
the  siiininit,  valvate  in  the  i)iul.  StaniOns  5  :  anthers  linear.  Style  1,  slender, 
hairy  above,  jointed  near  the  middle.  Pod  short,  2-celled,  twin,  laterally  flat- 
tened, separating  at  maturity  from  a  persistent  base  into  2  carpels,  which  open 
lociilieidally,  few-seeded.  —  Chiefly  herbs,  with  the  pair  of  leaves  united  by 
means  of  the  stipules,  and  the  flowers  spiked  in  one-sided  cymes.  (Named  for 
Adrian  S/u'egel,  latinized  Spiijelius,  who  wrote  on  botany  at  the  beginning  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  and  was  perhaps  the  first  to  give  directions  for 
preparing  an  herbarium.) 

1.  S.  Marilandica,  L.  (Maryland  Pink-root.)^  Stems  simple  and 
erect  from  a  perennial  root  (6'- 18'  high);  leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute  ;  spike  simple  or  forked,  short ;  tube  of  the  corolla  4  times  the  Jengtli  ot 
the  calyx,  the  lobes  lanceolate;  anthers  and  style  exserted. —  Kich  woods, 
Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin  and  southward:  not  common  northward.  June, 
July.  —  Corolla  1^'  long,  red  outside,  yellow  within.  —  A  well-known  officinal 
anthelmintic,  and  a  showy  plant. 

4.     MITREOLA,    L.        Mitrewort. 

Calyx  5-partcd.  Corolla  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  somewhat  funnel-form, 
5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  included.  Ovary  at  the  base  slightly 
adnate  to  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  2-celled :  styles  2,  short,  converging  and 
united  above  ;  the  stigmas  also  united  into  one.  Pod  projecting  beyond  the 
ralyx,  strongly  2-horned  or  mitre-shaped,  opening  down  the  inner  side  of  each 
horn,  many-seeded. — Annual  smooth  herbs,  6' -2°  high,  with  small  stipules 
between  the  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  spiked  along  one  side  of  the 
branches  of  a  terminal  pctioled  cyme.  (Name,  a  little  mitre,  from  the  shape 
of  the  pod.) 

1.  M.  petiolkta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaves  thin,  oblong  lanceolate,  pctioled. 
—  Damp  soil,  from  Eastern  Virginia  southward. 

2.  M.  Sessilif61ia,  Torr.  &  Gray,  with  thickish  sessile  and  roundish 
leaves,  probably  occurs  as  far  north  as  Virginia. 

Order   71).     APOCYIVACE^.     (Dogbane  Family-.) 

Plants  almost  all  with  ntilky  acrid  juice,  entire  {chiefly  opposite)  leaves 
vithnut  stipules,  regular  b-merous  and  r,-androus  flowers  ;  the  5  lobes  of  the 
corolla  convolute  and  twisted  in  the  hud  ;  the  filaments  distinct,  inserted  on 
the  corolla,  and  the  pollen  granular;  the  calyx  entirely  free  from  tlic 
two  ovaries,  which  (in  our  genera)  are  distinct  (and  forming  pods), 
though  their  styles  or  stigmas  are  united  into  one.  —  Seeds  amphitro- 
pous  or  anatropous,  with  a  large  straight  embryo  in  sparing  albumen, 
often  bearing  a  tuft  of  down  (comose).  —  Chiefly  a  tropical  family  (of 
acrid-poisonous  plants),  represented  in  gardens  by  the  Oleander  and 
Periwinkle,  and  among  wild  plants  by  three  genera :  — 


APOCTNACEiE.       (DOGBANE    FAMILY.)  393 

1     Amsoiiia.    Seeds  naked.    Corolla  with  the  tube  bearded  inside.    Anthers  longer  than  the 
filaments.     Leaves  alternate. 

2.  Forsttroiiia.     Seeds  comose.     Corolla  funnel-form,  not  appendaged.     Filaments  slen- 

der.    Calyx  glandular  inside.    Leaves  opposite. 

3.  Apocyiiuin.     Seeds  comose.    Corolla  bell-shaped,  appendaged  within.    Filaments  short, 

broad  and  flat.     Caly.\  not  glandular.     Leaves  opposite. 

1.    AMSONIA,     Walt.        Amsonia. 

Calyx  5-partcd,  small.  Corolla  with  a  narrow  funnel-form  tube  bearded  in- 
side, especially  at  the  throat ;  the  limb  divided  into  5  long  linear  lobes.  Sta- 
mens 5,  inserted  on  the  tube,  included :  anthers  obtuse  at  both  ends,  longer  than 
the  filaments.  Ovaries  2  :  style  1  :  stigma  rounded,  surrounded  witii  a  cup-like 
membrane.  Pod  (follicles)  2,  long  and  slender,  many-seeded.  Seeds  cylindri- 
cal, abrupt  at  both  ends,  packed  in  one  row,  naked.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with 
f//ter/ia<p /caoes,  and  pale  blue  tlowers  in  terminal  panieled  cymes.  (Said  to  be 
named  for  a  Mr.  Chdiies  Amson.) 

1.  A.  Tabernsemontkna,  Walt.  Loosely  somewhat  pubescent  or  hairy 
Avhen  young,  or  soon  glabrous  ;  leaves  varying  from  ovate-lanceolate  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  taper-pointed  ;  calyx-lobes  short,  awl-shaped ;  tube  of  the  bluish 
corolla  little  longer  than  the  lobes,  the  upper  part  either  hairy  when  young  or 
glabrous.  —  Low  grounds,  Illinois,  Virginia?  and  southward.     May,  June. 

2.     FORSTERONIA,    Meyer.        Forsteroni.v. 

Calyx  .5-partcd,  with  .3-5  glands  at  its  base  inside.  Corolla  funnel-form,  not 
appendaged  ;  the  limb  5-lol)cd.  Stamens  b,  included  :  filaments  slender :  an- 
thers arrow-shaped,  with  an  iiiHexcd  tip,  adhering  to  the  stigma.  Pods  (follicles) 
2,  slender,  many-seeded.  Seeds  oblong,  with  a  tuft  of  down.  —  Twining  plants, 
more  or  less  woody,  with  opposite  leaves  and  small  flowers  in  cymes.  (Named 
for  Mr.  T.  F.  Forster,  an  English  botanist.) 

1.  F.  diflformis,  A.  DC.  Nearly  herbaceous  and  glabrous;  leaves  oval- 
lanceolate,  pointed,  thin;  calyx-lobes  taper-pointed;  corolla  pale  yellow. — 
Damp  grounds,  Virginia,  S.  Illinois,  and  southward.     April. 

3.     APOCYNUM,     Tourn.        Dogb.xxe.     Indian  Hemp. 

Calyx  5-partcd,  the  lobes  acute.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  bearing  5  trian- 
gular appendages  in  the  throat  opposite  the  lobes.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the 
very  base  of  the  corolla:  filaments  flat,  shorter  than  the  arrow-shnpcd  anthers, 
which  converge  around  the  ovoid  obscurely  2-lobed  stigma,  and  are  slightly  ad- 
herent to  it  by  their  inner  face.  Style  none  :  stigma  large,  ovoid,  slightly  2- 
lobed.  Fruit  of  2  long  and  slender  follicles.  Seeds  comose  with  a  long  tuft  of 
silky  down  at  the  apex.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  n))right  branching  stems,  ()i)po- 
site  mucronate-pointed  leaves,  a  tough  fibrous  bark,  and  small  and  ])ale  cymosc 
flowers  on  short  pedicels.  (An  ancient  name  of  the  Dogbnne,  composed  of 
viTo.,  from,  and  Kvav,  a  dor;,  to  which  the  plant  was  thought  to  be  poisonous.) 

1.  A.  androssemifblium,  L.  (Spreading  Dogbane.)  Smooth, 
branched  above;    branches  d  I  ceigeMlij  forking ;   leaves  ovate,  distinctly  pctiuled ; 


394  aSCLepiadace^.     (milkweed  family.) 

a/mes  loose,  spreading,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves ;  corolla  (pale  rose-color, 
4"  broad)  open-beJI-sfiaped,  with  revolute  lubes,  the  tube  much  loni/er  than  the  orute 
poitittd  divisions  of  thi:  cali/x.  —  Varies,  with  the  leaves  downy  underneath. — 
Borders  of  thickets  :  common  northward.  June,  July.  —  Pods  3'  -  4'  lo>g, 
pendent. 

2.  A.  cannabinum,  L.  (Indian  Hemi'.)  Stem  and  bnuuhes  uprii/ld 
or  asccndiny,  terminated  by  trect  and  dose  many-jiowcicil  cymes,  which  are  usually 
shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  corolla  (greenish-white)  with  nearly  erect  lobes,  the  tube 
not  longer  than  the  lanceolate  divibions  of  the  calyx.  —  Var.  glabekkimum,  Z)C'. 
Entirely  smooth  ;  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  on  short  but  manifest 
petioles,  obtuse  or  rounded,  or  the  uppermost  mostly  acute  at  l)oth  ends.  — 
Var.  PLBESCEXS,  DC.  Leaves  oblong,  oval,  or  ovate,  soft-downy  underneath 
or  sometimes  on  both  sides,  as  well  as  the  cymes.  (A.  pubescens,  li.  Br.)  — 
Var.  HYPEEiciFOLiUM.  Leuves  more  or  less  heart-shaped  at  the  base  and  on 
very  short  petioles,  commonly  smooth  throughout.  (A.  hypericifolium,  Ait.) 
—  River-banks,  &c. :  common.  July,  Aug.  —  Plant  2° -3°  high,  much  more 
upright  than  the  last ;  the  flowers  scarcely  half  the  size. 

Order   80.     ASCL.EPIADACE^.     (Milkweed  Family.) 

Plants  with  milky  Juice,  and  oppofdte  or  whorled  (j-arcbj  scattered)  entire 
leaves;  the  follicular  pods,  seeds,  anthers  (connected  with  the  stigma),  sensible 
properties,  ffc.,just  as  in  the  last  family  :  from  which  they  differ  in  the  com- 
monly valvate  corolla,  and  in  the  singular  connection  of  the  anthers  icith  the 
stigma,  the  cohesion  of  the  pollen  into  wax-like  or  granular  masses,  &c.,  as 
explained  under  the  first  and  typical  genus. 

Tribe    I.     ASCLEPT ADE^E.      Filaments   roonadelphous.     Pollen-m.asses  10,  waxy, 
fixed  to  the  stigma  in  pairs  liy  a  pland,  lianging  vertically. 

1.  A8c]epias.     Caly.x  and  corolla  refli'xed,  deeply  5-parted.     Crown  of  5  hooded  fleshy  bod- 

ies (nectaries,  /..),  with  an  incurved  horn  rising  from  the  cavity  of  each. 

2.  Acerates.     Calyx  and  corolla  reflexed  or  merely  spreading.     Crown  as  in  No.  1,  but 

without  a  horn  inside. 

3.  Enslcnin.     Calyx  and  corolla  erect     Crown  of  5  membranaceous  flat  bodies,  terminated 

by  a  2-cleft  tail  or  awn. 

4.  Vincdoxicum.     Calyx  and  wheel-shaped  corolla  spreading.     Crown  a  fleshy  5-10- 

lobed  ring  or  disk. 

Tribe  II.     GONOLOBE.^.     Filaments  monadel|>hous.    Pollen-masses  10,  aOi.xed  to  the 
stigm.i  in  pairs,  horizontal. 

5.  Goiiolobus.     Corolla  wlieel-shapcd.     Crown  a  wavy-lobcd  fleshy  ring. 

Tribe  III.     PEI?II»LOCEiE.     Filaments  distinct  or  nearly  so.     Pollen-masses  granu- 
lar separately  applied  to  tin-  stigma. 

6.  Periplocn.     Corolla  wheel-shaped,  with  5  awned  scales  in  the  throat. 

1,    ASCLEPIAS,     L.        Milkweed.     Silkweed. 

Calyx  5-partcd,  persistent  ;  the  divi.sions  small,  spreading.  Corolla  deeply 
5-parted ;  the  divisions  valvate  in  the  bud,  reflexed,  deciduous.  Crown  of  5 
hooded  bodies  (nectaries,  L.)  seated  on  the  tube  of  stamens,  each  containing 


ASCLEPIADACE^.       (mILKWEED    FAMILY.)  395 

an  incurved  horn.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla:  filaments 
united  in  a  tube  which  encloses  the  jjistil :  anthers  adherent  to  the  stij,nna,  each 
with  2  vertical  cells,  tipped  with  a  membranaceous  appendage,  each  cell  con- 
taining a  flattened  pear-shajjcd  and  waxy  ])ollen-niass ;  the  two  contiguous  pol- 
len-masses of  adjacent  anthers,  forming  pairs  which  hang  by  a  slender  prolon- 
gation of  their  summits  from  5  cloven  glands  that  grow  on  the  angles  of  the 
stigma,e.\tricated  from  the  cells  by  the  agency  of  insects,  and  directing  cojjious 
pollen-tubes  into  the  point  where  the  stigma  joins  the  apex  of  the  styles. 
Ovaries  2,  tapering  into  very  short  styles  :  the  large  depressed  5-angled  fleshy 
mass  which  takes  the  place  of  stigma  common  to  the  two.  Follicles  2,  one  of 
them  often  abortive,  soft,  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Seeds  anatropous,  flat,  margined, 
downwardly  imbricated  all  over  the  large  placenta,  which  separates  from  the 
suture  at  maturity,  furnished  with  a  long  tuft  of  silky  hairs  (coma)  at  the  hilum. 
Embryo  large,  with  broad  foliaeeous  cotyledons  in  thin  albumen.  — Perennial 
upright  herbs,  with  thick  and  deep  roots  :  peduncles  terminal  or  lateral  and  be- 
tween the  petioles,  bearing  simple  many-flowered  umbels  :  flowering  in  summer. 
(The  Greek  name  of  ^Esculapius,  to  whom  the  genus  is  dedicated.) 

*  Leaves  opposite  {or  some  of  them  in  No.  5-7  in  threes  or  fours.) 
■*-  Stem  simple  or  nearly  so,  Jeafij  to  the  top,  and  hearing  lateral  umbels  as  ivell  as  a 

terminal  one:  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  :  flowers  whitish,  pinkish,  or  dull  purple. 
•M-  Pods  beset  with  sojl  spinous  projections :  flowers  6" -9"  long  when  open,  greenish- 
purple,  numerous  in  dense  umbels. 

1.  A.  Corntlti,  Decaisne.  (("ommox  Milkweed  or  Silkweed.)  Stem 
tall  and  stout.;  leaves  oval-oblong  (4' -8' long),  contracted  at  base  into  a  short 
petiole,  pale,  minutely  downy  beneath,  as  well  as  the  peduncles,  &c. ;  hoods  of  the 
crown  ovate,  obtuse,  with  a  lobe  or  tooth  on  each  side  of  the  short  and  stout  claiv-like 
horn ;  pods  ovate,  covered  with  iceak  spines  and  woolly.  (A.  Syriaca,  L.,  but  the 
plant  belongs  to  this  country  only.)  —  Kicli  ground,  everywhere. 

2.  A.  Sullivantii,  Engelm.  Very  smooth  throughout,  tall ;  leaves  ovate- 
oblong  with  a  sonif'ivhat  heart-shaped  base,  nearly  sessile;  hoods  obovate,  entire,  ob- 
tusely 2-eared  at  the  base  outside  j^vflowers  larger  (9'  long)  and  more  purple  than 
in  the  preceding  ;  pods  obscurely  soft-spiny,  chiefly  on  the  beak,  ovate-lanceolate. 

—  Low  grounds,  Columbus,  Ohio  {Sullivant)  to  Illinois. 

'  ++  Pods  even,  not  ivarty-roughened,  mostly  glabrous. 

3.  A.  phytolaccoldes,  Pursh.  (Poke-Milkweed.)  Stem  (.3° -.5° 
high)  smootli ;  Icures  broudly  ovale,  or  the  tipper  oval-lanceolate  and  pointed  at  l/olh 
ends,  short-pet iolid,  smooth  or  slightly  downy  underneath  (5' -8'  long);  lateral 
umbels  several ;  pedicels  loose  and  nodding,  nurnerous,  long  and  slender  ( 1 '  -  3'  long), 
equalling  the  pcil uncle,  mrfH_y^//«'S  longer  than  the  ovate-oblong  divisions  of  tlw  (green- 
ish) corolla;  hoods  of  the  crown  (white)  truncate,  the  margins  2-toothed  at  the 
summit,  the  horn  with  a  long  projecting  awl-shaped  jwint ;  pods  minutely  downy. 

—  Moist  co])ses  ;  flowering  early  in  summer.  —  Flower  6'  long. 

4.  A.  purpurascens,  L.  (Purple  M.)  Stem  rather  slender  (1° -3° 
high) ;  leaves  elliptical  or  ovate-oblong,  the  uj)per  taper-pointed,  minutely  velvety- 
downy  underneath,  smooth  above,  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  short  petiole ;  pedicels 


396  ASCLiiPiADACi:.E.     (milkweed  family.) 

shorter  than  the  peduncle,  3-4  times  the  lemjth  of  the  dark  purple  lanceolnte- 
oviite  dicisions  of  the  coru'/a  ;  hoods  of  the  crown  oblong,  ahriiptly  narrowed 
above ;  the  horn  broadlij  scylht-shaped,  with  a  narrow  and  ubrnptly  injiuxcd  horizontal 
point.  (A.  amuena,  L.,  JJichx. )  —  Borders  of  woods,  &c.,  New  Enghmd  to  Illinois 
and  southward.  — Flowers  G"  long. 

5.  A.  Variegata,  L.  (VAUiJiG.VTED  M.)  NeaHi/ r/Uihrous  {\° -2°  h\<ih); 
liUL-ia  orate,  oca/,  or  odocute,  somewhat  wavy,  contracted  into  alwit  petioles ;  pudicds 
(numirous  and  crowded)  and  peduncle  short,  downij ;  divisions  of  the  corolla  ovate 
(while) ;  hoods  of  the  crown  orbicular,  entire,  purplish  or  reddish,  the  horn 
semilunar  with  a  horizontal  point;  pods  slightly  downy.  (A.  nivea,  L.,  in  part. 
A.  hybrida,  Alichx.)  —  Dry  woods,  S.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 
July.  —  Remarkable  for  its  compact  umbels  of  nearly  white  tiowers.  Leaves 
4-5  pairs,  the  middle  ones  sometimes  whorled. 

6.  A.  ovalifolia,  Decaisne  in  DC.  Low  (6'- 18' higli),  so/t-downij,  es- 
pecially the  lower  surface  of  the  ovate  or  lunctolate-oblong  acute  short-petiokd 
Itaves;  umbels  loosehj  10  -  \%-jiowered,  cither  sessile  or  peduncled  ;  pedicels  slen- 
der ;  hoods  of  the  crown  oblong,  obtuse,  yellowish,  with  a  small  horn,  about 
the  length  of  the  oval  ijreenish-white  divisions  of  the  corolla  (which  arc  tinged 
with  purple  outside);  pods  downy.  (A.  lanuginosa,  Ed.  1,  probably  not  of 
Nutt.  A.  Vascyi,  Careij).  —  Prairies  and  oak-openings,  N.  Illinois,  Vascy,  Wis- 
consin, Laphani,  and  northwestward.  June.  —  Leaves  H'-3'  long,  smoothish 
above,  the  upper  sometimes  scattered  ;  the  middle  rarely  in  threes.  Flower 
4" -5"  long. 

7.  A.  quadrifolia,  Jacq.  (Four-leaved  M.)  Nearli/  smooth;  stem 
slender  (1°  -  2<=  high),  mostly  leafless  below,  bearing  usually  o;/e  or  two  whorls 
of  four  in  the  middle  and  one  or  two  pairs  of  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  taper- 
pointed  petioled  leaves  (2' -4'  long);  pedicels  slender;  divisions  of  the  (pale 
pink)  corolla  oblong;  hoods  of  the  white  crown  elliptical-ovate,  the  incurved 
horn  short  and  thick;  pods  linear-lanceolate,  smooth.  —  Dry  woods  and  liills : 
not  very  common.     June.  —  Flowers  4"  long. 

■*-  -<-  Sleni  branchincj,  leafi/  to  the  top,  bearing  lateral  as  well  as  terminal  umbels: 
leaves  jntiolcd :  Jlowers  small  (3"  lonij)  :  pods  smooth  and  glabrous. 

8.  A.  perennis,  Walt.  Nearly  glabrous;  stems  (l°-2°  high)  persistent 
or  somewhat  wuodi/  at  the  beise ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lanceolate-ovate,  tapering  to  both 
end^,  thin,  rather  slendcr-petioled  ;  Jlowers  white,  small;  the  srarfll  hoods  of  the 
crown  shorter  than  the  needle-shaped  horn ;  seeds  sometimes  destitute  of  a 
coma!  (A.  pai-viflora,  Pu/s/;,  and  Ed.  2.)  —  Low  grounds,  S.  Indiana,  Illinois, 
and  southward. 

9.  A.  incarnata,  L.  (Swamp  JMiLKWEED.)  Smooth,  or  nearly  so,  in 
the  typical  form,  the  stem  with  two  downy  lines  above  and  on  the  branches  of 
the  peduncles  (2° -3°  high),  very  leafy;  leuas  oUong-lanceolnle,  acute  or  pointed, 
ol>tuseor  obscurclg  hcart-shajitd  at  ba.t'. :  Jlowers  rose-j>ur,)lc;  liood.s  of  the  crown 
scarcely  equalling  the  slender  necdle-pointcd  horn. — Var.  laLciinA  has  broader 
and  shorter-petiolcd  leaves,  mure  or  less  hairg-pnbe.scent,  as  well  as  the  stem.  (A. 
pulchra,  Willd.)  —  Wet  grounds;  the  smooth  form  very  common  northward; 
the  hairy  variety  more  so  southward.  — Milky  juice  scanty.     ^ 


/ 


ASCLEPIADACE^.       (mILKWEED    FAMILY.)  397 

■♦i-  •»-  -1-  Stem  perfecth)  simjile,  jnodar.infj  onli/  a  sim/le  conspicuoiislif-pedunclrd  ttn'mi- 
nal  umbel  of  dull-colored  lanjlsh  (tj"  lo)i(j)  flowers:  hoods  and  lulies  of  the  co- 
rolla broad :  jiods  smooth :  whole  plant  (jlubrous  or  neurlij  so,  and  pale  or  f/luu- 
cous :  leaves  closely  sessile,  transversely  veiny. 

10.  A.  obtUSifdlia,  Michx.  Stem  tall  (2° -3°  high);  leaves  wavy,  oblong 
with  a  heart-shaped  clasping  base,  very  obtuse  or  retuse  (2^' -5' long)  ;  peduncle 
3' -12' long;  corolla  pale  greenish  purple;  hoods  of  the  crown  truncate  and 
somewhat  toothed  at  the  summit,  shorter  than  tl)e  slender  awl-pointcd  horn.  — 
Sandy  woods  and  fields  :  not  rare,  especially  southward. 

11.  A.  Meadii,  Torr.  (in  Ed.  2,  addend.)  Stem  slender  (l°-2°  high); 
leaves  ovate  or  obloug-ovute,  not  wavy,  obtuse  or  acutish  (H'-25'  long) ;  peduncle 
only  twice  the  length  of  the  upper  leaves  ;  pedicels  rather  short;  corolla  green- 
ish-white ;  hoods  of  the  crown  rounded-truncate  at  summit,  and  with  a  sharp 
tooth  at  each  margin,  somewhat  exceeding  the  stouter  horn  ;  pod  unknown. — 
Augusta,  Illinois,  Dr.  S.  B.  Mead.     Clinton,  Iowa,  Dr.  Vascy.    June. 

-1-  -I-  -i-  -1-  Stem  simple  or  mostly  so  (2° -4°  high),  bearing  2-5  panicltd  umbels  on 
a  naked  terminal  peduncle,  and  sometimes  single  axillary  ones  :  flowers  pink-red, 
rather  large  (over  G"  long)  :  crown  conspicuously  elevated  above  the  base  of  the 
corolla :  pods  smooth  :  whole  plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

12.  A.  rilbra,  L.  Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate  and  tapering  from  a  rounded  or 
heart-shaped  base  to  a  very  acute  point,  sessile  or  nearly  so  (2' -6'  long,  j'-2^' 
■wide),  bright  green  ;  umbels  many-flowered ;  divisions  of  the  corolla  and  hoods 
of  the  crown  oblong-lanceolate,  purple-red  ;  the  horn  long  and  slender.  (A.  lauri- 
folia,  Michx.  A.  acuminata,  Pursh.)  — Wet  pine-barrens,  «&-c.,  New  Jersey  and 
Penn.  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

13.  A.  pauperoula,  Michx.  Stem  slender  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  don- 
gated  lanceolate  or  linear  (5' -10'  long),  tapering  to  both  ends,  slightly  petioled; 
umbels  5  -  l2-floiierfd ;  divisions  of  the  red  corolla  narroivly  ohlong ;  the  bright  orange 
hoods  broadly  oblong,  obtuse,  much  exceeding  the  incurved  liorn.  —  Wet  pine-bar- 
rens on  the  coast.  New  Jersey,  Virginia,  and  southward. 

*  *  Leaves  scattered,  or  some  opposite:  milky  juice  little  or  none:  flowers  orange-red. 

14.  A.  tuberbsa,  L.  (Butterfly-weed.  Pleurisy-root.)  Rough- 
ish-hairy ;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  very  leafy,  branching  at  the  summit,  and 
bearing  the  umbels  in  a  terminal  corymb ;  leaves  varying  from  linear  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  sessile  or  slightly  petioled  ;  divisions  of  the  corolla  oblong  (greenish- 
orange)  ;  hoods  of  the  crown  narrowly  oblong,  bright  orange,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  nearly  erect  and  slender  awl-shaped  horns  ;  pods  hoary.  (A.  deeiim- 
bcns,  L.)  —  Dry  hills  and  fields:  common,  especially  southward.  —  Plant  1°- 
2°  high,  leafy,  to  the  summit,  usually  with  numerous  and  corymbcil  sliort- 
pcdunclcd  umbels  of  showy  flowers. 

«  «  *  Leaves  nearly  all  whorled,  rardy  alUrnatc,  croivded :  flowers  white,  small-. 

l->.  A.  Verticill^ta,  L.  (Whouled  M.)  Smoothish;  stems  slender, 
simple  or  sparingly  branched,  very  leafy  to  the  summit ;  leaves  very  narrowly 
linear,  with  revolutc  margins  (2' -3'  long,  1"  wide),  3-G  in  a  whorl;  umbels 
small,  latci-al  and  terminal ;  divisions  of  the  corolla  ovate   (greenish-white)  ; 


398  ASCLEPIADACE^.       (lIILKWEED    FAMILY.) 

hoods  of  the  crown  roumlish-oval,  about  half  the  length  of  the  incurved  claw- 
bhapcd  horns;  pods  smooth.  —  Dry  hills:  common,  especially  southwurd. 

2.     ACERATES,     Ell.        Green  Milkweed. 

Nearly  as  in  Asclepias  ;  but  the  hoods  of  the  crown  destitute  of  a  horn 
(whence  the  name,  from  a  pricativt  and  Ktpai,  -gtoj,  a  horn).  —  Flowers  green- 
ish. Leaves  varying  from  opjjosite  to  irregularly  alternate,  short-petiolcd  or 
sessile.     Pollen-masses  slender-stalked. 

§  1 .  Divisions  of  the  corolla  rejiexed,  oblong :  hoods  of  (he  crown  erect  and  concace : 

umbels  compactly  manij-Jioivejtd :  pods  not  muricate,  slender. 

*  Crotcn  not  elevated;  its  hoods  oblony,  neailij  equalling  the  anthers. 

1 .  A.  Viridifldra,  Ell.  Minutely  sofi-downtj,  becoming  smoolhish  ;  stems  as- 
cending (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  varying  from  oval  to  linear,  thick  (l^'-4'  long), 
umbels  nearly  sessile,  lateral,  dense  and  globose;  flower  (when  the  corolla  is  re- 
fle.\ed)  nearly  V  long,  short-pedicelled.  —  Dry  soil :  common,  especially  south- 
ward.    July  -  Sept. 

2.  A.  lanugindsa,  Dccaisne.  //aZ/v/,  low  (5' -12' high) ;  leaves  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate  ;  umbel  solitary  and  terminal,  pedunded ;  flowers  not  larger 
than  in  the  next ;  pedicels  slender.  (Probably  Ascle[)ias  lanuginosa,  Nntt. :  cer- 
tainly A.  Nuttalliana,  Torr.  Acerates  monocephala,  Lapham,  in  Ed.  2,  addcud.) 
—  Prairies,  Wisconsin  [Lapham)  and  westward.    July. 

*  *  Crown  short- stalked,  i.  e.  elevated  above  the  base  of  the  corolla :  its  hoods  oval, 
strongly  concave,  and  decidedly  shorter  than  the  tips  of  the  anthers. 

3.  A.  longif61ia,  Ell.  Minutely  roughish-hairy  or  smoothish ;  stem 
erect  (1°  -3°  high),  very  leafy  ;  leaves  mostly  alternate-scattered,  linear  (3' -7' 
long) ;  umbels  lateral,  on  peduncles  of  about  the  length  of  tiic  slender  pedicels; 
flowers  3"  long  when  expanded.  —  Moist  prairies,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward.    July -Oct. 

§2.  ANANTIIERIX,  Nutt.  Divisions  of  the  corolla  ascending  or  barely  spread- 
ing :  hoods  of  the  crown  widely  spreading  and  somewhat  incurved,  slipper-shaped 
and  laterally  compressed,  the  cavity  divided  at  the  apex  by  a  crest-like  partition  : 
umbels  solitary  and  terminal  or  corymbed,  loosely-Jiowend :  pods  oblong  or  ovate, 
often  somewhat  muricate  with  sofl  spinous  projections. 

4.  A.  paniculata,  Decaisne.  Almost  glabrous;  stems  short  (l°high); 
loaves  alternate,  short-petioled,  elongated-oblong,  l'-2'  wide;  umbels  several  in 
a  chister,  short-peduncled  ;  flowers  large  (1'  in  diameter),  green,  with  a  purplish 
crown.  —  Prairies,  Illinois  [Vasey,  Bebb),  and  southward.     June. 

3.    ENSLENIA,    Xutt.        Exslenia. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-parted ;  the  divisions  erect,  ovate-lanceolate. 
Crown  of  5  free  membranaceous  leaflets,  which  are  trnncate  or  obscurely  lobcd 
at  the  apex,  where  they  bear  a  pair  of  flexuous  awns  united  at  their  base.  An- 
thers nearly  as  in  Ascle))ias :  pollen-masses  oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  fixed 
below  the  summit  of  the  stigma  to  the  descending  glands.  Pods  oblong-laneeo- 
late,  smooth.     Seeds  with  a  tuft,  as  in  Asclepias.  —  A  perennial  twining  herb. 


ASCLEPIADACEiE.       (mILKWEED    FAMILY.)  399 

smooth,  with  opposite  heart-ovate  and  pointed  long-pctioled  leaves,  and  small 
whitish  flowers  in  racenic-like  clusters,  on  slender  axillary  pcdunck's.  (Dedi- 
cated to  ^1.  Enden,  an  Austrian  hotanist  who  collected  in  the  Southern  United 
States  early  in  the  present  century.) 

1.  E.  albida,  Nutt.  —  River-banks,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward:  com- 
mon.    July  -  Sept.  —  Climbing-  8°  -  1 2°  high  :  leaves  3'  -  5'  wide. 

4.    VINCETOXICUM,    Moench.        Vincetoxicum. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-parted,  wheel-shaped.  Crown  flat  and  fleshy, 
disk-like,  5-10-lobed,  simple.  Anthers  smooth,  pods  and  seeds  much  as  in 
Asclepias.  —  Herbs,  often  twining.  (Name  composed  of  Vinca,  the  Periwinkle, 
and  toricum,  poison. ) 

1.  V.  NIGRUM,  Mccnch.  (Black  V.)  More  or  less  twining,  nearly  smooth ; 
leaves  ovate  or  lance-ovate ;  flowers  small,  dark  purple,  in  an  axillary  cluster, 
on  a  peduncle  shorter  than  the  leaves. —  Cambridge,  Mass.,  &c. :  a  weed  escap- 
ing from  gardens.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.     GONOLOBUS,     Michx.        Gonolobus. 

Calyx  5-parted.  CoroHa  5-parted,  wheel-shaped,  sometimes  reflexed-spread- 
ing ;  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud.  Crown  a  small  and  fleshy  wavy-lobed  ring 
in  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Anthers  horizontal,  partly  hidden  under  the  flat- 
tened stigma,  opening  transversely.  Pollen-masses  5  pairs,  horizontal.  Pods 
turgid,  mostly  muricate  with  soft  warty  projections,  sometimes  ribbed.  Seeds 
with  a  coma.  — Twining  herbs  or  shrubs  (ours  herbaceous),  with  opposite  heart- 
shaped  leaves,  and  corymbose-umbelled  greenish  or  dark  purple  flowers,  on  pe- 
duncles rising  from  between  the  petioles.  (Name  composed  of  ywi/os,  an  a)i(/le, 
and  Xo/3of,  «  pod,  from  the  angled  or  ribbed  follicles  of  some  species.) 

1.  G.  Isevis,  Michx.  Nearly  glabrous,  or  the  stems  and  petioles  sparingly 
hirsute  and  finely  pnbcrulent;  cali/x  and  corolla  (jlnhrous,  the  latter  tapering-con- 
ical in  the  bud,  the  expanded  divisions  lanceolate,  yelloiclsh-fjreen ;  pods  ribbed, 
smooth.  ( Vincetoxicum  gonocarpos,  Walt.  Periploca  latc-scandens,  Clayt.  G. 
macrophyllus,  Michx.,  also  Deaiisne,  excl.  syn.  Jacq.  &  Bot.  Mag.  G.  tiliaifo- 
lius,  Diraisiw.)  —  River-banks,  Virginia,  to  Illinois  and  southward.     July. 

2.  G.  obliquus,  R.  Br.  Stems,  petioles  and  often  the  ribs  of  the  leaves 
beneath  hirsute  with  spreading  viscid  hairs  ;  calyx  and  corolla  pubescent  or  pubern- 
lent  outside,  the  latter  narrowconical-oblong  in  the  bud,  its  divisions  ligulato- 
linear  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  dark  dull  crini  son-pur  pie  within ;  pods  copiously  muri- 
cate, ribless.  (Cynanchum  obliquum,  Jacq.,  1786.  C.  discolor,  Sims,  Bot. 
May.  Gonolobus  hirsiitus,  Ed.  2,  &c.  G.  discolor,  R.  ^  S.  G.  macrophyllus, 
Decaisne  in  part.)  —  River-banks,  Penn.  to  Virginia.  Aug.,  Sept. — Lobes  of 
the  corolla  nearly  6"  long.     Pod  5'  long. 

3.  G.  hirsutus,  Michx.  ( Ap(5cynum  hirsutum,  A'l/Z:. ;  perhaps  Periploca 
Carolinensis,  Dill.,  and  P.  latc-scandens  fl.  ferrugineo,  Clayt.;  Vincetoxicum 
acanthocarpos,  Walt.;  and' clearly  Cynanchum  Carolinense,  Jacq.)  Known 
from  the  last  by  its  short-ocate  flmoer-bud.t,  and  the  oval  or  oblong  divisions  of  tlie 
purple  corolla  (only  about  3"  long) ;  perhaps  occurs  in  S.  E.  Virginia. 


400  OLEACE^.       (olive    FAMILY.) 

6.    PERIPLOCA,    L.        PKRirLocA. 

Calyx  5-partcd.  Corolla  5-partccl,  wlicel-shaptd,  with  5  awiied  scales  in  tlio 
throat.  Filaments  distiiiet:  anthers  coherent  with  the  apex  of  the  stiynia, 
bearded  on  the  back :  pollcu-masscs  5,  each  of  4  united,  sin<^Iy  affixed  directly 
to  the  glands  of  the  stigma.  Stigma  hemispherical.  Pods  smooth,  widely 
divergent,  bccds  with  a  silky  tuft.  —  Twining  shrubby  plants,  with  smooth 
opposite  leaves,  and  panicled-eymose  flowers.  (Name  from  ntpinXoKr],  a  coUukj 
ruuiiii,  in  allusion  to  tlie  twining  stems.) 

1.  P.  Gu.KCA,  L.  Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-'.anccolatc,  shorter  than  the  loosely- 
flowered  cymes ;  divisions  of  the  brownish-purjde  corolla  linear-oblong,  very 
hairy  above.  —  Near  Rochester,  &c..  New  York.  Probably  hardly  established. 
Aug.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

Order  81.    OL,EACEJE.     (Olive  Family.) 

Ti'ees  or  shrubs,  with  opposile  and  pinnate  or  simple  leaves,  a  4-cleft  (or 
sometimes  obsolete)  calyx,  a  regular  A-clefl  or  nearly  or  quite  A-petalous 
corolla,  sometimes  apetaluus;  the  stamens  only  2  {rarely  or  accidentally  3 
or  4)  ;  the  ovary  2-celled,  with  2  (rarely  more)  ovules  in  each  cell.  —  Seeds 
anatropous,  with  a  large  straight  embryo  in  hard  fleshy  albumen,  or  with- 
out albumen.  —  The  Olive  is  the  type  of  the  true  OleaccEB,  to  which  be- 
longs the  Lilac  (Syrixga),  &c.  ;  while  the  Jessamine  (Jasminum) 
represents  another  division  of  the  order. 

Tribe  I.  OL1KINE.E.  Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygiimous,  with 
both  calyx  aud  corolla  ;  the  latter  valvate  ia  the  bud.  Ovules  suspended.  Leaves  simple, 
mostly  entire. 

1.  l<ij;^tislruin.     Corolla  funnel-form,  its  tube  longer  than  the  caly.v,  4-cIeft. 

2.  OlfB.     Corolla  short,  bell-shaped  or  salver-shaped  ;  the  limb  4-iiarted. 

3.  Cliioiiautlius.     Corolla  4-parted  or  4-petalous,  the  divisions  or  petals  long  and  linear. 
Tribe  II.     FRAXIXE.E.     Fruit  dry  and  winged  (a  samara).     Flowers  dioacious  or 

polygamous,  mostly  apetalous,  auj  sometimes  also  without  a  calyx.     Ovules  suspended. 
Leaves  odd-pinnate. 

4.  Fraxiiiiis.     The  only  genus  of  the  Tribe. 

Tribe  III.  FORESTIERE^.  Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry.  Flowers  dioecious  or  perfect, 
apetalous.     Ovules  suspended.     Leaves  simple. 

5.  Purestiera.     Flowers  dioecious,  from  a  scaly  catkin-like  bul.     Stamens  2-4. 

1.     LIGtrSTRUM,     Tourn.         PiuvJiT. 

Calyx  short-tubular,  4-toothed,  deciduous.  Corolla  funnel-form,  4-lobcd  ;  the 
lobes  ovate,  obtu.se.  Stamens  2,  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  included.  Stigma 
2-cleft.  Berry  sjiberical,  2-cclled,  2-1-sceded.  —  Shrubs,  with  entire  leaves  on 
short  petioles,  and  snudl  white  flowers  in  terminal  tbyrsoid  panicles.  (Tlie  clas- 
sical name.) 

1.  L.  vulgXue,  L.  (Common-  Pkivkt  or  Puim.)  Leaves  elliptical- 
lanceoUite,  very  smooth,  tliickish,  deciduous  ;  berries  black.  —  U.scd  lur  low 
h-dges  :  naturalized  in  copses  by  the  agency  of  birds  in  E.  New  England  aiul 
Pennsylvania.     June.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


OLEACE^.       (olive    FAMILY.)  401 

2.     OLE  A,     Toiirn.         Olive. 

Calyx  short,  4-tootlK'd,  rarely  entire.  Corulla  with  a  shoit  l>cll-shapc(l  tube 
and  a  4-parted  spreading  linib.  Stamens  2.  Drupe  with  a  bony  stone,  2-1- 
seeded.  —  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  and  eoriaceous  mostly  entire  leaves, 
and  perfect,  or  (in  our  species)  polygsnnous  or  dioecious  small  white  flowers,  in 
panicles  or  corymbs.     (The  classical  name  of  the  Olive,  0.  EuROPyEA.) 

1.  O.  Americana,  L.  (Devil-woou.J  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  smooth 
and  shining  (3'-G'  long)  ;  fruit  spherical. — Moist  woods,  coast  of  S.  Virginia, 
and  southward.     May.  —  Tree  15° -  20°  high. 

3.     CHIONANTHUS,    L.        Fringe-tree. 

Calyx  4-parted,  very  small,  persistent.  Corolla  of  4  long  and  linear  petals, 
which  are  barely  united  at  the  base.  Stamens  2  (rarely  3  or  4),  on  the  very  base 
of  the  corolla,  very  short.  Stigma  notched.  Drupe  fleshy,  globular,  becoming 
1-cellcd,  1  -3  seeded. — Low  trees  or  shrubs,  with  deciduous  and  entire  petioled 
leaves,  and  delicate  flowers  in  loose  and  drooping  graceful  panicles,  from  lateral 
l)uds.  (Name  from  x"^'''  snow,  and  livdos,  b/ussum,  alluding  to  the  light  and 
stiow-white  clusters  of  flowers.) 

1.  C.  Virginica,  L.  Leaves  oval,  oblong,  or  obovate-lanceolate  ;  flowers 
on  slender  pedicels;  drupe  purple,  with  a  bloom,  ovoid  (6" -8"  long).  — River- 
banks,  S.  Pennsylvania  and  southward :  very  ornamental  in  cultivation.  June. 
—  Petals  1'  long,  narrowly  linear,  acute,  varying  to  5-6  in  number. 

4.     FRAXINUS,     Tourn.        Asii. 

Flowers  polygamous  or  (in  our  species)  dia'cious.  Calyx  small  and  4-cleft, 
toothed,  or  entire,  or  obsolete.  Petals  4,  slightly  cohering  in  pairs  at  the  base, 
or  only  2,  oblong  or  linear,  or  altogether  wanting  in  our  species.  Stamens  2, 
sometimes  3  or  4  :  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  large.  Style  single :  stigma  2-cleft. 
Fruit  a  1 -2-celIed  samara  or  h-ji-fnut,  flattened,  winged  at  the  apex,  1-2- 
seeded.  Cotyledons  elliptical :  radicle  slender.  —  Light  timber-trees,  with  peti- 
oled pinnate  leaves  of  3- 15  either  toothed  or  entire  leaflets ;  the  small  flowers 
in  crowded  panicles  or  racemes  from  the  axils  of  last  year's  leaves.  (The  tl-is- 
sical  Latin  name,  thought  to  be  derived  from  (fypu^is,  a  sejtarution,  from  the 
facility  with  which  the  wood  splits.) 

*  Fruit  ifinged  fioni  the  aj)ex  onhj,  barely  margined  or  quite  terete  toicards  the  base: 
calyx  minute,  persistent :  corolla  none :  leu  fiefs  stalked. 
1.    F.  Americana,  L.      (White  Ash.)     Branchlets  and  petioles  glabrous; 
leaflets  7-9,  ovate-  or  lancc-oblong,  pointed,  pale  and  either  smooth  or  pubescent 
underneath,  somewhat  toothed  or  entire ;  fruit  terete  and  marginless  bdow,  above 
extended  into  a  lanceolate,  oblunceolate,  or  wedge-linear  uiing.     (F.  acuminata,  and 
F.  juglandifolia,  Lnm.     F.  epi'ptera,  Michx.)  —  Rich  or  moist  woods:  common. 
April,  May.  —  A  large  forest  tree,  with  gray  furrowed  bark,  smooth  gray  branch- 
lets,  and  rusty -colored  buds.     (The  figure  of  the  fruit  in   Michaux's  Sylva  is 
misplaced,  apparentlv  interchanged  with  that  of  the  Green  Ash.) 
L&M— 37 


402  OLEACE^.       (olive    FAMILY.) 

2.  F.  pub6seens,  Lam.  (Red  Ash.)  Branchlets  and  petioles  velvety-pu- 
bescetit:  leatlrts  7-9,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  taper- pointed,  almost  entire, 
pale  or  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath  ;  fruit  acute  at  the  l)ase,Jiattish  and  2-ed(jed, 
the  edges  gradually  dilated  into  the  long  (l^'-2')  Munccolate  or  linear-lunceolati'. 
wing.  (F.  tomentosa,  il//(//r.)  —  With  No.  I:  rare  west  of  the  Alleghanies :  a 
smaller  tree,  less  valuable  for  timber:  j)asses  by  gradations  into  the  next. 

3.  F.  viridis,  Michx.  f.  (Gkken  Ash.)  Glabrous  tltrouyhoul ;  IhiJIl-Is  5-9, 
ovate  or  oblong-binccolate,  often  Avedge-shaped  at  the  base  and  serrate  above, 
brif/ht  (jre.en  both  sidus ;  fruit  acute  at  the  base,  striate,  2-edfjed  or  margined,  gradually 
dilated  into  an  oblanceolate  or  linear-spatulate  wing,  much  as  in  No.  2.  (F. 
eoncolor,  3/«/i/.  F.  juglandifolia,  Willd.,  DC,  and  Ed.  I,  but  not  of  Lam.)  — 
Near  streams.  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward;  most  common  west- 
ward.—  A  small  or  middle-sized  tree.  (The  figure  of  the  fruit  given  in  Michaux's 
Sylva  evidently  belongs  to  F.  Americana.) 

*  *  Fruit  winged  all  round  the  seed-bearing  portion. 
•»-   Cahjx  icanting,  at  least  in  the  fertile  flowers,  ichich  are  entirely  naked! 

4.  P.  sambucifdlia,  Lam.  (Bl.\ck  or  Water  Ash.)  Branchlets  and 
petioles  glabrous  ;  kajiets  7-11,  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  point, 
serrate,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base,  green  and  smooth  both  sides,  when  young 
with  some  rusty  hairs  along  the  midrib ;  fruit  linear-oblong  or  narrowly  ellipti- 
cal, blunt  at  both  ends.  —  Swamps,  Penn.  to  Kentucky,  and  everywhere  north- 
ward. A\)\-\\,  May.—  Small  tree;  its  tough  wood  separable  into  thin  layers, 
used  for  coarse  basket-work,  &c.     Bruised  leaves  with  the  odor  of  Elder. 

*-  -1-   Caljix  present,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  fruit. 

5.  F.  quadrangulata,  Michx.  (Blue  Ash.)  Branchlets  square,  at  ]east 
on  vigorous  shoots,  glal^roiis  ;  leaflets  7-9,  short-stalked,  oblong-ovate  or  lance- 
olate, pointed,  sharply  serrate,  green  both  sides ;  fruit  narrowly  oblong,  blunt,  and 
of  the  same  ividlh  at  both  ends,  or  slightly  narrowed  at  the  base,  often  notched  at 
the  apex  (1 V  long,  y  -  ^'  wide).  —  Dry  or  moist  rich  woods,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin, 
Illinois,  and  Kentucky.  —  Tree  large,  with  timber  like  No.  1. 

G.  P.  platyearpa,  Michx.  (C.\rolixa  Water-Ash.)  Branchlets  terete, 
glabrous  or  pubescent;  leaflets  .5  -  7,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  short- 
stalked  ;  fruit  broadly  winged  (not  rarely  S-winged),  oblong  (9''  wide),  with  a  taper- 
ing base.  —  Wet  woods,  Virginia  and  southward.     March. 

5."   FORES  TIER  A,     Poir.         (AniiLiA,  Michx.) 

Flowers  dioecious,  crowded  in  catkin-like  scaly  buds  from  the  axils  of  last 
year's  leaves,  imbricated  with  scales.  Corolla  none.  Calyx  early  deciduous, 
of  4  minute  sepals.  Stamens  2-4:  anthers  oblong.  Ovary  ovate,  2-celled, 
with  2  pendulous  ovules  in  each  cell :  style  slender :  stigma  somewhat  2-lobed. 
Urupe  small,  ovoid,  1-celled,  1-sceded.  —  Shrubs,  with  opposite  and  often  fasci- 
cled deciduous  leaves  and  small  flowers.  Fertile  peduncles  short,  I  -3-flowered. 
(Named  for  ^f.  Foreslier,  a  French  ])hysician.) 

1.  P.  acurnin^ta,  Poir.  Glabrous;  leaves  thin,  oblong-ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  often  serrulate;  drupe  oblong,  usually 
pointed.  — Wet  river-banks,  W.  Illinois  and  southward.     April. 


ARISTOLOCUIACE^.       (lilRTHWORT    FAMILY.)  403 


Division  HI.    APETALOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Corolla  none ;  the  floral  envelopes  in  a  single  series  (calyx),  or 
sometimes  wanting  altogether. 

Order  82.     ARISTOLOCHIACE^.     (Bihtiiwort  Family.) 

Twining  shrubs,  or  low  herbs,  tcilh  perfect  /lowers,  the  conspicuous  lurid 
cali/x  valcate  in  the  bud  and  coherent  {at  least  at  the  base)  with  the  6-celled 
ocanj,  ivhich  forms  a  many-seeded  G-celled  pod  or  berry  in  fruit.  Stamens 
6-12,  7no)-e  or  less  united  toith  the  style:  anthers  adnate,  extrorse.  —  Leaves 
petioled,  mostly  heart-shaped  and  entire.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  large 
flesliy  rhaplie,  and  a  minute  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  A  small  family  of 
bittei'-tonic  or  stimulant,  sometimes  aromatic  plants. 

1.    AS  ARUM,     Tourn.        Asaharacca.     Wild  Ginger. 

Calyx  regular;  the  limb  3-cleft  or  parted.  Stamens  12,  with  more  or  less 
distinct  filaments,  their  tips  usually  continued  beyond  the  anther  into  a  poiut. 
Pod  rather  fleshy,  globular,  bursting  irregularly.  Seeds  large,  thick.  —  Stem- 
less  herbs,  with  aromatic-pungent  creeping  rootstocks,  bearing  2  or  3  scales,  then 
one  or  two  kiduey-shaped  or  heart-shaped  leaves  on  long  petioles,  and  terriii- 
nated  by  a  short-peduncled  flower,  close  to  the  ground;  iu  spring.  (An  ancient 
name,  of  obscure  derivation. ) 

§  1.  Calyx-tube  wholly  cohrent  tcitli  the  ovary,  the  tips  injlrxed  in  bud :  f  laments 
slender,  united  only  icith  die  base  of  the  style,  much  lonycr  than  the  short  anthers  : 
styles  united  into  one,  which  is  barely  Ct-lobed  at  the  summit,  and  icitli  6  radiating 
thick  stii/mas :  Icaixs  unspotted,  a  single  pair,  with  the  peduncle  between  them. 

1.  A.  Canadense,  L.  Soft-pubescent;  leaves  membranaceous,  kidney- 
shaped,  more  or  less  ])oiuted  (4' -.'3'  wide  when  full  grown)  ;  calyx  bell-shaped, 
with  the  upper  part  of  the  short-pointed  lobes  widely  and  abruptly  spreading, 
brown-purple  inside ;  at  each  sinus  is  usually  a  small  awl-shaped  appendage 
(abortive  petal).  —  Hillsides  in  rich  woods:  common,  especially  northward. 

§  2.  Calyx-tube  infated  bell-shaped,  somewhat  contracted  at  the  throat,  only  its  base 
coherent  with  the  lower  half  of  the  ovary  ;  the  limb  3-cleJl,  short  :  f  laments  very 
short  or  none  :  anthers  oblong-linear  :  styles  6,  feshy,  diverging,  2-clefl,  each  far- 
ing a  thick  extrorse  stigma  below  the  cleft:  leaves  thich'sh,  persistent,  usually  only 
one  each  year,  the  upper  surface  often  whitish-mottled :  peduncle  very  short :  root- 
storks  clustered,  ascending. 

2.  A.  Virginieum,  L.  l^carly  glahrons  ;  leaves  round-heart-shaped  {:\hout 
2' wide);  calyx  short,  reticulated  within;  anthers  pointless.  —  Virginia,  and 
southward,  in  and  near  the  mountains. 

3.  A.  arifdlium,  Michx.  Laiveshalberd-heort-shapcd  (i'-A' \o\v^);  calyx 
oblong-tubular,  willi  very  short  and  blunt  lobes;  anthers  obtusely  shorl-iMiinlcd. — 
Virginia  and  southward.  • 


404  KYCTAGINACE-E.       (fOUR-O'CLOCK    FAMILY.) 

2.     ARISTOLOCHIA,     Tourn.        Birthwort. 

Calyx  tubuhir ;  the  tube  variously  inflated  above  the  ovary,  mostly  contracted 
at  the  throat.  Stamens  6  ;  the  sessile  antiiers  wiiolly  adnate  to  the  back  of  the 
short  and  fleshy  3  -  6-lol)ed  or  an^'led  stigma.  Pod  naked,  6-valved.  Seeds  very 
flat.  — Twininj,^  climbinjj,  or  sometimes  upri;^ht  perennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  with 
alternate  leaves  and  lateral  or  axillary  greenish  or  lurid-purple  flowers.  (Named 
from  reputed  medicinal  properties.) 
§  1.    Calyx-tuhe  bent  like  the  letter  S,  eulanjcd  at  the  two  ends,  the  smnll  limb  obtnseh/ 

3-/ob(d:  U7itheis  contij/iwus  in  pairs  (hiakitig  4  cells  in  a  row  under  each  of  the 

three  truncate  lobes  of  the  stigma )  :  low  herbs. 

1.  A.  Serpentkria,  L.  (Virginia  Snakeroot.)  Stems  (8' -15' high) 
branched  at  the  base,  pubescent;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  from  a  heart-shaped 
base,  or  halberd-form,  mostly  acute  or  pointed ;  flowers  all  next  the  root,  short- 
peduncled.  —  A  narrow-leaved  variety  is  A.  sagittata,  Muhl.,  A.  hastata,  Nutt., 
&c.  —  Rich  woods,  Connecticut  to  Indiana  and  southward  :  not  common  except 
near  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  July.  —  The  fibrous,  aromatic-stimulant  root 
is  well  known  in  medicine. 

§  2.  Calyx-Vibe  strongly  curved  like  a  Dutch  pipe,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  the  short 
limb  obscurely  3-lobed:  anthers  contiguous  in  jMiirs  under  each  of  the  3  short  and 
thick  lobes  of  the  stigma  :  twining  shrubs  :  fioweis  from  one  or  two  of  the  super- 
posed accessor!/  axillary  buds. 

2.  A.  Sipho,  L'Her.  (Pipe-Vine.  Dutchman's  Pipe.)  Nearly  gla- 
brous; leaves  round-kidney-shaped;  peduncles  with  a  clasping  bract;  calyx  (1^' 
long)  with  a  brown-purple  abrupt  flat  border.  — Rich  woods,  Pcnn.  to  Kentucky, 
and  southward,  along  the  mountains.  May.  —  Stems  sometimes  2'  in  diameter, 
climbing  trees  :  full-grown  leaves  8'- 12' broad. 

3.  A.  tomentdsa,  Sims.  Downy  or  soft-hairy ;  leaves  round-heart-shaped, 
very  veiny  (3'  -  5'  long) ;  calyx  yellowish,  with  an  ohlicjue  dark  purple  closed  orifice 
and  a  rugose  refexed  limb.  —  Rich  woods,  from  S.  Illinois  southward.     June. 

Order  83.     NYCTAGIWACEiE.     (Four-o'clock  Family.) 

Herbs  (or  in  the  tropics  often  shrubs  or  trees),  tcith  mostly  opposite  and 
entire  leaves,  stems  tumid  at  the  joints,  a  delicate  tubular  or  funnel-form 
calyx  which  is  colored  like  a  corolla,  its  persistent  base  constricted  above  the 
l-celled  1-seeded  ovary,  and  indurated  into  a  sort  of  nut-like  pericarp  ;  the 
stamens  few,  slender,  and  hypogynous ;  the  embryo  coiled  around  the  out-' 
side  of  mealy  albumen,  with  broad  foUaccous  cotyledons.  —  Represented  in 
our  gardens  by  the  Four-o'clock,  or  Marvel  of  Peru  (Mirabilis 
Jalapa),  in  which  the  calyx  is  commonly  mistaken  for  a  corolla,  the  cup- 
like involucre  of  each  flower  exactly  imitating  a  calyx  ;  —  and  by  a  single 

1.     OXYBAPHUS,     Vahl.        Oxybapiics. 

Flowers  1-5  in  the  same  5-lobed  membranaceous  broad  and  open  invohure. 
'which  enlarges  and  is  thin  and  reticulated  in  fruit.     Calyx  with  a  very  short 


CHENOPODIACF.^.       (gOOSEFOOT   FAMILY.)  405 

tube  and  a  bell-shaped  (rose  or  purple)  deciduous  limb,  plaited  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  mostly  3.  Style  filitbnn  :  stijiina  ca])itate.  Fruit  aclienium-like, 
several-ribbed  or  angled.  —  Herbs,  abounding  on  the  western  ])lains,  with  very 
large  and  thick  perennial  roots,  opposite  leaves,  and  mostly  clustered  small  flow- 
ers. (Name  o^v(iu(jiov,  a  vimiiar-saucer,  or  small  shallow  vessel ;  from  the  shape 
of  the  involucre.) 

1.  O.  nyctagineUS,  Sweet.  Nearly  smooth;  stem  repeatedly  forked 
(l°-3°  high)  ;  leaves  varying  from  ovate,  or  somewhat  heart-sliaped  to  lanceo- 
late ;  involucres  3-.')-flowered.  —  Rocky  places,  from  Wisconsin  and  Illinois 
southward  and  westward.     June- Aug. 

Order  84.     PIIYTOLACCACE.*:.     (Pokeweed  Family.) 

Plants  with  alternate,  entire  leaves  and  perfect  flowers,  having  the  general 
c^aracto'S  o/Chenopo(liace£e,  6u<  usuallij  a  several-celled  ovary  composed 
of  as  many  carpels  united  in  a  ring,  and  forming  a  berry  in  fruit;  —  repre- 
sented only  by  the  typical  genus 

1.    PHYTOLACCA,    Tourn.        Pokeweed. 

Calyx  of  5  rounded  and  petal-like  sepals.  Stamens  5-30.  Ovary  of  .5-12 
carpels,  united  in  a  ring,  with  as  many  short  sepiirate  styles,  in  fruit  forming  a 
deprcKsed-globose  5-12-cciled  berry,  with  a  single  vertical  seed  in  each  cell. 
Embryo  curved  in  a  ring  around  the  albumen.  —  Tall  and  stout  perennials, 
with  large  petioled  leaves,  and  terminal  racemes  which  become  lateral  and  op- 
posite the  leaves.  (Name  compounded  of  (pvTuv,  pl<int.  and  the  French  Inc, 
lake,  in  allusion  to  the  crimson  coloring  matter  resembling  that  pigment  which 
the  berries  yield.) 

1.  P.  decandra,  L.  (Common  Poke  or  Scoke.  Garget.  Pigeox- 
Berry.)  Stamens  10:  styles  10. — Low  grounds.  July -Sept.  —  A  smooth 
1-lant,  with  a  rather  unpleasant  odor,  and  a  very  large  poisonous  root,  often 
4'-C'  in  diameter,  sending  up  stout  stalks  (which  are  in  early  spring  sometimes 
eaten  as  a  substitute  for  Asparagus),  at  length  6°-9°  high.  Calyx  white: 
ovary  green ;  the  long  racemes  of  dark-purple  berries  filled  with  crimson  juice, 
ripe  in  autumn. 

Order  85.     CHElVOPODIACEiE.     (Goosefoot  Family.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  of  homely  aspect,  more  or  less  succulent,  with  mostly  alter- 
nate leaves,  and  no  stipules  nor  scarious  bracts,  minute  greenish  flowers,  vulh 
the  free  calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud;  the  stamens  as  many  as  its  lobes,  or 
occasionally  fewer,  and  inserted  opposite  them  or  on  their  base ;  the  1-celled 
ovary  becoming  a  l-seeded  thin  utricle  or  rarely  an  achenium.  Embryo  coiled 
into  a  ring  around  the  mraly  albumen,  tvhen  there  is  any,  or  else  condupli- 
ca'Cs  or  spiral.  —  Calyx  persistent,  mostly  enclosing  llie  fruit.  Styles  or 
stiijmas  2,  rarely  3-5.  (Mostly  inert  or  innocent,  weedy  plants:  several 
aie  ])ot-herbs,  such  as  Spinach  and  Beet.) 


406  ciiKXoroDiACE^.     (goosekoot  family.) 

•  EmlTyo  coiled  into  a  ring  around  copious  central  albumen.     Leaves  flat,  not  spiny  nor  fleshy. 

—  Fluwers  all  alike  and  |>vrft;ct,  or  merely  pnlypamous  by  the  want  of  stamens  in  sume  of  then, 

clustered  or  paiiicled.     Calyx  olividu*.     Si;eil-ci)at  crustaceous. 

1.  Cyclolotna.     Calyx  6-cleft,  iu   fruit  s-uirouiided  by  a  horizontal  continuous  membrana- 

ceous  wiiitr.     Soed  horizontal. 

2.  Clui«o|>o«lluiii.     Calyx3-5-cKft  or  parted,  the  lobes  naked  or  merely  keeled  in  fruit. 

Sred  horiz  .Mtal,  rarely  vcrtic.ijV. 

3.  Ulltiiiii.     Calyx  of  3-5  sepals,  mostly  juicy  or  fleshy  in  fruit.     Seed  vertical. 

—  ■>-  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  and  of  2  distinct  sorts  ;  the  stamiuate  with  a  regular 

calyx,  clustered,  the  clusters  mostly  spiked. 

4.  A  triplex.     Fertile  flowers  without  calyx,  enclosed  between  a  pair  of  appressed  bracts. 

..-  H-  —  Flowers  all  perfect  and  alike,  single  in  the  axil  of  bracts,  naked  or  1-sepalled. 

5.  Corispermuni.     Fruit  oval,  flattened  :   pericarp  adherent  to  the  seed.     Leaves  linear. 

*  #  Embryo  narrowly  horseshoe-shaped  or  conduplicate  :   no  albumen.     Stem  fleshy,  jointed  -. 

leaves  reduced  to  opposite  fleshy  scales  or  teeth.     Flowers  densely  spiked,  perfect. 

6    ^allcornia.     Flowers  sunk  in  hollows  of  the  axis  of  the  fleshy  spike.    Calyx  utricle-like. 

«  »  *  Embryo  coiled  into  a  spiral :  albumen  mostly  none.     (Leaves  alternate.) 

7.  Sueedifc.     Embryo  flat-spiral.     Calyx  wingless.     Leaves  succulent. 

8.  Salsola.    Embryo  conical-spiral.     Calyx  iu  fruit  horizontally  winged.    Leaves  spinescent 

1.     CYCLOLOMA,     Moqiiin.        Winged  Pigwked. 

Flowers  perfect,  l)ractless.  Calyx  5-cleft,  with  the  concave  lobes  stronjjly 
keeled,  enclosing  the  depressed  fruit,  at  length  appendaged  with  a  broad  and 
continuous  horizontal  scarious  wing.  Stamens  5.  Styles  3.  Seed  horizontal, 
flat.  Embryo  encircling  the  mealy  albumen.  —  An  annual  and  much-branched 
coarse  herb,  with  alternate  sinuate-toothed  petioled  leaves,  and  small  paiiicled 
clusters  of  sessile  flowers.  (Name  composed  of  kikcAco,  round  about,  and  Xw/xu, 
a  border,  from  the  encircling  wing  of  the  calyx  in  fruit.) 

1.  C.  platyph^llum,  Mu(iuin.  (Salsola  platyphy  11a,  ^l//c/ix.)— Illinois, 
on  sandy  banks  of  the  Mississi])j)i,  and  northwestward. 

2.     CHENOPODIUM,     L.         Goosefoot.     Pigweed. 

Flowers  perfect,  all  bractless.  Calyx  5-cleft,  rarely  2-4-cleft  or  parted,  with 
the  lobes  sometimes  keeled,  but  not  appendaged  nor  becoming  snccident,  more 
or  less  enveloping  the  depres,«ed  fruit.  Stamens  mostly  5  :  filaments  filiform. 
Styles  2,  rarely  3.  Seed  horizontal  (sometimes  vertical  in  Nos.  3,7-0).  lenticu- 
lar ;  the  coat  crnstaceous  :  embryo  coiled  partly  or  fully  round  the  mealy  albumen. 
—  Weeds,  usually  with  a  white  mealiness,  or  glandular.  Flowers  sessile  in 
small  clusters  collected  in  spiked  panicles.  (Named  from  xh^^  "  (/nosp,  and  noiis, 
foot,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  leaves.)  —  Our  species  are  all  annuals  (ex- 
cept the  last  two),  flowering  through  late  summer  and  autumn,  growing  around 
dwellings,  in  manured  soil,  cultivated  grounds,  and  waste  places. 

§  1.    Smooth  or  mpnly,  never  (jhindnhir  nor  sweet -scented :  emhnjo  a  complete,  rinq. 

1.  C.  POT.YSPERMi'M,  L.  Low,  oftcu  Spreading,  green  and  ivfiol/i/  destitute  of 
ntenh'ness  thivphout :  hares  all  entire,  oh\or\^  or  ovate  and  on  slender  petioles  ; 
flowers  very  small,  the  thin  lobes  of  the  calyx  very  incompletely  enclosing  the 
fruit;  seed  obtuse-edged.  —  In  and  around  Boston  :  scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


CHENOPODIACE^.       (GOOSEFOOT    FAMILY.)  407 

2.  C.  Ar.ncM,  L.  (LAMn's-QrARTERS.  Pigweed.)  Erect  (1°-3«^  lii;xh), 
mealy  (itid  jiale,  soinetimcs  f/reeii  and  the  mealiness  obscure  ;  kaves  vanjinrf  from 
rhombic-ovate  to  lanceolate  or  the  ujjpenuost  even  linear,  acute,  all  or  onlij  the  lower 
wore  or  less  anr/ulate-toothed ;  clusters  spikcd-panided,  mostly  dense;  seed  with 
acute  or  bluntish  marj,^ins. — Common,  especially  in  cult,  ground  :  extremely 
variable.  —  The  genuine  C.  album  is  considerably  whitish-mealy,  at  least  the 
inflorescence,  which  is  dense ;  the  calyx  with  strongly  keeled  lobes,  and  com- 
pletely enclosing  the  fruit.  A  green  form  with  somewhat  entire  leaves  and  less 
dense  inflorescence  is  C.  viride,  L.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

Var.  B0SC1A.NUM.  Loosely  branched,  more  slender,  the  mealiness  obscure 
or  slight  and  only  on  the  iuHoresccnce,  which  is  laxer,  the  flowers  smaller  ;  calyx 
incompletely  covering  the  fruit,  its  lobes  moderately  or  slightly  if  at  all  keeled; 
leaves  inclined  to  be  entire.  (C  Bosc'ianum,  Moquin.  C.  Berlandieri,  Moquin, 
an  intermediate  form.  C.  polyspermum,  var,  spicatum,  Ed.  2.)  —  More  shady 
places,  Pennsylvania  and  southward.  In  some  forms  appears  as  if  a  distinct 
species ;  seemingly  indigenous  southwestward. 

3.  C.  GLAuct'M,  L.  (Oak-leaved  Goosefoot.)  Low  (5' -  12' high), 
spreading,  glaucous meal;/,  haves  simiately  pinnatijid-toothed,  oblong,  obtuse,  pale 
green  above ;  clusters  spiked,  small ;  calyx-lobes  not  at  all  keeled ;  seed  sharfy- 
edyed,  often  vertical. —  Streets  of  towns:  rather  scarce.  Brackish  borders  of 
Onondaga  Lake.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  C.  URBicuM,  L.  Rather  pale  or  dull  green,  nearly  destitute  of  meali- 
ness, with  erect  branches  (l°-3°  high);  leaves  triangular,  acute,  coarse/y  «7ic? 
shurplji  many  toothed  ;  spike»  erect,  crowded  in  along  and  narrow  racemose  panicle; 
calyx-lobes  not  keeled  ;  seed  with  rounded  margins.  —  Var.  riiombif^mum, 
Moquin  (C.  rhombifolium,  Afnhl.),  is  a  fomi  with  the  leaves  more  or  less  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  base,  and  with  longer  and  sharper  teeth.  —  Not  rare  eastward. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

5.  C.  murXle,  L.  Resembles  No.  4,  but  less  erect,  loosely  branched  (1°-  U° 
high)  ;  leaves  rhomboid-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  and  sharply  unequally  toothed,  thin, 
bright  green;  spikes  or  racemes  diverging,  somewhat  corymbed;  calyx-lobes  scarcely 
keeled;  seed  sharp-edged.  —  Boston  to  Illinois  :  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.  C.  iiy'bridum,  L.  (Maple-leaved  Goosefoot.)  Bright  green 
throughout;  stem  widely  much  branched  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  thin  (2'- 8' 
long),  somewhat  triangular  and  heart-shaped,  taper-pointed,  sinuate-angled,  the 
angles  extended  into  a/ew/a»Y/e  aW/)o/V//frfte//t;  racemes  diffusely  and  loosely 
paniclcd,  leafless  ;  calyx  not  fully  covering  the  fruit,  its  lobes  keeled ;  seed  sharp- 
edged,  the  thin  pericarp  adhering  closely  to  it.  — Common.  Heavy-scented,  like 
Stramonium.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  BOTRYOIS,  Moquin.  (Amrrtva,  Moquin,  in  part.)  Not  mecdy,  hut 
more  or  less  viscid-glandular  and  plens<tnt-aronmlic :  seed  frequently  vertical, 
ohtuse-edgrd :  embryo  forming  only  two  thirds  or  three  quarters  of  a  ring. 

7.  C.  BoTRYS,  L.  (Jerusalem  Oak.  Feather  Geranium.)  Glan- 
dular pubescent  andvi.'icid;  leaves  slender-pet ioled,  oblong,  obtuse,  sinuate  piii- 
natifid  ;  racemes  cymose-diverging,  loose,  Irajess ;  fruit  not  perfectly  enclosed. — 
Escaped  from  gardens.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


408  CIIENOPODIACK.E.       (c.OOSEFOOT    FAMILY.) 

8.  C.  ambtjosioIdes,  L.  (Mexica:*  Tea.)  Smoothish;  leaves  sJifjMy 
peti'ol&l,  oblonjr  or  lanceolate,  ropuntl-tootlietl  or  nearly  entire,  the  up])cr  taper- 
ing to  both  ends  ;  spikes  dense! ij  Jiowereil,  lea/}/,  or  intermixed  with  leaves  ;  I'niit 
perfectly  enclosed  in  the  calyx.  — Waste  places  :  common,  especially  southward. 
(Nat.  I'rom  Trop.  Anicr.)  —  Passes  into 

Var.  ANTiiELMiNTicUM.  ( WoKMSEED. )  Root  perennial  {])  ;  leaves  more 
strongly  toothed,  .the  lower  sometimes  almost  laciniate-pinnatilid  ;  spikes  ntost/i/ 
leafless.  (C.  anthelmi'nticura,  L.)  —  Common  in  waste  places  southward.  (Nat. 
from  Trop.  Amcr.) 

9.  C.  MULTiFiDUM,  L.  Glandular-pubcrulcHt,  diflFuscly  branched;  leaves 
nnce  or  twice  pinnatijid,  pale  ;  flowers  small  in  axillary  clusters  ;  calyx  only  5- 
clefl,  compressed  and  completely  closed  over  the  glandular-dotted  utricle  ;  seed  always 
vertical,  (lloubieva  multitida,  Moquin,  &  Ed.  2.)  —  Waste  places.  City  of  New 
York  (the  station  now  seemingly  extinct),  and  Philadelphia.  Introduced  iu 
ballast  from  South  America,  not  permanently  established. 

3.     BLITUM,     Tourn.        Elite. 

Flowers  perfect,  bractless.  Calyx  3-5-parted,  becoming  fleshy  or  berry -like 
in  fruit;  the  genus  also  made  to  include  some  with  calyx  unchanged  in  fruit. 
Stamens  I  -  5  :  filaments  filiform.  Styles  or  stigmas  2.  Seed  vertical,  com- 
pressed-globular;  the  embryo  coiled  into  a  ring  quite  around  the  albumen. — 
Herbs,  with  petioled  triangular  or  halberd-shaped  and  mostly  sinuate-toothed 
leaves.  (The  ancient  Greek  and  Latin  name  of  some  insipid  pot-herb.) 
§  1  MOROCARPUS,  Moench.  Glabrous  annuals  or  biennials,  not  mealy :  Jlonrrs 
in  axillary  heads,  the  upper  ones  ojlen  spiked:  calyx  in  fruit  commonly  becoming 
fleshy  or  berry-like,  nearly  enclosing  the  utricle. 

1.  B.  maritimum,  Nutt.  (Coast  Elite.)  Stem  angled,  much  branched; 
leaves  thickish,  triangular-lanceolate,  tapering  below  into  a  wedge-shaped  base 
and  above  into  a  slender  j)oint,  sparingly  and  coarsely  toothed,  the  upper  linear- 
lanceolate;  clusters  scattered  in  axillary  leafy  s/iikes ;  calyx-lobes  2-4,  rather  fleshy  ; 
stamen  1  ;  seed  shining,  the  margin  acute.  — Salt  marshes,  New  Jersey  to  Mas- 
sachusetts: salt  springs,  at  Syracuse,  New  York  {G.  W.  Clinton),  and  north- 
westward.    Probably  a  variety  of  B.  rubrum  of  Eu. 

2.  B.  capit^tum,  L.  (Strawberky  Elite.)  Stem  ascending,  branch- 
ing; leaves  triangular  and  somewhat  halberd  shaped,  sinuate  toothed  ;  clusters 
simple  (large),  interruptedly  spiked,  the  up])er  leafless  ;  stamens  1  -5  ;  calyx  berry- 
like in  fruit;  seed  ovoid,  flattish,  smooth,  with  a  very  narrow  margin.  —  Dry 
rich  ground,  common  from  W.  New  York  to  Lake  Sujierior,  and  northward. 
June.  — Tiie  calyx  becomes  pul])y  and  bright  red  in  fruit,  when  the  large  clus- 
ters look  like  Strawberries.     (Eu.) 

§2.  AGATIIOPHYTON,  Mocpiin.  Somewhat  mealy  :  root  perennial :  flowers 
iu  clusters  crowded  in  a  terminal  spike :  calyx  not  fleshy,  shorter  than  the  half- 
naked  fruit.     Intermediate  between  Blitum  and  Chenopodium. 

3.  B.  Eonls-IIknricus,  Reichenljach.  (Good-King-IIenrv.)  Leaves 
triangular-halbcrd-form ;  stamens  .">.  (Chenopodium  Eonus-IIenricus,  L.)  — 
Around  dwellings  :  scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


CHENOPODIACE^.       (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY.)  r^^^f*"^ 

4.     ATRIPLEX,     Tourn.         Oraciie. 

Flowers  moncjccious  or  dia'cions ;  the  staniinate  like  the  flowers  of  Chenopo- 
dium,  only  sterile  by  the  abortion  of  the  jjistil ;  the  fertile  flowers  consisting 
simply  of  a  naked  pistil  eneloscd  between  a  pair  of  appressed  foliaecons  (ovate 
or  halberd-shaped)  bracts,  which  are  enlarj^ed  in  fruit,  and  sometimes  united. 
Seed  vertical.  Embryo  coiled  into  a  rin<j  around  the  albumen.  In  one  section, 
to  which  the  Garden  Orache  belongs,  there  are  also  some  fertile  flowers  with  a 
calyx,  like  those  of  Chenopodium,  but  without  stamens,  and  with  horizontal 
seeds.  —  Herbs  usually  mealy  or  scurfy  with  bran-like  scales,  with  triangular 
or  halberd-shaped  angled  leaves,  and  spiked-clustered  flowers  ;  in  summer  and 
autumn.     (The  ancient  Latin  name,  of  obscure  meaning.) 

1.  A.  patula,  L.  Erect  or  diffusely  spreading,  annual,  scurfy,  fjreen  or 
mthei-  hoari/,  branching;  leaves  alternate  or  partly  opposite,  petiolcd,  varying 
from  triangular  and  halberd-form  to  lance-linear;  fruiting  bracts  ovate-trian- 
gular or  rhombic,  entire  or  1  -2-toothed  below,  united  to  near  the  middle,  their 
flat  faces  either  even  or  sparingly  warty-muricate ;  radicle  inferior  or  some- 
what ascending.  —  The  two  extreme  forms  are,  Var.  uastAta  (A.  hastata,  L.), 
with  the  leaves  nearly  all  triangular-halbcrd-shaped,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed. 
—  Var.  littorXlis  (A.  littoralis,  L.),  with  lanceolate  or  Hncar  mostly  entire 
leaves.  —  Salt  marshes,  brackish  river-banks,  &c.,  Virginia  to  Maine,  and  spar- 
ingly on  the  Great  Lakes,  and  northward.  The  plant  on  the  shore  is  more 
scurfy  and  hoary  ;  more  inland,  sometimes  far  from  saline  soil,  it  is  greener  and 
thiimer-leaved.     (En.) 

2.  A.  arenaria,  Nutt.  Silvery-mealy  annual,  diffusely  spreading  ;  leaves 
oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  nearly  sessile;  fruiting  bracts  broadly  wedge- 
shaped,  united,  2-3-toothed  at  the  summit,  and  with  a  few  prickly  points  on 
the  sides;  radicle  superior.  (Obione  arenaria,  il/o^uj'n,  &  Ed.  2.)  —  Sandy 
beaches,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

5.     CORISPERMUM,     Ant.  Juss.        Bug-seed. 

Flowers  perfect,  single  and  sessile  in  the  axil  of  the  upper  leaves  reduced  to 
bracts,  usually  forming  a  spike.  Calyx  of  a  single  delicate  sepal  on  the  inner 
side.  Stamens  1  or  2,  rarely  5.  Styles  2.  Fruit  oval,  flat,  with  the  outer  fice 
rather  convex  and  the  inner  concave,  sharp-margined,  a  canjopsis,  i.  e.  the  thin 
pericarp  adherent  to  the  vertical  seed.  Embryo  slender,  coiled  around  a  cen- 
tral albumen.  — Low  branching  annuals,  with  narrow  linear  alternate  1-nerved 
leaves.     (Name  formed  of  Kopir,  a  bug,  and  antpfj-u,  seed.) 

1.    C.  hyssopifdlium,  L.      Somewhat  hairy  when  young,  pale;    floral 
leaves  or  bracts  awl-shaped  from  a  dilated  base  or  the  upper  ovate  and  jwintcd, 
scarious-margincd  ;  fruit  wing-margined.  —  Sandy  benches  «f  the  Great  Lakes         • 
from  Buffiilo,  a  recent  immigrant  ( G.  W.  Clinton),  Chicago  (Dr.  Scammon,  &c.), 
to  Lake  Superior  and  northwestward.     Aug. -Oct.     (Eu.) 

6.     SALICORNIA,     Tourn.         Gi.asswort.     Samthire. 

Flowers  perfect,  3  together  immersed  in  each  hollow  of  the  thickened  upper 
joints,  forming  a  spike ;  the  two  lateral  sometimes  sterile.     Caly.x  small  ami 
G  xU    i« 


410  cniiN'opoDiACE!i;;  '  (goo'sefoot  family.) 

bladdcr-likc,  with  a  tootlied  or  torn  margin,  at  length  spongy  and  narrowly 
^Ying-bor(lcred,  cnclo-iiig  tlic  tiattcncd  tliin  utricle.  Stamens  1  or  2.  Stylos  2, 
united  at  base.  Seed  vortical.  Embryo  thick,  condiiplicate  :  no  albumen. — 
Low  saline  plants,  with  succulent  leafless  jointed  stems,  and  opimsite  branches; 
the  flower-bearing  branchlets  forming  the  spikes.  (Name  composed  of  sal,  salt, 
and  coniu,  a  horn  ;  saline  plants  with  hornlike  branches.) 

§  1.  Aniiiuils:  spiL-es  very  thick  andjleshij:  Jlowers  and  se(ds  deeply  immersed. 

1.  S.  herbieea,  L.  Erect  or  at  length  spreading  (6' -12'  high),  r/'ecn  ; 
settles  obscure  and  very  blunt,  making  a  truncate  barely  emarginatc  termination 
of  the  joints  of  stem  or  elongated  s])ike ;  middle  flower  much  higher  than  the 
lateral  ones;  seed  oval  or  oblong. —  Salt  marshes  of  the  coast  and  interior  salt 
springs.     Aug. -Oct.     (Eu.) 

2.  S.  Virginiea,  L.  (pi.  Clayt.)  Erect,  less  branched,  naked  below 
(2'-9'  high),  turning  red  in  age;  spike  shorter  and  thicker;  scales  viucroniite- 
pointed  and  conspicuous,  especially  when  dry ;  middle  flower  little  iiigher  than 
the  lateral  ones;  seed  round  oval.  (S.  mucronata,  Lae/asca?  1818,  Biyelow,  and 
Ed.  2.)  —  Salt  marshes,  coast  of  Virginia  to  Maine.     Sept.,  Oct.     (En.  ?) 

§  2.  Perennial :  spikes  less  thick-,  and  Jlowers  less  immersed;  middle  one  hardly  higher. 

3.  S.  fruticdsa,  L.,  var.  ambigua.  (S.  ambigua,  3/(V/(.r.)  Numerous 
tufted  stems  (3' -12' long)  decumbent  or  ascending  from  a  hard  and  rather 
woody  creeping  base  or  rootstock,  greenish,  turning  lead-colored  ;  the  cylindri- 
cal joints  rather  strongly  notched  at  the  end;  seed  round-oval.  —  Sandy  wet 
beaches,  &c.,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  and  southward.     Aug. -Oct.     (Eu.) 

7.     SU-53DA,    Forskal.        Sea  Bute, 

Flowers  perfect,  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Calyx  5- 
parted,  not  appendagod,  fleshy,  becoming  somewhat  inflated  and  closed  over  the 
fruit  (utricle).  Stamens  5.  »Stignias  2  or  3.  Seed  vertical  or  horizontal,  with 
a  flat-spiral  embryo,  dividing  the  scanty  albumen  (when  there  is  any)  into  2 
portions.  —  Fleshy  maritime  plants,  with  alternate  nearly  terete  linear  leaves. 
(An  Arabic  name.)  Ciiknopodix.\,  Moquin  was  founded  for  those  species, 
like  ours,  which  have  horizontal  seeds,  —  a  wholly  insufficient  and  inconstant 
dittcrcnce. 

1.  S.  maritima,  Dumorticr.  Annual,  smooth,  diff"usely  much  branched; 
leaves  .slender  (1'  long),  acute;  calyx-lobes  keeled  ;  stigmas  2  ;  .«ecd  horizontal. 
(Cbenopodina  maritima,  Moquin.)  —  Salt  marshes  of  the  sea-shore,  and  on  the 
northwest  plains.    Aug.     (Eu.) 

9.     SALSOLA,    L.        Saltwort. 

Flowers  perfect,  with  2  bractlets.  Calyx  S-parted,  persistent  and  enclosing 
the  depressed  fruit  in  its  base  ;  its  divisions  at  length  horizontally  winged  on  the 
back,  the  wings  forming  a  broad  and  circular  scarious  border.  Stamens  mostly 
5.  Styles  2.  Seed  horizontal,  without  albumen,  fllled  by  the  embryo,  which  is 
coiled  in  a  conical  spiral  (cochlcate).  —  Herbs,  or  slightly  shrubby  branching 
plants  cf  the  scarshorc,  with  fleshy  and  rather  terete  or  awl-shaped  leaves,  and 


AMARANtACE^.        (aMAKANTII    FAMILY.)  41  I 

sessile  axillarv  flowers.     (Name  from  sal,  salt;  in  allusion  to  the  alkaline  salts 
these  plants  t-oitioiisly  contain.) 

1.  S.  Kali,  L.  (Cu.AiMON  S.vLTWORT.)  Annual,  diffusely  branching, 
bushy,  rough  or  snioothish ;  leaves  all  alternate,  awl-shaped,  jirickly-jjointed ; 
flowers  single;  calyx  with  the  converging-  lobes  forming  a  sort  of  beak  over  the 
fruit,  the  large  rose  or  flesh-colored  wings  nearly  orbicular  and  spreading.  — 
Sandy  seashore :  cpmmon.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

OuDER  80.     AM.4BA]\TACEiE.     (Amaranth  Family.) 

Weedy  herbs,  with  nearly  the  characters  of  the  last  familij,  but  thejloivers 
mostly  imbricated  with  dry  and  scarious  persistent  bracts ;  these  often  colored, 
commonly  3  in  number;  the  one-celled  ovary  sonietiuies  niany-ovuleJ. 
(The  greater  part  of  the  order  tropical,  but  several  have  found  their  way 
northward  as  weeds.) 

«  Anthers  2celled  :   filaments  sepamte.     Ovule  and  seed  solitary. 

1.  Ainarantiis.     Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  all  with  a  caly.x  of  3  or  5  distinct 

erect  sepals,  not  falling  off  with  the  fruit. 

2.  Moiitelia.     Flowers  dioecious.     Calyx  none  in  fertile  flowers.     Utricle  thin,  circumcissile. 

3.  Aciiida.     Flowers  dioecious.     Fruit  fleshy,  indehisceut,  3- 5-angled. 

*  *  Anthers  1-celled.    Ovule  and  seed  solitary. 

4.  Iresine.     Caly.x  of  5  sepals.     Filaments  united  below  into  a  cup. 

6.    Froelicliia.     Caly.x  5-cleft  at  the  apex.     Filaments  united  throughout  into  a  tube. 

1.    AMARANTUS,     Toum.        Am.vranth. 

Flowers  moncccious  or  polygamous,  3-bracted.  Calyx  of  5,  or  sometimes  3, 
equal  erect  sepals,  glabrous.  Stamens  5,  rarely  2  or  3,  separate  :  anthers  2- 
celled.  Stigmas  2  or  3.  Fruit  an  ovoid  1 -seeded  utricle,  2-3-beaked  at  the 
apex,  mostly  longer  than  the  calyx,  opening  transversely  or  sometimes  bursting 
irregularly.  Embr3'0  coiled  into  a  ring  around  the  albumen.  — Annual  weeds, 
of  coarse  aspect,  Avith  alternate  and  entire  petioled  leaves,  and  small  green  or 
purplish  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  spiked  clusters ;  in  late  summer  and 
autumn.  ('A/ia/jai/ros,  unfiduig,  because  the  dry  calyx  and  bracts  do  not  wither. 
The  Romans,  like  the  Greeks,  wrote  Amarantus,  which  the  early  botanists  in- 
correctly altered  to  Amaranthus.) 

§  1.    Utricle  thin,  circumcissde,  the  top  fall!  ny  away  ax  a  lid:  flowers  polyyamous. 

*  Flowers  in  taminal  and  axillary   simple  or  mostly  panirhd  spikes:   stem  erect 

(1°-  6°  high)  :  leaves  iony-petloled :  stamens  and  sepals  5. 

.—  Red  Ajt.\RANTiis.     Flowers  and  often  leaves  tinged  ivith  crimson  or  purple. 

1.  A.  iiYPOCiiONDiuAcus,  L.  Smooth  or  smoothish  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acute  or  pointed  ;  spikes  very  obtuse,  thick,  crowded,  the  terminal  one  elon- 
gated and  interrupted  ;  bracts  longawned;  fruit  2-3-cleft  at  the  apex,  longer  than 
the  calyx.  —  Rarely  spontaneous  around  gardens.  (Virginia,  ex  L. ;  but  doubt- 
less adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

2.  A.  pamcul.\tus,  L.  Stem  mostly  pubescent ;  leaves  oblong-ovatc  or 
ovate-lanceolate  ;  splices  numn-ons  and  slender,  panirled,  erect  or  spreading  ;  bracts 
awn-pointed ;  fruit  2 -'Moot hed  at  the  apex,  longer  than   the  calyx. — Flowers 


412  AMARANTACF..E.       (AMARANTH    FAMILY.) 

small,  green,  tinged  with  red,  or  sometimes  crimson  as  in  A.  candatus,  L.,  the 
Prixck's  FiCATUER  of  the  gardens.     (A.  sanguineus,//.)  —  In  gardens,  &c. 
(Adv.  irora  Trop.  Amer.) 
■t-  t-  Green  Amaranths,  PiowiiED.     Floirers  (jrpeu,  rare! ij  a  little  reddish. 

3.  A.  RKTROFLEXUS,  L.  Rougliish  and  pubescent,  or  smoothish;  leaves 
dull  green,  long-petioled,  ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  undulate  ;  spikes  crowded  in  a 
stiff'  or  glomerate  panicle ;  bracts  awn-pointed,  rigid,  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Var. 
ciH.oRosTACiiYS  (A.  clilorostacliys,  Wdld.)  is  smoother,  with  biighter  green 
leaves  and  less  thick  and  crowded  spikes,  apparently  passing  into  var.  hy'bridus 
(A.  hybridus,  L.),  which  is  smooth  and  more  loosely  panieled,  —  perhaps  not  in 
our  district.  —  Cultivated  and  mauureil  soil,  gardens,  &c.  Probably  indigenous 
southwestward.     (Adv.  from   Trop.  Amer.  '.) 

*  *  Flowers  crowded  in  close  and  siiuill  axillary  clusters:  stems  low,  spreading  or 
ascending:  stamens  and  sepals  3,  or  the  former  onlij  2. 

4.  A.  Albus,  L.  Smooth,  pale  green ;  stows  tt7((7/s/i,  mostly  spreading  next 
the  ground  ;  leaves  long-j)etioIed,  obovate  and  spatnlate-oblong,  very  obtuse  or 
retiise  ;  flowers  greenish  ;  sepals  mucronate,  half  the  length  of  the  rugose  fruit, 
much  shorter  than  the  rigid  pungently  pointed  bracts.  —  Waste  grounds,  near 
towns,  and  roadsides:  common,     (Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.?) 

§  2.   Utricle  thinnish,  bursting  or  imjjerftctly  circumcissile :  ftow&s  monacions. 

5.  A.  SPiNosus,  L.  (Thorny  Amaranth.)  Smooth,  bushy-branched; 
stem  reddish ;  leaves  rhombic-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  dull  green,  a  pair  of 
spines  in  their  axils;  upper  clusters  sterile,  forming  long  and  slender  spikes; 
the  fertile  globular  and  mostly  in  the  axils ;  flowers  yellowish-green,  small.  — 
Waste  grounds,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  southward.     (Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

§  3.  EUXOLUS,  Raf.      Utricle  rather  fleshy,  remaining  closed  or  bursting  irregu- 
larly: no  spines:  bracts  inconspicuous. 

6.  A.  LfviDiis,  L.  Smooth,  somewhat  succulent,  much  branched  (l°-3° 
high)  ;  Icai-eslividpurfili.^h,  long-petioled,  ovate  or  oval ;  flower-dusters  greenish, 
sessile  in  the  axils  and  crowded  in  a  terminal  interrupted  spike  ;  stamens  3;  se- 
pals mostly  3,  rather  shorter  than  the  ovate  smoothish  fruit.  (Eiixolus  lividus, 
liqf)  —  Coast  of  Virginia,  Clayton.  Probably  an  introduced  species,  and  to  in> 
dude  A,  oleraceus,  L.,  and  the  next. 

7.  A.  pumilus,  Ivif.  Low  or  prostrate  ;  leaves  more  fleshy  and  obovate, 
emarginate,  the  ribs  stouter  and  transverse;  flower-clusters  sniidl  and  axillary; 
stamens  and  sepals  5,  the  latter  half  the  length  of  the  obscurely  .5-ribbed  fruit: 
probably  a  maritime  form  of  the  preceding.  (Euxolus  pumilus,  Baf.)  —  Sandy 
beaches,  Rhode  Island  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

8.  A.  vfRiDis,  L.  Smooth  or  minutely  pubescent,  spreading  or  ascending 
(O'-IS'  high);  leares  pale  green,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  long-petioled ;  y?owrs 
innrh  smaller  than  in  the  preceding,  in  axillary  clusters  and  usually  also  in  a 
terminal  spike;  sepals  and  s/anip'-s  .T,  the  latter  thin,  shorter  than  the  small 
globose-ovate  roughish  fruit,  (Euxolus  deflexus,  Ed.  2;  but  that  has  a  larger 
and  more  elongated  smooth  3-nerved  utricle.)  —  Streets  of  Albany,  New  York: 
depauperate  form  with  the  terminal  spike  undeveloped.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


AMARANTACE^.   (AMARANTH  FAMILY.)  413 

2.     MONTELIA,     Moquin  (under  Ackida). 

Flowers  dioecious,  2-3-bracted.  Staminate  flowers  of  5  thin  oblonfj  and  mu- 
cronatc-tipped  sepals,  longer  than  the  bracts,  and  as  many  stamens  with  oblong 
anthers;  the  cells  of  the  latter  united  only  at  the  middle.  Pistillate  flowers 
without  any  calyx,  their  lanceolate  awl-pointed  bracts  longer  than  the  1-ovnled 
ovary :  stigmas  2-4,  very  long,  bristle-awl-shapcd,  plumose-hispid.  Fruit  a  thin 
and  membranaceous  globular  utricle,  smooth  and  even,  opening  transversely 
around  the  middle ;  the  upper  part  falling  oft"  like  a  lid.  Radicle  of  the  annular 
embryo  inferior.  —  An  annual  glabrous  herb,  mostly  tall,  with  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-ovate alternate  leaves,  on  long  petioles,  and  small  clusters  of  greenish  flow- 
ers, usually  crowded  into  elongated  and  panicled  interrupted  spikes.  (Probably 
a  personal  name.) 

1.  M.  tamariscina.  (Amarantus  tamariscinus,  Nnft.  A.  altissimus  & 
Miamensis,  Riddell.  Acnida  altissima,  Mirhx.  herb.  A.  rusocarpa,  Moqitin,  &c. ) 
—  Low  grounds  and  moist  sandy  shores,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and 
southward,  especially  westward.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  Var.  concatknXta  is  a  form 
with  the  lower  clusters  in  the  fertile  plant  forming  thickish  distant  heads  (5"  -  6" 
in  diameter)  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves ;  the  stems  often  low  and  spreading  or 
decumbent.  —  A  very  variable  plant,  as  to  inflorescence,  height  (l°-C°  higti), 
the  size  and  shape  of  the  leaves  (l'-5'  long,  the  petioles  often  of  the  same 
length),  the  bracts  more  or  less  awl-shaped,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  frxit 
(which  is  that  of  Amarantus) :  but  all  are  forms  of  one  species.  The  steiile 
plant  i.s  Acnida  rusocarpa,  Michx.,  or  was  mixed  with  it  in  Michaux's  coliec- 
tion,  but  the  fruit  is  neither  obtuse-angled,  rugose,  nor  indchiscent.  That  n^me 
is  unmeaning,  perhaps  a  misprint  of  niscorarpa. 

3.    ACNIDA,    L.        Watek-IIemp. 

Fruit  a  fleshy  and  indchiscent  utricle,  3-5-angled,  the  angles  often  rug5«e  or 
tubcrcled-crested.  Stigmas  3-5,  shorter  than  the  ovary,  linear-awl-shnped. 
Flowers  in  rather  loose  panicled  spikes.  Otherwise  as  in  the  preceding  genus. 
(Name  formed  of  a  privative  and  KviSt],  a  ruttli-.) 

1.  A.  eannabina,  L.  Annual,  tall  (2° -6°  high);  leaves  elongated-lan- 
ceolate or  ovate-lanceolate,  long-pctioled  ;  fruit  globular  (l^"-2"  long),  nuich 
.exceeding  the  pointless  bracts.  —  Salt  marshes  on  the  coast,  Massachusetts  to 
Virginia  and  southward.  Aug. -Oct. — Probably  the  only  species;  for  A. 
rusocarpa,  Michx.,  is  certainly  to  be  divided  between  this  and  Montelia  ta«ians> 
cina ;  and  A.  tuberculata,  Muquin,  must  be  one  or  the  other. 

4.     IRESINE,     P.Browne.        Ire.sine. 

Flowers  mostly  polygamous  or  dioecious,  3-bractcd.  Calyx  of  5  sepals.  Sta- 
mens mostly  .5  :  filaments  slender,  united  into  a  short  cup  at  the  base  :  anthers 
1-celled,  ovate.  Fruit  a  globular  utricle,  not  opening.  —  Herbs,  with  opposite 
petioled  leaves,  and  minute  •carious-white  flowers,  crowded  into  clusters  or  spiked 
and  branching  panicles  ;  the  calyx,  <Sc.  often  bearing  long  wool  (whence  the 
name,  from  fipfo-iaji/^,  a  branch  entwined  with  fillets  of  wool  borne  in  proces- 
sions .It  festivals.) 


414  POLYGONACE^.       (BUCKAVIItfAT    FAMILY.) 

1.  I.  celosioides,  L.  Nearly  glabrous  annual,  erect,  slender  (2° -4° 
hijjli);  leavfs  ovutc-laincolate ;  panicles  narrow,  naked;  bracts  and  calyx  sil- 
very-white, tlie  l.'.tter  wuully  at  the  base. — Dry  banks,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and 
southward.     Sept. 

5.     FRCELICHIA,     Mrench.        (Ovlotukcx,  Nuit.) 

Flowers  perfect,  3-bracted.  Caly.x  tubular,  5-cleft  at  the  summit,  below  2-5- 
crcsted  lengthwise,  or  tubcrclcd  and  indurated  in  fruit,  enclosini,'  the  indehiscent 
thin  utricle.  Fihiinenjs  united  into  a  tube,  bearing  5  oblong  l-ccUed  anthers, 
and  as  many  sterile  strap-shaped  appendages.  —  Hairy  or  woolly  herbs,  Avith 
op[)osite  sessile  leaves,  and  sjiiked  searious-braeted  flowers.  (Named  for  ./.  »-l. 
Fwlicli,  a  German  botanist  of  the  last  century.) 

1.  F.  Florid^na,  Moquin.  Root  annual;  stem  leafless  above  (l°-2° 
high)  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  silky-downy  beneath;  spikelets  crowded  into  an  inter- 
rupted spike;  caljx  very  woolly.  —  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug. 

ORDi:n  87.     POLY'GONACEiE.     (Buckwheat  Family.) 

Herbs,  icith  alternate  leaven,  and  stipules  in  the  form  of  sheaths  (ochrese, 
these  sometimes  obsolete)  above  the  swollen  Joints  of  the  stem;  the  flowers 
mostly  perfect,  with  a  more  or  less  persistent  calyx,  a  l-celled  ovary  hear  in  j 
2  or  3  styles  or  stigmas,  and  a  single  erect  orthotropous  seed.  Embr}-o 
curved  or  straiglitish,  on  the  outside  of  the  albumen,  or  rarely  in  its  centre; 
the  radicle  pointing  from  the  hilum  and  to"  the  apex  of  the  dry  seed-like 
fruit.  Stamens  4-12,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  3-G-cleft  calyx.  Leaves 
usually  entire.  (The  watery  juice  often  acrid,  sometimes  agreeably  acnl, 
as  in  Sorrel ;  the  roots,  as  in  Rhubarb,  sometimes  cathartic.)  — West  of  the 
Mississippi  are  a  great  nimiber  of  Ekiogone.e,  having  their  flowers  sur- 
rounded by  an  involucre.  Our  few  genera  are  all  of  the  true  Polygona- 
ce£e,  except  the  anomalous  Brunnichia. 

»  Slipular  sheaths  {pckretB)  manifest.     Ovule  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell. 
»-  Sepals  5,  sometimes  4,  somewhat  equal  and  erect  in  fruit. 

1.  Polygonum.     Embryo  curved  around  one  side  of  the  albumen:  cotyledons  narrow. 

2.  Fagopyruin.     Embryo  in  the  albumen,  its  very  broad  cotyledons  twisted-plaited. 

H-  —  Sepals  4-6,  the  outer  row  reflcxcd,  the  inner  erect  and  enlarging  in  fruit. 

3.  Oxyrin.     Si'puls  4.     Sligmas  2.     Fruit  2-\vingcd,  samara-like. 

4.  Runiex.     Sepals  6.     Styles  3.     Fruit  o-angled,  enclosed  by  the  inner  sepals. 

*  *  Stipules  obsolete.     Ovule  hanging  from  the  apex  of  a  slender  stalk. 

5.  Briiiiiitcliia.     Calyx  5-parted,  in  fruit  with  a  wing  decurrent  on  the  i>e(liccl.    Tendril. 

climber. 

1.     POLYGONUM,    L.        Kxotweed. 

Calyx  mostly  .5-parted  ;  the  divisions  often  petal-like,  all  erect  in  fruit,  with- 
ering or  persistent  and  surroimding  the  lenticular  or  3-angidar  achenium.  Sta- 
mens 4-9.  Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  3.  Embryo  placed  in  a  groove  on  the  outside 
of  the  albumen  and  curved  hall-way  around  it ;  the  radicle  and  usually  th6  cotyl- 


POLYGONACK^.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.)  415 

edons  slender.  —  Pedicels  jointed.     Our.s  all  herbaceous,  nowerin^?  thron;;!)  Into 
summer  and  early  autumn.     (Name  composed  of  ttoXv,  inaiii/,  and  ■ydi'i;,  knee, 
from  the  numerous  joints.) 
§  1.  BISTORTA,  Tourn.      Calijx  petal-Uhe,  dee],!:/  v,-rhfl :  stamens  8  or  9  :  *■////(.» 

3,  slemhr :  arlien'ium  3-sided:  stems  low  and  sim/Aa  J'rom   a  thick  and  icaudj 

crcppiivj  rootstoch :  Jloiccrs  in  a  Sjnke-like  raceme. 

1.  P.  Viviparum,  L.  (Alpixe  Bistort.)  Smooth,  dwarf  (4'-8' liigli), 
bearing  .i  linear  sjiikc  of  flesh-coIorcd  (lowers  (or  often  little  red  bulblets  in  their 
place) ;  leaves  lanceolate.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  Jscw  Hamp- 
shire, shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

§2.  PEKSICaRIA,  Tourn.  Califx  petal-like,  b-j>arted :  stirjmas  capitate:  ache- 
niuin  lenticular,  or  [when  there  are  3  sliijmas)  3-sided:  cotyledons  accumbent  and 
albumen  hard  and  hornij  except  in  A'ci.  2  ;  roots  jibrous :  Jlowcrs  crowded  in 
spikes  or  spike-like  racemes. 

*  Sheaths  some  of  them  irith  an  abrupt  spreading  and  more  or  lesa  follaceons  (some- 
times deciduous)  bordir:  tall  branching  annuals,  with  panickd  and  nodding  dense 
cylindrical  spikes:  Jlowers  rose  or  Jlesh-color :  achenium  flat. 

2.  P.  orientXle,  L.  (Prince's  Feather.)  Soft-hainj ;  leaves  ovate  or 
oblong,  pointed,  distinctly  pctioled  ;  flowers  large,  bright  rose-color  ;  stamens  7  ; 
style  2-cleft;  cotyledons  incumbent;  albumen  floury.  —  Si^aringly  escaped 
from  gardens  into  waste  grounds.     (Adv.  from  India.) 

3.  P.  Careyi,  Olney.  Stem  (3° -5°  high)  and  peduncles  f//aH(//(/o?-7)m//y; 
leares  lanceolate,  ronghisli ;  flowers  jiurplish  ;  stamens  moslly  5 ;  style  2-parted.  — 
Shady  swamps,  Rhode  Island  to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  northward. 

*  *  Sheaths  all  cylindrical  and  truncate,  without  a  border. 
•*-  Annuals:  spihs  oblong  or  linear,  densely  Jlowertd:  flowers  ro.'se  or  Jlesh-color,  or 
occasionally  varying  to  white,  slightly  or  not  at  all  glandular-dotted :  stamens  6  -  8  : 
styles  2  or  2-cleJl  and  achenium  flattened,  except  soineliiucs  in  No.  7,  ichich  alone 
has  the  sheaths  at  all  or  more  than  slightly  ciliate. 

4.  P.  Pennsylvanicum,  L.  Stem  (l°-3°high),  smooth  below,  the 
branches  above,  and  esjicciully  the  peduncles,  beset  with  brislly-stalked  glands;  leaves 
lanceolate,  roughish  on  the  midrib  and  margins  (iV-S'long);  sjiikes  oblong, 
obtuse  (I' -2'  long),  erect,  thick;  stamens  mostly  8,  somewhat  cxserted ;  style  2-clefl  ; 
achenium  with  flat  sides.  —  Moist  soil,  in  open  waste  places  :  common. 

5.  P.  incarnatum,  Ell.  Nearly  glabrous  (.30-0°  high)  ;  the  peduncles, 
&c.  often  minutely  rough  with  scattered  sessile  glands ;  sheaths  wholly  naked 
and  glabrous  ;  leaves  rough  on  the  midrib  and  margins,  elongated-lanceolate 
(4' -12'  long,  l'-3'  wide  below),  tapering  gradu:illy  from  towards  the  ba.se  to  a 
narrow  point;  spikes  linear,  nodding,  becoming  slender  (1  j'- 3' long) ;  stamens 
C  and  styles  2,  loth  included;  achenium  with  concave  sides.  (P.  nodosum,  var. 
incarnatum,  Ed.  2.  P.  lapathifoiium,  Amer.  authois,  Si-c.)  —  Wet  borders  of 
ponds  and  streams ;  rather  common  everywhere,  especially  soutliward  and 
westward. — Flowers  smaller  than  in  the  last,  lighter  rose-color,  or  flesh-color, 
varying  to  white. 

6.  P.  Iapathif61iuni,  Ait.,  is  lower,  with  shorter  and  muiii  less  ]>ointed 
leaves;  sheaths  often  somewhat  hairy  or  ciliolatc  ;  sjrikes  oblong  and  blittU  ;  flowers 


416  rOLYGOXACE^.       (P.UCKAVIIEAT    FAMILY.) 

pale  or  whitish  ;  style  2-clr/),  or  not  parted  to  (lie  hose.  Wc  have,  sparingly,  var. 
iNcXxLM,  Koch  (P.  incanuin,  ]V<lld.),  and  only  a  depauperate  form  of  it, 
3'-C'  high;  leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse,  white-downy  heneath;  spikes  barely  C" 
long,  erect.  — Borders  of  Cayuga  Lake,  New  York  (Cliiclceriiig  and  Breiar),  of 
Lake  Su]icrior  {0.  B.  W/icekr)  and  farther  northward  (Buimjrau).  —  The  true 
P.  nodosum,  Pns.,  which  connects  this  species  with  the  next,  has  not  been 
detected.     (Ku.) 

7.  P.  PicKsicVniA,  L.  (L.vdt's  Thumb.)  Nearly  smooth  and  glabrous 
(12'- 18'  high);  shcallis  more  or  less  bristty-ciliate ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pointed, 
roughish,  usually  marked  with  a  dark  triangular  or  lunar  sjyot  near  the  middle  ; 
spikes  ovoid  or  oblong,  dense,  erect,  on  smooth  (or  at  least  not  glandular)  peduncles  ; 
stamens  mostly  G;  styles  half  2-5-cl(Jl ;  achenium  gibbous-flattened  or  some- 
times triangular,  smooth  and  shining.  —  Waste  and  damp  places:  very  com- 
mon.—  Flowers  greenish-purple.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

■•-  ■*-  Annuals  or  peretmials :  spikes  slender,  Jiliform,  loosely-flowered  or  inter- 
rupted: flow?7-s  greenish  or  whitish,  sometimes  purplish-tingrd :  sepals  dotted 
with  conspicuous  glands:  leaves  pellucid-dotted :  sheaths  fringed  with  bristles' 
whole  lurbai/e  pungcntly  acrid! 

8.  P.  Hydropiper,  L.  (Common  Smartweed  or  Water-peitek.) 
Annual,  l°-2°  high,  smooth;  spikes  nodding,  usually  short  or  interrupted; 
flowers  mostly  greenish  ;  stamens  6;  style  2-3-parted  ;  achenium  c?«//,  minutely 
striate,  either  ^a<  or  oblusfly  triangular. — Woist  or  wet  grounds;  apparently 
introduced  eastward,  but  indigenous  northward.     (Eu.) 

9.  P.  ^cre,  H.  B.  K.  (Water  Smartvv-ked.)  /-"e/pHr/Za/,  nearly  smooth ; 
stems  rooting  at  the  decumbent  base,  2° -5°  high;  leaves  larger  and  longer 
than  in  the  last,  taper-{X)inted ;  spikes  erect ;  flowers  whitish,  sometimes  flesh- 
color  ;  stamens  8 ;  style  mostly  3-partcd,  and  the  achenium  sharply  triangular, 
smooth  and  shining.  (P.  punctatum,  £■//.  P.  hydropiperoides,  PwsA.)  —  Wet 
places  :  common,  especially  southward. 

••-■'-■*-  Pf-rennials,  not  acrid,  aquatic  or  arujihiliious :  sepals  not  glandular-dotted. 

10.  P.  hydropiperoldes,  Miehx.  (Mild  Water-Pepper.)  Stem 
smooth  (l°-3°  high),  branching  ;  the  narrow  sheaths  hairy,  fringed  with  bristles; 
leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  ;  sometimes  oblong  ;  spikes  erect,  slender,  sometimes 
filiibrm,  often  interrupted  at  the  base  (l'-2^'  long);  flowers  small,  flesh-color 
or  nearly  white  ;  stamens  8  ;  style  3-clefl ;  achenium  sharply  triangular,  smooth  and 
shining.  (P.  mite,  Pers.,  not  of  Schrunk.)  —  Wet  places,  and  in  shallow  water : 
common,  especially  southward. 

11.  P.  amphibium,  L.  (Water  Persicaria.)  Stems  somewhat  sim- 
ple, and  usually  terminated  by  a  single  ovate  or  oblong  and  very  dense  spike 
(6"  thick)  of  rather  large  briijht  rose-nd  flowers  ;  sheaths  not  fringed  with  bri.s- 
tles;  stamens  h;  style  2-clefl ;  achenium  biconvex;  leaves  varying  greatly,  from 
elliptical  or  cordate-oblong  to  lance-ovate  or  lanceolate.  —  The  ty])ical  ])lant  is 
var.  aquAticum,  Willd.  (Var.  natans,  Ma-nch.  P.  coccineum,  Muhl.,  &e.),  in 
water,  nearly  glabrous  ;  leaves  long  pctioled,  floating,  elliptical  or  oblong,  some- 
times heart-shaped  at  base  ;  sjiikes  short.  —  Var.  tekuestke,  Willd.,  grows 
in   shallow  water,  or  in  wet   soil,  or  even  "in   sandy  prairies"   in  lUinoia 


POLYGONACE7E.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.)  417 

{Dr.  Mmd),  cither  almost  glabrous  or  strigosc-hirsutc ;  leaves  short-petiolcd, 
varying  f'roiu  eloiigatcd-luiiceolatc  to  lance-ovate  and  taper-pointed ;  spikes 
cylindrical  (1' -3' long)  often  in  pairs. — Common.     (Eu.) 

§  3.  TOVARIA,  Adans.  Qtli/x  rather  herbaceous  {rjrei iiish),  unegnalli/  4-parted: 
stamens  5  :  sti/les  2,  distinct,  rii/id  and  jiersisteiU  on  the  smooth  lenticular  ache- 
niinn:  cotyledons  ohlony,  accnnibent:  perennial:  Jlowers  looseli]  disposed  in  naked 
lo)ifj  and  slender  s/iikes. 

12.  P.  Virgini^aum,  L.  Almost  smooth ;  stem  terete,  upright  (2° -4° 
high) ;  leaves  ovate,  or  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  rounded  at  the 
base,  short-petioled,  rough-eiliate  (3' -6' long);  sheaths  cylindrical,  truncate, 
hairy  and  fringed ;  flowers  1  -  3  from  each  bract,  somewhat  curved,  the  styles 
in  fruit  obliquely  bent  down,  minutely  hooked  at  the  tip. — Thickets  in  rich 
soil :  common. 

§  4.  PSEUDO-POLYGONELLA.  Characters  of  the  next  section,  except  that  the 
sheaths  are  truncate,  naked  and  rigid ;  t.lie  flowers  rucemed,  soli tury  from  each  trun- 
cate bract ;  pedicels  jointed  below  the  middle  ;  caltjx  expandimj  and  pctaloid. 

13.  P.  articulatum,  L.  (Jointweed.)  Annual;  stem  upright,  panic- 
ulately  branched  (4' -12'  high),  slender;  leaves  linear-thread-form,  deciduous; 
flowers  rose-color,  crowded  in  slender  and  spike-like  panicled  racemes,  on  re- 
curved pedicels  twice  the  length  of  the  crowded  joint-like  bracts ;  stamens  8  ; 
aehenium  triangular,  smooth  and  shining.  (Polygonella  articuhita,  Meisner, 
but  has  not  the  enlarged  connivent  inner  sepals,  nor  the  axilc  embryo  of  thav 
genus.)  —  Dry,  sandy  soil ;  along  the  coast  and  the  Great  Lakes,  and  in  inter- 
mediate places  in  New  York.  —  Singular  for  its  many-jointed  spikes  or  racemes, 
which  are  l'-3'  long;  the  lower  bracts  tooth-pointed  on  one  side.  Three  inner 
filaments  dilated  at  the  base. 

§4.  AVICULARIA,  Mcisn.  Cuh/x  more  or  less  petal-like,  5-parted:  stamens 
3  -  8  ;  the  fllameids  awl-shaped,  3  of  them  broader  at  the  base :  stifjmas  3,  glo- 
bose, ncarli/  sessile:  aehenium  3-sided:  coli/ledons  incumbent:  albumen  horny: 
flowers  inconspicuous,  greenish-white,  2  or  3  together  or  sonutimes  solitary  in  the 
axils  of  the  small  haves,  appearing  nearly  sessile,  sometimes  more  or  less  spiked 
along  the  leafless  summits  of  the  branches :  ours  all  annuals  or  nearly  so :  sheaths 
sc'jrious,  usually  2-3-cl(ft  or  cut-fringed  and  torn. 

14.  P.  aviculkre,  L.  (Knotgrass.  Goosi;-gr.vss.  Dook-wekd.) 
Prostrate  or  spreading ;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  pale  ;  stamens  chiefly 
5  in  the  American,  8  in  the  European  plant;  aehenium  dull,  minutely  granular 
under  a  lens,  enclosed  in  the  calyx.  —  The  commonest  weed,  in  yards,  waste 
places,  &c.     (Eu.) 

Var.  erectum,  Eoth.  Stems  upriglit  or  ascending;  leaves  broader  (ob- 
long' or  oval)  and  larger.  (P.  erectum,  L.)  —  In  richer  soil  or  more  shaded 
places  :  common. 

15.  P.  maritimum,  L.  (Coast  Knotgkass.)  Prostrate,  ^/'/kcok.s,  with 
a  hard  and  sometimes  woody  and  jjcrcnnial  root;  stems  very  short-jointed; 
searious  sheaths  large;  leaves  /A/t-fo/i'f/,  cllii)tical-lancco!ate  or  narrow  oblong ; 
flowers  larger  than  in  the  last ;  aehenium  very  smooth  and  shining.     (P.  glaucum, 

27 


418  POLTGONACE^.       (BUCKWIIKAT    FAMILY.) 

Nutt.  P.  avicularc,  var.  littorale,  Ed.  2.)  —  Sandy  sea-beach,  Mass.  to  Virginia 
and  southward  :  at  the  north  apparently  only  annual.     (P^u.) 

1 6.  P.  ramosissimum,  Alichx.  Stems  erect  or  uscending,  much  branched 
(2°-4°  hi^h),  riyid,  iiiiiny-striatc ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  taperiii;/  into  a 
petiole;  sheidlis  iiwstlij  short;  calyx  (drying  yellowish)  6-parted  and  with  6  or  3 
stamens,  or  5-partcd  and  with  4  or  5  btumens ;  achmium  very  smooth  and  shoiiiu/. 

—  Sandy  shores  iind  banks  of  streams,  Michigan  to  Illinois  and  southwaril. 
Salt  marshes,  Kliodc  Island,  Oliie;j.  —  Larger  leaves  2'  long. 

17.  P.  t6nue,  Mich.x.  SlemsUnder,\tpri(jht,  sfKirimjIij  branched  (a' ~\2'  hv^h), 
sharp-angled  ;  leaves  sessile,  narrowlj  limar,  very  acute  ;  sheaths  capillary  fringed  ; 
flowers  axillary  and  loosely  spiked  on  the  filiform  branches ;  achenium  smooth  and 
shinimj.  —  Dry  soil,  and  rocky  hills. 

§  6.  TINIARIA,  Meisn.  Calyx  5-parled  (rarely  4-parted),  (jreenish  tinrjed  with 
rose-color  or  white :  stamens  mostly  8  :  styles  or  capitate  stiijmns  .3  and  achenium 
3-sided  {except  in  No.  18)  :  leaves  heart-shaped  or  arrow-shaped,  pet ioltd :  sheaths 
sem  icylindrica  I. 

*  Annuals,  erect  or  somcichut  climbing  hy  the  rrjlcrid  prickles  which  beset  the  angles 

of  the  stem  and  jietioles:  divisions  oj'  the  (pale  rose-colored  or  white)  calyx  iiot 
keeled:  bracts  chaff-like. 

18.  P.  arifolium,  L.  (IIalberd-leaved  TEAR-muMn.)  Stem  grooved- 
angled ;  haves  halberd -shaped,  taper-pointed,  long-petiohd ;  flowers  somewhat  ra- 
cemed  (few) ;  peduncles  glandular-bristly ;  calyx  often  4-partcd  ;  stamens  C  ;  styles 
2,  very  short;  achenium  lenticular  (large).  — Low  grounds. 

19.  P.  sagittatum,  L.  (Arrow-leaved  Tear-thumh.)  Stem  4-angled ; 
leaves  arrow-shaped,  short-pet iohd ;  flowers  capitate ;  peduncles  smooth ;  stamens 
mostly  8;  s/yes  3,  slender ;  achenium  sharply  3-angled. — Low  grounds  :  common. 

—  Slender,  smooth  except  the  angles  of  the  stem'and  midrib  beneath  :  these  are 
armed  with  a  line  of  fine  and  very  sharp  saw-toothed  prickles,  which  cut  the 
hand  drawn  against  them. 

*  *  Stems  twining,  not  prickly :  calyx  with  the  3  outer  divisions  keeled,  at  least  in 

fruit :  Jlowers  in  loose  paniclcd  racemes :  bracts  like  the  stipules. 

20.  P.  Convolvulus,  L.  (Black  Bindweed.)  Annual;  stems  twining 
or  procumbent,  low,  roughish,  the  joints  naked;  leaves  halbcrd-hcart-shaped, 
jiointed  ;  flowers  in  small  interrupted  corymbose  racemes ;  outer  calyx-loins  keeled; 
achenium  smoothish.  —  Cult,  and  waste  grounds:  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

21.  P.  cilin6de,  Michx.  Perennial,  minutely  downy ;  the  sheaths  fringed  at 
the  base  with  reflexed  bristles;  leaves  heart-shaped  and  slightly  halberd-shaped, 
taper-pointed;  racemes  paniclcd;  calyx-lol>es  obscurely  keeled;  achenium  very 
smooth  iind  shining.  —  Copses  and  rocky  hills.     Climbing  3° -9°  high. 

22.  P.  dumetbrum,  L.  (Climbing  False  Buckwheat.)  Pirenniid, 
smooth;  sheaths  naked ;  leaves  heart-shaped  or  slightly  halberd-shaped,  pointed; 
racemes  interrupted,  leafy;  the  3  outer  ralyx-ioUs  strongly  keeled  and  in  fruit 
winged;  achenium  smooth  and  shining.     (Eu.) 

Var.  seandens  (P.  scanden.s,  L.)  has  more  paniclcd  flowers,  and  usually 
much  broader  wings  to  the  fruiting  calyx  than  the  European.  — Moist  thickets. 
Twining  8° -12°  high  over  bushes. 


POLYGONACE^..       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.)  419 

2.    PAGOPYRUM,    Tourn.        BucKwriEAx. 

Calyx  petal-like,  equally  5-parte(l,  withering  and  nearly  unehangcd  in  fruit. 
Stamens  8.  Styles  3 :  stigmas  capitate.  Achenium  3-si(lc(l,  longer  than  tho 
calyx.  Embryo  large,  in  the  centre  of  the  albumen,  wiiich  it  divides  into  2  parts, 
with  very  broad  and  ibliaceous  plaited  and  twisted  cotyledons.  — Annuals,  with 
triangular-heart-shaped  or  halberd-shaped  leaves,  scmicylindrieal  sheaths,  and 
Cf"-vymbose  racemes  or  panicles  of  white  llowers,  often  tinged  with  green  or  rose- 
color.  (Name,  (prjyos,  the  beech,  and  nvpos,  wheat,  from  the  shape  of  the  grain 
being  that  of  the  beech-nut ;  whence  also  the  English  name  Buckwheat,  from 
the  German  iSurfjf,  lieech.) 

1.  P.  ESCULilNTU.M,  Mocncli.  (BucKwnEAT.)  Smootliisli ;  flower  with  8 
honey-bearing  yellow-glands  interposed  between  the  stamens ;  the  fruit  acute 
and  entire.  (Polygonum  Eagopyrum,  Z.)  —  Old  fields,  remaining  as  a  weed 
after  cultivation,  and  escaping  into  copses.     June-  Sept.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.     OXYRIA,     Hill.        Mountain  Sorrel. 

Calyx  herbaceous,  of  4  sepals ;  the  two  outer  smaller  and  spreading,  the  two 
inner  broader  and  erect  (but  unchanged)  in  fruit.  Stamens  6.  Stigmas  2,  ses- 
sile, tufted.  Achenium  lenticular,  thin,  flat,  much  larger  than  llae  calyx,  sur- 
rounded by  a  broad  and  veiny  wing.  Seed  flattened  in  the  opposite  direction 
from  the  wing.  Embryo  straight,  occupying  the  centre  of  the  albumen,  slender. 
—  Low  alpine  perennia's,  with  round-kidney-form  and  long-petioled  leaves 
chiefly  from  the  root,  obliquely  truncate  sheaths,  and  small  greenish  flowers 
clustered  in  panicled  racemes  on  a  slender  scape.  (Name  from  o^vs,  sour,  in 
allusion  to  the  acid  leaves,  like  those  of  Sorrel.) 

1 .  O.  digyna,  Campdera.  Leaves  all  i-ound-kidney-forni,  usually  notched 
at  the  end;  fruit  orbicular. — Alpine  region  of  the  White  Mountains,  New 
Hampshire,  Oakcs,  &c.,  and  high  northward.     (Eu.) 

4.     RtlMEX,    L.        Dock.     Sorrel. 

Calyx  of  6  sepals  ;  the  3  outer  herbaceous,  sometimes  united  at  the  base, 
spreading  in  fruit ;  the  3  inner  larger,  somewhat  colored,  increasing  after  flow- 
ering and  convergent  over  the  3-angled  achenium,  veiny,  often  bearing  a  grain- 
like tubercle  on  the  back  (in  fruit  called  valves).  Stamens  6.  Styles  3: 
stigmas  tufted.  Embryo  slightly  curved,  lying  along  one  side  of  the  albumen, 
slender.  — Coarse  herbs,  with  small  and  homely  (mostly  green)  flowers,  which 
are  crowded  and  commonly  whorled  in  panicled  racemes  ;  the  ])ctiolcs  somewhat 
sheathing  at  the  base.  (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  these  plants ;  of  unknown 
etymology.) 

§  1.  Dock.     Fhncers  perfct  or  nwiacioiisli/  poli/ijamoits :  lierliotjr   not  sour:   none 

of  the  liavfs  hulbenf -shaped.      {Flotariii;/  through  the  suvimei.) 

*  Pereuiiiuls,  2°  -  7°  higli :  ra/res  not  bearbiy  bristles. 

•*-    Valvis  (larrje,  3"  broad,  thin)  all  ntdad  or  one  with  a  small  grain. 

1.  R.  Patiextia,  L.  (Patience  Dock.)  A  very  tall  si)ccies,  with  ovate- 
oblong  and  lanceolate  leaves,  those  from  the  root  2° -3"^  long,  and  one  of  the 


420  roLYGOXACE.E.     (buckwiikat  family.) 

hcfirt-shapcfl  nearly  entire  valves  bearing  a  small  grain,  or  its  midrib  tbickened 
at  tlic  base,  was  found  spontaneous  at  Aniberst,  Mass.,  by  Piof.  Tuvkenmin,  in 
tbc  form  witli  undulate  leaves,  K.  oricntaiis,  Bcnih.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  B,.  longif6lils,  DC.  (R.  donie'sticus,  Ilmtm.,  and  too  near  R.  aquat- 
icus,  L.),  known  by  tbc  rounded  somewbat  beart-sbaped  valves  all  witbout  a 
grain,  —  i.s  indigenou.s  at  tlie  nortbwest,  pcrbaps  in  Nortbern  Wisconsin.    (Eu.) 

■*-         Valves  (amuller)  one  or  more  of  them  conspicuousl y  f/rain-benring. 
■*-*■  Intlirjenoiis:  /fares  not  wavy,  none  htart-shaped,  except  the  lowest  of  No.  6. 

3.  R,  orbieul^tus,  Gray.  (Great  Water-Dock.)  Tall  and  stout 
(5°-G°  lii-li) ;  rateinus  upriylit  in  a  large  compound  panicle,  nearly  leafless ; 
■wborls  crowded  ;  pedicels  cctpillnri/,  noddimi,  about  twice  the  lemjth  of  the  fruiting 
calyx ;  the  vidves  orbicular  or  round-orate,  very  obtuse,  obscurely  beart-sbaiwd  at 
base,  membranaceous,  finely  reticulated,  entire  or  repand-denticnlate  (2" -3" 
broad),  all  grain-bearing;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  acute  at  botb  ends, 
transvei-sely  veined,  and  witb  obscurely  erose-crenulatc  margins  (tbe  lowest,  in- 
cluding the  petiole,  l°-2°  long,  the  middle  rarely  truncate  or  obscurely  cordate 
at  base).  (R.  Ilydrolapatbum,  var.  1  Americanus,  Ed.  2.  R.  Britannica, Pursh ? 
Tiiijelow,  Toff.  F\.  N.  Y.  R.  aqua'ticus,  Pursh  ?)  —  Wet  places  :  rather  common 
northward.  —  Root  yellow.  Leaves  occasionally  abruptly  contracted  a  little  be- 
low the  enlarging  apex.  Valves  very  much  rounder,  thinner,  larger  in  propor- 
tion to  the  grain,  and  more  reticulated  than  in  tbe  Eurojican  R.  Ilydrolapatbum, 
resembling  those  of  R.  longifolius  except  in  bearing  a  conspicuous  grain. 

4.  R.  Britannica,  L.  (Pale  Dock.)  Rather  tall  (2°-6°  high);  ra- 
cemes spike-like  and  panicled,  nearly  leafless;  whorls  crowded  ;  pedicels  noddiurj, 
shorter  than  the  fruiting  calyx ;  the  valves  broadly  ovate  or  obscurely  heart-shaped, 
obtuse  or  acutish,  entire,  membranaceous,  loosely  reticulated  (about  2"  broad), 
one  witb  a  conspicuous  grain,  the  others  witb  a  small  grain  or  tbickened  midrib, 
or  naked  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  pale,  thiekish.  obscurely 
veiny  (those  of  the  stem  3'  -  6'  long,  contracted  at  base  into  a  short  petiole),  none 
heart  shaped.  (R.  Claytonii,  Campdera,  which  name  is  to  be  adopted  if  we 
reject  that  inconsiderately  assigned  by  Linnajus,  who  transferred  the  obscure 
Herba  Britannica  of  the  old  writers  to  a  Virginian  species.  R.  xanthorhizus, 
Uoffmansegg,  ex  Meisner.  R.  altissimus,  Wood.)  —  Moist  grounds,  New  York 
to  Illinois  and  southward. 

5.  B.  salicifblius,  Weinmann.  (White  Dock.)  Rather  low  (l°-3° 
high);  root  white;  leaves  narrowly  or  linear-lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  oblong; 
whorls  much  crowded ;  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  fruiting  calyx;  valves  deltoid- 
ovate,  obtnsisb  or  acutish  (about  1  j''  long),  one,  two  or  sometimes  all  three  with 
a  consj)icuous  often  very  large  grain  :  otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  preceding.  (R. 
pallidus,  Bigeiow.)  —  Salt  marshes,  coast  of  New  England ;  also  far  westward 
and  northward. 

6.  R.  vertieill^tUS,  L.  (Swamp  Dock.)  Rather  tall  (3°-:>°  high); 
racemes  nearly  leafless,  elongated,  loose ;  tbe  whorls  crowded  or  the  lower  ones 
distant;  fruit-bearing  pedicels  slender,  club-shaped,  abruptly  reflexed,  3-4  times 
lunger  than  the  fruiting  calyx ;  the  valves  dilated-rhomboid,  obtusely  somewhat  pointed, 
strongly  rugose-reticulated,  each  bearing  a  very  large  grain ;  leaves  lanceolate  or 


POLYGONACEiE.       (BUCK^V^EAT    FAMILY.)  421 

oblong-lancftolale,  rather  obtuse,  thickish,  pale-green,  the  lowest  often  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base.  —  Wet  swamps  :  common: 

■>-*■  •*-*  Naturalized  weeds :  lower  leaves  mostly  heart-sluiptd  at  the  base. 

7.  E..  cuispus,  L.  (CuuLED  Dock.)  Smooth;  leaves  luith  strongly  wavy- 
curled  iiiari/ins,  lanceolate,  acute,  the  lower  truncate  or  scarcely  heart-shaped  at 
the  base ;  whorls  crowded  in  /iroloiiijed  ivand-like  racemes,  lexijiess  above ;  valves 
rontid-heart-ahaptd,  obscurely  denticulate  or  entire,  mostly  all  of  them  grain-bearing. 
—  A  very  comiuon  weed  in  cultivated  and  waste  grounds.  Stem  3° -4°  high, 
from  a  deep  spindle-shaped  yellow  root.  There  is  a  hybrid  of  this  with  the 
next.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

8.  R.  ODTUSiFOLius,  L.  (Bitter  Dock.)  Stem  roughish ;  lowfst  haves 
ovate-heart-shaped,  obtuse,  rather  downy  on  the  veins  underneath,  somewhat  wavy- 
margined,  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate,  acute;  whorls  loose  and  distant ;  valves  ovate- 
holberd-shipcd,  and  ivith  some  sharp  awl-shaped  teeth  at  the  base,  strongly  reticulated, 
one  of  them  principally  grain-bearing.  — :  Fields,  &c.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

9.  E..  coxglomerXtus,  Murray.  (Smaller  Green  Dock.)  Leaves  oh- 
'long,  pointed,  sliglitly  wavy-margined,  the  lower  heart-shaped  at  the  base ;  whorls 

distant,  leafy ;  pedicels  very  short;  valves  linear-oblong,  raihtr  broinhr  next  the  base; 
obtuse,  entire,  each  bearing  a  single  reddish  grain.  (R.  acutus,  jSmith.)  — Moist 
places;  sparingly  introduced.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

10.  R.  SASGufNEUs,  L.  (Bloody-veined  Dock.)  Leaves  lanceolate,  wavy- 
margined,  the  lowest  heart-shaped  at  the  base  ;  whorls  distant,  in  long  and  slender 
leajiess  interrupted  spikes ;  pedicels  very  short ;  valves  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  entire, 
one  at  least  grain-bearing ;  veins  of  the  leaf  red,  or,  in  var.  viridis,  green. — 
Waste  and  cultivated  grounds.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Annuals,  low:  valves  bearing  long  awns  or  bristles. 

11.  R.  maritimus,  L.  (Golden  Dock.)  Minutely  pubescent,  diffusely 
branched ;  leaves  lance-linear,  wavy-margined,  the  lower  auricled  or  heart-shaped 
at  base  ;  A\horls  excessively  crowded  in  leafy  and  compact  or  interrupted  spikes  ; 
valves  rhombic-oblong,  lance-pointed,  each  bearing  2 -.3  long  awn-like  bristles 
on  each  side,  and  a  large  grain  on  the  back.  (Also  R.  persicarioules,  L.)  —  Sea- 
shore, Virginia  to  Massachusetts :  also  Illinois  and  westward.  — Plant  6' -12' 
high  ;  remarkable  for  the  crowded  and  almost  orange-colored  fruiting  calyx, 
the  bristles  usually  longer  than  the  width  of  the  valves.     (Eu.) 

§  2.  Sorrel.     Flowers  diacious,  small,  in  a  terminal  naked  panicle :  herbage  sour  : 
some  kaves  halherd-sha/ied  :  smooth  perennials,  flowering  in  spring. 

12.  R.  Engelmanni,  Ledeb.  Stem  simple,  l°-2°  high;  leaves  nearly 
as  in  the  next ;  pedicels  jointed  at  or  below  the  middle ;  valves  of  the  fruiting  calyx 
round-heart-shaped,  thin,  finely  reticulated,  naked,  many  times  larger  than  the 
acheninm.  (R.  hustnXiitns,  Baldwin.)  —  S.  W.  Illinois,  thence  southward  and 
westward. 

13.  R.  AcETOSELLA,  L.  (FiELD  or  SiiEEP  SoRREL.)  Low  (C  -  1 2' high)  ; 
leaves  lancc-halberd-form,  at  least  those  of  the  root,  the  narrow  lobes  entire ; 
pedicels  jointed  with  the  flower  ;  valves  scarcely  enlarging  in  fruit,  oittte,  naked. — 
An  abundant  weed  in  waste  places  and  all  sterile  and  worn  fields.  —  The  fertile 
panicles  usually  turu  reddish  in  summer.  .  (^at.  from  Eu.) 


422  LAURACK.E.       (LAUREL    FAMILY.) 

5.     BRUNNICHIA,     Banks.        Bruxnichia. 

Calvx  5-partcd  ;  the  divisions  somewhat  petal-like,  oblong,  connivcnt  and 
coriaceous  in  fruit.  Stamens  8  :  filaments  capillary  :  styles  3,  slender :  stigmas 
depressed-capitate.  Ovule  hanging-  on  the  summit  of  a  slender  erect  funiculus  : 
the  seed  erect,  6-grooved.  Embryo  in  one  of  the  angles  of  the  mealy  all)umcn, 
somewhat  curved.  Achenium  ol)tuscly  triangular,  partly  3-celled,  enclosed  in 
the  indurated  calyx,  its  base  and  almost  the  whole  length  of  the  pedicel  wingeil 
on  one  side.     (Named  for  F.  Bninnuh,  a  Danish  naturalist.)     * 

1.  B.  cirrhosa,  Banks. —  A  somewhat  shrubby  smooth  jilant,  with  grooved 
stems,  climbing  by  tendrils  extended  from  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Leaves 
ovate  or  heart-shaped,  jiointed,  entire :  petioles  dilated  at  base  and  partly  elas])- 
ing;  but  no  distinct  sheath  or  stipules.  Flowers  greenish,  2-5  in  a  fascicle 
from  the  axil  of  an  awl-shaped  bract,  these  crowded  in  axillary  and  terminal 
racemes  :  pedicel  jointed  near  the  base.  Fruiting  calyx  with  the  wing  1'  long. 
—  Pulaski  Co.,  S.  W.  Illinois,  Dr.  F.  Brendd :  also  soutliwui-d. 

Order  88.     L,AURACEiE.     (Laurel  Family.) 

Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  icitli  alternate  simple  leaves  mostly  marked  tdth 
minute  pellucid  dots,  andjloicers  with  a  regular  calyx  of  A  or  G  colored  sepals, 
imbricated  in  2  rows  in  the  bud,  free  from  the  1-celled  and  1-omded  ocary, 
and  mostly  feicer  than  the  stamens;  anthers  opening  by  2  or  A  uplifted 
valces.  —  Flowers  clustered.  Style  single.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  berry  or 
drupe.  Seed  anatropous,  suspended,  with  no  albumen,  filled  by  the  large 
almond-like  embryo.  —  A  well-marked  family,  very  numerous  in  the  trop- 
ies,  represented  in  our  district  by  only  five  species,  in  four  genera. 

*  Flowers  perfect,  paniclcd  :  stamens  12,  three  of  them  sterile. 

1.  Persea.     Calyx  persistent.     Anthers  4-celled,  those  of  three  stamens  turned  outwrard. 

«  ♦  Flowers  dioecious,  or  nearly  so :  stamens  in  the  male  flowers  9. 

2.  Sassafras.     Flowers  in  corymb- or  umhellike  racemes      Anthers  4-celled,  4-vaIved. 

3.  LiiKlera.     Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters.     Anthers  2-celled,  2- valved. 

4.  Teti-aiitliera.     Flowers  few  in  involucrate  umbels.     Anthers  4-celled,  4-valved. 

1.     PERSEA,     Gffirtn.        Alligator  Pear. 

Flowers  perfect,  with  a  6-parted  calyx,  which  persists  at  the  base  of  the  berry- 
like fruit.  Stamens  12,  in  four  rows,  the  3  of  the  innermost  row  sterile  and  re- 
duced to  a  sort  of  glands:  the  rest  bearing  4-celled  anthers  (i.  e.  each  of  the 
two  proper  cells  is  divided  transversely  into  two),  opening  by  as  many  uplifted 
valves;  the  anthers  of  3  stamens  turned  outward,  the  others  introrse.  —  Trees, 
with  persistent  entire  leaves,  and  small  paniclcd  flowers.  (An  ancient  name  of 
some  Oriental  tree.) 

1.  P.  Carolinensis,  Nees.  (Red  Bay.)  Hoary  at  least  when  young 
with  a  tine  down  ;  leaves  oblong,  pale,  soon  becoming  smooth  above  ;  peduncle 
bearing  few  flowers  in  a  close  cluster  ;  sepals  downy,  the  outer  shorter  ;  berries 
dark  blue,  on  a  red  stalk.  (Laurus  Carolinensis,  Catesb.  L.  Borbonia,  i.J — 
Swamps,  Delaware,  Virginia,  and  southward.    June.  — A  small  tree. 


LAUUACE^.       (lAUUEL    FAMILY.)  423 

2.    SASSAFRAS,    Nees.        Sassafras. 

Flowers  dioecious,  with  a  6-parted  spreading  calyx ;  the  sterile  kind  with  9 
stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx  in  3  rows,  the  3  inner  with  a  pair  of 
stalked  glands  at  the  base  of  each;  anthers  4-celled,  4-valved  :  fertile  Howers 
with  6  short  rudiments  of  stamens  and  an  ovoid  ovary.  Drupe  ovoid  (blue), 
supj;ortcd  on  a  club-shaped  and  rather  fleshy  reddish  pedicel.  —  Trees,  with 
spicy-aromatic  bark,  very  mucilaginous  twigs  and  foliage ;  the  latter  decidu- 
ous, often  lobcd.  Flowers  greenish-yellow,  naked,  in  clustered  and  peduncled 
corynibed  racemes,  appearing  with  the  leaves,  involucrate  with  scaly  bracts. 
Leaf-buds  scaly.     (The  popular  name,  of  Spanish  origin.) 

1.  S.  oflQ-Cinale,  Noes.  Leaves  ovate,  entire,  or  some  of  them  3-lobed, 
soon  glabrous.  (Laurus  Sassafras,  L.) — Rich  woods:  common.  April. — 
True  15° -50°  high,  with  yellowish-green  twigs. 

3.     LINDERA,     Thunbcrg.        Wild  Allspice.     Fever  bush. 

Flowers  polygamous-dioecious,  with  a  6-parted  open  calyx  ;  the  sterile  kind 
Avith  9  stamens  in  3  rows,  the  inner  filaments  1  -  2-lobed  and  gland-bearing  at 
the  base;  anthers  2-cclled  and  2-valved  :  fertile  flowers  with  15-18  rudiments 
of  stamens  in  2  forms,  and  a  globular  ovary.  Drupe  obovoid,  red,  the  stalk  not 
thickened.  —  Shrubs,  with  deciduous  leaves,  and  honey-yellow  flowers  in  almost 
sessile  lateral  iimbel-like  clusters,  appearing  before  the  leaves  (in  our  species) ; 
the  clusters  composed  of  smaller  clusters  or  umbels,  each  of  4-6  flowers  and 
surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  4  deciduous  scales.  Leaf-buds  scaly.  (Named 
for  John  Under,  a  Swedish  botanist  of  the  early  part  of  the  18th  centur}^ 
Benzoin,  Nets,  adopted  in  Ed.  2,  is  a  much  later  name.) 

1.  L.  Benz6in,  Meisner.  (Spice-busii.  Benjamin-bush.)  Nearly 
smooth;  leaves  ob/onij-obovate,  pale  underneath.  (Laurus  Benzoin,  L.  Benzoin 
odoriferum,  Nees,  &  Ed.  2. )  —  Damp  woods  :  rather  common.  March,  April.  — 
Shrub  6° -15°  high. 

2.  L.  melisssefblia,  Blume.  Young  branches  and  buds  pubescent ;  leaves 
oblon(j,  obtuse  or  heart-sluiptd  at  the  base,  downy  beneath  ;  umbels  few.  ( Lauru3 
mclissaefolia,  Walt.  L.  diospyroides,  Mic.hr.  Benzoin  nielissaifolium.  Nets.)  — 
Low  grounds,  Virginia,  Illinois?  and  southward.     April. 

4.     TETRANTHERA,    Jacq.        Tetraxtiiera. 

Flowers  dicccious,  with  a  G-parted  deciduous  calyx  ;  the  sterile  with  9  stamens 
in  3  rows  ;  their  anthers  all  introrse,  4-celled,  4-valvcd  :  fertile  llowers  with  12 
or  more  rudiments  of  stamens  and  a  globular  ovarv.  Drupe  globular. — 
Shrubs  or  trees,  with  entire  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  axillary  clustered  um- 
bels.    (Name  composed  of  rtrpa,  four,  and  dvdrjpd,  antlier.) 

1.  T.  geniculata,  Xees.  (Pond  Spice.)  Flowers  (yellow)  appearing 
before  the  deciduous  ()l)long  leaves,  which  are  hairy  on  the  midrib  beneath  ; 
branches  forked  and  divaricate,  the  branchlets  zigzag  ;  involucres  2 -4-leaved, 
2-4-flowered;  fruit  red.  (Laurus  geniculata,  Michx.)  — Swamps,  Virginia 
and  southward.     April. 


424  ELiEAGXACE.E.       (OLEASTER    FAMILY.) 

Order  89.     TlIYMELEACEiE.     (Mezereum  Family.) 

SJirubs,  with  acrid  and  i-crij  lonr/h  (not  aro7natic)  hai-k;  entire  leaves,  and 
perfect  flowers  with  a  regular  and  .sim/ite  colored  culijx,  bearing  usuulhj  twice 
as  inanij  stamens  as  its  lobes,  free  from  the  \-ceUed  and  \-ovuled  ocary, 
wlilcli  forms  a  berry-like  drupe  in  i'ruit,  with  a  single  suspended  anatro- 
pous  seed.  Kiubryo  large:  albumen  little  or  none.  —  A  small  family,  rep- 
resented in  cultivation  by  Dapiin'e  Mezkueum,  and  one  or  two  other 
species;  in  North  America  only  by  a  single  species. 

1 .     D  i  R  C  A  ,     L.        Leatiiekwood.     Moose-wood. 

Calyx  petal-like,  tubular-funnel-shaped,  truncate,  the  border  wavy  or  obscurely 
about  4-tootlicd.  Stamens  8,  long  and  slender,  inserted  on  the  calyx  above  the 
middle,  ])rotruded,  the  alternute  ones  Ioniser.  Style  tliroad-forui  :  stigma  capi- 
tate. Drupe  oval  (reddish).  —  A  niuch-branched  bush,  with  jointed  branehlcts, 
oval-obovate  alternate  leaves,  at  length  smooth,  deciduous,  on  very  short  peti- 
oles, the  bases  of  which  conceal  the  buds  of  the  next  season.  Flowers  light 
yellow,  preceding  the  leaves,  3  or  4  in  a  cluster  from  a  bud  of  as  many  diirk- 
hairy  scales,  forming  an  involucre,  from  which  soon  after  proceeds  a  leafy  branch. 
(^IpKrj,  the  name  of  a  fountain  near  Thebes,  applied  by  Linnfeus  to  this  North 
American  genus,  for  no  imaginable  reason,  unless  because  the  bush  frequently 
grows  near  mountain  rivulets.) 

1.  D.  pallistris,  L.  —  Damp  rich  woods,  seldom  in  swamps.  New  England 
to  Penn.,  Kentucky,  and  (especially)  northward.  April. —  Shrub  2° -5°  high; 
the  wood  white,  soft,  and  very  brittle ;  but  the  fibrous  bark  remarkably  tough, 
used  by  the  Indians  for  thongs,  whence  the  popular  names.  In  Northern  New 
England  also  called  Wicopy. 

Order  90.    EL,iE.lGNACE/E.     (Oleaster  Family.) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  silvery-scurf y  leaves  and  mostly  dioecious  flow- 
ers ;  further  distinguished  from  the  Mezereum  Family  by  the  erect  or 
ascending  albuminous  seed,  and  the  calyx-tube  becoming  pulpy  and 
berry-like  in  fruit,  and  strictly  enclosing  the  achenium  ;  and  from  the 
following  or  by  the  calyx-tube  not  cohering  with  the  ovary,  &c.  A 
small  family,  represented  by  only  three  North  American  species,  only 
one  strictly  within  our  limits. 

1.     SHEPHERDIA,    Nutt.        Siiepiierdi.x. 

Flowers  dioecious;  the  sterile  with  a  4-parted  calyx  (valvatc  in  the  bud)  and 
8  stamens,  alternating  with  as  many  processes  of  the  thick  disk  ;  the  fertile  with 
an  urn-shaped  4-cleft  calyx,  enclosing  the  ovary  (the  orifice  closed  by  the  teeth 
of  the  disk),  and  becoming  berry-like  in  fruit.  Style  slender:  stigma  1-sidcd. 
—  Leaves  opposite,  entire,  deciduous ;  the  small  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  their 
axils  on  the  branchlets,  clustered,  or  the  fertile  solitary.  (Named  for  John  Shep- 
herd, formerly  curator  of  the  Liverpool  Botanic  Garden.) 


SANTALACEiE.        (SANDALWOOD    FAMILY.)  42J 

1.  S.  Canadensis,  Nutt.  (Canadian  Shkpherdia.)  Leaves  elliptical 
or  ovate,  nearly  naked  and  yrcen  above,  silvery-downy  and  scurfy  with  rusty 
scales  underneath  ;  fruit  yellowish-red,  insijjid.  —  Rocky  or  gravelly  banks,  Ver- 
mont to  Wisconsin  and  northward.  May.  —  Shrub,  3° -6°  high  ;  the  branch- 
lets,  young  leaves,  yellowish  flowers,  &c.,  covered  with  the  rusty  scales. 

2.  S.  arg6ntea,  Nutt.,  the  Buffalo-Berky  of  Upper  Missouri,  has  nar- 
rower leaves,  tapering  at  bjise,  silvery  on  both  sides,  and  edible,  acid,  scarlet 
fruit :  probably  in  Minnesota :  sometimes  cultivated. 

El^Agnus  ARGENTINA,  Pursh,  the  Silver-Berry,  Avith  oval  silvery  leaves, 
and  silvery  and  mealy  edible  fruit,  ditl'ering  from  Shepherdia  in  its  perfect  flow- 
ers with  only  4  stamens,  —  abounds  not  far  beyond  our  northwestern  limits. 

Order  91.     SANTALACE.E.     (Sandalwood  Family.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  entire  leaves  ;  the  4-5-cleft  calyx  valvule  in 
the  bud,  its  tube  coherent  with  the  l-celled  ovary,  which  contains  2-4  ovtdes 
suspended  from  the  apex  of  a  stalk-like  free  central  placenta  which  rises  from 
the  base  of  the  cell,  but  the  {indehiscent)  fruil  always  l-seeded. —  Seed  des- 
titute of  any  proper  seed-coat.  Embryo  small,  at  the  apex  of  copious  al- 
bumen :  radicle  directed  upward  :  cotyledons  cylindrical.  Stamens  equal 
in  number  to  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  and  inserted  opposite  them  into  the 
edge  of  the  fleshy  disk  at  their  base.  Style  1.  A  small  order,  the  greater 
part  belonging  to  warm  regions,  here  represented  only  by  the  two  follow- 
ing genera. 

1.     COMANDRA,    Nutt.        Bastard  Toad-flax. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  bell-shaped  or  soon  urn-shaped,  lined  above  the  ovary 
with  an  adherent  disk  which  has  a  5-lobed  free  border.  Stamens  inserted  on  the 
edge  of  the  disk  between  its  lobes,  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  to  the  middle 
of  which  the  anthers  are  connected  by  a  tuft  of  thread-like  hairs.  Fruit  drupe- 
like or  nut-like,  crowned  by  the  persistent  calyx-lobes,  the  cavity  filled  by  the 
globular  seed. — Low  and  smooth  perennials,  with  herbaceous  steins  from  a 
lather  woody  base  or  root,  alternate  and  almost  sessile  leaves,  and  greenish-white 
flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  small  umbel-like  clusters.  (Name  from  KUfxrj^ 
hair,  and  /ivdpes,  for  stamens,  in  allusion  to  the  hairs  on  the  calyx-lobes  which 
are  attached  to  the  anthers.) 

1.  C.  umbell^ta,  Nutt.  Leaves  oblong,  pale  (l' long) ;  peduncles  several 
and  corymbose-dust  end  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  several  flowered ;  calyx-tube  con- 
spicuously continued  beyond  the  ovary,  forming  a  necji  to  the  globular-urn- 
shaped  fruit ;  the  lobes  obiony ;  style  slender;  fruit  dry.  —  Dry  ground  :  common. 
May,  June.  —  Stems  8' -10'  high,  very  leafy.  Root  forming  parasitic  attach- 
ments to  the  roots  of  trees  (as  shown  by  Mr.  Staiifflr). 

2.  C.  livida,  Richardson.  Peduncles  axillavy,  3  -  b-floicered,  shorter  than 
the  oval  leaves ;  calyx-tiibe  not  continued  beyond  the  ovary,  the  Mies  ovate;  style 
short;  fruit  pulpy  when  ripe,  red.  —  Sandy  shores  of  Lake  Superior  and  north- 
ward.—  Leaves  larger  than  in  the  last. 

L  &  M— 38 


426  LORANTHACE^.   (MISTLETOE  FAMILY.) 

2.     PYRULARIA,     Mkhx.        Oil-nut.     Buffalo-nut. 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx  4-5-cleft,  the  lobes  recurved;  a 
tuft  of  hairs  at  their  base  iu  the  male  tlowers.  Stamens  4  or  5,  on  very  short 
filaments,  alternate  with  as  many  rounded  <;lands.  Fertile  flowers  with  a  pear- 
shaped  ovary  invested  by  the  adherent  tube  of  the  calyx,  naked  at  the  flat  sum- 
mit:  disk  with  5  glands:  style  short  and  thick  :  stigma  capitate-flattened.  Fruit 
fleshy  and  drupe-like,  pear-shaped ;' the  globose  entloearp  thin.  Embryo  small : 
albumen  very  oily.  —  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  short-petioled  and  decidu- 
ous leaves;  the  small  greenish  flowers  in  short  and  simple  spikes  or  racemes. 
(Name  a  diminutive  o(  Pi/nis,  from  the  fruit,  which  in  the  original  species  looks 
like  a  small  pear.) 

1.  P.  oleifera,  Gray.  Shrub  straggling  (.3°- 12°  high),  nunutely  downy 
when  young,  at  length  nearly  glabrous  ;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  acute  or  pointed 
at  both  ends,  soft,  very  veiny,  minutely  pellucid-punctate ;  spike  small  and  few- 
flowered,  terminal;  calyx  5-cleft.  (P.  piibera,  37/c/tx. ;  a  little  older  than  the 
other  specific  name,  but  much  less  appropriate.  Hamiltonia  oleifera,  Mull.)  — 
Rich  woods,  mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  and  southward  through  the  Allegha- 
nies.  May.  —  Whole  plant  imbued  with  an  acrid  oil,  especially  the  fruit,  which 
is  an  inch  long. 

Order  92.     LORANTHACE.E.     (Mistletoe  Family.) 

Shrubby  plants  icith  coriaceous  greenish  foliarie,  parmitic  on  ?ree>",  repre- 
sented in  the  northern  temperate  zone  chiefly  by  the  Mistletoe  and  its 
near  allies  ;  distinguished  from  the  preceding  family  more  by  the  parasitic 
growth  and  habit,  and  by  the  more  reduced  flowers,  than  by  essential 
characters  :  represented  by  an  American  genus  nearly  allied  to  Viscum,  or 
true  Mistletoe,  viz. 

1.     PHORADENDRON,     Nutt.     False  Mistletoe. 

Flowers  dioecious,  in  short  and  catkin-like  jointed  spikes,  usually  several  under 
each  short  and  fleshy  bract  or  scale,  and  sunk  in  the  joint.  Calyx  globular,  3- 
(rarely  2-4-)  lobed :  in  the  staminate  flowers  a  sessile  anther  is  borne  on  the 
base  of  each  lobe,  and  is  transversely  2-celled,  each  cell  opening  by  a  pore  or 
slit :  in  the  fertile  flowers  the  calyx-tube  adheres  to  the  ovary :  stigma  sessile, 
obtuse.  Berry  I-seeded,  pulpy.  Embryo  small,  half  imbedded  in  the  summit 
of  mucilaginous  albumen.  —  Yellowish-green  woody  parasites  on  the  branches 
of  trees,  with  jointed  much-branched  stems,  thick  and  firm  persistent  leaves  (or 
only  scales  in  their  place),  and  axillary  small  spikes  of  flowers.  (Name  com- 
posed of  ^cop,  a  thief,  and  bevhpov,  tree;  because  these  plants  steal  their  food 
from  the  trees  they  grow  upon.) 

1.  P.  flav6scens,  Nutt.  (^mekican  Mistletoe.)  Leaves  ol)ovate  or 
oval,  somewhat  petioled,  longer  than  the  si)ike5>  in  their  axils,  yellowish  ;  berries 
white.  (Viscum  flavesccns,  Pursh.) — New  Jersey  to  Illinois  and  southward, 
on  various  deciduous-leaved  trees. 


) 


CALLITRICHACE^.       (WATEK-STARWOUTS.)  427 

Order  93.     SAURURACE^E.     (Lizard's-tail  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  Jointed  stems,  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  perfect  flowers  in 
spikes,  entirely  destitute  of  any  floral  envelopes,  and  loilh  3-5  more  or  less 
separate  or  united  ovaries.  —  Ovules  ihw,  ortliotropous.  Embryo  heart- 
shaped,  minute,  contained  in  a  little  sac  at  the  apex  of  the  albumen.  —  An 
offshoot  of  the  (tropical)  Pe[)per  Family,  and  represented  only  by 

1.     SAURURUS,     L.        Lizard's-tail. 

Stamens  mostly  6  or  7,  hypogynous,  with  distinct  filaments.  Fruit  somewhat 
fleshy,  wrinkled,  of  3-4  pistils  united  at  the  base.  Stigmas  recurved.  Seeds 
usually  solitary,  ascending. — Perennial  marsh  herbs,  with  heart-shaped  con- 
vergiug-ribbed  petioled  leaves,  without  distinct  stipules;  flowers  (each  with  a 
small  bract)  crowded  in  a  slender  wand-like  and  naked  peduncled  terminal 
spike  or  raceme  (its  appearance  giving  rise  to  the  name,  from  (raiipos,  a  lizard 
and  ovpti,  tail).  Bract  adnate  to  or  borne  on  the  pedicel. 
vr'Vl.  S.  c6rilUUS,  L.  Flowers  white,  in  a  dense  spike  nodding  at  the  end  ; 
brae 
Aun 


^*^     ^    bract  lanceolate ;  filaments  long  and  capillary.  —  Swamps  :  common.     June  - 


Order  94.     CERATOPHYELACEiE.      (Horxwort  Family.) 

Aquatic  herhs,  with  xoliorled  finely  dissected  leaves,  and  minute  axillary 
and  sessile  monoecious  flowers  tcithout  floral  envelopes,  but  with  an  8-12- 
clefl  involucre  in  place  of  a  calyx,  the  fertile  a  simple  1-celled  ovary,  with  a 
suspended  orthotropous  ovule :  seed  filled  by  a  highly  developed  embryo  with  4 
cotyledons!  and  a  cotispicuous  plumule.  —  Consists  only  of  the  genus 

1.    CERATOPHYLLUM,    L.        Hornavort. 

Sterile  flowers  of  12-24  stamens,  with  large  sessile  anthers.  Fruit  an  ache- 
nium,  beaked  with  the  slender  persistent  style.  —  Herbs  growing  under  water, 
in  ponds  or  slow-flowing  streams  :  the  sessile  leaves  cut  into  thrice-forked  thread- 
like rigid  divisions  (whence  the  name  from  Kcpas,  a  horn,  and  (jivWov,  lenf). 

1.  C.  demersum,  L.  —  Var.  commune  has  a  smooth  marginless  fruit 
beaked  with  a  long  persistent  style,  and  with  a  short  spine  or  tubercle  at  the 
base  on  each  side.  —  Var.  echinXtum  (C.  echinatum.  Gray)  has  the  fruit 
mostly  larger  (3"  long),  rough-pimpled  on  the  sides,  the  narrowly  wing-ed  mar- 
gin spiny-toothed.  —  Slow  streams  and  ponds  :  common,  but  rarely  seen  in  fruit. 
Probably  there  is  only  one  sjjccics.     (Fu.) 

Order  95.     CAEEITRICIIACEJE.     (Water-Starworts.) 

Small  annuals  or  perennials,  mostly  aquatics,  with  opposite  entire  leaves 
and  axillary  monoecious  flowers  ivithoul  any  proper  floral  envelopes,  and  with 
a  i-lobed  and  A-celled  i-sceded  fruit ;  —  consisting  only  of  the  genus  Calll- 
triche  (regarded  by  many  botanists,  perhaps  with  good  reason,  as  repre- 


428  CALLITRICHACE^.       (WATER-STARWORTS.) 

senting  the  most  reduced  form  of  the  Halorageae,  p.  174.  The  so-called 
perfect  flower  is  considered  to  be  a  staiuinate  and  a  pistillate,  or  two  stam- 
inate  and  one  j)istillate  naked  flowers  in  the  same  axil,  each  of  a  single 
stamen  or  pistil.) 

The  elaboration  of  our  species  is  contributed  by  Du.  G.  Engelmanx. 

1.    CALLITRICHE,    L.        Watek-Starwort. 

Flowers  moncecious,  solitary  or  2  or  3  together  in  the  axil  of  the  same  leaf, 
wholly  naked  or  between  a  pair  of  membranaceous  bracts.  Sterile  flower  a  sin- 
gle stamen :  filament  bearing  a  heart-shaped  4-celled  anther,  which  by  confluence 
becomes  one-celled,  and  opens  by  a  single  slit.  Fertile  flower  a  single  4-cclled 
ovary,  either  sessile  or  pcdicclled,  bearing  2  distinct  and  filiform  sessile,  usually 
persistent  stigmas.  Ovule  solitary  in  each  cell.  Fruit  nut-like,  compressed,  4- 
lobed,  4-celled,  separating  at  maturity  into  as  many  closed  1-seeded  portions. 
Seed  anatropous,  suspended,  filling  the  cell :  cnd)ryo  slender,  straight  or  slightly 
curved,  in  the  axis  and  nearly  tlie  length  of  the  oily  albumen.  —  Smooth,  or  liesct 
with  minute  stellate  scales  (visible  only  under  the  microscope),  with  spatulate  or 
linear  leaves,  both  forms  often  occurring  on  the  same  stem.  (Name  from  KnXor, 
beautiful,  and  6pi^,  hair,  from  the  almost  capillary  and  usually  tufted  stems  of 
the  commoner  species.) 

§  1.  Terrestrial  species.  Small  annuals,  forming  tufls  on  merely  moist  soil; 
destitute  of  stellate  scales  and  cf  bracts:  leaves  uniform,  very  small,  obovate  or 
wedge-shaped,  3-nerved,  crowded,  provided  with  stomata :  jUament  iwt  lengthen- 
ing: carpels  connate. 

1.  C.  Austini,  Engelm.  Fruit  small,  broader  than  high,  deeply  notched 
above  and  below,  on  a  pedicel  often  nearly  of  its  own  length ;  lobes  of  the  fruit 
narrowly  winged  and  with  a  deep  groove  between  them,  wings  denticulate  ;  per- 
sistent stigmas  shorter  than  the  fruit,  spreading  or  reflcxed  ;  leaves  obovate.  — 
On  damp  soil  in  open  woods,  fields  and  roads,  New  York  and  New  Jersey  (  C.  F. 
Austin)  to  Illinois,  Missouri,  Texas,  Mexico,  and  South  America.  April- June. 
—  Half  an  inch  or  an  inch  high  :  leaves  l"-2"  long:  fruit  J''  in  diameter. 

C.  PEPLOiDES,  Nutt.  and  C.  Nuttallii,  7orr.  (C.  pedunculbsa,  Nutt.), — 
the  former  with  subsessile  curiously  gibbous  fruit,  the  latter  with  long-pcduncled 
fruit  with  eversed  keels,  —  are  southwestern  species  of  this  section. 

§  2.  Amphibious  species.  Perennials?  with  elongated  stems  [occasionally  quite 
ten-estrial  as  in  the  former,  or  wholly  sttbmersed  as  in  the  next  section)  :  haves 
with  stellate  scales  and  stomata,  the  f  outing  ones  obovate  and  3-nerved,  the  sub- 
mersed linear:  flowers  usually  between  a  pair  of  bracts,  rarely  naked :  pollen  shed 
only  in  the  air ;  the  filament  elongating  afterwards :  carpels  in  fruit  connate. 

2.  C  v6rna,  L.  Fruit  (-}"  long)  higher  than  broad,  obovate,  slightly  ob- 
cordate,  usually  thicker  at  the  base  than  ujjwards,  sessile,  its  lobes  sharply  keeled 
or  very  narrowly  winged  upwards,  and  with  a  wide  groove  between  them;  stig- 
mas shorter  than  the  fruit,  almost  erect,  usually  deciduous  ;  floating  leaves 
crowded  in  a  tuft,  obovate,  narrowed  iuto  a  petiole. — Common  in  stagnant 
waters,  from  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey  north  and  northwestwai-d.     April  - 


rODOSTEMACEVE.       (UIVER-WEED    FAMILY.)  429 

Aug.  — From  a  few  inches  to  a  foot  and  more  in  length:  upper  leaves  3" -5" 
long ;  lower  ones  twice  as  long.  A  terrestrial  form  with  smaller,  narrower,  and 
more  uniform  leaves  (C.  brevifolia,  Pursh),  occurs  where  the  waters  recede  in 
summer  and  fall.     (Eu. ) 

3.  C.  hetaroph^lla,  Pursh.  Fruit  sm.allcr,  as  broad  or  broader  than 
high,  deeply  cmarginate,  thick,  almost  ventricosc,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  its  lobes 
obtusely  angled,  wiih  a  small  groove  between  them ;  stigmas  as  long  as  the 
fruit,  erect,  persistent ;  floating  leaves  crowded  in  a  tuft,  broadly  spatulate,  often 
retuse,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  long  petiole.  (C.  Asagrayi,  Hegtimaier.)  — 
Stagnant  water.  New  York  to  Illinois  and  southward:  common.  April -Aug. 
—  Similar  to  the  last,  of  same  size,  but  with  smaller  leaves  (2" -4"  long),  and 
fruit  scarcely  larger  than  in  No.  1,  but  much  thicker.  A  terrestrial  form  (which 
comes  also  under  C.  brevifolia,  Pursh)  and  a  submerged  one,  with  linear  leaves 
often  an  inch  long  (C.  linearis,  Pursh),  arc  not  rare. 

§  3.  Submersed  species.  Perennials,  entirely  under  water,  with  crowded  and  uni- 
form linear  l-nerved  leaves,  without  scales  or  stomata :  flowers  hrarlless,  fertilized 
under  tcater :  filament  not  elowjating:  carpch  se/iarate  nearly  to  the  axis. 

4.  C.  autumn^lis,  L.  Fruit  large,  flattened,  circular,  deeply  and  nar- 
rowly notched,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  its  lobes  broadly  winged,  and  with  a  very 
deep  and  narrow  groove  between  them  ;  stigmas  very  long,  reflexed,  deciduous ; 
leaves  all  linear  from  a  broader  base,  retuse  or  notched  at  tip.  —  In  the  St.  Law- 
rence River,  near  Ogdensburgh  (G.  W.  Clinton),  Lake  Superior  (C.  G.  Loring, 
Jr.),  and  northwestward.  Aug. -Sept.  —  Stems  3"- 6"  high  :  leaves  2"- 5" 
long  :  fruit  variable  in  size,  usually  1"  or  more  in  diameter.     (Eu.) 

Order  96.     PODOSTEIWACEiE.     (River-weed  Family.) 

Aquatics,  growing  on  stones  in  running  water,  some  with  the  aspect  of 
Sea-weeds  or  others  of  Mosses  or  Liverworts ;  the  minute  naked  flowers 
bursting  from  a  spathe-like  involucre  as  in  Liverworts,  producing  a  2  -  3- 
celled  many-seeded  ribbed  pod ;  —  represented  in  North  America  by 

1.     PODOSTIIMON,     Michx.        River-weed. 

Flower  solitary,  pedicelled,  from  a  tubular  sac-like  involucre,  destitute  of 
floral  envelopes.  Stamens  borne  on  one  side  of  the  stalk  of  the  ovary,  with 
their  long  filaments  united  into  one  for  more  than  half  their  length,  and  2  short 
sterile  filaments,  one  on  each  side :  anthers  2-celled.  Stigmas  2,  awl-shaped. 
Pod  oval,  8-ribbed,  2-celled,  2-valve(l.  Seeds  minute,  very  numerous  on  a  thick 
persistent  central  placenta,  destitute  of  albumen. — Leaves  2-ranked.  (Name 
ivomiTovs,  foot,  awA  (rTrnKjiv,  stamen;  the  two  stamens  being  apparently  raised 
on  a  stalk  by  the  side  of  the  ovary.) 

1.  P.  ceratoph^Uus,  Michx.  Leaves  rigid  or  horny,  dilated  into  a 
sheathing  base,  above  mostly  forked  into  thread-like  or  linear  lobes.  —  Not  rare 
in  the  bottom  of  shallow  streams.  July-  Sept.  — A  small  olive-green  plant,  of 
firm  texture,  resembling  a  Sea-weed,  tenaciously  attached  to  loose  stones,  ia 
the  manner  of  a  Fw.us,  by  fleshy  disks  or  processes  in  place  of  roots. 


430  KurnoRBiACK>E.     (spurge  family.) 

OnpER  07.    EUPIIOltBI.kCEiE.     (Spurge  Family.) 

Plaiits  usiinl'i/  iritli  a  viilkij  acri'l  juice,  and  moncccious  or  dioecious  Jl on-' 
crs,  mostly  apdalous,  sometimes  achlamydeous  (occasionally  polypelalous  or 
monopetaloiis)  ;  the  ovary  free  ami  usually  3-ceUed,  with  a  single  or  some- 
times a  pair  of  ovules  hanging  from  the  summit  of  each  cell ;  stigmas  or 
branches  of  the  style  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  cells;  fruit  commonly 
a  3-lobed  pod,  the  lobes  or  carpels  separating  elastically  from  a  persistent 
axis  and  elastically  2-valved ;  seed  anatropous ;  embryo  straight,  almost  as 
long  as  and  the  Jlat  cotyledons  mostly  as  wide  as  the  fleshy  or  oily  albumen. 
Stipules  often  present.  —  A  vast  family  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world 
(the  acrid  juice  poisonous)  ;  most  numerously  represented  in  Northern 
countries  by  the  genus  Euphorbia,  which  has  very  remarkable  reduced 
(lowers  enclosed  in  an  involucre  that  imitates  a  calyx.  Our  last  genus 
belongs  to  the  Box-Family,  which  some  botanists  of  late  separate  from  the 
Euphorbiacefc,  on  account  of  the  rha]jhe  being  on  the  outer  or  dorsal  side 
of  the  suspended  ovule,  &c. 

*  Seeds  and  ovules  only  one  in  each  cell. 
t-  St.iminate  and  pistillate  flowers  both  destitute  of  calyx  as  well  as  corolla,  and  contained  in 
the  same  cup-shaped  involucre,  which  imitates  a  calyx,  —  the  whole  liable  to  be  mistaken 
for  a  sinjrle  flower. 

1.  Eiiphoi-bia.     Involucre  surrounding  many  staminate  flowers  (each  of  a  single  naked 

stamen)  and  one  pistillate  flower  (a  3-lobed  pistil). 

•^  •<-  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  both  with  a  calyx,  not  involucrate. 
++  Stamens  erect  in  the  hud. 

2.  Jatrophn.     Flowers  cymose  or  panicled.     Calyx  corolla-like,  5-cleft ;   the  lobes  imbri- 

cated in  the  bud.     Stamens  10  or  more. 
S.   Stillingta.     Flowers  in  a  spike,  pistillate  at  the  base.     Calyx  2-3-partcd,  the  lobes  im- 
bricated in  the  bud.    Stamens  2  or  3.     Stigmas  or  branches  of  the  style  3,  simple. 

4.  Acalypha.    Flowers  spiked  or  glomerate,  the  pistillate  in  the  axil  of  bracts.    Calyx  3-5- 

parted  ;   in  staminate  flowers  valvate  in  the  bud.    Stamens  mostly  8  :  anthers  with  2 
separate  pendulous  cells.     Stylos  or  stigmas  3,  dissected. 

5.  Tragla.     Flowers  in  racemes,  pistillate  at  the  base.    Calyx  in  staminate  flowers  valvate  In 

the  bud.     Anther-cells  united.     Styles  united  at  the  base,  simple. 
++  ++  Stamens  inflexed  in  the  bud. 

6.  Croton.    Flowers  spiked  or  glomerate.     Ovary  and  fruit  3- (rarely  2-4-)  celled. 

7.  Crotonopsis.     Flowers  scattered  on  the  branchlcts.     Ovary  and  fruit  1-celled. 

*  *  Seeds  and  ovules  2  in  each  cell.     Calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

8.  Pliyllaitllius.     Flowers  axillary.     Stamens  mostly  3,  and  usually  monadelphous. 

9.  Pachysaitdrn.     Flowers  spiked.     Calyx  4-i)arted.     Stamens  4,  separate. 

1.    EUPHORBIA,    L.        Spurge. 

Flowers  monoecious,  incliuled  in  a  ciip-shnped  4-.5-lobcd  involucre  (floiner  of 
older  authors)  lesenibling  a  calyx  or  corolla,  and  usually  bcarino-  larj^e  thick 
{jiands  (with  or  without  pctiil-like  mar;j;ins)  at  its  sinuses.  Sterile  flowers 
numerous  and  lining  the  base  of  the  involucre,  each  from  the  axil  of  a  little 
bract,  and  consisting  merely  of  a  single  stamen  jointed  on  a  pedicel  like  the  fila- 
ment :  anthcr-cclls  globular,  separate.     Fertile  flower  solitary  in  the  middle  of 


EUPHOKBIAClCyE.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.)  431 

the  involucre,  soon  protruded  on  a  long  pedicel,  consisting  of  a  3-lobed  and  3- 
celled  ovary  with  no  calyx,  or  a  mere  vestige.  Styles  3,  each  2-cleft  ;  the  .stig- 
mas therefore  6.  Pod  separating  into  3  one-seeded  carpels,  which  split  elasti- 
cally  into  2  valves.  Seed  often  caruncled.  —  Plants  (herbs  in  the  United  States), 
with  a  milky  acrid  juice.  Peduncles  terminal,  often  umbellate-clustered  ;  in  the 
first  section  mostly  appearing  lateral,  but  not  really  axillary.  (Named  after 
Euphorbus,  physician  to  King  Juba.) 

Genus  newly  elaborated  for  this  work  by  Dr.  George  Engelmann. 

A.  APPEND  I CULAT^.  Glands  of  the  involucre  with  petal-like,  usually  white 
or  rose-colored,  and  entire  or  toothed  margins  or  appendages ;  these  almost  obsolete 
in  No.  1 . 

§  1.  ANISOPHYLLUM.  Leaves  all  similar,  opposite,  on  short  petioles,  small, 
oblique  at  base,  furnished  with  awl-shaped  or  scaly  and  oft. en  fringed  persistent 
stipules:  stems  much  branched,  spreading  or  usually  procumbent:  involucres  soli- 
tary in  the  forks  of  the  branches  or  in  terminal  or  pseudo-lateral  clusters,  small, 
always  with  4  glands :  seeds  ivithout  a  caruncle :  all  our  species  are  annuals, 
flowering  throughout  summer  and  autumn. 

*  Seeds  smooth  and  even,  ash-colored:  leaves  entire,  glabrous,  as  is  the  whole  plant, 
and  pale  green  or  glaucous. 

1.  E.  polygonifdlia,  L.  Prostrate-spreading;  leaves  oblong-linear,  ob- 
tuse, mucronate,  slightly  cordate  or  obtuse  at  base  (4" -8"  long)  ;  stipules  seta- 
ceousiy  divided  ;  peduncles  in  the  forks  of  the  branches,  as  long  as  the  petioles  ; 
lobes  of  the  involucre  longer  than  the  minute  not  appendaged  glands  ;  pods  ob- 
tusely angled;  seeds  ovate  (over  1"  long,  the  largest  of  this  section).  —  Sandy 
shores  of  the  Atlantic  and  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

2.  E.  G6yeri,  Engelm.  Procumbent;  leaves  ohlong-ovate,  obtuse,  slightly 
mucronate,  mostly  acutish  at  base,  lowermost  cordate  (3" -6"  lon'^J^  ^  stipules 
setaceously  divided  ;  peduncles  as  long  as  petioles,  at  lengtliMn  loose  foliaceous 
lateral  clusters;  glands  of  the  involucre  with  narrow  white  or  red  appendages; 
pods  acutely  angled ;  seeds  ovate,  acute  at  one  end  (^"  long).  —  Sandy  soil, 
Illinois  (Geyer,  Vasey)  to  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota  (2'.  J.  Hale).     . 

The  nearly  allied  E.  petaloidea,  Engelm.,  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  extends 
into  Western  Missouri  and  Iowa,  and  may  cross  the  upper  Mississij)pi ;  it  is  dis- 
tinguished by  its  half-erect  spreading  growth ;  longer,  narrower,  and  retusc  or 
emarginate  leaves  ;  peduncles  longer  than  petioles  ;  larger  involucres,  tiic  broadly 
campanulate  appendages  much  larger  and  conspicuous ;  capsule  obtusely  angled ; 
seeds  nearly  a  line  long. 

3.  E.  s6rpens,  II.  B.  K.  Stems  filiform,  prostrate,  and  often  rooting; 
leaves  round-ovate,  obtuse  or  cordate  at  base  (only  |"  -  \^"  long) ;  stipules  mem- 
branaceous, triangular;  peduncles  much  longer  than  petioles,  at  length  in  loose 
foliaceous  lateral  clusters  ;  glands- of  the  very  small  involucre  with  minute  crenu- 
late  appendages;  pods  acutely  angled;  seeds  obtusely  angled  (|"  long  or  less). 
(E.  herniariokles,  iVhM.  and  Ed.  2.) — In  rich  soil,  Illinois,  especially  in  the 
alluvions  of  the  larger  rivers,  and  southwestward  :  also  advcntive  on  ballast 
sand-banks  of  the  Delawai-e  near  Philadelphia.    ( /.  Martindale,  C.  F.  Parker.) 


432  EUPHORBIA CK.E.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.) 

♦  *  Seeds  minutrft/  roufjhened,  or  transirrsdij  urinlled,  or  pitted,  osh-colored,  Ot-  {in 
the  last  Sfwrifs)  lilnrlcish  :  Imvcs  more  or  less  serrulate,  smooth  or  often  hairy. 

4.  E.  serpyllifdlia,  Pcrs.  Glabrous,  prostratc-siprea(liii<,' ;  leaves  oborate- 
nlitoiir;,  iiariowcil  at  the  very  oblique  base,  sharply  serrulate  towards  the  obtuse 
apex  (3" -6"  long,  often  with  a  red  spot)  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  fimbriate;  pe- 
duncles as  lon<r  or  longer  than  petioles,  at  length  in  loose  Coliaceous  lateral  clus- 
ters ;  glands  of  the  small  involucre  with  narrow  somewhat  toothed  appendages ; 
pods  sharply  angled  ;  seeds  acutely  gtiadrani/utar,  slir/htli/  cross-wrinkled  and  often 
pitted  (nearly  %"  long).  —  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  and  southwcstwnrd. 

5.  E.  glyptosperma,  Engelin.  Glabrous  (or  very  rarely  puberulent), 
erect-sjircading  ;  liare^  liuear-oblonrj,  mostly  falcate,  Very  unequal  at  base,  slightly 
serrulate  towards  the  obtuse  apex  (2"  -  5"  long) ;  stipules  lanceolate,  sctaceously 
divided  ;  peduncles  as  long  as  petioles,  in  dense  foliaceous  lateral  clusters  ;  glands 
of  the  very  small  involucre  with  narrow  crenulate  appendages ;  pods  sharply 
angled  ;  seeds  sharply  4-anf/led  and  with  5  or  6  sharp  transverse  ivrinkles  (^"  long). 
—  Wisconsin  {Hale,  Lapham)  to  Illinois,  opposite  St.  Louis,  where  is  also  the 
pubescent  form  [Eiehl),  and  southwestwai'd. 

6.  E.  maeulata,  L.  Prostrate  ;  stems  puberulent  or  hairy  ;  leaves  oblong- 
linear,  very  oblique  at  Ijase,  sernilate  upwards,  more  or  less  pubescent  or  some- 
times smoothish  (4" -6"  long),  usually  with  a  brown-red  spot  in  the  centre; 
stipules  lanceolate,  fimbriate  ;  peduncles  as  long  as  petioles,  in  dense  folia(«ous 
lateral  clusters ;  glands  of  the  small  involucre  minute,  with  narrow  slightly 
crenate  (usually  red)  appendages;  pods  acutely  angled,  puberulent;  seeds  ovate 
(I"  long),  sharply  4-angled  and  with  about  4  shallow  grooves  across  the  con- 
cave sides.  (E.  thymifolia,  Pursh,  not  L.  E.  dopressa,  Torr.)  —  Open  places, 
roadsides,  &c.  :  everywhere. 

7.  E.  liuniistrata,  Engelm.  Procumbent,  puberulent  or  hairy;  Icaiys 
elliptical  or  obovate,  very  oblique  at  base,  serrulate  towards  the  apex,  sparsely 
hairy  underneath  (4" -9"  long,  sometimes  with  a  brown  spot  above) ;  stipules 
lanceolate,  fimbriate ;  peduncles  rather  shorter  than  petioles,  in  dense  scarcely 
foliaceous  lateral  clusters;  involucre  clejl  on  the  back,  its  (red  or  white)  appen- 
dages truncate  or  crenate  ;  pods  sharply  angled,  puberulent ;  seeds  ovate,  obtusely 
amjled,  minutely  roughened  (.j"  long).  —  Rich  soil,  in  the  alluvions  of  the  Missis- 
sippi and  lower  Ohio  and  their  tributaries  ;  and  also  southward. 

8.  E.  hypericifblia,  L.  Smooth  or  with  scattered  hairs,  ascending  or 
erect  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  oblique  at  the  obtuse  or  slightly  cordate  base,  ovatc- 
oblong  or  oblong-linear,  sometimes  falcate,  serrate  (^'-1^'  lonfJ^),  often  with  a 
red  spot  or  red  margins ;  stipules  triangular ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  peti- 
oles, collected  in  loose  leafy  cymes  at  the  end  of  the  branches ;  appendages  of  the 
involucre  entire,  larger  and  white,  or  smaller  and  sometimes  red ;  jmd  glabrous, 
obtusely  angled  ;  seeds  ovate,  obtusely  angled,  wrinkled  and  tubercled  (^"  long), 
blackish.  (This  character  is  from  the  U.  S.  plant,  E.  Preslii,  Gussone  and 
Boissier,  the  E.  hypericifolia,  var.  communis,  Engelin.  The  West  Indian  origi- 
nal E.  hypericifolia,  L.  (found  also  in  Florida)  has  more  compact  and  usually 
lateral  inflorescence,  smaller  flowers  and  small  reddish  seeds.)  —  Open  places, 
cultivated  soil :  very  common. 


EUPHORBIACE^..       (SPURGE    FAMILY.)  433 

§  2.  PETALOMA.  Uppermost  or  floral  leaves  with  rompirnous  white  petal-like 
margins,  whorl ed  or  opposite,  the  others  scattered:  erect  annuals,  with  the  leaves 
equal  at  the  ba^e  and  entire,  and  with  lanceolate  d(ciduous  stipules:  involucres 
mostlij  ^^-lobid,  collected  in  an  umbil-like  inflorescence :  no  caruncle  to  the  seed. 

9.  E.  jMauginXta,  Pursh.  Stem  stout  (2°-3°  hiy,h),  erect,  hairy;  leaves 
sessile,  ovate  of  oblong,  acute ;  umbel  with  3  dichotomous  rays ;  glands  of  the 
involucre  witW  broad  white  appendages. — Frequently  cultivated  in  gardens  for 
its  showy  bimdly  white-iuargined  floral  leaves  :  native  of  the  plains  of  Kansas 
and  Nebraska. 

§  3.  TITH  YM  AL6PSIS.  Onlij  the  uppermost  or  floral  leaves  whorled  or  opposite : 
erect  perennials,  ivith  entire  leaves  equal  at  the  base :  stipules  none :  involucres 
mosthi  5-lobed,  in  thefl)rks  of  the  branches  and  terminal,  in  an  umbellifl)nn  inflo- 
rescence :  seeds  without  caruncle. 

10.  E.  corollata,  L.  Glabrous  or  sometimes  sparingly  hairy  (2°-3°  high) ; 
leaves  ovate,  lanceolate,  or  linear,  entire,  obtuse;  umbel  5-  (3-7-)  forked,  and 
the  forks  again  2-3-  (or  rarely  5-)  forked;  involucres  long-peduncled  ;  pod 
slender-pedicelled,  smooth ;  seeds  thick  (1"  long  or  more),  ash-colored,  the  surface 
slightly  uneven.  — Rich  or  sandy  soil,  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 
July  -  Oct.  —  Conspicuous  for  the  showy  false  lobes  of  the  involucre,  which  ap- 
pear like  five  white  petals,  the  true  lobes  minute  and  incurved.  . 

B.  EXAPPENDICULATJE.    Glands  of  the  involucre  without  petal oid  appendacjcs. 

§  4.  POINSETTIA.  Involucres  in  terminal  clusters,  4 -5-lobed,  with  few  {or 
oflen  solitarij)  cup-shaped  (/lands:  seed  without  a  caruncle:  ours  erect  annuals, 
with  variable,  entire,  dentate,  or  sinuate  leaves,  all  of  them  or  only  the  upper  ones 
opposite ;  the  uppermost  often  colored,  especially  at  the  base :  stipules  small  and 
glandular. 

11.  E.  dentata,  Michx.  Erect  or  ascending,  hairy  (1°  high)  ;  leaves  ovate, 
lanceolate,  or  linear,  petioled,  coarsely  toothed  (l'-2'  long),  only  the  lowest  ones 
alternate,  all  others  opposite,  upper  ones  often  paler  at  base;  involucres  almost 
sessile,  with  5  oblong  dentate  lobes,  and  one  or  sometimes  more  short-stalked 
glands ;  seeds  ovate-globular,  slightly  tubercled.  —  Rich  soil,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and 
southward.     July  -  Sept. 

12.  E.  heterophylla,  L.  Erect  (1°- 3°  high),  glabrous;  leaves  alternate, 
petioled,  ovatc-ful die-shaped  and  sinuate-toothed,  or  lanceolate  or  linear  and  en- 
tire, often  only  those  of  the  branches  linear ;  the  upper  ones  usually  with  a  red 
base ;  involucres  about  the  length  of  the  peduncle,  with  5  ovate  incised  lobes 
and  a  single  or  few  and  almost  sessile  glands :  seeds  nearly  globular,  tubercled. 
(E.  cyathophora,  ./ficy.)  —  Slopes  and  rocky  soil,  W.  Illinois  and  southward. 
July  -  Sept. 

§  5.  TITHYMALUS.  Involucres  in  a  terminal  dichotomous  or  cowmonli/  nmbelli- 
form  inflorescence,  !j-  or  usually  A-lobed,  with  as  many  flat  or  convex  entire  or 
crescent-shaped  glands :  seeds  mostly  carunculate:  ours  ascending  or  erect,  and 
glabrous  {except  No.  \5)  annuals  or  perennials ;  ivith  entire  or  serrulate  leaves, 
and  no  stipules. 

♦  Perennials  with  entire  kaves,  all  or  only  the  upper  ones  opjwsite :  involucres  tong- 
G  M     19 


434  EUPHORBIACE^E.       (SPVRGR    FAMTLT.) 

pednnrhd  in  a  dichotomoiis  inJJore.trence,  mosdy  with  5  obtuse  glands :  seeds  icith- 
out  caruncle. 

3.  E.  Ipecacuanhse,  L.  Stems  many  from  a  very  long  perpendicular 
root,  erect  or  (lifTiistly  spreading  (5'- 10  long),  forking  from  near  the  base; 
leaves  varying  from  obovatc  or  oblong  to  narrowly  linear,  almost  sessile,  gla- 
brous ;  peduncles  elongated  (^'-1'  long) ;  pod  longpedicelled,  obtusely  angled, 
nearly  smooth ;  seed  ovate,  white,  sparsely  marked  with  impressed  dots.  —  Sandy 
soil,  near  the  coast,  New  York  to  Virginia  and  southward.     May- July. 

»  *  Perennials  or  mostly  annuals,  with  serrulate  or  rarely  entire  scattered  leaves,  only 
the  floral  leaves  in  the  unilieUiform  inflorescence  whorled  or  opposite  and  qfdifler- 
enl  shape:  glands  oftlie  involucre  mostly  4,  transversely  oval,  obtuse. 
■*-  iSecds  smooth  and  even  :  pod  warty  or  rough. 

14.  E.  Datlingt6nii,  Gray.  Tall  perennial  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  entire, 
minutely  downy  beneath ;  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate-oblong  from  a  narrow  base ; 
the  floi-al  ones  oval,  very  obtuse ;  the  upper  roundish-dilated  with  a  truncate 
base;  umbel  5- 8-raycd,  then  simply  forked;  pod  minutely  warty ;  large  globular 
seed  with  a  small  caruncle.  (E.  nemoralis,  Z>ar/.,  not  of  Kitaibel.)  —  Copses, 
Penn.  and  southward  along  the  mountains.     July -Sept. 

15.  E.  PLATYPiiYLLA,  L.  Ercct  annual  (8'- 18'  high);  upper  stem-leaves 
lanceolate-oblong,  acute,  cordate  at  base,  minutely  serrulate,  mostly  with  scattered 
hairs  beneath  ;  floral  ones  triangular-ovate,  subcordate ;  umbel  5-raycd  ;  involucre 
with  ciliate  lobes  and  large  sessile  glands  ;  styles  longer  than  the  ovary,  united  at 
the  base,  slightly  2-cIpJI;  pod  covered  with  depressed  warts. — Along  the  Great 
Lakes  and  the  St.  Lawrence  to  L.  Champlain.    June -Aug.    (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

16.  E.  obtUSkta,  Pursh.  Erect  ann»a/ (1°- 2°  high);  leaves  oblong-spatu- 
lafe,  minutely  serrulate,  smooth,  all  obtuse;  upper  ones  cordate  at  base ;  floral  ones 
ovate,  dilated,  barely  mucronate ;  umbel  once  or  twice  divided  into  3  rays,  then 
into  2;  involucre  ivith  naked  lobes  and  small  stipitate  glands;  styles  distinct  and 
longer  than  the  ovary,  rcct,  2-rlefl  to  the  middle;  pod  beset  with  long  Avarts.  — 
Damp  woods,  Virginia  to  Illinois.     May- July. 

-t-  •*-  Seeds  rugose  or  rc*iculated :  leaves  serrulate:  annuals. 

17.  E.  dictyosp6rma,  Fischer  &  Meyer.  Stem  erect  (8'- 18'  high); 
leaves  oblong-  or  obovatc-spatulate,  smooth,  all  obtuse  and  obtusely  serrate;  upper 
ones  cordate  at  base;  floral  ones  roundish-ovate  or  obscurely  heart-shaped, 
slightly  mucronate;  umbels  once  or  twice  3-forked,  then  2-forked ;  involucre 
•with  nearly  naked  lobes  and  sm«//  almost  sessile  glands ;  styles  shorter  than  the 
ovary,  spreading  or  recurved  ;  pod  warty ;  seeds  delicately  reticulated.  (E.  Arkan- 
skna,  Engelm.  ^-  Gray.)  —  Prairies  and  roadsides,  Kentucky  (Short),  and  west 
and  southwcstward.     May -July. 

18.  E.  Heliosc^pia,  L.  Stems  ascending  (6'- 12' high),  stout;  leaves  all 
dmvate  and  very  rounded  or  retuse-  at  the  end,  flnely  serrate,  smooth  or  a  little 
hairy,  those  of  the  stem  wedge-shaped  ;  umbel  divided  into  5  rays,  then  into  3, 
or  at  length  simply  forked  ;  glands  orbicular,  stalked;  jmd  smooth  and  even;  seeds 
with  coarse  honeycomb  like  reticulations.  —  Waste  places,  especially  eastward  and 
along  the  Great  Lakes.     July- Sept.     (Nat  from  Eu.) 


EUPHORBIACK.^..       (SPUKGIC    FAMILY.)  435 

*  *  *  Pcrcnttials  or  annuals  ;  ours  with  evtire  and  scalteirxl  leavef:,  only  the  Jloral  ones 

in  the  unibfl-like  iiiflorcitcence  whurled  or  op/)osite  and  of  different  shape:  glands 
of  the  involucre  mostli/  4,  crescent-shaped  or  2-horned. 

I-  Sf.eds  smooth  and  dark-colored :  perennials,  with  runniufj  roolstocks. 

19.  E.  EsuLA,  L.  Stems  clustered  (1°  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear ;  the 
floral  (yellowish)  broadlj/  heart-shaped,  mucronate  ;  umbel  divided  into  many  rays, 
then  forking;  glands  short-horned  (brown);  jsods  smoothish  and  granular. — 
Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  Oakes.     June.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

20.  E.  CvPARfssiAS,  L.  Stems  densely  clustered  (6'- 10' high) ;  stem-lcares 
liiirar,  crowded,  the  floral  ones  heart-shaped;  umbel  many-rayed;  glands  crescent- 
shaped;  [¥)ds  granular.  —  Escaped  from  gardens  to  roadsides,  in  a  few  places  in 
Kew  England.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

+~  H-  Seeds  sculptured,  ash-colored :  pod  smooth:  aruutals  or  biennials. 

21.  E.  Peplus,  L.  Erect  or  ascending  (.5' -10'  high) ;  leaves  petioled,  thin, 
round-ol)Ovate,  the  upper  floral  ones  ovate ;  umbel  3-rayed,  then  forking ;  glands 
long-horned  ;  lobes  of  the  pod  2-wing-crestsd  on  the  back ;  seeds  2-grooied  on  the 
inner  face,  pitted  on  the  back  (scarcely  over  half  a  line  long).  —  Waste  places  east- 
ward :  not  common.     July,  Aug. 

22.  E.  commutata,  Engelm.  Stems  branched  from  a  commonly  de- 
cumbent base  (6' -12'  high);  leaves  obovate,  obtuse;  the  upper  all  sessile,  the 
upper  floral  ones  roundish-dilated,  broader  than  long.;  umbel  3-forked  ;  glands 
with  slender  horns  ;  pod  ohtusely  angled,  creslless ;  seeds  ovate,  jiittfd  all  over  (a  line 
long).  (E.  Ohiutica,  Stcudel  ^'  Hochslelter.)  — Along  streams  and  shady  slopes, 
from  Virginia  towards  the  mountains  to  Kentucky,  Wisconsin,  and  westward- 
May,  June.  —  Leaves  often  persistent  over  the  winter  on  sterile  shoots,  turning 
red.  Larger  i^  all  its  parts  than  E.  Peplus,  with  which  it  has  been  confounded ; 
but  the  characters  of  the  pod  and  seeds  readily  distinguish  it. 

*  *  *  *  A  glabrous  annual  or  biennial,  with  entire  opposite  and  decussate  leaves,  an 

umbelliform  inflorescence,  and  short-horned  glands :  seeds  carunculate. 

23.  E.  LAtiiyris,  L.  Stem  stout  (2° -3°  high)  ;  leaves  thick,  linear  or  ob- 
long, the  floral  ones  oblong-ovate  and  heart-shaped  ;  umbel  4-i-ayed,  then  forking. 
—  Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens,  where  it  is  common.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.     JATROPHA,    L.        (Cnidoscolus,  Pohl.,  Ed.  2.) 

Flowers  monoecious,  rarely  dioecious,  in  a  terminal  open  forking  cyme;  the 
fertile  ones  usually  in  the  lower  forks.  Calyx  corolla-like,  in  the  staminate 
flowers  often  salver-shaped,  S-lobed ;  in  the  pistillate,  5-parted,  imbricated  or 
convolute  in  the  bud.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  or  apparently  united  petals,  or  in 
our  species  none.  Glands  of  the  disk  opposite  the  calyx-lobes.  Stamens  10-30, 
in  2  or  more  whorls :  filaments  monadelphous  at  the  base.  Ovary  mostly  3- 
celled  :  styles  3,  united  below,  their  summits  once  or  twice  forked.  Pod  3-celled, 
3-seedcd,  separating  into  3  two-valved  carpels.  Seed  carunculate. — Perennial 
lierbaccous  or  shrubby  pla»its,  chiefly  trojjical,  witli  alternate  mostly  long- 
pctioled  palnuitely-veined  leaves,  and  stipules. — Our  species  is  of  the  section 
Cnidoscolus;  of  ])lants  mostly  armed  with  stinging  bristles.  (Name  said  by 
Linnaeus  to  be  formed  of  larpui/,  a  rcmcdij,  and  (^ayu,  to  cat.) 


436  EuniORBiACK^.     (spruoK  family.) 

1.  J.  ixrens,  L,  var.  stimulbsa,  J.  Miilkr.  (Tread-soi-tly.  Spurge- 
Nettlk.)  Herbaceous,  from  a  lonir  perennial  root,  branching  (6'- 2°  hijili)  ; 
leaves  roun(lish-heart-siiai)cil,  3  -5-lobeil ;  the  divisions  toothed,  cut,  or  even  pin- 
natitid,  often  discolored  ;  flowers  slender  ;  tilanicnts  10,  nioiiadelphons  only  at 
the  woolly  base,  or  the  outer  set  almost  distinct.  (J.  stiniulosa,  Micli.r.  C'ni- 
doscolus  stiniulosus,  Ed.  2.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Virginia  on  the  coast,  and  south- 
ward.   June  -  Sept. 

3.     STILLINGIA,     Garden.        Stillixgia. 

Flowers  monoecious,  aggregated  in  a  terminal  spike.  Petals  and  glands  of 
the  disk  none.  Caly.x  2  -  3-cleft  or  parted  ;  the  divisions  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  2  or  3  :  anthers  adnate,  turned  outwards.  Style  thick  :  stigmas  3,  di- 
verging, simple.  Pod  3-celled,  3-lobed,  3-seeded.  Seed  carunculate.  —  Smooth 
upright  plants,  with  the  alternate  leaves  mostly  2-glandular  at  the  base;  the 
fertile  flowers  few  at  the  base  of  the  dense  sterile  spike  (rarely  separate) ;  the 
bract  for  each  cluster  with  a  gland  on  each  side.     (Named  for  Dr.  B.  StiUiniiJieet.) 

1.  S.  sylvatiea,  L.  Herbaceous  (l°- 3°  high);  leaves  almost  sessile,  ob- 
long-lanceolate, serrulate  ;  glands  of  the  spike  saucer-shaped.  —  Sandy  and  dry 
soil,  E.  Virginia  and  southward.     June -Sept. 

4.    ACALYPHA,    L.        Three-seeded  Mercury. 

Flowers  moua?cious  ;  the  sterile  very  small,  clustered  in  spikes,  with  the  few 
or  solitary  fertile  flowers  at  their  base,  or  sometimes  in  separate  spikes.  Calyx 
of  the  sterile  flowers  4-partcd  and  valvate  in  the  bud  ;  of  the  fertile  3-5-parted. 
Corolla  none.  Stamens  8-16:  filaments  short,  monadelpTious  at  the  base: 
anther-cells  separate,  long,  often  worm-shaped,  hanging  from  the  apex  of  the 
filament.  Styles  3,  the  upper  face  or  stigmas  cut-fringed  (usually  red).  Pod 
separating  into  3  globidar  carpels  which  split  into  2  valves,  rarely  of  only  one 
carpel.  —  Herbs  (ours  annuals),  or  in  the  tropics  often  shrubs,  with  the  appear- 
ance of  Nettles  or  Amaranths  ;  the  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  with  stipules. 
Clusters  of  sterile  flowers  with  a  minute  bract ;  the  fertile  surrounded  by  a 
large  and  leaf-like  cut-lobed  ]K'rsistent  bract.  ('AKaX»)(^r;,  an  ancient  name  of 
the  Nettle.) 

*  Fniit  smooth  or  mei-eh/  pnhescent :  seeds  nearlij  s))iooth. 

1.  A.  Virginica,  L.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  obtusely  and  sparsely 
serrate,  long-petioled  ;  sterile  spike  rather  few-flowered,  mostly  shorter  than  the 
deeply  pahnately-cleft  fruiting  bracts.  —  Fields  and  open  places  :  common. 
July -Sept.  —  A  homely  weed,  l°-2°  high,  smoothish  or  rather  hairy,  often 
turning  ])ur])lish  in  autumn.  Fertile  flowers  1-3  in  each  axil,  along  with  the 
small  and  short-peduncled  sterile  spike :  bracts  large  and  leaf-like,  unequally 
cut  into  !)-9  lanceolate  lobes.  —  Passes  by  various  forms  (belonging  to  var. 

INTERMEDIA,  ./.  Mull.)  iutO 

Var.  gracilens,  with  lanceolate  or  even  linear  leaves,  less  toothed  and 
shoriir-petioled  ;  the  slender  sterile  spike  often  I'long,  and  miu-h  surpassing 
the  less  cleft  or  few-toothed  fruiting  bracts.  (A.  gracilens,  Ed.  1  ^  2.  A.  Vir- 
giniana,  var.  gracilescens,  J.  Miill.   A.  monococca,  Enydm.,  a  reduced  form  with 


EUPHORBIACE^.       (srUKGE    FAMILY.)  437 

two  cells  of  the  ovary  abortive.)  —  Sandy  dry  soil,  Rhode  Island  to  Illinois, 
and  common  southward. 

*  *  Fruit  erhinate  ivith  soft  brislly  green  projections  :  seeds  roitrjh-wrinkled. 
2.  A.  Caroliniana,  Walt.,  Ell.  Leaves  thin,  ovate-cordate,  sharply  and 
closely  serrate-tootlied,  abruptly  acuminate,  long-petioled  ;  sterile  spikes  short, 
axillary  ;  the  fertile  ones  mostly  terminal  and  elongated,  its  bracts  deeply  cut 
into  many  linear  lobes.  (A.  ostryaefolia,  Riddetl.)  —  New  Jersey  (Princeton, 
Tonry),  Ohio,  and  southward. 

5.     TRAGI  A,     Plumier.        Tragia. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  racemes,  apetalous.  Sicr.  Fl.  Calyx  3-5- (chiefly 
.3  )  parted,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  2  or  3 :  filaments  short:  anther-cells 
united.  Fert.  Fl.  Calyx  3-  8-partcd,  persistent.  Style  3-cleft  or  3-parted; 
the  branches  3,  simple.  Pod  3-celled,  3-lobed,  bristly,  separating  into  three 
2-valved  1 -seeded  carpels.  Seeds  not  carunculate.  —  Erect  or  climbing  plants 
(perennial  herbs  in  U.  S.),  pubescent  or  hispid,  sometimes  stinging,  with  mostly 
alternate  stipulate  leaves ;  the  small-flowered  racemes  terminal  or  opposite  the 
leaves  ;  the*  sterile  flowers  above,  the  few  fertile  at  the  base,  all  with  small  bracts. 
(Named  for  the  early  herbalist  Boch,  latinized  Trufjus.) 

1.  T.  innocua,  Walt.  Erect,  paniculate-branched,  suftlu  hairy-pubescent 
(6' -12' high) ;  /eaivs  varying  frojn  obovate-oblong  to  narrowly  \ineiiv,  acute  at 
the  base,  obtusely  or  sinuately  few-toothed  or  loljcd,  sometimes  entire,  short-peti- 
oled  or  sessile,  paler  beneath;  stamens  2.  (T.  urens,  L.,  having  been  discarded 
as  a  false  name,  the  next  oldest,  and  a  good  one,  is  adopted,  rather  than  the 
recent  one  of  T.  discolor,  Miiller.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  E.  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.    May -Aug. 

2.  T.  urticsefdlia,  Michx.  Erect  or  reclining  or  slightly  twining,  hirsute 
■with  stinging  hairs  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  trinngular-lanceolafe,  or  the  lower 
ovate,  all  somewhat  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  coarsely  cut-toothed,  short-ptti- 
nled.  —  Virginia  (Puish),  and  common  southward. 

3.  T.  macrocarpa,  W^illd.  Twining,  somewhat  hirsute,  not  stinging; 
Itai-es  deeply  cordate,  ovate,  sharply  serrate  (3'  long),  all  but  the  uppermost  long- 
jietioled  (pod  ^'  broad).  (T.  cordata,  Michx.)  —  Kentucky  [Michaux,)  and  south- 
ward. —  Apparently  quite  distinct. 

6.    CROTON,    L.        Croton. 

Flowers  monoecious,  rarely  dia?cious,  mostly  in  terminal  spike-like  racemes  or 
spikes.  Ster.  Fl.  Calyx  5- (rarely  4-6-)  parted;  the  divisions  lightly  imbri- 
cated or  nearly  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals  usually  present,  but  mostly  small  or 
rudimentary,  hypogynous,  as  many  as  the  divisions  of  the  calyx.  Glands  or 
lobes  of  the  disk  as  many  as  and  alternate  with  the  petals.  Rccc])tacle  usually 
hairy.  Stamens  5  or  more  :  filaments  with  the  anthers  inflcxed  in  the  bud. 
Fert.  Fl.  Calyx  .5-10-cleft  or  parted,  nearly  as  in  the  staminate  flowers  :  but 
petals  none  or  minute  rudiments.  Ovary  mostly  3-celled,  rarely  2-celled,  with 
a  single  ovule  in  each  cell :  styles  as  many,  from  once  to  thrice  2-cleft.  Pod  .')- 
(rarely  2  -4-)  celled,  separating  into  as  many  2-valved  I-seeded  carpels.     Seeds 


438  BUpnoRBiACH.«.     (spurge  family.) 

carunculate.  —  Stellate-downy,  or  scurfy,  or  liairy  and  glnndular  plants,  mostly 
strong-scented ;  tlic  sterile  flowers  above ;  the  iertilc  usually  at  the  base  of  the 
same  spike  or  cluster.  Leaves  alternate,  or  sometimes  iiniicrfectly  opposite, 
with  or  without  obvious  stipules.  (Kporwc,  the  Greek  name  of  the  Castor-oil 
riant,  of  this  family.) 

§  1.  GEISELERIA,  Klotzseh.  Sterile  flowers  mostly  with  a  4-parted  calyx, 
as  many  orate.-loimulate  petals,  a  A-raijed  disk,  and  8  stamens:  Ji-rl He  floweis 
with  a  5-parted  culi/x,  and  very  minute  awl-shaped  rudiments  of  petals ;  the 
3  styles  2-clefl. 

1.  C.  glanduldSUS,  L.  Annual,  rough-hairy  and  glandular  (1°  -  2°  high), 
somewhat  iimijcUately  branched ;  leaves  oblong  or  lincar-oi)long,  obtusely  toothed, 
the  base  with  a  saucer-shaped  gland  on  each  side;  fertile  flowers  capitate-clus- 
tered at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike,  sessile  in  the  i'orks  and  terminal.  —  Open 
waste  places,  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southward.     July  -  Sept. 

§  2.  PILINOPHYTUM,  Klotzseh.  Sterile  flowers  with  the  calyx  'qnally  5- 
parted,  as  many  (/lands  ulternaie  with  the  petals,  and  10-14  stamens:  flrtile 
flowers  with  a  7-l2-jiarted  calyx  and  vjithout  petals;  the  3  styles  twice  or 
thrice  2-parted. 

2.  C.  capitatus,  Michx.  Annual,  densely  soft-woolly  and  somewhat 
glandular  (l°-2°  high),  branched;  leaves  long-pctioled,  lanec-oblong  or  elon- 
gated-oblong, rounded  at  the  base,  entire ;  petals  obovate-lanceolate,  densely 
fimbriate;  fertile  flowers  several,  capitate-crowded  at  the  base  of  the  short  ter- 
minal sterile  spike.  —  Barrens  of  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward.  Tine 
barrens  of  New  Jersey,  Knieskern !    July  -  Sept. 

§3.  GYNAMBLOSIS,  Torr.  (Engelmannia,  A7o^rsc/(.)  Sterile  flowers  with 
an  unequally  3  -  5-parted  calyx,  and  us  many  petals  and  scale-like  glands ;  the 
stamens  varying  from  3-11:  flirtile  flowers  with  an  equally  5-parted  calyx, 
and  with  no  petals,  5  glands,  and  a  2-3-celled  ovary,  crowned  with  as  many 
sessile  2-parted  stnjmas. 

3.  C.  monanthogynus,  Michx.  Annual,  whitish-stellate-pubcsccnt  and 
rusty-glandular;  stems  (l°-2°  high),  slender,  erect,  below  often  umbellately 
3-4-forkcd,  then  repeatedly  2-3-forked  or  alternately  branched  ;  leaves  oblong- 
ovate  or  narrowly  oblong,  entire,  often  acutish  (6"- 12"  long,  about  twice 
the  length  of  their  petioles) ;  flowers  in  the  forks,  the  sterile  few  on  the  sum- 
mit of  a  short  and  erect  peduncle,  the  fertile  few  and  clustered  or  mostly  soli- 
tary on  short  recurved  peduncles;  stamens  3-8;  ovary  2-celled ;  fruit  often 
by  abortion  1-celled  and  1-seeded  ;  the  seed  broadly  oval.  (C.  elh'pticum,  Nutt. 
Engelinannia  Nuttalliana,  /l/otec/j.  Gynamblosis  monanthogyna.  Ton-.)  — 
Barrens,  and  dry  prairies,  from  Illinois  and  Kentucky  southward  and  west- 
ward.    June  -  Sept. 

(C.  EUTRfGYNUs,  as  It  mnv  be  named,  is  the  related  Texan  species, — with 
more  silvery  down,  rounder  leaves  on  longer  petioles,  7-12  stamens,  more  pe- 
duncled  fertile  flowers,  and  a  3-celled  ovary  generally  ripening  3  oblong-oval 
seeds,  —  mentioned  by  Torrey  as  a  possible  variety  of  this,  and  taken  by 
Baillon  and  Miiller  for  C.  ellipticus  of  Nuttall.) 


i 


EUPHORBIACE^.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.)  439 

7.  CROTONOPSIS,    Miclix.        Crotoxopsis. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  very  small  terminal  or  lateral  spikes  or  clusters,  the 
lower  fertile.  Ster.  FL  Calyx  equally  S-parted.  Petals  o,  spatulate.  Sta- 
mens 5,  opposite  the  petals  :  filaments  distinct,  inflexed  in  the  bud,  enlarged  at 
the  apex.  Fed.  Fl.  Calyx  unequally  3-5-parted.  Petals  none.  Glands 
(petal-like  scales)  5,  opposite  the  sepals.  Ovary  1-celled,  simple,  1-ovulcd,  bear- 
ing a  twice  or  thrice  forked  style.  Pruit  dry  and  indehiscent,  small,  1 -seeded. 
—  A  slender  low  annual,  with  alternate  or  opposite  short-petioled  linear  or 
elliptical-lanceolate  leaves,  which  are  green  and  smoothish  above,  but  silvery 
hoary  with  starry  hairs  and  scurfy  with  brownish  scales  underneath,  as  well  as 
the  branches,  &e.  (Name  compounded  of  KpuTo)v,  and  oy^is,  appearance,  for  a 
plant  with  the  aspect  and  general  character  of  Croton.) 

1.  C.  line^l'is,  Michx.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  New  Jersey  (Knieskern,  C.  E. 
Smith),  Bristol,  Pennsylvania  (E.  DijfeHiam/Ii),  Illinois,  and  southward.  July- 
Sept.  The  form  with  shorter  and  broader  leaves  is  C.  elh'ptica,  Willd.,  and  C. 
arge'ntea,  Parsh. 

8.  PHYLLANTHUS,    L.        Phyllanthus. 

Flowers  monoecious,  axillary.  Calyx  usually  5-6-partcd,  imbricated  in  the 
bud.  Petals  none.  Stamens  mostly  3,  erect  in  the  bud,  often  united.  Ovules  2 
in  each  cell  of  the  ovary.  Pod  depressed ;  each  carpel  2-valved,  2-seeded.  Seeds 
not  carunculate.  — Leaves  alternate,  2-ranked,  with  small  stipules.  (Name  com- 
posed of  (pvXXov,  kiif,  and  (iudos,  bhssoni,  because  the  flowers  in  a  few  sj)ecies 
are  borne  upon  leaf-like  dilated  branches.) 

1.  P.  CarolinensiS,  Walt.  Annual,  low  and  slender,  branched ;  leaves 
■obovate  or  oval,  short-petiolcd  ;  flowers  commonly  2  in  each  axil,  almost  sessile, 
one  staminate,  the  other  fertile  ;  calyx  6-parted  ;  stamens  3  ;  styles  3,  each 
2-cleft ;  glands  of  the  disk  in  the  fertile  flowers  united  in  a  cup.  —  Gravelly 
banks,  E.  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southward.     July-  Sept. 

9.    PACHYSANDRA,    Michx.        Pachtsandra. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  naked  spikes.  Calyx  4-partcd.  Petals  none.  Ster. 
FL  Stamens  4,  separate  :  filaments  long-exserted,  thick  and  flat :  anthers  ob- 
long-linear. Fert.  FL  Ovary  3-celled  :  styles  3,  thick,  awl-shaped,  recurved, 
stigmatic  down  their  whole  length  inside.  Ovules  a  pair  in  each  cell,  suspended, 
with  the  rhaphc  dorsal  (turned  away  from  the  placenta).  Pod  deeply  3-horned, 
3-celled,  splitting  into  3  at  length  2-valved  2-seedcd  carpels.  —  Nearly  glabrous, 
low  and  procumbent,  perennial  herbs,  with  matted  creeping  rootstocks,  and  alter- 
nate, ovate  or  obovate,  coarsely  toothed  leaves,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  petiole. 
Flowers  each  1  -3-bracted,  the  upper  staminate,  a  few  fertile  ones  at  the  base, 
unpleasantly  scented:  sepals  greenish  or  purplish:  filaments  white  (the  size 
and  thickness  of  the  latter  giving  the  name,  from  naxvs,  thick,  and  <"v8pa,  used 
for  stamen). 

1.  P.  procumbens,  Michx.  Stems  (6' -9'  long)  bearing  several  ap- 
proximate leaves  at  the  summit  on  slender  jietiolcs,  and  a  few  many-flowered 
spikes  along  the  base  ;  the  intervening  portion  naked,  or  with  a  few  small  scales. 


440  EMPETRACK^,       (CROWBERRY    FAMILY.) 

(P.  erecta,  Raf.,  BaiUon,  is  the  same.) — Woods,  mountains  of  Kentucky,  W. 
Virginia,  and  southward.     March  -  May. 

OuDER  98.     EITIPETU.4CE.I:.     (Crowberry  Family.) 

Low  shruhbi/  evergreens,  icitJi  the  foliage,  aspect,  and  compound  pollen  of 
Heaths,  and  the  drupaceous  fruit  of  Arctostaphylos,  but  the  divided  or 
laciniate  stigmas,  &c.  of  some  Eiiphorbiacea; :  —  probably  only  an  apctalous 
and  polygamous  or  dioecious  degenerate  Ibrra  of  Ericacea?,  —  comprising 
three  genera,  two  of  which  occur  within  the  limits  of  this  work,  and  the 
third  further  south. 

1.     EMPETRUM,     Touni.        Crowbekrt. 

Flowers  polygamous,  scattered  and  .solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  (incon- 
spicuous), scaly-hracted.  Calyx  of  3  spreading  and  somewhat  petal-like  sepals. 
Stamens  3.  Style  very  short :  stigma  6-9-rayed.  Fruit  a  berrv-like  drupe, 
with  6-9  seed-like  nutlets,  each  containing  an  erect  anatropous  seed.  Embryo 
terete,  in  the  axis  of  copious  albumen,  with  a  slender  inferior  radicle  and  very 
small  cotyledons.     (An  ancient  name,  from  iv,  upon,  and  ntTpos,  a  rock.) 

1.  E.  nigrum,  L.  (Black  Crowberry.)  Procumbent  and  spreading ; 
leaves  linear-oblong,  scattered  ;  fruit  black.  — Alpine  summits  of  the  mountains 
of  2sew  England  and  New'  York,  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

2.     CO  RE  MA,     Don.         (Buoom-Ckowberrv.) 

Flowers  dicecious  or  polygamous,  collected  in  terminal  heads,  each  in  the  axil 
of  a  scaly  bract,  and  with  5  or  6  thin  and  searious  imbricated  bractlets,  but  no 
proper  calyx.  Stamens  3,  rarely  4,  with  long  filaments.  Style  slender,  3- 
(or  rarely  4-5)  cleft:  stigmas  narrow,  often  toothed.  Drupe  small,  with  3 
(rarely  4 -.5)  nutlets.  Seed,  &e.  as  in  the  last.  —  Diffn.sely  much-branched 
little  shrubs,  with  scattered  or  nearly  whorled  narrowly  linear  heath-like  leaves. 
(Name  Koprjfia.  n  hrnom,  from  the  bushy  aspect.) 

1.  C  Conradii,  Torrey.  Diffusely  branched,  nearly  smooth  ;  drupe  very 
small,  dry  and  juicoless  when  ripe.  (Empetrum,  Torr.  Tuckermania,  AT/otocA. 
Oakesia,  Tnckennnnn.)  —  Sandy  pine  barrens  and  dry  rocky  places.  New  Jersey ; 
Long  Island  ;  Plymouth  and  Cape  Cod,  Massachusetts ;  Bath,  and  islands  of 
Penobscot  Bay,  Maine.  (Also  Newfoundland.)  April.  —  Shrub  6' -9' high  : 
the  sterile  plant  handsome  in  flower,  on  account  of  the  tufted  purple  filaments 
and  brown-purple  anthers.     (Gray,  Clilor.  Bor -Am.  t.  1.) 

Order  99.     UBTICACE^.     (Nettle  Family.) 

Plants  with  stipules,  and  monacious  or  dioecinus,  or  rarely  (in  the  Elm 
Family)  perfect  Jlowers,  furnithed  ivith  a  regular  calyx,  free  from  the  1- 
celled  (rarely  2-cclled)  ovary  which  forms  a  1-seeded  fruit ;  the  embryo  in 
the  albumen  when  there  is  any,  iu>  radicle  pointing  upwards;  stamens  as 


URTICACK^.       (nettle    FAMILY.)  441 

many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  opposite  them,  or  sometimes  fewer.  Coty» 
ledons  usually  broad.  Stipules  often  deeiduous.  —  A  large  order  (far  the 
greater  part  tropical),  comprising  the  following  suborders,  viz.:  — 

Suborder  I.    ULITIACE^.     P:lm  Family. 

Flowers  perfect  or  monoeciously  polygamous.  Filaments  straight  op 
m««derately  incurved  in  the  bud.  Styles  or  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  samara 
or  drupe.  Seed  suspended.  —  Ti-ees,  with  a  watery  juice  (no  active  or 
no.\iou3  properties),  and  alternate  leaves. 

*  Fruit  dry,  winged  or  crested  (a  samara)  :  anthers  extrorse. 
1.    riinus.     Flowers  sometimes  perfect.     Ovary  2-ovuled.     Fruit  1-celled,  winged. 
2     Planera.     Flowers  polygamous.     Ovary  1-ovuled.     Fruit  wiugless,  nut-lilie. 
*  *  Fruit  a  drupe  :  anthers  Introrse. 

3.  Celtis.     Flowers  polygamous.     Ovary  1-ovuled.     Cotyledons  curved  and  crumpled. 

Suborder  II.     ABTOCARPEiE.     Bread-fruit  &  Fig  Family. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  crowded  in  catkin-like  spikes  or  heads; 
the  calyx,  &c.  becoming  fleshy  or  juicy  in  fruit,  but  the  1-  (rarely  2-) 
celled  ovary  ripening  as  a  dry  achenium.  Styles  or  stigmas  commonly  2. 
—  Mostly  trees  or  shrubs,  with  a  milky  or  yellow  (acrid  or  poisonous) 
juice,  and  alternate  (rough  or  smooth)  leaves.  —  Stamens  Inflexed  in 
the  bud,  and  elastically  spreading  when  the  flower  opens,  in  the  Tribe 
More.e. 

4.  Morus.     Fertile  and  sterile  flowers  in  separate  spikes.     Calyx  berry-like  in  fruit. 

Suborder  III.     URTICEyE.    Nettle  Family. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Filaments  transversely  wrinkled  and 
inflexed  in  the  bud,  straightening  or  spreading  elastically  when  the  flower 
opens.  Style  or  stigma  simjile.  Ovary  always  1-celled,  with  an  erect  or- 
thotropous  ovule,  forming  an  achenium  In  fruit.  Embryo  straight  in  the 
axis  of  albumen.  —  Herbs  (or  In  the  tropics  often  shrubs  or  trees),  with  a 
watery  bland  juice,  a  tough  fibrous  bark,  and  opposite  or  alternate  leaves: 
many  are  armed  with  stinging  hairs. 

«  Calyx  in  the  fertile  flowers  of  2-5  separate  or  nearly  separate  sepals. 
1-  Plant  beset  with  stinging  bristles. 

5.  Urlica.     Sepals  4  in  both  sterile  and  fertile  flowers.     Achenium  straiarht  and  erect,  en- 

closed by  the  2  inner  .^nd  larger  sepals.     Stigma  capitate-tufted.     Leaves  opposite. 

6.  Lnpoi-lea.     Sepals  b  in  the  sterile  flowers,  4  in  the  fertile,  or  apparently  only  2,  the  two 

exterior  minute  and  obscure.     Arheniuui  very  oblique  and  bent  down,  nearly  naked. 
Stigma  long  and  awl-shaped.    Leaves  alternate. 

■1-  I-  Plant  wholly  destitute  of  stinging  bristles. 

7.  Pllea.     Sepals  3  or  4,  those  of  the  fertile  flowers  unequal,  all  or  all  but  one  small 

Achenium  partly  naked,  s-traight  and  ertct.     Stigma  pencil-tufted. 
»  »  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flowers  tubular  or  cup-shaped,  enclo.«ing  the  achenium. 

8.  BfEhmerla.     Flowers   monoecious,  glomer.ate,  the  clusters  spiked,  not  involucrate- 

St  \  le  long  and  thread-shaped,  stigmatic  down  one  side. 
0.    Parietaria.     Flowers  polygamous,  in  iiiTolucrate-bracted  clusters.    Stigma  tufted. 


442  URTiCACK^.     (nettle  family.) 

Suborder  IV.     CAN^ABINE^E.  (Hemp  Family.) 

Flowers  dioecious ;  the  sterile  raceuied  or  panicled ;  the  fertile  in  clus- 
ters or  catkins.  Filaments  short,  not  inflexed  in  the  bud.  Fertile  calyx 
of  one  sepal,  embracing  the  ovary.  Stigmas  2,  elongated.  Ovary  1-celled, 
■with  an  erect  orthotropous  ovule,  forming  a  glandular  acheniuin  in  iruit. 
Seed  with  no  albumen.  Embryo  coiled  or  bent. —  Herbs,  with  a  watery 
juice,  mostly  opposite  and  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  a  fibrous  inner 
bark  (yielding  bitter  and  narcotic  products). 

10.  Cnnnnbis.     Fertile  flowers  spiked-clustered.     Anthers  drooping.     Leaves  5 -"-divided. 

11.  Hum  III  lis.     Fertile  flowers  in  a  short  spike  forming  a  meiutiranaccous  cutkiu  iu  fruit- 

Anthers  erect.     Leaves  3  -  5-lobed. 

1.     ULMUS,     L.        Elm. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  4  -  9-cleft.  Stamens  4-9,  with  long  and  slender  filaments. 
Ovary  2  celled,  with  a  single  anatropous  ovule  suspended  from  the  summit  of 
each  cell,  rarely  1-celled :  styles  2,  short,  diverging,  stigmatic  along  the  inner 
edge.  Fruit  (by  obliteration)  a  1-celled  and  1-seeded  membranaceous  samara, 
winged  all  around.  Albumen  none  :  embryo  straight ;  the  cotyledons  large.  — 
Flowers  polygamous,  purplish  or  yellowish,  in  lateral  clusters,  in  our  species 
preceding  the  leaves,  which  arc  strongly  straight-veined,  short-petioled,  and 
oblique  or  unequally  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the  base.  Stipules  small,  cadu- 
cous.    (The  classical  Latin  name.) 

*  Flowers  appearing  nearly  sessile :  fruit  orbicular,  not  ciliate  :  leaves  very  rour/h  above. 

1.  U.  ftilva,  Mich.  (Slippery  or  Red  Elm.)  Buds  before  expansion 
soft-downy  witii  rusty  hairs  (large) ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  taper-pointed,  doubly 
serrate  (4' -8'  long,  sweet-scented  in  drying),  soft-downy  underneath  or  slightly 
rough  downwards;  branchlcts  downy;  calyx-lobes  and  stamens  7-9;  fruit 
(8" -9"  wide)  with  the  cell  pubescent.  —  Rich  soil  from  \V.  New  England  to 
Lake  Superior  and  southward.  March,  April.  — A  small  or  middle-sized  tree, 
with  tough  reddish  wood,  and  a  veiy  mucilaginous  inner  bark. 

*  *  Flowers  on  slender  droopinrj  peduncles  or  pedicels,  which,  are  jointed  above  the 

middle:  fruit  ovate  or  oval,  frinffed-ciliate :  leaves  smooth  above,  or  nearly  so. 

2.  U.  Americana,  L.  (pi.  Clayt.),  Willd.  (American  or  White  Elm.) 
Buds  and  branc.hkts  glabrous  ;  branches  not  corky ;  leaves  ohovatcoblong  or  oval, 
abruptly  pointed,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate  (2' -4'  long),  soft-pubescent 
beneath,  or  soon  ^Xnhrous;  flowers  in  close  fascicles ;  calyx  with  7-9  roundish 
lobes  ;  fniit  ylabrous  except  the  margins  (i'  long),  its  sharp  points  incurved  and 
closing  the  notch.  —  Moist  woods,  especially  along  rivers,  in  rich  .soil.  April.  — 
A  large  and  well-known  ornamental  tree,  variable,  usually  with  spreading 
branches  and  <lrooping  branchlets. 

3.  U.  racemdsa,  Thomas.  (Corky  White  Elm.)  Bnd-srales  downy- 
ciliate,  and  somewhat  pubescent,  as  arc  the  young  branchlcts  ;  branches  often  icilh 
corky  ridi/es ;  leaves  nearly  as  in  the  last,  but  with  veins  more  simple  and  straight ; 
flowers  racenied;  fruit  much  as  in  the  hist,  but  rather  larger.  —  River-banks,  W. 
New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     April. 


URTICACE^.       (nettle    FAMILY.)  443 

4.  U.  alita,  Michx.  (Whaiioo  or  Winged  Elm.)  Bnd-sailcs atidhianrh- 
lets  nearly  (jl all OHS ;  bianchis  corky-ii'inged,  Sit  least  some  of  them;  leaves  downy 
beneath,  ovate-oblong-  and  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  thiekish,  small  {\'-2h'  lon^:) ; 
calyx-lobes  obovatc ;  fruit  downy  on  the  face,  at  least  when  youn<i^. — Virginia 
to  Illinois,  and  southward.     Rlarcii.  —  Wood  tine-grained,  valuable. 

2.     PLANERA,     Gmelin.         Planek-tree. 

Flowers  monaciously  polygamous.  Calyx  4  -  5-cleft.  Stamens  4 -5.  Ovary 
ovoid,  1 -celled,  1-ovuled,  crowned  with  2  spreading  styles  which  arc  stigmatose 
dow'.i  the  inner  side,  in  fruit  becoming  coriaceous  and  nut-like,  not  winged.  Al- 
bumen none :  embryo  straight.  —  Trees  with  small  leaves,  like  those  of  Elms, 
the  flowers  appearing  with  them,  in  small  axillary  clusters.  (Named  for  J.  J- 
Planer,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  P.  aquatica,  Gmel.  Nearly  glabrous  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  small ;  fruit 
stalked  in  the  calyx,  beset  with  irregular  rough  projections.  —  Wet  banks,  Ken- 
tucky (Mic/iuux)  and  southward.     April. 

3.     CELTIS,     Tourn.        Nettle-tree.     Hackberrt. 

Flowers  monoeciously  polygamous.  Calyx  5  -  6-parted,  persistent.  Stamens 
5-6.  Ovary  1-celIed,  with  a  single  suspended  ovule:  stigmas  2,  long  and 
pointed,  recurved.  Fruit  a  globular  drupe.  Embryo  curved,  nearly  enclosing 
a  little  gelatinous  albumen  :  cotyledons  folded  and  crumpled.  —  Leaves  pointed, 
petioled.  Stipules  caducous.  Flowers  greenish,  axillary,  the  fertile  solitary  or 
in  pairs,  peduncled,  appearing  with  the  leaves;  the  lower  usually  staminate 
only,  in  little  fascicles,  or  racemose  along  the  base  of  the  branches  of  the  season. 
{An  ancient  Greek  name  for  the  Lotus  ;  the  fruit  of  the  European  Nettle-tree 
supposed  to  have  been  the  food  of  the  Lofopharji.) 

1.  C.  OCeidentalis,  L.  (Slgarberry.  Hackberrt.)  Leaves  reticu- 
lated, ovate,  cordate-ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-jjointed,  usually  conspicu- 
ously and  sharply  so,  more  or  less  oblique  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  sometimes 
sparingly  so  or  only  towards  the  apex,  scabrous  but  mostly  glabrous  above, 
usually  soft-pubescent  beneath,  at  least  when  young  ;  fruit  reddish  or  yellowish, 
turning  dark  purple  at  maturity,  its  peduncle  once  or  twice  the  length  of  the 
petiole.  (Also  C.  Audibertiiina,  5/;ncA.,  &c.) — Woods  and  river-banks,  New- 
England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  April,  May.  — A  small  or  middle-sized 
tree,  with  the  aspect  of  an  Elm,  bearing  sweet  and  edible  fruits  as  large  as  bird- 
cherries,  at  first  obovate,  ripe  in  autumn  ;  the  flesh  thin.  —  Var.  pumila.  Low 
and  straggling  (4° -10°  high);  leaves  thin  when  mature,  and  smooth,  slightly 
acuminate.  (C.  pumila,  Purs/i.)  River-banks,  on  rocks,  from  Maryland  south- 
ward. —  Var.  crassif6lia.  A  tall  or  low  tree ;  leaves  thicker,  usually  serrate 
all  round,  and  with  a  long  tapering  point,  dull  above,  pale  beneath.  (C.  cras- 
sifolia,  Lam.)  —  Common  southward  and  wcstwia'd. 

2.  C.  Mississippiensis,  Bosc.  Leaves  entire,  very  long  taper-pointed, 
rounded  at  the  base,  mostly  oblique,  thin,  and  smooth;  fruit  small.  (C.  integri- 
folia,  Nutt.) — W.  Kentucky,  Illiuois?  and  southwestward. — Even  this  proba- 
bly runs  into  the  last. 


444  URTICACE^.     (nettle  family.) 

4 .     M  6  R  U  S ,     Tourn.        Mclberrt. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious ;  the  two  kinds  in  separate  axillary  and 
catkin-like  spikes.  Calyx  4-parted  ;  lobes  ovate.  Stamens  4  :  filaments  elastical- 
ly  expanding.  Ovary  2-eelled,  one  of  the  cells  smaller  and  disappearing^ :  styles  2, 
tlircad-form,  sti{i:matie  down  the  inside.  Aeheniiun  ovate,  compressed,  covered 
by  the  succulent  berry-like  calyx,  the  whole  fertile  spike  thus  becoming  a  thick- 
ened oblong  and  juicy  (edible)  aggregate  fruit. — Trees  with  milky  juice  and 
rounded  leaves  :  sterile  sjiikes  rather  slender.     (Mopta,  the  ancient  naine.j 

1.  M.  rtlbra,  L.  (Red  Mulberry.)  Leaves  heart-ovate,  serrate,  routjh 
al)ore,  downy  underneath,  pointed  (on  young  shoots  often  lobed) ;.  flowers  frequently 
dioecious ;  /)«i<  dark  purple,  long.  — Rich  woods,  New  England  to  Illinois  and 
southward.     May.  —  Small  tree,  ripening  its  blackberry-like  iruit  in  July. 

2.  M.  Alba,  L.  (White  Mulberry.)  Leaves  obliquely  heart-ovate, 
acute,  serrate,  sometimes  lobcd,  smooth  and  shining ;  fruit  whitish.  —  Spontaneous 
near  houses  :  introduced  for  feeding  silk-worms.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.     URTICA,     Tourn.        Nettle. 

Flowers  monoecious,  or  rarely  dia-cious ;  clustered,  the  clusters  mostly  in  ra- 
cemes, spikes,  or  loose  heads.  Ster.  Ft.  Sepals  4.  Stamens  4,  inserted  around 
the  cup-shaped  rudiment  of  a  pistil.  Fert.  Fl.  Sepals  4,  in  pairs  ;  the  2  outer 
smaller  and  spreading ;  the  2  inner  flat  or  concave,  in  fruit  membranaceous  and 
enclosing  the  straight  and  erect  ovate  flattened  aeheniura.  Stigma  sessile,  cap- 
itate and  pencil-tufted.  —  Herbs  armed  with  stinging  hairs.  Leaves  opposite: 
stipules  in  our  species  distinct.  Flowers  greenish  ;  in  summer.  (The  classical 
Latin  name;  from  uro,  to  burn.) 

*  Perennials:  flower-clusters  in  hranching  panicled  spikes,  often  dicecious. 

1.  U.  gracilis,  Ait,  Sparingly  hristlu,  ^\cm\cr  (2° -(,°\\v^h);  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolaie,  pointed,  serrate,  3  -  5-nerved  from  the  rounded  or  scarcely  hcart-shnped 
base,  almost  glabions,  the  elongated  slender  petioles  sparingly  bristly ;  spikes  slender 
and  loosely  panicled.  (U.  prbcera,  Willd.) — Fence-rows  and  moist  ground: 
common.     Stings  few. 

2.  U.  DioicA,  L.  Very  bristly  and  stinging  {2° -3°  high);  leaves  ovate,  heart- 
shaped,  pointed,  very  deeply  serrate,  downy  underneath  as  well  as  the  upper  part  of 
the  stem  ;  spdes  much  branched.  —  Waste  places  and  roadsides,  chiefly  eastward. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

»  *  Annuals :  flower-clusters  chiefly  axillary  and  shorter  than  the  petiole,  androgynous. 

3.  TJ.  URESS,  L.  Leaves  elliptical  or  ovate,  very  coarsely  and  deeply  serrate 
with  long  spreading  teeth,  the  terminal  not  longer  than  the  lateral  ones  ;  flower- 
clusters  2  in  each  aril,  small  and  loose. — Waste  groimds,  near  dwellings,  east- 
ward: scarce.     Plant  8'-  12'  high,  with  sparse  stings.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  TJ.  Chamsedryoldes,  Pursh.  Leaves  ovate  and  mostly  heart-shaped,  the 
upper  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate-toothed  ;  flower-clusters  globular,  1  -  2  in 
each  axil,  and  spiked  at  the  summit.  (U.  gracilis  &  U.  verna,  liaf.  U.  purjni- 
rasccns,  Nntt.) — Alluvial  shaded  soil,  Kentucky  and  southward.  —  Slender, 
6' -30'  high,  sparsely  beset  with  stings. 


URTICACEJE.       (nettle    FAMILY.)  445 

6.     LAPORTEA,     Gaudichaud.        Wood-Nettle. 

Flowers  mona-cious  or  dioecious,  clustered,  in  loose  cymes  ;  the  upper  widely 
spreading  and  cliicHy  or  entirely  fertile ;  the  lower  mostly  sterile.  Stcr.  Fl.. 
Sepals  and  stamens  5,  with  a  rudiment  of  an  ovary.  Fert.  Fl.  Calyx  of  4 
sepals,  the  two  outer  or  one  of  tliem  usually  minute,  and  the  two  inner  much 
larger.  Stigma  elongated  awl-shaped,  hairy  down  o!ie  side,  persistent.  Achc- 
nium  ovate,  flat,  extremely  oblique,  reflcxed  on  the  winged  or  margined  pedicel, 
nearly  naked.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  stinging  hairs,  large  alternate  serrate 
leaves,  and  axillary  stipules.     (Named  for  M.  LaiMile.) 

1.  L.  Canadensis,  Gaudichaud.  Leaves  ovate,  pointed,  strongly  feather- 
veined  (3' -7'  long),  long-petioled ;  fertile  cymes  divergent;  stipule  single, 
2-ck'ft.  (U.  Canadensis  and  U.  divaricata,  L.) — Moist  rich  woods.  July- 
Sept.  — Stem  2° -3°  high. 

7.    PI  LEA,     Lindl.        Richweed.     Clearweed. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Ster.  Fl.  Sepals  and  stamens  3-4.  Fert. 
Fl.  Sepals  3,  oblong,  more  or  less  unequal :  a  rudiment  of  a  stamen  commonly 
before  each  in  the  form  of  a  hooded  scale.  Stigma  sessile,  pencil-tufted.  Ache- 
nium  ovate,  compressed,  erect,  partly  or  nearly  naked.  —  Stingless,  mostly  gla- 
brous and  low  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  united  stipules ;  the  staminate 
flowers  often  mixed  with  the  fertile.  (Named  from  the  shape  of  the  larger  sepal 
of  the  fertile  flower  in  the  origin.il  species,  like  the  pileus,  or  felt  cap,  of  the 
Eomans,  which  partly  covers  the  achenium.  In  our  solitary  species  the  thi'ee 
sepals  are  nearly  equal,  small,  and  not  hooded. ) 

1.  P.  piimila,  Gray.  (Richweed.  Clearweed.)  Low  (3'- 18' high) ; 
stems  smooth  and  siiining,  pellucid ;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  toothed,  pointed , 
3-ribbed  and  veiny  ;  flower-clusters  much  shorter  than  the  petioles  ;  sepals  of  the 
fertile  flowers  lanceolate,  .scarcely  unequal.  (Urtica  pumila,  L.  Dubrueilia 
pumila,  Gaudichaud.  Ad'icc  pumila,  Raf.)  —  Cool  and  moist  shaded  places. 
July  -  Sept. 

8.     BCEHMERIA,    Jacq.         False  Nettle. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  clustered ;  the  sterile  much  as  in  Urtica  ;  the 
fertile  with  a  tubular  or  urn-shaped  entire  or  2-4-toothed  calyx  enclosing  the 
ovary.  Style  elongated  awl-shaped,  stigmatic  and  papillose  down  one  side. 
Achenium  elliptical,  closely  invested  by  the  dry  and  persistent  compres.sed 
calyx.  —  No  stings.  (Named  after  G.  R.  Bohmer,  Professor  at  Wittenberg  in 
the  last  century.) 

1.  B.  cylindrica,  Willd.  Perennial,  smoothish;  stem  (l°-3°  high) 
simple ;  leaves  chiefly  opposite,  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  ser- 
rate, 3-nerved,  long-petioled;  stipules  distinct;  flowers  dio-cious,  or  the  two 
kinds  intermixed,  the  small  clusters  densely  aggregated  in  simple  and  elongated 
axillary  spikes,  the  sterile  internqjted,  the  fertile  often  continuous.  —  A  state 
with  alternate  leaves  is  B.  lateriflora,  Mu/il.  —  Moist  or  shady  ground:  very 
common  throughout. 


446  uRTiCACE^.     (nettle  familt.) 

9.    PAKIETARIA,    Toum.        Pelutory. 

Flowers  monceciously  polygamous ;  the  staniinatc,  pistillate,  and  perfect  in- 
termixed in  the  same  involucrate-bracted  cvmose  axillary  clusters ;  the  sterile 
mueh  us  in  the  last ;  the  fertile  with  a  tubular  or  bell-shaped  4-lobed  and  nerved 
calyx,  enclosing  the  ovary  and  the  ovoid  aehenium.  Style  slender  or  none : 
stigma  pencil-tufted.  —  Homely,  diffuse  or  tufted  herbs,  not  stinging,  with  alter- 
nate entire  .3-ril)bed  leaves,  and  no  stipules.  (The  ancient  Latin  name,  because 
growing  on  old  walls.) 

1 .  P.  Pennsylvanica,  Muhl.  Low,  annual,  simple  or  sparingly  branched, 
minutely  downy  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  thin,  veiny,  rougbish  with  opaque 
dots ;  tiowers  shorter  than  the  leaves  of  the  involucre ;  stigma  sessile.  —  Shaded 
rocky  banks,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     June -Aug. 

10.     CANNABIS,     Tourn.         Hemp. 

Flowers  dioecious ;  the  sterile  in  axillary  compound  racemes  or  panicles,  with 
5  sepals  and  5  drooping  stamens.  Fertile  flowers  sjjikcd-clustcrcd,  1-bracted: 
the  calyx  of  a  single  sepal  enlarging  at  the  base  and  folded  round  the  ovary. 
Embryo  simply  curved.  —  A  tall  roughish  annual,  with  digitate  leaves  of  5-7 
linear-lanceolate  coarsely  toothed  leaflets,  the  upper  alternate ;  the  inner  bark 
of  very  tough  fibres.     (The  ancient  name,  of  obscure  etymology.) 

1.  C.  SATiVA,  L.  (Hemp.)  —  Waste  and  cultivated  ground.  (Adv.  from 
Eu.) 

11.    HIJMULUS,    L.--     Hop. 

Flowers  dioecious ;  the  sterile  in  loose  axillary  panicles,  with  5  sepals  and  .5 
erect  stamens.  Fertile  flowers  in  short  axillary  and  solitary  spikes  or  catkins  : 
bracts  foliaceous,  imbricated,  each  2-flowered,  in  fruit  forming  a  sort  of  mem- 
branaceous strobile.  Calyx  of  a  single  sepal,  embracing  the  ovary.  Achenia 
invested  with  the  enlarged  scale-like  calyx.  Embryo  coiled  in  a  flat  spiral. — 
Twining  rough  perennials,  with  stems  almost  prickly  downwards,  mostly  oppo- 
site heart-shaped  and  palmately  3  -  7-lobed  leaves,  with  persistent  ovate  stipules 
between  the  petioles.  (Name  thought  to  be  a  diminutive  of  humus,  moist  earth, 
from  the  alluvial  soil  where  the  Hop  spontaneously  grows.) 

1.  H.  Ltipulus,  L.  (Common  Hop.)  Leaves  mostly  3-5-lobed,  and 
commonly  longer  than  the  petioles;  bracts,  &c.,  smoothish  ;  the  fruiting  calyx, 
aehenium,  &c..  sprinkled  with  yellow  resinous  grains,  giving  the  bitterness  and 
aroma  of  the  hop.  —  Alluvial  banks:  common  northward  and  westward,  where 
it  is  clearly  indigenous,     July.     (Eu.) 

Ordeu  100.    PLATANACE.*:.     (rLAXE-xuEE  Family.) 

Trees,  icifh  watery  Juice,  alternate  palmately-Iobed  leaves,  sheathing  stip- 
ules, and  monacious  flowers  in  separate  and  naked  spherical  heads,  destitute 
of  calyx  or  corolla :  the  fruit  merely  club-shaped  1-seeded  nutlets,  furnished 
with  briitly  doion  along  the  base :  consists  only  of  the  Ibllowing  genus  (of 
uncertain  relationship). 


JUGLANDACE^E.       (WALNL'T    P'AMILY.)  447 

1.     PLATANUS,     L.        Plane-tree.    Bdttonwood. 

Sterile  flowers  of  numcioiis  stamens,  --.vith  club-shapeil  little  scales  intermixed : 
filaments  very  short.  Fertile  flowers  in  separate  catkins,  consistnig  of  inversely 
pyramidal  ovaries  mixed  with  little  scales.  Style  i-ather  lateral,  awl-shaped  or 
thread-like,  simple.  Nutlets  coriaceous,  small,  tawny-hairy  below,  containing 
a  single  orthotropous  pendulous  seed.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  thin  albumen. 
(The  ancient  name,  from  ir^arvs,  broad.) 

1.  P.  OCCidentalis,  L.  (American  Plane  or  Sycamore.)  Leaves 
mostly  truncate  at  base,  angularly  sinuate-lobcd  or  toothed,  the  short  lobes 
sharp-pointed;  fertile  heads  solitary,  hanging  on  a  long  peduncle. — Alluvial 
banks :  very  common,  especially  westward.  May.  —  A  very  large  and  well- 
known  tree,  with  a  white  bark,  sejjarating  early  in  tliin  brittle  plates. 

Okder  101.     JUGLA^DACE^.     (Walnut  Family.) 

Treca,  tcilh  alternate  pinnate  leaves,  and  no  stipules  ;  Jlowers  monaciou.t, 
the  sterile  in  catkins  (amenis)  icith  an  irre(jidar  calyx  adnate  to  the  bract; 
the  fertile  solitary  or  in  a  small  cluster  or  spike,  with  a  regular  3  -  5-lobed 
calyx  adherent  to  the  incompletely  2  -  A-celled  but  only  1-ovuled  ovary.  Fruit 
a  kind  of  dry  drupe,  with  a  crustaceans  or  bony  nut-shell,  containing  a  large 
4-lobed  orthotropous  seed.  Albumen  none.  Cotyledons  fleshy  and  oily, 
sinuous  or  corrugated,  2-lobed  :  radicle  short,  superior.  Petals  sometimes 
present  in  the  fertile  flo\vt<-s.  —  A  small  family  of  important  trees,  consist- 
ing chiefly  of  the  two  following  genera. 

1.     JtlGLANS,     L.        Walnut. 

Sterile  flowers  in  long  and  simple  lateral  catkins  from  the  wood  of  the  preced- 
ing year;  the  calyx  adherent  to  tlie  entire  bracts  or  scales,  unequally  3-6-cleft. 
Stamens  12-40:  filaments  free,  very  short.  Fertile  flowers  solitary  or  several 
together  on  a  peduncle  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  with  a  4-toothed  calyx,  bear- 
ing 4  small  petals  at  the  sinuses.  Styles  2,  very  short :  stigmas  2,  somewhat 
club-shaped  and  fringed.  Fruit  with  a  fibrous-fleshy  indehiscent  epicarp,  and  a 
mostly  rough  irregularly  furrowed  endocarp  or  nut-shell.  —  Trees,  with  strong- 
scented  or  rc>inous-aromatic  bai-k,  few-scaled  or  almost  naked  buds  (3  or  4  su- 
perposed, and  the  uppermost  for  above  the  axil),  odd-pinnate  leaves  of  many 
serrate  leaflets ;  and  the  embryo  sweet  and  edible.  Pith  in  plates.  (Name  con- 
tracted from  Jovis  (jlcuts,  the  nut  of  Jupiter.) 

1.  J.  eindrea,  L.  (Butternut.)  Leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed, 
rounded  at  the  base,  downy,  cspecudly  underneath,  the  petioles  and  Immchlets 
doicny  ivilh  clammy  hairs ;  fruit  ohlomj,  clammy,  pointed,  the  nut  deeply  sculptured 
and  rough  with  ragged  ridges,  2-celled  at  the  base.  —  Rich  woods:  common. 
May:  fruit  ripe  in  Sept. —  Tree  30° -50°  high,  with  gray  bark  and  widely 
spreading  branches ;  wood  lighter  brown  than  in  the  next 

2.  J.  nigra,  L.  (Black  Walnut.)  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed, 
somewhat  heart-shaped  or  unequal  at  the  base,  smooth  above,  the  lower  surfaca 


448  JUGLANDACK.E.       (WALXIT    FAMILY.) 

and  the  petioles  mtnuteli/  downif  ;  fruit  xphcriccd,  rouj^Iily  dotted,  the  nut  corrugated, 
4-ccllcd  at  top  and  bottom. — riith  wooils ;  rare  in  llic  Eastern,  very  common 
in  the  Western  States.  Alay :  the  iruit  ripe  in  Oct.  — A  larjjc  and  handsom* 
tree,  with  brown  bark,  and  valuable  purplish-brown  wood  turning  blackish 
with  age.  Seed  less  oily  than  the  butternut,  more  so  than  in  the  European 
Walnut  (J.  kkgia). 

2.     GARY  A,     Nutt.        Hickory. 

Sterile  flowers  in  slender  lateral  and  clustered  catkins  :  calyx  naked,  adherent 
to  the  bract,  unequally  2-3-parted.  Stamens  3-10:  filaments  short  or  none, 
free.  Fertile  flowers  2-.')  in  a  cluster  or  short  spike,  on  a  j)etluncle  terminating 
the  shoot  of  the  season  :  caly.x  4-toothod :  petals  none.  Stigmas  sessile,  2  or  4, 
large,  papillose,  persistent.  Fruit  with  a  4-valved,  firm  and  at  length  dry 
cxocarp,  falling  away  from  the  smooth  and  crustaceous  or  bony  endocarp  or 
nut-shell,  which  is  incompletely  2-celled,  and  at  the  base  mostly  4-cclled.  —  Fine 
timber-trees,  with  hard  and  very  tough  wood,  and  scaly  buds,  from  which  in 
spring  are  put  forth  usually  both  kinds  of  flowers,  the  sterile  below  and  the  fer- 
tile above  the  leaves.  Nuts  ripen  and  fall  in  October.  (Ku/jua,  an  ancient 
name  of  the  Walnut.) 

§  1.  Sterile  catkins  fuscichd  (no  common  peduncle  or  sometimes  a  very  short  one)  from 
separate  lateral  scaly  buds  near  the  summit  i>f  sliools.of  the  prectdiny  year:  bud- 
scales  few:  fruit  elonyated-ohlony  :  the  thin-shtlled  nut  2-celled  below:  seed  sw'tet : 
leajfets  short-slalked,  numeious. 

1.  C.  olivseformis,  Nutt.  (Pecan-nut.)  Minutely  downy,  becoming 
nearly  smooth  ;  leaflets  13  -  15,  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  gradually  to  a  slen- 
der point,  falcate,  serrate  ;  nut  olive-shaped.  —  River  bottoms,  from  Illinois 
southward. — A  large  tree;  its  delicious  nuts  well-known. 

§  2.  Sterile  catkins  in  threes  {or  rarefy  more)  on  a  common  peduncle  from  the  aril  of 
the  inner  scales  of  the  common  hud,  therefore  at  the  base  of  the  shoot  of  the 
season,  which,  then  beariny  S  or  4  leaves,  is  terminated  by  the  fertile  flowers : 
fruit  (/lobular  or  oral :  nut  4-celled  at  base  :  leaflets  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

*  Bud-scales  ntniwrous,  almut  10,  successively  enivrappiny  ;  the  inner  ones  accrescent, 
becominy  thin  and  membranaceous  and  rather  tardily  deciduous:  husk  of  the  fruit 
splittiny  promptly  into  4  thick  (but  variable  in  this  respect)  and  when  dry  hard 
or  uoody  valves :  seed  sweet  and  delicious.     ( The  hickory  nuts  of  the  market. ) 

2.  C.  ^Iba,  Nutt.  (Shell-bahk  or  Shag-bark  Hickory.)  Bark  of 
trunk  shaggy,  exfoliating  in  rough  strips  or  plates  ;  inner  bud-scales  becoming 
large  and  conspicuous,  persistent  till  the  flowers  are  fully  developed  ;  leaflets  .5, 
when  young  minutely  downy  beneath,  finely  serrate,  the  three  upper  obovntc- 
lanccolate,  the  loicer  pair  much  smaller  and  oblong-lanceolate,  all  taper-pointed  ; 
fruit  globular  or  depressed;  nut  white,  flattish-globnlar,  barely  mucronate,  the 
shell  thinnish.  —  Large  and  handsome  tree,  furnishing  most  valuable  wood  and 
the  principal  hickory  nuts  of  the  market. 

3.  C.  microc^rpa,  Nntt.  (Smai,l-fri;ited  Hickory.)  Nut  as  in  the 
preceding,  but  smaller  (7" -9"  long),  and  the  husk  much  thinner;  while  the 
foliage  resembles  that  of  No.  6  ;  the  leaflets  .5  -  7,  oblong -lanceolate  glandular  under- 


CDPDLincuji,     (oak  family.)  449 

nonth,  and  the  bark  of  the  trunk  is  said  to  be  close  :  an  uncertain  species.  — New 
I'ork  to  Penn.  and  southwestward. 

4.  C.  sulcata,  Nutt.  (Whstkkn  Shkll-bark  IIickouv.)  Bark,  &c.  as 
in  No.  1  ;  leajiets  7-9,  more  downy  beneatli ;  /nut  oval  or  omtc,  4-ribbed  above 
the  middle,  the  husk  very  thick;  nut  lanjc  (li'-2'  long)  and  usually  angular, 
dull  white  or  i/elloirlsh,  thick-walled,  usually  stroin/li/  po'inttd  at  both  ends.  — Pennsyl- 
vania to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  —  Seed  as  sweet  as  in  No.  1.  Ilcart-wood 
light  colored. 

5.  C.  toment6sa,  Nutt.  (Mocker-nut.  White-heart  Hkkory) 
Bark  close,  rough,  but  not  shaggy  and  exfoliating  on  old  trunks ;  catkins, 
shoots,  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  tomenlose  when  young,  resinous-scented, 
leaflets  7-9,  lance-obovate  or  the  lower  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed  ;  fruit  globular 
or  ocoid,  with  a  very  thick  and  hard  husk  ;  nut  globular,  not  compressed,  4-ridgcd 
towards  the  slirjhthj  pointed  summit,  biownish,  very  thick-shelled,  1'  in  diameter  or 
smaller,  —  Dry  woods.  New  England  to  Virginia,  Kentucky  and  southward. — 
Wood,  &c.  as  in  the  lasf  seed  more  oily.  —  A  var.  mAxima,  of  Nuttall  bears 
"  fruit  as  large  as  an  apple,"  the  husk  exceedingly  thick. 

*  *  Bud-scales  numerous  or  Jew  ;  husk  ofthefruil  thin  and  rather  friable  at  maturiti/, 
A-valved  only  to  the  middle  or  tardily  to  near  the  base:  seed  more  or  less  bitter : 
bark  of  old  tnmk  not  exfoliating. 

6.  C.  poreina,  Nutt.  (Pig-nut  or  Broom  H.)  Bud-scales  nearly  as  in 
No.  .5,  but  smaller,  caducous;  shoots,  catkins,  and  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so; 
leaflets  .5  -  7,  oblong-  or  obovate-lanceolate  and  taper-pointed,  serrate  :  fruit 
pear-shaped,  oblong,  or  oval ;  nut  oblong  or  oval  (\^'  to  nearly  2'  long),  with  a 
thick  bony  shell ;  the  oily  seed  nt  first  sweet  in  taste,  then  bitterish.  (C.  glabra, 
Torr.  &  Ed.  2.  Juglans  glabra,  Wang.,  Muhl.,  &c.,  is  much  the  oldest  name, 
but  not  quite  clear  in  application.  The  ordinary  forms  of  the  present  species 
arc  J.  ovata  and  J.  obcordata,  Wang.)  —  Woodlands:  common.  —  Wood  very 
tough  :  heart-wood  reddish  or  dark-colored  :  bark  of  trunk  rough. 

7.  C.  amkra,  Nutt.  (Bitter-nut  or  Swamp  H.)  Scales  of  the  small 
yellowish  buds  about  6,  valvate  in  pairs,  caducous  in  leafing;  catkins  and 
young  herbage  more  or  less  pul)escenf,  soon  becoming  almost  glabrous  ;  leaflets 
7-11,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate;  fruit  globular,  narrow!}'  6-ridged ;  nut 
globular,  short-pointed,  -white  (barely  1'  long),  thin-walled;  seed  at  first  sweet- 
tasted,  soon  extremely  bitter.  —  Moist  soil:  common.  —  Wood  less  valued, 
liusk  and  iiut-shcU  thinner  and  less  hard  than  in  other  species:  bark  of  trunk 
close  and  smooth. 

Order  102.     CUPULIFEBtK.     (Oak  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  icitk  alternate  and  simple  straight-veined  leaves,  very 
deciduous  stipules,  ami  mona;cious  flowers ;  the  sterile  in  calkiiis  (laments') 
(or  capitate-clustered  in  the  B*!ech)  ;  the  fertile  solitary,  clustered  or  spiked, 
furnished  trith  an  involucre  ivhich  forms  a  cup  or  covering  to  the  l-celled 
and  l-seeded  nut.  Ovary  more  or  less  2-  7-celle(l,  with  1  or  2  pendulous 
anatropous  ovules  in 'each  cell;  but  all  the  cells  and  ovules  excejit  one 
L  &  M— 39 


450  CUPULIFER^.       (oak    FAMILY.) 

<lisapj)oaring  in  the  fruit.  Calyx  adlierent  to  the  ovary,  the  minute  teeth 
crowning  its  summit.  Seed  with  no  albumen,  filled  with  the  embryo: 
cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  in  many  edib'e  :  radicle  short,  superior.  Stip- 
ules forming  the  bud-scales.     Leaves  usually  conduplicate  in  the  bud. 

Tribe  I.  Q,rKRCIIVEj^.  Sterile  flowers  with  a  distinct  4-7-lobed  cnlyx,  including 
3-20  stamens  :  filaments  slender,  free,  exserted  :  anthers  '2-eelled.  Fertile  flowers  one  or 
few  enclosed  in  a  cupule  consisting  of  bracts  variously  consolidated.  Ovary  imperfectly 
3-7-celled,  crowned  with  3-8  (mostly  6)  calyx-teeth,  forming  a  nut  {gland),  in  fruit 
surrounded  or  euclo.^ed  by  the  indurated  scaly  or  prickly  cupule. 
•  Sterile  flowers  in  slender  catkins. 

1.  Quercus.     Cupule  l-flowered,  scaly,  and  entire:  nut  hard  and  terete. 

2.  Cnstanea.     Cupule  2  - 4-flowcrcd,  forming  a  prickly  hard  bur,  2 -4-valved  when  ripe. 

«  *  Sterile  flowers  in  a  small  head. 

3.  Fagiis.     Cupule  2-8owered,  4-valved,  containing  2  sharply  triangular  nuts. 

Tribe  II.  CARPIJVEiE.  Sterile  flowers  destitute  of  true  calyx,  consisting  of  several 
stamens  included  under  and  more  or  less  adnate  to  a  bract :  filaments  short :  anthers  1- 
celled.  Fertile  flowers  in  a  short  spike,  catkin,  or  head,  two  together  under  each  fertile 
bract,  each  with  one  or  more  br.actlets,  wliich  form  a  foliaceous  or  membranaceous  invo- 
lucre to  the  nut.     Ovary  imperfectly  2-celled,  2-ovuled.     Seed-coat  single. 

*  Bract  of  staminate  flower  furnished  with  a  pair  of  braetlets  inside. 

4.  Corylus.     Involucre  enclosing  the  large  bony  nut,  leafy -coriaceous. 

»  *  Bract  of  staminate  flower  simple  :  nut  small,  achenium-like. 

5.  Ostrya.     Each  ovary  and  nut  included  in  a  bladdery  and  closed  bag. 
C.   CarpiDUS.     Each  nut  subtended  by  an  enlarged  leafy  bractlet. 

1.    QUERCXJS,    L.        Oaiv. 

Sterile  flowers  in  slender  and  naked  catkins:  bracts  caducous:  calyx  2-8- 
parted  or  lobed  :  stamens  3  -  12  :  anthers  2-ccllcd.     Fertile  flowers  scattered  or 
somewhat  clustered,  consisting  of  a  nearly  3-cellcd  and  6-ovulcd  ovary,  with  a 
3-lol)ed  stigma,  enclosed  by  a  scaly  bud-like  involucre  which  becomes  an  indu- 
rated cup  (cupule)  around  the  base  of  the  rounded  nut  or  acorn.     Cotyledons 
remaining  underground  in  germination  :  radicle  very  short,  included.  — Flowers 
greenish  or  yellowish.     Sterile  catkins  single  or  often  several  from  tlic  same 
lateral  scaly  bud,  filiform  and  hanging  in  all  our  sjiccies.     (The  classical  Latin 
name.)     All  flower  in  spring,  and  shed  their  nuts  in  Oct(jber. 
§  1.  AxxuAL-FRCiTED  ;  i.  c.  acoms  perfected  in  the  autumn  of  the  Jlist  year,  home 
tlarefore  on  the  icood  of  the  season,  muallij  in  the  axil  of  the  leaves,  and  often 
ruisid  on  a  peduncle;  the  kernel  commonljj  sweet-tasted:  lubes  or  teeth  of  the 
leiivtsifanijnothriMle-pointed:  abortive  ovules  persistent  under  the  seed :  sterile 
flowers  mostly  4  -  6-parted  and  8-<indrous. 

*  AViiiTii  O.VKS.  Leaves  li/rafe  or  sinuate-pinnatijid,  }>ale  beneath. 
1.  Q.  alba,  L.  (White  Oak.)  Mature  leaves  smooth,  pale  or  </laucous 
underneath,  hriyht  green  above,  obovate-oblong,  obliquely  cut  into  3-9  oblong  or 
linear  and  obtuse  mostly  entire  lobes  ;  cup  hen»s]thei'ical-sai(cer-shaped,  rough  or 
tuhercUd  at  maturity,  tuihd,  much  shorter  than  the  ovoid  or  oblong  acorn.  —  Tiich 
woods  :  common.  —  A  valuable  large  tree.  Lobes  of  the  leaves  short  and  broad 
3  -  5,  or  5  -  9  deep  and  narrow.     Acorn  about  1 '  long ;  kernel  edible. 


CUPULIFER^.       (oak    FAMILY.)  451 

2.  Q.  obtusiloba,  Michx.     (Post-Oak.    Rough  or  Box  White-Oak.) 

Leaves  grayish  or  i/dlowlsli-dowiiy  wulerneatk,  pale  and  rouffh  aboee,  tliiddslt,  sinu- 
ately  cut  into  5-7  rounded  divergent  lobes,  the  upper  ones  much  huger  and 
often  1  -  3-notched  ;  cup  deep  saucers/taped,  naked,  one  third  or  half  the  length  of  the 
ovoid  acorn.  (Q.  stellata,  Wilkl.)  —  Sandy  or  sterile  soil  :  common,  especially 
southward.  —  A  small  tree,  with  very  durable  wood.     Acorn  6" -9"  long. 

3.  Q.  macroc^rpa,  Michx.  (Buu-O.vk.  Over-cup  or  Mossy-cup 
Whitk-Oak.)  Lmvcs  obovate  or  oblong,  Ijratclij-piniiatijid  or  dtejily  sinuale- 
lobcd,  or  nearly  parted,  irregular,  downy  or  pale  beneath ;  the  lobes  sparingly 
and  obtusely  toothed,  or  the  smaller  ones  entire ;  cup  deep,  thick  and  woody, 
conspicuously  imbricated  with  hard  and  thick  pointed  scales,  the  upper  ones  awned, 
so  as  usually  to  make  a  mossy-fringed  border;  acorn  broadly  ovoid  (I'-l^' 
long),  half  immerstd  in  or  entirely  enclosed  by  the  cup.  —  Rich  soil,  W.  New  Eng- 
land to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  southwestward.  —  A  handsome,  middle-sized 
tree.      Cup  very  variable,  especially  in  size,  from  9"  to  2'  across. 

Var.  olivseformis  (Q.  olivajformis,  Michx.)  is  apparently  a  mere  state  of 
this  (figured  by  Michaux  with  unripe  or  imperfect  fruit),  with  narrower  and 
more  deeply  lobed  leaves,  and  oblong  acorns  and  cups. 

*  *  Chestnut-Oaks.  Leaves  coarsely  sinuate-toothed,  hut  not  lobed,  except  slightly 
in  No.  4,  whitish  and  more  or  less  downy  beneath :  cup  hoary,  hemispherical  or  a 
little  depressed,  about  half  the  length  of  the  oblong-ovoid  edible  acorn. 

4.  Q.  bieolor,  Willd.  (Swamp  White  Oak.)  Leaves  obovate  or  ob- 
long-obovate,  iccdf/e-sha/ied  at  base,  coarsely  sinuate-creiiate  and  often  rather  pin- 
natifd  than  toothed,  soft-doivny  and  ivhite-hoary  underneath,  the  main  primary 
veins  6-8  pairs,  lax  and  little  prominent ;  fruiting  pedimcle  much  longer  than  the 
getiole;  upper  scales  of  the  cup  awn-])ointcd,  sometimes  forming  a  mossy-fringed 
margin;  acorn  scarcely  1' long.  (Q.  Prinus,  var.  tomentosa,  iV/V^a:.  Q.  Prinus, 
discolor,  Michx.  f  &,  Ed.  2.)  —  Low  ground  :  common.     A  tall  tree. 

5.  Q.  Prinus,  L.  (Chestnut-Oak.)  Zfnivs  varying,  obovate  or  oblong, 
icith  nn  obtuse  or  acute  base,  undulately  crenate-toothed,  minutely  downy  beneath,  the 
main  primary  ribs  10-16  pairs,  straight,  prominent  beneath;  fruiting  pedun- 
cles shorter  than  the  petioles,  often  I'pry  short;  cup  thick  (r,"-l2"  wide),  mostly 
tuberculate  with  hard  nnd  stout  scales  ;  acorn  1'  or  less  in  length.-  —  Dry  or  moist 
ground:  common  southward,  scarce  northward  :  a  middle-sized  or  small  tree. 

"Var.  monticola,  Michx.  (Rock  Chestnut-Oak.)  (Q.  montana,  Willd.) 
Connects  with  the  next  variety,  but  has  large  acorns ;  the  cup  is  figured  and  de- 
scribed as  top-shaped  :  but  I  have  not  seen  the  like  when  the  acorn  is  well  grown. 
—  From  Vermont  southwa^-d  along  the  upper  country.     A  small  tree. 

Var.  acuminata,  Michx.  (Yellow  Chestnut-Oak.)  (Q.  Castanca, 
Muhl.  &  Ed.  2.)  Leaves  slcnder-petioled,  often  oblong  or  even  lanceolate,  usu- 
ally acute  or  pointed,  mostly 'obtuse  or  roundish  at  the  base,  almost  equably  and 
rather  sharply  toothed  ;  cup  hemispherical,  thin,  of  small  appressed  scales,  5''- 
7"  broad;  acorn  7" -9"  long.  —  Rich  soil,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin: 
common  in  the  Middle  States.  — Leaves  more  like  those  of  Chestnut  than  any 
other ;  the  primary  veins  very  straight,  impressed  above,  prominent  beneath.  A 
middle-sized  tree.  


^2  CUPULIFER^..       (oak    FAMILY.) 

Var.    hiimilis,    Marsh.      (Dwakk    Chestnut-   or    Cuinquapin-Oak.) 

(Q.  pumila,  Mic/i.r.  Q.  Tiinus,  var.  Chincapin,  Mkh.r. /.,  A.  DC.  Q.  pri- 
noides,  ]['H/d.  &  Ed.  2.)  Foliage  as  in  one  other  of  the  preceding  Ibrnis ; 
acorns  and  cups  simihir,  but  mostly  smaller  (abundant,  sessile  or  nearly  so) ; 
but  is  a  shrub,  only  20-4°  high;  seemingly  therefore  a  distinct  species,  but 
MO  good  character  is  found.  —  Poor  .«oil,  sandy  barrens,  &c.,  S.  New  England 
ind  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  {See  p.  681.) 
*  *  *  Live  Oak.s.  Leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen,  entire  or  rareljj  spiny-toothed. 
C.  Q.  virens,  Ait.  (Live  Oak.)  Leaves  small,  oblong  or  elliptical, 
hoary  beneath  as  well  as  the  branchlets;  peduncle  usually  conspicuous,  1-3- 
fruited;  cup  top-shaped  ;  acorn  oblong  ;  cotyledons  completely  united  into  one 
mass.  —  Coast  of  Virginia  and  southward.  Farther  south  becoming  a  large 
tree :  timber  invaluable. 

§  2.  Biennial-fruited;  i.  e.  acorns  perfected  in  the  autumn  of  the  second  year, 
ther<fure  on  old  wood  below  the  leaves  of  the  season :  peduncles  short  and  thick  or 
none:  kernel  bitter ;  the  abortive  ovules  at  the  apex  of  the  seed :  calyx  of  sterile 
floweis  2  -  5-parled:  stamens  3-5. 
*.  Leaves  entire  or  with  a  few  teeth,  or  somewhat  '3-5-lobed  at  the  summit,  coriartous, 
inclined  to  be  persistent  southward,  but  none  of  them  really  everynen  at  the  north, 
the  tips  or  lobes  commonly  bristle-pointed :  acorns  (/lobular,  small,  at  most  only  6" 
long.  (Intermediate  forms,  in  certain  cases  probably  hybrids,  occur  between  all 
these  species  and  some  of  the  next  section.) 

■5-  Leaves  not  dilated  upwards,  generally  entire:  acorn  globose. 

7.  Q.  cin^rea,  Michx.  (Upland  Willow-Oak.)  Hoariness  and  shape 
of  the  leaves  as  in  No.  6,  but  commonly  more  lance  oblong  or  lanceolate,  and 
rather  more  downy  beneath,  and  the  shallow  cups  and  globular  acorns  as  in  the 
next.  —  Dry  pine-barrens,  from  E.  Virginia  southward. 

8.  Q.  Phellos,  L.  (Willow-Oak.)  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  narrowed  to 
both  ends,  soon  glabrous,  light  green  (3' -4'  long);  cup  saucer-shaped.  —  Sandy 
low  woods.  Long  Island  and  New  Jersey  to  Kentucky  and  southward.  —  Tree 
30° -50°  high,  remarkable  for  the  willow-like  leaves. 

9.  Q.  imbricaria,  Michx.  (Laurel  or  Shingle  Oak.)  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate-ohlonrj,  thickish,  smooth  and  shining  above,  doivny  underneath,  the  down 
commonly  persistent ;  cup  between  saucer-shaped  and  top-shaped.  —  Barrens  and 
open  woodlands.  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  —  Tree  30° -50° 
high ;  the  wood  used  for  shingles  in  the  Western  States,  whence  the  specific 
name. 

+  •  -t-  Leaves  thick,  ivide'ning  or  often  much  dilated  upwards,  when  they  are  more  or  less 
sinuate  or  someichat  3  -  5-lobed :  acorns  globular-ovoid. 

10.  Q.  aquatica,  "Catesby.  (Water-Oak.)  Leaves  glabrous  and  shining, 
oborate-spattilate  or  narrowly  icedge-form,  with  a  long  tapering  base,  and  an  often  ob- 
scurely 3-lobcd  summit,  varying  to  oblanceolate ;  cup  saucer-shaped  or  hemi- 
spherical.—  Wet  grounds,  around  ponds,  &c.,  Maryland  to  Virginia  and  south- 
ward. —  Tree  30°  -  40°  high  ;  running  into  many  varieties,  especially  southward ; 
the  leaves  on  seedlings  and  strong  shoots  often  incised  or  sinuate-piunatifid ; 
then  mostly  bristle-pointed. 


CUPULIFKR-iE.       (OAK    FAMILY.)  453 

11.  Q.  nigra,  L.  (Black-Jack  or  Barren  Oak.)  Leaves  brondJy  wedge- 
sha/ied,  but  .soiuutiiiies  louiRled  or  obscurely  cordate  at  tlic  base,  wkltli/  dilated 
and  somewhat  3-Iobed  (rarely  5-lol)ed)  at  the  siiininit,  occasionally  with  one  or 
two  lateral  conspicuously  bristle-tipped  lobes  or  teeth,  rusty -jjubescent  beneath, 
s^iining  above,  large  (4' -9'  lonsj;)  ;  ch/)  top-s/ut/ied,  coarse-scaly;  acorn  short- 
ovoid.  (Q.  ferruginea,  Mic/ix.)  —  Dry  sandy  barrens,  New  York  to  Illinois,  and 
southward.  — Tree  8°  -  25°  high. 

•t-  -(-  -I-  Anomalous  or  occusioinil,  /irolmhli/  some  or  all  of  them  Iiijlirid  forms,  derived 
u'holli/  or  ill  part  from  the  Jbrei/oinij  species. 

Q.  tridentXta,  Eiigelni.,  arranged  by  DC.  as  a  var.  of  Q.  nigra,  is 
just  intermediate  between  it  and  Q.  imbricaria.  —  Near  St.  Louis,  Engelmana. 

Q.  QUiNQUELOBA,  Engelm.,  is  intermediate  between,  and  probably  de- 
rived from  Q.  nigra,  and  Q.  coccinea,  var.  tinctoria.  —  St.  Louis,  Enyelmann. 

Q.  L^ANA,  Nutt.  (Lea's  Oak),  by  its  characters  and  by  the  foliage  of 
the  second  generation,  communicated  by  Mr.  David  Christy,  is  pretty  clearly  a 
hybrid  between  Q.  imbricaria  and  Q.  coccinea,  var.  tinctoiia. —  S.  Ohio  and 
Illinois:  two  or  three  trees  known. 

Q,  HETKROPHYLLA,  Michx.  (Bartram's  Oak),  lately  rediscovered  in 
Delaware  and  New  Jersey,  by  T.  Mecliaii,  C.  E.  Smith,  &c.  —  has  laciniate  leaves 
like  those  of  vigorous  young  shoots  of  Q.  aquatica,  to  which  De  Candolle  refers 
it  as  a  variety.  It  is  as  likely  to  be  a  state  of  Q.  Phellos,  with  dilated  and 
toothed  or  cut  leaves. 
*  *  Black  and  Red  Oaks.     Leaves  pinnatifid  or  lohed,  and  slender-petioled,  not 

coriaceous,  the  tips  of  the  lobes  or  teeth  conspicuously  bristle-pointed. 

H-  Mature  leaves  soft-downy  beneath:  cup  saucer-shaped  with  a  soineivhat  top-shaped 

base,  about  half  the  length  of  the  fully  developed  small  acorn. 

12.  Q.  ilieifdlia,  Wang.  (Bear  or  Black  Scrub-Oak.)  Dwarf  {5°^ 
8°  high),  straggling  ;  leaves  obovale,  wedge-shaped  at  base,  angularly  about  5-  (3-7-) 
lobed,  white-downy  beneath ;  acorn  ovoid,  globular,  .5"  -  6"  long.  —  Sandy  barrens 
and  rocky  hills.  New  England  to  Ohio  and  Kentucky.  (Q.  Banisteri,  Michx.)  — 
Leaves  2' -4'  long,  thickish,  with  short  and  triangular  spreading  lobes. 

13.  Q.  falcata,  Michx.  (Spanish  Oak.)  Lenvis  grayish-doivny  or  fulvous 
underneath,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base,  3  -  5-lobed  above ;  the  lobes  prohuqed, 
mostly  narrow  and  more  or  less  scythe-shaped,  especially  the  terminal  one,  entire  or 
sparingly  cut-toothed;  acorn  globose,  4" -5"  long.  —  Dry  or  sandy  soil,  New 
Jersey  to  Illinois  and  southward.  — A  small  or  large  tree,  extremely  variable  in 
foliage;  bark  excellent  for  tanning.  (Q.  triloba,  Michx.,  seems  to  be  a  confu- 
sion of  this  and  Q.  nigra.) 

t-  t-  Mature  leaves  glabrous  on  both  sid'S  or  nearly  so ;  oval,  ohlong  or  somewhat  obo- 
vate  in  outline,  all  except  some  of  No.  14  varying  from  moderately  sinuate-pin- 
natifid  to  deeply  pinnatifid,  turning  various  shades  of  red  or  crimson  in  late 
autumn :  large  trees  ;  the  wood  reddish,  course-grained.  (Apjiarently  these  species 
all  naturally  intercross.) 

14.  Q.  coccinea,  Wang.  (Scarlet  Oak.)  Cup  top-shaped,  or  hemispher- 
ical vnth  a  conical  scaly  base  (""  -  9"  broad ),  coarsely  scaly,  covering  half  or  more 
of  the  broadly  or  globular-ovoid  acorn.  —  Leaves  in  the  ordinary  forms,  at  least  on 


454  CUPULIFERiE.       (oak   FAMILY.) 

full-grown  trees,  bright  grocn,  shining  above,  turning  red  in  autumn,  dcei)ly 
])innatilid,  the  lobes  divergent  and  s])ariugly  cut-toothed;  acorns  G"-9''  long, 
the  kernel  and  the  scar  in  the  cup  whitish  or  yellowish  ;  bark  of  the  trunk  gray, 
the  interior  reddish.  —  Moist  or  dry  soil :  common. 

Var.  tinctdl'ia.  (Qlkkcitro.v,  Yellow-b-vukki),  or  Bl.vck  Oak.  (Q. 
tinctoria,  B(ti1nim.)  Leaves,  especially  on  young  trees,  often  less  deeply  pinnat- 
itid,  sometimes  barely  sinuate,  more  menibianaceous,  commonly  retaining  some 
pubescence  on  the  lower  surface,  turning  brownish,  orange,  or  dull  red  in  au- 
tumn ;  bark  of  trunk  darker-colored  and  rougher  on  the  surface,  thicker,  and 
internally  orange,  much  more  valuable  for  the  tanner  and  dyer;  cup  sometimes 
less  top-shaped,  rather  hemispherical  with  a  conical  base,  the  scar  inside  orange- 
colored,  the  kernel  yellowish.  But  the  shape  of  the  acorn-cup  and  the  charac- 
ter of  the  bark  do  not  always  coincide :  and  in  the  figure  of  the  younger  Mi- 
chaux,  and  in  one  of  the  two  by  the  elder,  the  cup  is  just  that  of  true  coecinea. 
The  foliage,  in  general,  approaches  that  of  Q.  rubra.  —  Rich  and  poor  soil. 

Var.  ambigua.  (Viiiw  0.\k.)  (Q.  ambigua,  or  borealis,  Miclix.  f.) 
Found  along  our  northeastern  borders  to  Lake  Champlain  and  nortlnvaid,  fig- 
ured and  briefly  characterized  as  with  the  foliage  of  Q.  rubra  and  the  fruit  of 
Q.  coecinea.  The  acorn  in  rising  more  out  of  the  cup,  also  approaches  the 
former.  The  Oak  of  Lake  Superior,  with  "  wood  better  than  that  Of  Q.  rubra  " 
(Dr.  lioWitis)  has  cup  and  acorn  still  more  like  this  last. 

A  hybrid  Q.  coccinea-ilicifolia  is  found  by  Dr.  Robhins  at  Northbridge, 
S.  Massachusetts. 

15.  Q.  rvibra,  L.  (Red  Oak.)  Cup  saucer-sluiped  or  flat,  with  a  narrow 
raised  border  (9"-  12"  in  diameter),  of  rather  fine  closely  appressed  scales,  sessile 
or  on  a  very  short  and  abrupt  narrow  stalk  or  neck,  veri/  much  shorter  than  the 
obloiifj-oroid  or  tHipaoidal.  acorn,  which  is  1'  or  less  in  length;  leaves  rather  thin, 
moderately  (rarely  very  deeply)  pinnatitid,  turning  dark  red  after  frost;  bark 
of  trunk  dark  gray,  smuothisli.  —  Common  both  in  rich  and  poor  soil.  — Tim 
ber  coarse  and  poor.  In  Illinois  and  southward  occurs  a  form  with  a  deeper  cup, 
more  or  less  conical  at  ba.sc. 

Var.  runcinkta,  Engelm.  Leaves  with  less  deep  and  more  ascending 
lobes;  fruit  nearly  half  smaller;  acorn  7" -9"  long  by  6"  broad;  cup  with  a 
convex  or  obscurely  top-shiiped  base :  approaches  the  next  therefore  in  fruit, 
but  not  in  foliage.  St.  Louis,  in  company  with  Q.  rubra,  palustiis  and  imbri- 
caria  ;  ])rol)aI)ly  a  hybrid. 

16.  Q.  pallistris,  I)u  Roi.  (Swamp  Spanish,  or  Pin  Oak.)  Ciipjl'it- 
saucer-shnprd,  sometimes  contracted  into  a  short  scaly  base  or  stalk  ;  fine-.scaled 
(5"-7"l)road),  fci-i/  viuch  shorter  than  the  ovokl-f/lobose  acorn,  which  is  .'j"-7" 
long;  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  with  divergent  lobes  and  broad  rounded  sinuses. 
—  Low  grounds  :  rather  common.  —  A  middle-sized  tree  :  timber  accounted 
better  than  of  the  last. 

2.    CASTANEA,    Tourn.     Chestnut. 

Sterile  flowers  interruiitcdly  clustered  in  long  and  naked  cylindrical  catkins  : 
calyx  mostly  6-parted  :    stamens  8-20:    filaments  slender:    anthers  2-celled. 


cupuLiPER^.     (oak  family.)  455 

Fertile  flowers  few,  usually  3  together  m  an  ovoid  scaly  prickly  involucre  :  calyx 
with  a  6-]obc(l  l)order  crowning  the  3-7-celled  G-14-ovuled  ovary:  abortive 
stamens  5  -  12  :  stijrmas  bristle-shaped,  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Nuts 
coriaceous,  ovoid,  enclosed  2-3  together  or  solitary  in  the  hard  and  thick 
very  prickly  4-valved  involucre.  Cotyledons  very  thick,  somewhat  phiited,  co- 
hering together,  remaining  underground  in  germination. — Leaves  strongly 
straight-veined.  Flowers  appearing  Liter  than  the  (undivided  straight- veined) 
leaves ;  the  catkins  axillary  near  the  end  of  the  branches,  cream-color ;  the  fer- 
tile flowers  at  the  base  of  the  ui)per  ones.  (The  classical  name,  from  that  of  a 
town  in  Thessaly.) 

1.  C.  vesca,  L.  (Chestnut.)  Ltavesoblong-lanccolaie,  pointed,  sevratc  with 
coarse  pointed  teeth,  when  mature  smooth  and  (jreen  both  sides;  nuts  2  or  3  in 
each  involucre,  therefore  flattened  on  one  or  both  sides :  in  the  American  tree, 
var.  AmeiucXna,  Michx.,  leaves  acute  at  the  base,  nuts  smaller  and  sweeter. — 
Kocky  or  hilly  woods,  Maine  to  Michigan  and  Kentucky  and  southwards,  espe- 
cially along  the  Alleghanies.  June,  July. — A  large  tree,  with  light  coarse- 
grained wood.     (En.) 

2.  C.  pumila,  Michx.  (Ciiinquapin.)  Lraves  oblong,  acide,  serrate  with. 
pointed  teeth,  whitened  doivnij  underneath:  nut  solitary,  not  flattened. — Sandy 
woods,  from  (Long  Island?)  S.  Penn.  and  Ohio,  southward,  where  it  abounds. 
June.  —  Shrub  or  tree  6°  -  20°  high.  Involucres  small,  often  spiked  ;  the  ovoid 
pointed  nut  scarcely  half  as  large  as  a  common  chestnut,  very  sweet. 

3.    FA  GITS,     Tourn.        Beech. 

Sterile  flowers  in  small  heads  on  droojiing  peduncles,  with  deciduous  scale-like 
bracts :  calyx  bell-shaped,  5  -  7-clcft :  stamens  8  -  16  :  filaments  slender :  anthers 
2-cellcd.  Fertile  flowers  usually  in  pairs  at  the  apex  of  a  short  peduncle,  in- 
vested by  numei-ous  awl-shaped  bractlcts,  the  itmer  grown  together  at  their  bases 
to  form  the  4-lobcd  involucre :  calyx-lobes  6,  awl-shaped  :  ovary  3-celled  with  2 
ovules  in  each  cell :  styles  3,  thread-like,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  Nuts 
sharply  3-sided,  usually  2  in  each  urn-shaped  and  soft-prickly  coriaceous  involu- 
cre, which  divides  to  below  the  middle  into  4  valves.  Cotyledons  thick,  folded 
and  somewhat  united;  but  rising  and  expanding  in  germination.  Trees,  with 
a  close  and  smooth  ash-gray  bark,  a  light  horizontal  spray,  and  undivided 
strongly  straight- veined  leaves,  which  are  open  and  convex  in  the  tapering  l)ud, 
and  plaited  on  the  veins.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  the  yellowish 
staminate  flowers  from  the  lower,  the  pistillate  from  the  upper  axils  of  the 
leaves  of  the  season.  (The  classical  Latin  name,  from  (pdyco,  to  lat,  in  allusion 
to  the  esculent  nnts.) 

1.  F.  ferruginea,  Ait.  (American  Beech.)  Leaves  oblong-ovate, 
taper-pointed,  distinctly  and  often  coarsely  toothed  ;  petioles  and  midrib  soon 
nearly  naked;  prickles  of  the  fruit  mostly  recurved  or  spreading.  (F.  ferru- 
ginea and  F.  sylvestris,  il//c/(T.  /.)  —  Woods:  common,  especially  northward, 
and  along  the  Alleghanies  southward.  May. — Leaves  longer,  thinner,  and 
less  shining  than  in  the  European  Beech,  most  of  the  silky  hairs  usually  early 
deciduous  ;  the  very  straight  veins  all  running  into  the  salient  teeth. 


45G  ruptTi,iF!-.R.i:.     (oak  family.) 

4.     CORYLUS,     Tmnn.         IIazi:l-nct.     Filbert. 

Sterile  llowers  in  drooiiitii,^  eyliiub-ical  catkins  eonsistinj,^  of  8  (lialt-)  stamens 
with  l-ceiled  antlier.s,  their  siiort  lilanients  anil  jiair  of  sealy  i)raetlets  eolicrin,<^ 
more  or  less  witli  tlic  inner  face  of  the  braet  or  scale  of  tlie  catkin.  Fertile 
flowers  several  in  a  scaly  bnd  or  ovoid  catkin,  each  a  single  ovary  in  the  axil  of 
a  scale  or  bract,  and  accompanied  l)y  a  pair  of  lateral  braetlcts ;  the  ovary 
tipped  with  a  sliort  limb  of  the  adherent  calyx,  incompletely  2-celled,  with  2 
pendnlous  ovules,  one  of  them  sterile:  style  short:  stigmas  2,  elongated  and 
slender.  Nut  ovoid  or  oblong,  bony,  each  enclosed  in  a  leafy  or  partly  coria- 
ceous cup  or  involucre,  consisting  of  the  two  braetlcts  enlarged  and  often  grown 
together,  lacerated  at  the  border.  Cotyledons  very  thick  (but  raised  to  the  sur- 
face of  the  soil  in  germination),  edible;  the  short  radicle  included.  —  Shrubs  oi 
small  trees,  with  thinnish  doubly-toothed  leaves,  folded  lengtliwise  in  the  l)n(l, 
flowering  in  early  spring :  sterile  catkins  single  or  fascicled  from  scaly  buds  of 
the  axils  of  the  jjrcccding  year,  the  fertile  terminating  early  leafyishoots.  (The 
classical  name,  jjrobably  from  Kopvs,  n  hcJmet,  from  the  involucre.) 

1.  C.  Americana,  Walt.  (Wild  Hazel  mt.)  Lcnrts  round ish-hmrt- 
shaped,  pointed  ;  hivoliureojirn  above  down  to  the  globose  nut,  of  2  broudjbliuceoua 
cut-tootJied  c^inost  distinct  bracts,  their  base  coriaceous  and  downy,  or  with  glantlular 
bristles  intermixed.  —  Thickets  :  common.  —  Twigs  and  petioles  often  glandular- 
bristly.     Nut  smaller  and  thicker-shcllod  than  the  European  Hazel-nut. 

2.  C.  rOStr^ta,  Ait.  (Beaked  H.\zel-nut.)  Leaves  orate  or  orolfi-n'i'onrj, 
somcw/iat  /i(art-s/iitpi(l,  pointed  ;  involucre  of  united  bracts,  much  jnvlowjed  above  the 
ovoid  nut  into  a  narrow  tubular  beak,  densely  bristly.  —  Common  northward  and 
along  the  Alleghanies.  —  Shrub  2° -5°  high,  with  slender  and  mostly  smooth 
branches. 

6.    OSTRYA,    Micheli.        Hop-Hornbeam.    Iron-wood. 

Sterile  flowers  in  drooping  cylindrical  catkins,  consisting  of  several  stamens 
in  the  axil  of  each  bract:  filaments  short,  often  forked,  or  irregularly  united, 
bearing  1-cclled  (half-)  anthers;  their  tips  hairy.  Fertile  flowers  in  short  cat- 
kins ;  a  pair  under  each  deciduous  bract,  each  of  an  incompletely  2-celled  2- 
ovulcd  ovary,  crowned  with  the  short  bearded  border  of  the  adherent  calyx, 
tipped  with  2  long-linear  stigmas,  and  enclosed  in  a  tubular  bractlet,  which  in 
fruit  becomes  a  closed  bladdery  oblong  bag,  very  much  larger  than  the  small 
and  smooth  nut ;  these  inflated  involucres  loosely  imbricated  to  form  a  sort  of 
strobile,  in  appearance  like  that  of  the  Hop.  —  Slender  trees,  with  very  hard 
wood,  brownish  furrowed  bark,  and  foliage  resembling  that  of  Birch :  leaves 
open  and  concave  in  the  bud,  more  or  less  plaited  on  the  straight  veins.  Flow- 
ers in  spring,  appearing  with  the  leaves;  the  sterile  catkins  1  -3  together  from 
scaly  buds  at  the  tip  of  the  branches  of  the  preceding  year;  the  fertile  Single, 
terminating  short  leafy  shoots  of  the  season.      (The  classical  name.) 

1.  O.  Virginica,  Willd.  (American  Hoi'-Hornbeam.  Lever-wood.) 
Leaves  oblong-ovate,  ta])er-pointed,  very  sharply  doubly  .serrate,  downy  beneath, 
with  11-1.')  jirineipal  veins;  buds  acute;  involucral  sacs  bristly-hairy  at  the 
base. — Rich  woods:  common.     Hop-like  fruit  full  grown  in  Aug. 


MYRICACEiE.       (SWKKT-GALE    FAMILY.)  457 

6.     CARPINUS,     L.         Hornbeam.     Iro-x-wood. 

Sterile  flowers  in  drooping  cylindrical  catkins,  consisting  of  several  stamens 
in  the  axil  of  a  simple  and  entire  scale-like  bract :  filaments  very  short,  mostly 
2-forked,  the  forks  bearing  1-eelled  (half-)  anthers  with  hairy  tips.  Fertile  flow- 
ers several,  spiked  in  a  sort  of  loose  terminal  catkin,  with  small  deciduous  bracts, 
each  subtending-  a  jiair  of  flowers,  as  in  Ostrya;  but  the  involucre-like  bractlets 
are  open,  enlarged  in  fruiting  and  foliaceous,  merely  subtending  the  small  ovate 
several-nerved  nut.  — Trees,  or  tall  shrubs,  with  a  smooth  and  close  gray  bark, 
in  this  and  in  the  slender  buds  and  straight-veined  leaves  resembling  tlie  Beech; 
the  leaf-buds  and  liie  inflorescence  as  in  Ostrya.    (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  C.  Americana,  Michx.  (American  Hornbeam.  Blue  or  Water 
Beech.)  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  pointed,  sharply  doubly  serrate,  soon  nearly 
smooth  ;  bractlets  3-lobed,  halberd-shaped,  sparingly  cut-toothed  on  one  side, 
acute. — Along  streams:  common.  —  Tree  or  shrub  10°  -  20°  high,  with  a 
ridged  trunk,  and  very  hard  whitish  wood;  also  called  Iko.n-woud. 

Order  103.     MYKICACE.i:.     (Sweet-Gale  Family.) 

Monoecious  or  dioecious  shrubs,  with  loth  kinds  of  Jiowers  in  short  scaly 
calkins,  and  resinous-dolled  often  fragrant  leaves,  —  differing  from  the 
Birch  Family  chiefly  by  the  1-celled  ovary  with  a  single  erect  orthotropous 
ovule,  and  the  drupe-like  nut.  Involucre  none.  —  Consists  chiefly  of  the 
typical  genus,  from  which  our  Sweet-Fern  is  not  sufliciently  distinct. 

1.     MYRICA,     L.        Bayberrv.     Wax-Mvrtle. 

Flowers  chiefly  dioecious  :  the  sterile  in  oblong  or  cylindrical,  the  fertile  in 
ovoid  catkins,  from  axillary  scaly  buds ;  both  destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla, 
solitary  under  a  scale-like  bract  and  with  a  pair  of  bractlets.  Stamens  2  -  8  : 
filaments  somewhat  united  below:  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  with  2-4  scales 
at  its  base,  and  2  thread-like  stigmas.  Fruit  a  sm;ill  globular  nut,  or  dry  drupe, 
coated  with  resinous  grains  or  wax.  (MvpiKT],  the  ancient  name  of  the  Tama- 
risk or  some  other  shrub  ;  perhaps  from  fiupifco,  In  ])erfnme.) 

\.  M.  Gale,  L.  (Sweet  Gale.)  Loti'ps  ?tvc((/e-/a7!Cfo,'«te,  serrate  towards 
the  apex;  pule,  later  than  the  floicers ;  sterile  catkins  closely  clustered;  nuts  in  im- 
bricated heads,  2-winged  by  the  two  thick  ovate  scales  which  coalesce  with  its 
base. —Wet  borders  of  ponds,  New  England  to  "Virginia  in  the  mountains, 
Penn.  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.    April.  —  Shrub  .3°  -  5°  high.     (Eu.) 

2.  M.  cerifera,  L.  (Bavberry.  Wax-Myrtle.)  Leaves  ohloivj-lanceo- 
late,  narrowed  at  the  base,  entire  or  wavy-toothed  towards  the  apex,  shininy  and 
resineits-dotted  both  sides,  somewhat  prtcediny  the  fuwers ;  sterile  catkins  scattered, 
oblong;  scales  wedge-shaped  at  the  base ;  nuts  scattered  and  naked,  bony,  and 
incrusted  with  white  wax.  —  Sandy  soil  on  and  near  the  sea-shore :  also  on 
Lake  Erie.  May.  — Shrub  3° -8°  high,  with  fragrant  leaves  :  the  catkins  ses- 
sile along  the  last  year's  branches ;  the  fruits  sometimes  persistent  for  2  or  3 
years. 

GM     20 


458  BETULACE^.       (bIRCII    FAMILY.)" 

2.     COMPTONIA,     Solander.        Sweet-Fern. 

Flowers  frequently  inona'cious ;  the  sterile  in  cylindrical  catkins,  with  kidney- 
heart-shaped  jjointed  scale-like  bracts,  and  3-6  stamens  ;  the  fertile  in  globular 
catkins,  bur-like  :  ovary  surrounded  by  8  long  linear-awl-shaped  scales,  persistent 
around  the  ovoid-oblong  smooth  nut :  otherwise  as  in  Myrica.  —  Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  piiHiatifid  with  many  rounded  lobes,  thin,  appearing  rather  later  than 
the  flowers.  Stipules  half  heart-shaped.  (Named  after  Uenry  Conijilon,  Bishop 
of  London  a  century  ago,  a  cultivator  and  patron  of  botany.) 

1.  C.  asplenifolia,  Ait.  (Myrica  Comptonia,  CDC.)  —  Sterile  hills, 
New  England  to  V'irgiuia,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  April,  May.  —  Shrub 
l°-2°  high,  with  sweet-scented  fern-like  leaves. 

Okder  104.     BETULACEJE.     (Biucn  Family.) 

Monoecious  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  fiinjdr.  mostly  slraifiht-veined 
leaves,  both  kinds  of  Jlowers  in  scaly  catkins,  2  or  3  under  each  bract,  and 
no  involucre  to  the  naked  \-celled  and  1-seeded  often  winged  small  nut, 
which  results  from  a  2-celled  and  2-oculed  ovary.  Stipules  often  early 
deciduous.  Stigmas  2,  thread-like.  Seed  anatropous,  suspended :  no 
albumen.  Cotyledons  flattish,  oblong,  foliaceous  in  germination.  —  Com- 
prises the  two  genera,  Birch  and  Alder. 

1.    BE  TULA,     Tourn.        BiRcn. 

Sterile  flowers  3,  and  bractlets  2,  under  each  shield-shaped  scale  or  bract  of 
the  catkins,  consisting  each  of  a  calyx  of  one  scale  bearing  4  short  filaments 
with  1-celled  anthers,  or  strictly  of  2  two-parted  filaments,  each  division  bear- 
ing an  anther-cell.  Fertile  flowers  2  or  3  under  each  3-lobed  bract,  without 
bractlets  or  calyx,  each  of  a  naked  ovary,  becoming  a  broadly  Avingcd  and  scale- 
like nutlet  or  small  samara  crowned  with  the  two  spreading  stigmas.  —  Outer 
bark  usually  separable  in  sheets,  that  of  the  branchlets  dotted.  Twigs  and 
leaves  often  spicy-aromatic.  Foliage  mostly  thin  and  light.  Buds  sessile, 
scaly.  Sterile  catkins  long  and  drooping,  terminal  and  lateral,  formed  in  sum- 
mer, remaining  naked  through  the  succeeding  winter,  and  expanding  their 
golden  flowers  in  early  spring,  with  or  preceding  the  leaves  :  fertile  catkins  ob- 
long or  cylindrical,  usually  terminating  very  short  2-leaved  early  lateral  branches 
of  the  season.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

*  Trees,  with  brown  or  yellow-r/ray  bark  on  the  trunk,  swect-aromalic  as  well  as  the 
twigs,  memhranareous  and  slraight-veincd  Jloriibcain-like  haves  with  a  heart- 
shaped  or  rounded  Ijase,  on  short  petioles,  and  sessile  very  thick  fruiting  aiikinS: 
their  about  equally  3-cl<'f  scales  rather  persistant :  icing  of  fruit  on  each  side  not 
broader  tlian  the  seed-bearing  body. 
1.    B.  l^nta,  L.     (Cherky-B.    Sweet  or  Black  Birch.)    Zjuc^  of  trunk 
dark  brown,  close  (outer  layers  scarcely  laminate),  very  sweet-aromatic;  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong-ovate  from  a  more  or  less  heart-shaped  base,  acuminate,  shai-ply 


BETULACK.T':.        (niUOn    FAAIILY.)  4')9 

and  finely  doubly  serrate  all  round,  wlicn  mature  shinini;-  or  hri^lit  green  above 
and  glabrous  except  on  the  veins  beneath  ;  fiuitimj  calkins  oli/oiif/ci/liiidiicul 
(I'-  l\'  long),  the  scales  with  short  and  divergent  lobes.  (IJ.  carpinifolia,  Ehr/i., 
Htlichx.)  — Moist  woods,  &e. :  common  northward  from  New  England  to  Illinois, 
and  along  the  Alleghany  region  southward.  —  Rather  large  tree,  reddish-bronzc- 
eolored  on  the  spray,  nuich  as  in  the  Garden  (Mierry  :  timber  rose-colored,  fine- 
grained, valuable  for  cabinet-work. 

2.  B.  lutea,  j\Iichx.  f  (Yellow  or  Gray  Birch.)  Bark  of  trunk  yel- 
hvcisli-  or  silvery-graij,  ddiiclung  in  very  thin  Jilniy  hii/cis,  within  and  the  twigs 
much  less  aromatic;  leaves  slightly  or  not  at  all  heart-shaped  and  often  nar- 
rowish  towards  the  base,  duller-green  al)ove  and  usually  more  downy  on  the 
veins  beneath;  fruiting  catkins  oblong-ocoid  (I'  or  less  in  length,  G"-9"  thick), 
the  thinner  scales  (5" -6''  long)  twice  as  large  as  in  No.  1,  and  with  narrower 
b'lreli/  spreading  lobes.  (B.  cxcelsa,  Amer.  authors,  but  not  of  Ait.,  Kegel,  &c. 
The  latter  unaccountal)ly  fails  to  distinguish  the  present  froni  the  preceding 
species.)  — Moist  woods,  New  England  to  L.  Superior  and  northward.  —  Wood 
whiter  and  less  valuable:  tree  not  higher  than  No.  1.     Leaves  3' -5'  long. 

*  *  Trees,  with  ckalkif-ichite  bark  of  the  Iriinlc  separable  in  thin  sheets,  ovate  or  tri- 

angular leaves  of  ^firmer  texture,  on  long  and  ."slender  petioles :  fruiting  catLins 
cylindrical,  usually  hanging  on  rather  slender  peduncles ;  their  sc(des  glabrous, 
with  short  diverging  lobes,  separating  freely  from  the  axis :  wing  of  the  fruit 
much  broader  than  its  body. 

3.  B.  alba,  var.  populifdlia,  Spach.  (American  White  Birch.) 
Leaves  triangular  (deltoid),  very  taper-pointed,  truncate  or  nearly  so  at  the  broad 
base,  smooth  and  shining  both  sides,  except  the  resinous  glands  when  young.  (B. 
populifolia.  Ait.)  —  Common  on  poor  soils,  Pcun.  to  Maine,  near  the  coast. 

A  small"  and  slender  graceful  tree  (15° -25°  high),  with  bark  much  less  separa- 
ble into  sheets  than  the  next;  the  mostly  very  long-pointed  leaves  on  petioles 
of  fully  half  their  length,  tremulous  as  those  of  an  Aspen.     (Eu.) 

4.  B.  papyr^cea,  Ait.  (Paper  or  Canoe  Birch.)  Daves  ovate,  taper- 
pointed,  heart-shaped  cr  abrupt  (of  rarely  wedge-shaped)  at  the  base,  smooth 
above,  dull  underneath.  —  Woods,  New  England  to  Pcnn.  and  Wisconsin,  almost 
entirely  northward,  and  extending  far  northwest.  —  A  large  tree,  with  fine- 
grained wood,  and  very  tough  durable  bark  splitting  freely  into  paper-like 
layers.  Leaves  dark-green  above,  pale,  glandular-dotted,  and  a  little  hairy  on 
the  veins  undern?ath,  sharply  and  unequally  doubly  serrate,  3-4  times  the 
length  of  the  petiole. — Var.  minor,  Tuckerman,  in  the  alpine  region  of  White 
Mountains,  is  a  dwarf  form,  ajipronebing  the  var.  occidentalis  of  N.  W.  Amer, 
and  B.  Da\uriea.  In- this  country  no  transitions  are  seen  between  our  White 
and  the  Paper  Birch.  (The  original  B.  cxcelsa,  Ait.,  and  of  Kegel,  seems  likely 
to  belong  here,  or  to  have  been  mixed  up  with  the  next.) 

*  *  *   Tree,  with  greenish-brown  bark,  somewhnt  livninnti-,  and  reddish  twiqs,  ovate 

li'ures  u-hiti.-ih  bent-alh,  and  sofi-downy  pediin<-l<d  fruiting  catkins. 

5.  B.  nigra,  L.  (River  or  Ri:d  Birch.)  Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  acut- 
ifih  at  both  ends,  irregularly  doiildy  serrate,  whitish  and  (until  old)  downy  un- 
derneath;  petioles  and  peduncle  of  nearly  the  same  length  (3" -7")  and  with 


4G0  BKTULACEvE.       (iJIRCIl    FAMILY.) 

the  oblong  catkin  tomentosc;  the  hnu'ts  with  oblong-linear  nearly  equal  lobes; 
fruit  broadly  winged.     (15.  rul)ra,  Miilix.  f.) — Low  river-banks,  E.  Massachu- 
setts to  Illinois  and  southward. — A  rather  large  tree,  with  light-colored  wood, 
and  somewhat  Alder-like  leaves. 
*  #  *  *  Shrubs,  ivith  brownish   bark,  loinnhd  or  ivKh/p-shnped  crenrite  and  niost/i/ 

small  leiires  of  tluckish  or  coriaanns  texture,  and  obUnuj  or  ci/lindrical  ijlahrons 

and  mostly  erect  catkins,  on  short  judiineles. 

6.  B.  ptimila,  L.  (Low  Biucii.)  Steins  (2° -8°  high)  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, ?io/ y/((Hrf((/ar;  young  branches  and  lower  face  of  young  leaves  mostly  so/?- 
domui ;  leaves  obovate,  roundish,  or  orbicular  (6"  -  1 6"  long),  pale  beneath,  veinUts 
on  bo(h  faces  finel ij  reticulated ;  wing  of  the  fruit  mostly  narrower  than  the  body.  — 
Bogs,  Conn.  (Canaan,  W.  H.  Le(ifietl)  to  N.  Jersey  and  northward.  —  Leaves  in 
one  form  resiniferous  or  glandular-dotted,  usually  not  at  all  .so.  —  B.  Grayii, 
Kegel,  recently  characterized  on  specimens  of  a  shrub  introduced  from  ('entral 
Ohio  into  the  Cambridge  Botanic  Garden,  since  lost,  appears  to  be  only  a  marked 
variety  or  luxnriant  form  of  the  present  species,  with  shoots  and  young  leaves 
beneath  more  tomentosc,  and  wings  of  fruit  (which  are  as  wide  as  body  in  one 
Michigan  specimen  of  B.  pumila)  here  alniosl  twice  us  wide! 

7.  B.  glandulosa,  Michx.  (1)\v.\kf  Birch.)  Stems  erect  or  mostly 
spreading  (l°-4°  high),  or  when  alpine  procumbent;  brawhlels  e/htbrous,  conspic- 
uously  dolled  with  resinous  wart-like  (/lands ;  leaves  roundish  wcdge-obovate  or 
sometimes  orbicular  (6" -9"  long),  green  both  sides,  less  reticulated;  fruiting 
catkins  mostly  shorter  and  oblong  or  oval ;  wing  of  the  fruit  narrower  than  or 
.sometimes  equalling  the  body.  (B.  nana,  Eil.  2,  not  of  L.  A  round-leaved 
alpine  form  is  B.  rotundifolia,  S/xirh.,  and  B.  Littclliana,  Turkerman.)  —  High 
mountains,  Northern  New  England  and  New  York,  and  shore  of  Lake  Superior 
and  northward.  —  The  resinous-glandular  branches  chiefly  distinguish  some  of 
the  larger  forms  from  B.  pumila,  and  the  small' alpine  ones  from  B.  nana,  L. 
of  Europe  :  probably  they  run  together. 

2.     ALNUS,     Tonrn.         Ai.r.ER. 

Sterile  catkins  elongated  and  drooping,  with  4  or  5  bractlcts  and  3  (rarely  6) 
flowers  under  each  short-stalked  shield-shaped  scale  ;  each  flower  usually  with 
a  3  -  5-parted  calyx  aiid  as  many  stamens  :  filaments  short  and  simple  :  anthers 
2-celled.  Fertile  catkins  ovoid  or  oblong  ;  the  fleshy  scales  each  2-3-flowcred, 
with  a  calyx  of  four  little  scales  adherent  to  the  scales  or  bracts  of  the  catkin, 
which  are  thick  and  woody  in  fruit,  wedgc-obovate,  truncate,  or  3-5-lobed,  and 
persistent.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  few-scaled  leaf-buds,  and  solitary  or 
often  racctuose-clustered  catkins,  terminating  leafless  branchlets  or  peduncles. 
(The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

§  \.  Flowers  developed  in  spring  ivith  the  leaves;  the  sterile  from  catkins  which  hare 
remained  naked  over  winter ;  while  the.  fertile  have  been  enclosed  in  a  scaly  bud: 
fruit  with  a  conspicuous  thin  winc),  as  in  Birch. 

1.  A.  viridis,  DC.  (Green  or  Mountain  Alder.)  Leaves  round- 
oval,  ovate,  or  slightly  heart-.shaped,  glutinous  and  smooth  or  .softly  downy 
underneath,  serrate  with  very  sharp  and  closely  set  teeth,  on  young  shoots  often 


salicackjE.     (willow  family.)  461 

triit-toothed  ;   fertile  catkins  slender-stalked,  clustered,  ovoid.      (A.  undiilata, 
]Vil/d.     Bctula  crispa,  Mkhx.)  —  On  mountains  and  along  streams  descending 
f;-om  them,  N.  New  England  and  New  York,  shore  of  L.  Superior,  and  north- 
ward.    Also  in  the  Alleghanies  southward.     Shrub  3° - 8°  high.     (Eu.) 
§  2.    Flowers  decpJoped  in  earliest  spring,  before  the   leaves,  from   mostly  clustered 
calkins  which  (if  both  sorts)  were  formed  thefongoing  summer  and  have  remained 
naktd  over  winter  ,•  fruit  wingless  or  with  a  narrow  coriaceous  margin. 
2     A.  inckna,  Willd.     (Speckled  orlloARY  A.)     Leaves  broadly  oral  or 
ovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  often  coarsely  toothed,  whitened  and 
mostly  downy  underneath  ;  stipules  oblong-lanceolate  ;  fruit  orbicular.   (A.  glauca, 
Michx.)  —  Shrub  or  small  tree  8° -20°  high,  forming  thickets  along  streams: 
the  common  Alder  northward.  —  Var.  glauca  has  the  leaves  pale,  but  when 
old  quite  smooth,  beneath.     (Eu.)  * 

3.  A.  serrulata,  Ait.  (Smooth  A.)  Leaves  obovate,  acute  at  the  base, 
sharply  serrate  with  minute  teeth,  thickish,  .9reen  both  sides,  smooth  or  often 
downy  beneath;  stipules  oval;  fruit  ovate.  —  Shrub  6° -12°  high:  the  com- 
mon Alder  from  S.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

§  3.    Flowers  in  autumn  {Sept.)  from  catkins  of  the  season  ;  the  fertile  mostly  solitary 
in  the  arils  of  the  leaves,  ripening  the  fuit  a  year  later :  fruit  ivingless. 

4.  A.  maritima,  Muhl.,  Nutt.  Sylv.  t.  lO.  (Sea-side  A.)  Glabrous; 
leaves  oblong,  ovate,  or  obovate  with  a  -wedge-shaped  base,  slcnder-pctioled, 
sharply  serrulate,  bright  green,  or  rather  rusty  beneath  ;  fruiting  catkins  large, 
ovoid  or  oblong  (9" -12"  long,  6"  thick).  (A.  oblongata,  Begel,  not  of  Willd. 
A.  Japdnica,  Siebold  ^'  Znccarini,  according  to  Kegel.)  — Along  streams,  Dela- 
ware and  E.  Maryland,  Dr.  Pickering,  W.  M.  Canby,  &c.  Also,  what  is  thought 
to  be  the  same  species  in  Japan  !  —  Tree  20°  high. 

Order  105.     SAI^ICACE^E.     (Willow  Family.)* 

Dioecious  trees  or  .■shrubs,  with  both  kinds  of  flowers  in  catkins,  one  nnde? 
each  bract,  entirely  destitiUe  of  floral  envelopes  (unless  one  or  two  gland-like 
bodies  represent  the  calyx)  ;  the  fruit  a  1-celled  and  2-valved  pod,  with  2 
parietal  or  basal  placentce,  bearing  numerous  seeds  furnished  with  a  long 
silky  down. —  Style  short  or  none:  stigmas  2,  often  2-lobed.  Seeds  as- 
cending, anatropous,  without  albumen.  Cotyledons  flattened.  —  Leaves 
alternate,  undivided,  with  scale-like  and  deciduous,  or  else  leaf-like  and 
persistent,  stipules.     Wood  soft  and  light :  bark  bitter. 

1.     SALIX,     Tourn.         Willow.     Osier. 

Bracts  (.-a/As)  of  the  catkins  entire.  Sterile  flowers  of  3-10,  mostly  2, 
distinct  or  united  stamens,  accompanied  by  1  or  2  little  glands.  Fertile  flowers 
also  with  a  small  flat  gland  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  on  the  inner  side  :  stig- 


♦  This  order  was  elaborated  for  the  first  edition  by  John  Caret,  Esq.  ;  whose  account  ia 
essentially  preserved,  pending?  the  publication  of  Professor  Audersson's  mouograph  in  tbo 
furthcoming  volume  of  DeCandolle's  Prodrouius. 


4G2  SALTCACK.E.        (aVILI.OW    FAMILY.) 

mas  short.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  generally  growing  along  streams,  with  terete  and 
lithe  branches.  Leaves  mostly  long  and  pointed,  entire  or  glandularly  toothed. 
Buds  covered  by  a  single  scale,  with  an  inner  adherent  membrane  (separating 
in  §  2).  Catkins  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves.  (The  classical  name, 
said  to  be  derived  from  the  Celtic  sal,  near,  and  lis,  water.) 

§  1.    Culkins  lateral  and  sessile,  apjvarinq  Itrfore  the  leaves  in  April  or  May  :  stamens 

2  :  scales  dark  red  or  brown  becoming  black,  more  or  less  hairy,  persistent. 

*  Ovary  stalked,  doicny,  hairy,  or  woolly. 

■^  Catkins  oroid  or  cylindrical :  leaves  entire  or  obscurely  wavy-toothed,  hairy  or  iroolty, 

with  pnwiini'nt  veins  and  more  or  less  recoliite  maryins.     Shrtibs. 

1.  S.  Candida,  Willd.  (Hoarv  Wii,i,ow.)  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate, 
tapcr-])ointed,  or  the  lowest  obtuse,  the  upper  surface  and  younrj  branches  covered 
with  a  thin  tveb-like  wool  more  white  and  dense  beneath  ;  stipulei  small,  lanceolate, 
toolh-d,  about  the  lenyth  of  the  petioles ;  catkins  cylindrical,  closely  flowered ;  the 
fertile  1^' -2' long  at  maturity;  ovary  densely  woolly;  style  distinct;  stigmas 
2 -cleft;  scales  oblong,  obtuse  (S.  inckna,  Michr.,  not  of  Schrank.)  —  New- 
York  and  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  and  northward  ;  in  bogs.  —  Stems  2°  -  .5° 
high  :  reddish  twigs  smooth  and  shining  at  maturity.  The  whole  shrub  very 
white  in  exposed  situations,  greener  in  shade. 

2.  S.  tl'istis,  Ait.  (I)w.\KF  Gray  AV. )  Leaves  almost  sessile,  wedye-lanreo- 
late,  pointed,  or  the  lower  obtuse,  grayish-woolly  on  botli  sides,  the  upper  side 
becoming  nearly  smooth  at  nuiturity  ;  stipules  minute,  hairy,  very  early  deciduous  ; 
catkins  small  and  very  short,  globular  when  young,  loosely  fowered ;  ovary  with  a  long 
tapering  beak,  clothed  with  silvery  hairs;  style  short;  stigmas  2-/oW.  —  Bogs: 
common.  —  Shrub  l°-lj°  high,  much  branched:  leaves  thick,  I.V  long.  Stip- 
ules seldom  seen,  often  reduced  to  a  mere  gland.  —  Var.  mickopiiylla  has  very 
small  and  rigid  contorted  leaves. 

3.  S.  humilis,  Marshall.  (Prairie  W.)  Leaves  petioled,  lanceolate  or 
obovate-lancL'olate,  acute  or  obtuse  with  an  abrupt  point,  slightly  downy  above, 
more  thickly  so  or  sometimes  grayish-woolly  beneath  ;  stipules  small,  semiorate 
and  entire,  or  larger  and  lunate  with  2-4  teeth,  shorter  than  the  petioles;  catkins 
ovoid  or  oblong,  small,  often  recurved;  ovary  hairy  ;  style  distinct;  stigmas  2- 
clejl.  (8.  Muhlenbergiana,  Bairatt.  S.  conifera,  Muhl.) — Dry  plains  and  bar- 
rens :  common.  —  Shrub  3° -8°  high,  varying  much;  the  small  forms  some- 
times scarcely  distinguishable  from  No.  2  ;  but  leaves  longer,  thinner,  and 
generally  stipulate  :  the  larger  forms,  with  leaves  3' -5' long  and  ?,'-  1'  Inoad, 
resemble  those  of  the  next  species,  but  retain  more  or  less  down  beneath  at 
maturity.  —  The  species  of  this  and  the  following  section  often  bear  cones  on 
the  ends  of  the  branches,  formed  of  closely  imbricated  leaves,  probably  occa- 
eioned  by  the  puncture  of  insects. 

-t-  -*-  Catkins  cylindrical,  large,  clothed  icilh  very  long  glossy  hairs:  leaves  more  or 
less  serrate,  smooth  and  shining  above,  glaucous  icncaih  and  at  length  smooth. 
Shrubs  or  small  trees. 

4.  S.  discolor,  Muhl.  (Glaucol-s  W.)  Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, or  oblong,  acute,  irregularly  toothed  on  the  sides ,  entire  at  the  base  and 
apex;   stipules  lunate,   toothed;    catkins  erect;    .vales  very  hairy,   oblanceolatc ; 


SALICACEiE.       (willow    FAMILY.)  4  G3 

ovari)  densely  silky. — Low  meadows  and  river-banks  :  common.  — A  large  shrub 
or  small  tree,  8° -15°  high.     Young  leaves  commonly  obtuse  and  pubescent, 
at  length  becoming  smooth  and  whitish-glaucous  beneath.     Stipules  on  vigor- 
ous shoots  equalling  the  petiole,  often  inconsi)icuous.     Young  catkins  1 1'  long, 
glossy,  blackish  with  the  conspicuous  scales,  elongating  in  fruit  to  2^'.  —  S.  eri- 
ocephala,  Michx..  admitted  in  former  editions,  is  of  this  species. 
«  *  Oi:ar)j  stalked,  silky-hoarij  and  shining :  catkins  with  a  few  small  leaf-like  bracts 
at  their  base:  leaves  Jinelij  and  evenly  serrate,  silky-graij  or  (jiuueoas  beneath, 
drying  dark :  sliptdes  varying  from  linear  to  semilunar,  toothed,  very  deciduous. 
Shrubs,  30-10°  high. 

5.  S.  sericea,  Marshall.  (Silky  W.)  Leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  downy 
ahovc,  grayish  underneath  with  short  silky  hairs ;  sterile  catkins  small,  globular ; 
the  fertile  cylindrical,  closely  flowered ;  scales  obtuse,  round-obovatc,  as  long  as  the 
stalk  of  the  densely  sUky  ovoid  ovary  ;  stigma  sessile.  (S.  gr'isea,  Willd.)  —  Sandy 
river-banks  :  common.  Fertile  catkins,  at  length  1'  long;  the  pods  not  spread- 
ing or  elongating  in  fruit,  thus  appearing  sessile. 

6.  S.  petiolaris,  Smith.  (Petioled  W.)  Leaves  lanceolate,  pointed, 
smooth  above,  slightly  silky  beneath  ivhen  young,  at  length  smooth  and  glaucous  ;  fer- 
tile catkins  ovoid-cylindrical;  scales  acute,  very  hairy,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  stalk 
of  the  silky  tapering  ovary ;  style  distinct;  stigma  2-clff.  (S.  rosmarinifolia,  and 
S.  fuscata,  Pursh.?)  —  Same  situations  as  the  last,  which  this  resembles;  but 
the  mature  leaves  arc  not  silky  beneath,  nor  so  blackish  in  drying  ;  the  scales 
not  so  dark,  and  clothed  with  longer  white  hair;  fertile  catkins  shorter  and 
broader ;  the  pods  spreading  and  showing  the  stalks. 

*  *  *  Ovary  sessile  or  almost  so :  downy :  catkins  bracted  at  the  base.     Small  trees. 
+-  Filaments  and  often  the  reddish  anthers  united,  so  as  to  appear  as  one. 

7.  S.  PL'RPUREA,  L.  (Purple  W.)  Leaves  oblanceolatc,  pointed,  smooth, 
minutely  and  sparingly  toothed ;  catkins  cylindrical ;  scales  round  and  concave, 
very  black  ;  stigmas  nearly  sessile ;  ovary  sessile.  (S.  Lambcrtiana,  Pursh.)  — 
Low  grounds.  —  Twigs  olive-colored  or  reddish.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

H-  -!-  Filaments  separate. 

8.  S.  VIMINA.LIS,  L.  (Basket  Osier.)  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  very  long, 
(3' -6'),  taper-pointed,  entire  or  obscurely  crenate,  lustrous  white  and  satiny  be- 
neath ;  sterile  catkins  oblong,  the  fertile  cylindrical,  silky-hairy ;  style  elongated ; 
stigmas  linear,  mostly  entire. — Wet  meadows.  —  Considered  the  best  species 
for  basket-work.  —  S.  Smithiana,  IViHd:  (thought  to  be  a  hybrid  of  this  with 
some  other  species),  differing  principally  in  the  somewhat  broader  leaves,  is 
also  occasionally  met  with.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  Catkins  latend,  with  ^-b  leafy  bracts  at  the  base,  appearing  ivith  or  before  the 
leaves  in  May  or  June :  inner  membrane  of  the  scales  of  flowering  buds  separating 

from  the  cartilaginous  exterior,  sometimes  raised  on  the  apex  of  the  bursting  cat- 
kins :  ovary  slender-stalked,  smooth  {under  a  lens  granular,  ivith  occasionally  a 

few  short  hairs  at  the  base)  :  stamens  2  :  scales  dark  or  black,  hairy,  persistent. 

9.  S.  cordita,  Muhl.  (Heart-le.wed  AV.)  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  heart-shaped,  truncate,  or  even  acute  at  base,  taper-pointed,  shaqrly 


464  SALICACEiE.       (WILLOW   FAMILY.) 

toothed,  smooth,  paler  and  with  vcinlcts  reticulated  beneath  ;  stipules  kidney- 
shaped  or  ovate,  toothed,  often  large  and  conspicuous,  of  the  length  of  the 
(when  young  downy)  petiole,  or  sometimes  small  and  almost  entire;  catkins 
appearing  with  the  leaves,  leafy  at  base,  cylindrical,  the  fertile  elongating  in 
fruit;  ovary  lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  summit.  —  Var.  ufciDA  has  the  leaves 
large  and  rigid,  with  coarser  teeth,  of  which  the  lowest  are  somewhat  elongated. 
(S.  rigida,  Mu/d.  S.  Torrcyima,  Barrati,  which  has  leaves  of  a  deeper  green 
beneath,  appears  to  belong  here.)  —  Var.  mykicoidks  has  narrower  leaves, 
neither  heart-shaped  nor  truncate  at  the  base.  (S.  myricoidcs,  J/uA/.)  —  Var. 
anglstXta  has  lanceolate  tapering  finely  serrate  leaves,  acute  at  the  base,  and 
a  more  slender  style.  (S.  angustata,  Pi(rs/i,  &  Ed.  2.)  —  Low  or  inundated 
places  :  common.  —  Shrub  or  small  tree,  with  leaves  2i'  -  6'  long. 
§  3.  Catkins  lateral,  with  a  jew  leafy  bracts  at  the  base,  nppeuriuy  with  the  leaves  in 
May  or  June :  ovary  stalked,  silky-hnary  ;  stamens  2  :  scales  persistent, 

10.  S.  livida,  Wahl.,  var.  OCCidentalis.  (Livid  W.)  Leaves  oblong 
or  obovatc-lanccolate,  acute,  obscurely  toothed,  downy  above,  prominently  veini/, 
softly  liairy  and  glaucous  beneath;  stipules  semilunar,  toothed  ;  catkins  cylindrical, 
the  fertile  becoming  loose  in  fruit;  ovary  almost  linear;  style  scarcely  any; 
pods  slender,  tapering  from  near  the  base,  thtir  very  slender  stalk  longer  than  the  nar- 
row scale.  (S.  rostrata,  Bichardson,  &  I"]d.  2.  S.  vagans,  cincrascens,  var.  occi- 
dentalis,  Andt-rs.)  — Moist  or  dry  ground.  New  England  to  Penn.,  Illinois,  and 
northward  :  common.  —  Shrub  3°  - 15°  high.  A  transformation  of  the  anthers 
into  imperfect  ovaries  is  frequently  observable  in  this  species. 

11.  S.  chlorophylla,  Anders.  (Grekn  W.)  Glabrous,  excerpt  the  cat- 
kins ;  leaves  ohlung-laiiccolate  or  oblong,  mostly  entire,  obtuse  or  acutish  at 
both  ends  (1'- 2' long),  shining  above,  pale  or  glaucous  beneath;  fertile  cat- 
kins dense,  short-cylindrical;  ovary  ovoid-conical;  pod  silky,  very  short-stalked ; 
style  slender;  scale  dark  colored,  villous.  (S.  phylicifolia,  Ed.  2,  not  of  Z.)  — 
Moist  ravines,  on  the  alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire 
{Oiikcs,  Tuckerman),  and  northward.  —  A  low  spreading  shrub,  with  leaves  of  a 
coriaceous  texture  when  old. 

§  4.  Catkins  pedunclcd  {long  and  loose),  home  on  the  summit  of  lateral  leafy  branches 
of  the  season,  appearing  in  May  and  June :  scales  greenish-yellow,  more  or  less 
hairy,  fall inq  before  the  prxls  are  ripe  :  filaments  hairy  below.  Shrubs  and  trees, 
with  the  bra)iches  very  brittle  at  the  base. 

*  Stamens  3-6  or  sometimes  more  :  ovary  stalked,  glabrous. 

12.  S.  ItlCida,  Muhl.  (SiiixixG  W.)  Leaves  ovate-olilong  or  lanceolate 
and  narroiv,  usiudly  ivilh  a  long  tapering  point,  smooth  and  shining  on  both  sides, 
serrate;  stipules  oblong  and  toothed;  stamens  commonly  5,  rarely  7-10;  jmds 
tapering.  —  Along  streams:  rather  common.  —  A  beautil'ul  species, .sometimes 
flowering  at  the  height  of  3°,  sometimes  becoming  a  small  bushy  tree  of  12°- 
15°.     Probably  the  same  as  S.  pcntandra,  L.,  of  Eu. 

13.  S.  nigra,  IMarsh.  (Black  W.)  I^eaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  pointed 
and  tapering  at  each  end,  serrate,  smooth  (except  on  the  petioles  and  midrib) 
and  green  on  both  sides  ;  stipules  small,  deciduous  ;  scales  short  and  rounded, 
woolly  ;  glands  large,  of  the  sterile  flowers  cleft,  of  tlie  sterile  kidney -shaf>ed  ; 


SALICACE^.       (aVILLOW    FAMILY.)  4G5 

Btamcns  3-6;  pods  mostly  sitort-ovate.  {S.  amhigiisi,  Piirs/i.)  —  Var.  falcXta 
lias  tlic  Icares  clomjiitcd,  sri/t he-shaped,  antl  the  stipules  lar<;e,  broadly  lunate,  re- 
flexed.  (S.  falcata,  PHcs/i.  S.  Purshlana,  5/)?e«r/.  S.  ii'^uatrma,  Micfix.f.)  — 
Tree  I5°-  25°  high,  with  a  rough  black  bark  :  frequent  along  streams,  especially 
southward. 

*  *  Stamens  mostly  2  :  ovary  very  short-sfalhd  or  nearly  sessile,  ghihrous, 

14.  S.  FKAGiMS,  L.  (Brittle  W.)  Leaves  lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  smooth, 
(jlaucous  beneath  (slightly  silky  when  young),  serrate  with  inflexed  teeth  ;  stipules 
half-heart-shaped;  pods  tapering-conical.  —  Var.  DEcfpiENS  has  dark  brown 
buds,  and  the  lowest  leaves  on  the  branches  broadly  obovate,  very  obtuse. 
(S.  decipiens,  Z/fj^w.)  —  Var.  Rcsselliana  has  the  leaves  long  and  bright, 
strongly  and  very  sharply  serrate ;  the  younger  ones  and  upper  branches  of 
the  annual  shoots  silky-downy  towards  autumn  ;  stipules  large  and  taper 
pointed.  (S.  Russelliana,  Smith.)  —  Var.  vfuiDis,  has  long  and  acute  flcxuous 
erect  catkins,  tough  pendulous  branchlets,  and  firmer  bright-green  leaves.  (S. 
viridis, /^r/f-s.)  —  A  tall  and  handsome  tree,  with  smooth  polished  branches^ 
cultivated  for  basket-work.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

15.  S.  Alba,  L.  (White  W.)  Leaves  lanceolate  or  elliptic-lanceolate, 
pointed,  toothed,  clothed  more  or  less  with  white  and  silky  hairs,  especially  beneath; 
stipules  lanceolate  ;  stigmas  nearly  sessile,  thick  and  recurved.  —  Var.  vitellina 
has  yellow  branches  ;  leaves  shorter  and  broader.  (S.  vitellina,  Smith  Sp  Borrer.) 
—  Var.  c^rulea  has  the  leaves  nearly  smooth  at  maturity,  greenish  or  brown- 
ish, and  greatly  resembles  the  preceding  species.  (S.  axtmlQa,  Smith.)  —  A 
familiar  tree,  of  rapid  growth,  attaining  a  height  of  50°  -  80°.    (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

16.  S.  Babylonica,  Tourn.  (Weeping  AVillow),  helongs  to  this  section, 
and  is  planted  for  ornament.  Only  the  fertile  plant  is  known  in  the  United 
States.  —  There  is  also  a  remarkable  form  of  it  with  curled  or  annular  leaves 
(S.  annularis,  Forbes),  well  known  in  gardens  as  the  Ring-leaved  or  Hoop 
Willow. 

*  *  -*  Stamens  2  :  ovary  stalked,  mostly  silky  or  downy ;  the  scale  narrow. 

17.  S.  longifdlia,  Muhl.  (Long-leaved  W.)  Leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
very  long,  tapering  at  each  end,  nearly  sessile,  remotely  denticulate  with  pro- 
jecting teeth,  clothed  with  gray  hairs  when  young ;  stipules  small,  lanceolate, 
toothed;  gland  long,  in  the  sterile  flowers  sometimes  deeply  2-3-cleft;  in  the 
fertile  longer  than  the  short  stalk  of  the  ovary  ;  stigmas  very  large,  sessile.  — 
River-banks,  rooting  extensively  in  sand  or  gravel :  common,  especially  west- 
M-ard.     Varying  greatly,  2°  -  20°  high. 

§  5.  Catkins  peduncled,  home  on  the  lateral  {or  sometimes  the  terminal)  leafy  branches 
of  the  season,  appearing  in  .Tune:  stipules  deciduous  or  none:  scales  persistent.  — 
Small  shrubs,  mostly  with  underground  spreading  stems,  sending  up  short  erect  or 
prostrate  branches. 

■*   Ujiright  (1°-.3°  high),  not  alpine:  pod  long-stalked :  stamens  2. 

18.  S.  myrtilloides,  L.  (]\Iyrtle  W.)  Very  glabrous,  except  the 
scales  of  the  catkin;  leaves  elliptical,  oblong,  or  linear-oblong,  entire  (l'-2' 
long)  reticulated,  pale  or  glaucous  beneath,  somewhat  coriaceous;  catkins  <jb- 


466  SALiCAOK^..     (willow  family.) 

lonji;,  the  fertile  loose  in  fruit ;  stalk  of  the  ovarj  slender,  longer  than  the  green- 

ish-yellow  scale.     (S.  ])cdiecllaris,  Pitrsk.,  more  luxuriant  than   the  Eurojiean 

plant.)  —  Cold  peat-bog.*,  ^Ccw  England  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Prostrate  or  spreadliuf  and  matted,  alpine. 

19.  S.  Clitleri,  Tuckerman.  (Cutler's  W.)  Leaves  elliptical  and 
pointed,  or  obovate  and  obtuse,  tapering  at  the  base,  slightly  toothed,  strongly 
veiny,  smooth  and  shining  above,  pale  and  rather  glaucous  beneath  ;  catkins  mostly- 
lateral,  oblong-cylindrical ;  ovary  smooth,  short-stalked ;  style  distinct;  stamen  sin- 
gle; scales  oblanceolate,  entire,  black,  covered  with  long  silky  /tairs.  (S.  Uva-Ursi, 
Pursh,  in  part,  &  Ed.  2.)  Alpine  summits  of  the  high  mountains  of  Maine, 
New  Hampshire,  and  New  York. 

20.  S.  argyroc^pa,  Anders.  (SiLviiUYFRCiTED  W.)  Leaves  lanceo- 
late, acute,  or  the  earliest  obovate  and  obtuse,  irregularly  rejiaini-crenate,  smooth 
and  green  abo\e,  covered  benenth  when  young  ivith  long  and  shining  deciduous  hairs,  at 
maturity  smooth  and  glaucous  ;  catkins  ovoid,  short ;  ovary  densely  silvfiry-silh/, 
stalked;  style  distinct ;  stamens  2  -  3  ;  gland  sometimes  double;  scales  obovate, 
obtuse,  clothed  with  long  hairs.  (S.  repens,  Ed.  2,  but  is  much  nearer  S. 
arbuscula,  L.)  —  Moist  alpine  ravines  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hamp- 
shire.—  Whole  plant,  when  young,  of  a  glossy  satiny  lustre;  the  leaves  at 
length  becoming  quite  smooth,  with  a  white  and  prominent  midrib,  and  slightly 
elevated  veins. 

21.  S.  herb^cea,  L.  (Herb-like  W.)  Leaves  mundish-oml,  hrnrl-sh<iprd, 
notched  at  the  apex,  serrate,  smooth  and  shining,  with  reticulated  veins  ;  calkins 
issuing  from  the  terminal  buds,  small  and  few-flowered  ;  ovary  sessile,  smooth  ;  scales 
smooth,  ciliate. — Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire, 
and  high  northward. —  A  very  small  herb-like  species,  the  stems  seldom  rising 
above  an  inch  or  two  from  the  ground.     (En.) 

2.     POPULUS,     Tuurn.         Poplar.     A.spev. 

Bracts  (scales)  of  the  catkins  irregularly  cut-lobed  at  the  apex.  Flowers  from 
a  cup-shaped  disk  which  is  obliquely  lengthened  in  front.  Stamens  8-30,  or 
more  :  filaments  distinct.  Stigmas  elongated.  —  Trees,  with  broad  and  more 
or  less  heart-shaped  or  ovate-toothed  leaves,  and  mostly  angular  branches.  Buds 
scaly,  covered  with  resinous  varnish.  Catkins  long  and  drooping,  appearing 
before  the  leaves.  (The  ancient  name,  called  Arbor  PopuU,  because  it  was  used 
to  decorate  the  public  walks,  or  on  account  of  the  constant  agitation  of  the 
leaves  by  every  inipniso.) 

1.  P.  tremuloides,  Michx.  (American  Aspex.)  leaves  roundish- 
heart-shaped,  with  a  short  sharp  point,  and  small  somewhat  regular  teeth,  smooth 
on  both  sides,  with  downy  margins;  scales  cut  into  3- A  deep  linear  divisions, 
fringed  with  long  hairs.  —  Woods:  common.  —  Tree  20°  -  50°  high,  with 
smooth  greenish-white  bark.  Leaf-stalk  long,  slender,  and  laterally  com- 
pressed, which  accounts  for  the  continual  agitation  of  the  foliage  by  the  slight- 
est breeze. 

2.  P.  grandident^ta,  Michx.  (Lakge-toothed  Aspen.)  Leaves 
roundish-ovate,  with  large  and  irregular  sinuate  teeth,  when  young  densely  covered 


SALiCACi;^,     (willow  family.)  467 

with  white  silky  wool,  at  length  smooth  both  sides  ;  scales  cut  into  5-6  unequal 
miall  divisions,  slightly  fringed.  —  Woods  :  eomnion,  espeeiuliy  northward.  — 
A  rather  larger  tree  tiian  the  last,  with  a  smoothish  gray  bark. 

3.  P.  heteroph^lla,  L.  (Downy  Poplar.)  Branches  round ;  leaves 
heart-shaped  or  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  serrate,  white-wonlly  when  young,  at  length 
nearly  smooth,  except  on  the  elevated  veins  beneath.  —  Swamps,  W.  New 
England  to  Illinois  and  southward.  — Tree  40°-C0°  high,  with  large,  usually 
blunt  leaves ;  the  sinus,  when  heart-shaped,  closed  by  the  overlapping  lobes 
which  conceal  the  insertion  of  the  nearly  round  leaf-stalk. 

4.  P,  monilifera,  Ait.  (Cotton-wood.  Necklace  Poplar.)  Young 
brunches  slightly  angled,  becoming  round;  leaves  broadly  deltoid,  vjith  sjireudiiig  promi- 
nent nerves,  slightly  heart-shaped  or  truncate  at  the  base,  taper-pointed,  serrate  with 
cartilaginous  and  incurved  slightly  hairy  teeth  ;  fertile  catkins  very  long;  sralei 
lacerate-f ringed,  not  hairy ;  stigmas  nearly  sessile,  toothed,  dilated  and  very  large. 
—  Margins  of  lakes  and  streams,  W.  New  England  to  Illinois  and  southward 
especially  westward.  —  A  large  tree,  80°  high  or  upwards ;  the  vigorous  bi  anchc* 
decidedly  angled,  bearing  large  leaves ;  the  more  stunted  round,  with  smaller 
foliage.     (P.  Canadensis,  Michx.f.     P.  lajvigata,  WiUd.) 

5.  P.  angulkta,  Ait.  (Angled  Cotton-wood.)  Branches  acutely  angu- 
lar or  winged ;  leaves  broadly  deltoid  or  heart-ovate,  smooth,  crenate-serrate,  or  with 
obtuse  cartilaginous  teeth.  —  Low  grounds,  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin  and 
southward.  —  Tree  large  as  (and  probably  a  mere  variety  of)  the  last,  and  lik 
it  bearing  very  large  heart-shaped  leaves  (7'- 8'  in  length  and  breadth)  on 
3'oung  plants  and  suckers :  on  full-grown  trees  only  one  fourth  of  that  size,  and 
commonly  without  the  sinus. 

6.  P.  balsamifera,  L.  (Balsam  Poplar.  Tacamahac.)  Branches 
round  ;  leaves  ovate,  gradually  tapering  and  pointed,  finely  serrate,  smooth  on  both 
sides,  whitish  and  reticulately  veined  beneath  ;  scales  dilated,  slightly  hairy  ;  sta- 
mens very  numerous. — N.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward. — A 
tall  tree,  growing  on  the  borders  of  rivers  and  swamps  :  its  large  buds  varnished 
with  copious  fragrant  resinous  matter. 

Var.  candicans.  (Balm  of  Gilead>)  Leaves  broader  and  more  or  less 
heart-shaped,  pointed,  serrate,  whitish  and  reticulate-veined  beneath ;  petiole 
commonly  hairy.  (P.  candicans, '^«<.) — N.  New  England  to  Lake  Superior 
and  Kentucky :  rare  in  a  wild  state,  but  common  in  cultivation. 

P.  NIGRA,  L.,  was  admitted  by  the  elder  Michaux  into  his  Flora,  without  any 
mention  of  its  locality.  It  was  afterwards  published  by  his  son,  imder  the  niime 
of  P.  Hudsdnica :  he,  however,  found  it  "  only  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  River, 
above  Albany."  Lastly,  it  was  described  as  P.  betulifblin  by  Pursh,  who  further 
added  as  its  station,  "about  Lake  Ontario  "  It  was  probably  introduced  from 
Europe,  and  was  latterly  so  considered  by  the  younger  Michaux  himself. 

P.  dilatXta,  Ait.,  the  well-known  Lombardy  Poplar  (probably  a  form  of 
P.  nigra)  has  been  extensively  introduced  as  an  ornamcnt:il  tree. 

P.  Alba,  L.,  the  Abele  or  White  Poplar  of  the  Old  World,  is  occasionally 
planted,  when  it  spreads  widely  by  the  root,  and  becomes  more  common  than  is 
desirable. 


4G8  CONIFERS.       (pine   family.) 

Subclass  II.     GYMXOSPER^LE. 

Pistil  represented  by  an  open  scale  or  leaf,  or  else  entirely  ^van^ 
inir;  \\n'  ovules  and  seeds  therefore  naked  (without  a  pericarp),  and 
fertilized  by  the  direct  application  of  the  pollen.  Cotyledons  often 
more  than  two. 

Ohdkr   100.     COWIFER^.     (Pine  Family.) 

Treen  or  shrubs,  icith  resinous  Juice,  mostly  awl-shaped  or  needle-shaped 
entire  leaves,  and  monoecious  or  rarely  dioecious  Jlowers  in  calkins,  destitute 
of  calyx  or  corolla.  Ovules  orthotropous.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  the  al- 
bumen, nearly  its  length.  (Wood  destitute  of  duets,  composed  chiefly  of 
a  homogeneous  large  woody  fibre  which  is  marked  with  circular  disks  on 
two  sides.)     Composes  the  three  following  Suborders:  — 

SuRORDKii  I.     ABIETIWE.E.     Pkopf.r  Tine  Family. 
Fertile  flowers  in  catkins,  consisting  of  open  imbricated  carpels  in  the 
form  of  scales  in  the  axil  of  a  bract;  in   fruit  forming  a  strobile  or  cone. 
Ovules  2,  adherent  to  the  base  of  each  carpellary  scale,  their  orifice  turned 
downward.     Buds  scaly. 

*  Cones  maturing  the  year  after  flowering. 

1.  Piiius.     Leaves  2-5  in  a  cluster  from  the  axil  of  a  scale-like  primary  leaf,  persistent. 

«  *  Cones  maturing  the  same  year. 

2.  Allies.     Leaves  all  scattered  on  the  branches  and  alike,  persistent. 

3-    JLarix.     Leaves  many  In  a  cluster,  the  primary  ones  similar  to  the  others,  deciduous. 

Suborder  II.     CUPKESSIIVE.E.     Cypress  Family. 
Fertile  flowers  consisting  of  few  carpellary  scales,  without  bracts,  bear- 
i:ig  single  or  several  erect  ovules  on  tiiei'r  base  (the  orifice  upward),  form- 
ing a  closed  strobile  or  a  sort  of  drupe  in  fruit.     Buds  naked. 

*  Flowers  monoecious.     f=trobile  dry,  opening  at  maturity. 

4.  THiija.     Fruit  of  few  imbricated  oblong  scales.     Ovules  2.     Leaves  scale-like,  closely  Im- 

bricated on  the  flattened  branches. 

5.  Cujircssus.     Fruit  of  several  shield-form  thick  .scales  united  in  a  globular  woody  cone. 

Seeds  2  or  more  on  the  stalk  of  each  scale.     Leaves  scale-like  or  awl-shaped. 

6.  Taxodiuin.     Fruit  of  several  thick  shield-shaped  scales  united  in  a  globular  woody 

cone.     Seeds  2  on  the  base  of  each  scale.     Leaves  linear,  2-rauked,  deciduous. 
*  *  Flowers  chiefly  dioecious.     Fruit  berry-like,  not  opening. 

7.  Juuiperua.     Fruit  composed  of  3-C  coalesccnt  1  -3-ovuled  scales,  becoming  fleshy. 

Suborder  III.     TAXlNE.i:.     Yeav  Family. 
Fertile  flower  solitary,  consisting  of  a  naked  ovule,  ripening  into  a  nut- 
like or  drupe-like  seed.      Carpel  or  scale  entirely  wanting.     Buds  sealy. 
y.   Taxus.     Ovule  erect,  encircled  at  the  base  by  an  annular  disk,  which  in  fruit  furme  a 

berry -like  cup  around  the  nul-like  seed. 


CONIFKR^.       (pine   FAMILY.)  469 

1.     PINUS,     Tourn.         Pine. 

Sterile  catkins  arranged  in  a  spike  at  the  base  of  the  shoot  of  the  same  spring, 
involucrate  by  a  nearly  definite  number  of  scales,  consisting  of  numerous  sta- 
mens spirally  inserteil  on  the  axis,  with  very  short  filaments  and  a  scale-like 
connective :  anther-cells  2,  opening  lengthwise.  Pollen  of  3  united  grains. 
Fertile  catkins  solitary  or  aggregated  inuncdiately  below  the  terminal  bud,  or 
lateral  on  the  young  shoot,  consisting  of  imbricaied  carpellary  scales,  each  in 
the  a.xil  of  a  persistent  bract,  bearing  a  pair  of  inverted  ovules  at  the  base. 
Fruit  a  cone  formed  of  the  imbricated  and  woody  carpellary  scales,  which  are 
thickened  at  the  apex  (except  in  White  Pines),  persistent,  spreading  when  ripe 
and  dry ;  the  2  nut-like  seeds  partly  sunk  in  excavations  at  the  base  of  the  scale, 
and  in  separating  carrying  away  a  part  of  its  lining  in  the  form  of  a  thin  and 
fragile  wing.  Cotyledons  3- 12,  linear.  —  Primary  leaves  of  the  shoots  thin 
and  chaff-like,  merely  bud-scales ;  from  their  axils  immediately  proceed  the 
secondary  leaves,  which  make  the  foliage,  in  the  form  of  fascicles  of  2  to  5  needle- 
shaped  evergreen  leaves,  from  slender  buds,  some  thin  scarious  bud- scales  sheath- 
ing the  base,  of  the  cluster.  When  there,  are  only  2  leaves  in  the  cluster  they 
are  semicylindrical  and  when  dry  channelled  or  concave;  when  mor&  than  2 
triangular;  their  edges  in  our  species  serrulate.  Blossoms  developed  in  spring; 
the  cones  maturing  only  in  the  autumn  of  the  second  year.  (The  classical 
Latin  name.) 

The  species  here  arranged  and  characterized  from  notes  contributed  by  Dr. 
Engelmann. 

§  1.  Leaves  2  or  3  in  a  dose  sheath:  cones  (except  in  No.  7)  persistent  after  shedding 

the  seed ;  their  woody  scales  tliickened  at  tlie  end,  and  iisuallt/  spiny-tipped. 

*  Fertile  catkins  and  cones  lateral :  scales  much  thickened  at  the  end :  leaves  riijid. 

-1-  Leaves  in  threes. 

1.  P.  Tseda,  L.  (Loblolly  or  Old-fteld  Pine.)  Lcai-es  loncj  (6'-  10'), 
with  elongated  sheaths,  light  green;  cones  elongated-oblong  (3' -5'  long)  and 
tajiering  ;  scales  tipped  with  a  stout  incurved  s/)ine.  —  Barren  light  soil,  Delaware 
( ]V.  M.  Canhjj),  Virginia,  and  southward  near  tlie  coast.  — Tree  50°-  100°  high. 
Sterile  catkins  slender,  2'  long,  their  involucre  of  10-13  (rarely  fewer)  scales. 
Seeds  with  3  strong  and  rough  ridges  on  the  under  side :  cotyledons  5-8. 

2.  P.  rigida,  Miller.  (Pitch  Pine.)  Leaves  (3' -5'  long)  dark  green, 
from  short  sheaths;  cones  ovoid-conical  or  ovate  (l'-3^'  long),  often  in  clusters; 
the  sc<des  tipped  with  a  short  and  stout  recurved  prickle.  —  Sandy  or  spare  rocky 
soil,  Maine  to  W.  New  York  and  southward:  common.  —  Tree  30° -70°  high, 
with  very  rough  and  dark  bark,  and  hard  resinous  wood.  Sterile  catkins  slen- 
der (j'-li'  long),  with  C-8  involucral  scales.  Seed  with  hardly  any  ridges: 
cotyledons  about  5. 

■*-  -1-  Leaves  in  twos,  or  sonic  of  ihrni  in  threis  in  3   ^-  G. 

3.  P.  pungens,  Michx.  (T.vr.r.i;  'Slovsrxis  Pixe.)  L<avfS  stout,  shoH 
{\\'-'2h'  long),  crowded,  bluish,  the  sheath  short  (very  short  on  old  foliage); 
cones  ovate  ("^'  long),  the  scales  armed  with  a  strong  hooked  spine  ('/long). — 
Alleghany  Mountains,  especially  in  the  Blue  Ilidgc,  N.- Carolina  and  Virginia 


470.  CONIFERJE.       (pine    FAMILY.) 

(near  Charlottesville,  .V.  A.  Curtis)  to  Penn.,  Prof.  Porter,  as  far  north  as  Port 
Clinton  near  Heading  {T.  Mtehan).  —  Sterile  catkins  6"- 9"  long,  ■with  G  -8  iu- 
volueral  scales.   Seed  with  2  or  3  sligiit  ridges:  cotyledons  about  7. 

4.  P.  inops,  Ait.  (Jeusey  or  Scituu  Pixe.)  .Leaves  shurt  (l^'-3'  long); 
cones  oblong-conical,  sometimes  curved  (2' -3' long),  the  scales  tipped  with  a 
straif/ht  ur  ncurvid  oui-sltaped  prickle.  —  Barrens  and  sterile  hills,  New  Jersey  to 
Kentucky  and  southward.  A  straggling  tree,  15° -40°  high,  with  spreading 
or  drooi)ing  hranclilets :  young  .shoots  with  a  purplish  glaucous  bloom.  Sterile 
catkins  liuear-obloiig,  5" -6"  long,  with  about  8  involucral  scales. 

5.  P.  Banksi^na,  Lambert.  (GuAY  or  Noktiiekn  Scrub  Pixe.) 
Leaves  short  (I'long),  oblirjue,  divergent;  cones  conical,  oblong,  usually  curved 
(1^' -2' long),  smooth,  the  scales  pointle^ss.  (P.  rupestris,  J/(V./(x./) — Rocky 
banks,  N.  Maine,  N.  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  A  straggling 
shrub  or  low  tree  (5° -20°  high) :  the  sterile  catkins  nearly  as  in  No.  4.  Seed 
with  2  or  3  ridges  on  the  inner  side  :  cotyledons  4  or  .5. 

6.  P.  mitis,  Michx.  (Yellow  Pixe.)  Leaves  in  pairs  or  sometimes  in 
threes, y/'ow  long  shmths,  slender  (3' -  5' long) ;  cones  ovate-  or  oblong-conical 
(barely  2'  long)  ;  the  scales  tipped  with  a  minute  and  weak  prirlle.  (P.  variabilis, 
Piirsh.)  —  Dry  or  sandy  soil,  W.  New  England  ?  and  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin, 
and  common  southward.  —  Tree  50° -60°  high,  straight,  producing  a  durable, 
fine-grained,  moderately  resinous  timber,  valuable  for  flooring,  &c.  Leaves 
more  soft  and  slender  than  in  any  of  the  preceding,  dark  green.  The  western 
form  has  more  rigid  leaves,  and  more  tuberculate  and  spiny  cones.  Sterile 
catkins  linear,  6" -9"  long,  with  9-12  involucral  scales.  Seed  with  2  or  3 
rough  ridges  :  cotyledons  5-7. 

*  *  Fertile  catkins  and  cones  terminal,  the  latter  deciduous  after  shedding  the  s<ed: 
their  scales  slightly  thickened,  pointless :  leaves  in  twos,  slender. 

7.  P.  resindsa,  Ait.  (TIedPixe.)  Leaves  from  long  sheaths,  elongated 
(5' -6' long),  dark  green;  cones  ovate-conical,  smooth  (about  2' long) ;  sterile 
catkins  oblong-linear  (6"- 9"  long),  subtended  by  about  6  involucral  scales 
which  are  early  deciduous  by  an  articulation  above  their  base ;  seeds  slightly 
ridged  on  the  lower  surfoce  ;  cotyledons  6  or  7.  (P.  rubra,  Michr.f.) — Dry 
woods,  Mass.  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  Tree  50° -80°  high,  with 
reddish  and  rather  smooth  bark,  and  compact,  not  very  resinous  wood.  — 
Wrongly  called  Norwajj  Pine. 

§  2.  Leaves  5  in  a  {loose-scaled  entirelj  diridnons)  shalh  :  cones  terminal,  deciduous 
after  shedding  the  seed ;  their  scales  slightlij  if  at  all  th'ckened  at  the  end  and 
wholly  destitute  of  prickle  or  point :  bark  smooth  except  on  old  trunks. 

8.  P.  Str6bus,  L.  (White  Pixe.)  Leaves  very  slender,  glaucous; 
sterile  catkins  oval  (4" -5"  long),  with  6 -8  involucral  scales  at.  b;ise ;  fertile 
catkins  long-stalked,  cylindrical  ;  cones  narrow,  cylindrical,  nodding,  often 
curved  (4' -C  long) ;  seed  smooth  ;  cotyledons  8-10.  —  Cool  and  damp  woods; 
common  northward  to  the  Mississippi,  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.  — 
The  White  Pine  (called  in  England  Weymouth  Pine)  is  our  tallest  tree,  often 
120° -160°  in  a  straight  column  in  primitive  forests,  and  is  invaluable  fur  its 
soft  and  light  white  or  yellowish  wood,  m  large  trunks  nearly  free  from  resin. 


CONIFERS.       (pine    FAMILY.)  471 

2.     ABIES,     Tourn.         Spruce.     Fir. 

Sterile  catkins  scattered  or  somewhat  clustered  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the 
preceding-  year.  Fertile  catkins  and  cones  lateral  or  terminal  on  hranchcs  of 
the  preceding  year  :  scales  of  the  cone  thin  and  even,  not  at  all  tliickened  nor 
prickly-tipped.  Leaves  all  of  one  kind  and  foliaccous,  scattered  (not  fascicled), 
short,  persistent  for  two  or  more  years.  Flowering  in  spring,  and  cones  ma- 
turing in  autumn.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Pinus.  (The  clas-nical  Latin  name.) 
Of  European  species  A.  excelsa,  the  Norway  Spruce  is  most  commonly, 
and  A.  pectinXta,  the  Silver  Fir,  occasionally  planted. 

§  I,  Spruce.  (Picea  of  Link,  not  of  L.  Abies,  L.  and  others.  These 
ancient  names  much  transposed  by  moderns.)  Cones  hanrjing  from  or  near 
the  end  of  a  branch ;  the  scales  persistent  on  the  axis :  anthers  tipped  laith  a 
rounded  recurved  appendaffe,  their  cells  distinct  and  opening  lengthwise:  pollen 
nearly/  as  in  Pine  :  leaves  needle-shaped  and  4-sided,  pointing  every  way. 

1.  A.  nigra,  Poir.  (Black  or  Double  Spruce.)  Leaves  short  (6" -8" 
long),  eitiicr  dark  green  or  glaucous-whitish  ;  cones  ovate  or  ovate-oblong  (I'-I^' 
long),  mostly  recurved,  jtersistent,  tlie  i igid  scales  with  a  thin  often  eroded  edge. 
—  Swamps  and  cold  mountain  woods.  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  north- 
ward, and  southward  along  the  mountains. 

2.  A.  alba,  Michx.  (White  Spruce.)  Leaves  pale  or  glaucous  ;  cones 
nodding,  cylindrical  (about  2'  long),  pale,  deciduous,  the  thinner  scales  with  an 
entire  edge ;  a  handsomer  tree  than  No.  1,  in  aspect  more  like  a  Balsam  Fir.  — 
Northern  New  England  and  New  York  to  Lake  Superior,  and  northward. 

§2.  Hemlock-Spruce.  (Tsuga,  Endl.)  Cones  hanging  on  the  end  of  declined 
branches  of  the  preceding  year,  persistent,  small ;  the  scales  persistent  on  the  axis : 
sterile  calkins  small,  of  a  few  capitate  anthers,  their  sho7-t  confluent  cells  opening 
transversely :  pollen-grains  s'lmple:  leaves  flat,  whitened  beneath,  petioled,  spread- 
ing in  two  directions  so  as  to  seem  2-ranbd. 

3.  A.  Canadensis,  Michx.  (Hemlock  Spruce.)  Leaves  short-linear, 
obtuse  (^' long)  ;  cones  oval  (6" -8"  long),  of  few  thin  scales  much  longer 
thiin  the  bracts.  —  Hilly  or  rocky  woods  ;  very  common  northward,  and  rare 
southward  in  the  Allcghanies. — A  large  tree,  when  young  the  most  graceful 
of  Spruces,  with  a  light  and  spreading  spray,  and  delicate  foliage,  bright  greer 
above,  silvery  underneath.     Timber  coarse-grained  and  poor. 

§  3.  Fir.  (Abies  of  Pliny.  Picea,  L.,  not  oi  Link.)  Cones  erect  on  the  upper 
side  of  spreading  branches  ;  their  scales  and  mostly  exserted  bracts  deciduous  from 
the  persistent  axis  at  maturity  :  seeds  atid  bark  of  tree  with  balsam-bearing  vesi^ 
cles :  anthers  tipped  with  a  1  -  2-pointed  appendage,  their  cells  opening  by  lacer-. 
alion  ;  pollen  nearly  as  in  Pine  :  leaves  fat,  with  midrib  prom'inent  on  the  whitened 
lower  face,  mostly  sessile,  on  horizontal  branches  more  or  less  spreading  hi  two  di' 
reilions,  sn  as  to  seem  '1-ranhd. 

4.  A.  balsamea,  Marshall.  (Balsam  Fir.)  Leaves  narrowly  linear; 
cones  cylindrical,  hirge  (2' -4' long,  V  thick),  violet-colored;  the  bracts  obovate, 
serrulate,  tipped  with  an  abrupt  slender  point,  'included  or  slightly  projecting.  — 
Cfild  damp  woods  and  swamps.  New  England  to  Peun.,  Wisconsiu,  and  north- 


472  coNiFKu^.     (pine  family.) 

ward.  —  A  slender  tree,  of  no  value  as  timber,  when  young  very  handsome, 
but  short-lived.  Leaves  G"-10"iu  lengtii,  narrower  and  lighter  green  above 
than  those  of  tiic  European  Silver  Fir.  Also  called  Balm-v/'-Gilcud  Fir.  Canada 
balsam  is  drawn  from  blisters  in  the  hark  of  this  and  the  next  species.  — A  sub- 
alpine  state  on  the  Green  Mountains,  &e.,  has  shorter  or  oblong,  stunted  cones, 
and  apipoaches  the  ne.\t.  ^ 

5.  A.  Fraseri,  Pursh.  (Fuaskr's  or  SoiTiiKKN  Balsam  Fir.)  Cones 
small  [V  -2'  \o\\\r,),  oblu)i<j-oi;ate ;  tiie  bracts  obloiicj-wcdije-shaped,  the  short-pointed 
upper  part  much  jirojectiiifji  and  rcjlexed.  (A.  balsamiTera,  Mic/ix.  Fl.)  —  Moun- 
tains of  Penn.,  Virginia,  and  southward  on  the  highest  Alleghanies.  —  Foliage, 
&c.  nearly  as  in  the  last. 

3.     LARIX,     Tourn.        Larch. 

Catkins  lateral,  terminating  short  spurs  on  the  branches  of  the  preceding 
year,  short  or  globular,  developed  in  early  spring  ;  the  sterile  from  leafless  buds  ; 
the  fertile  mostly  with  leaves  below.  Aj|^her-c.ells  opening  transversely.  I'ol- 
len-grains  simple,  globular.  Cones  as  in  Spruce,  the  scales  persistent.  —  Leaves 
needle-shaped,  soft,  deciduous,  all  foliaceous,  very  many  in  a  fascicle  developed 
in  early  spring  from  lateral  scaly  and  globular  buds,  and  scattered  along  the 
developed  shoots  of  the  season.  Fertile  catkins  crimson  or  red  in  flower.  (The 
ancient  name. ) 

1.  L.  Americana,  Michx.  (American  or  Black  Larch.  Tamarack. 
Hackmatack.)  Leaves  short;  cones  ovoid  (6" -9"  long),  of  few  rounded 
scales,  arranged  in  |  order.  (Pinus  pe'ndula,  Ait.  P.  inieroc;irpa,  Lambert.)  — 
Swamps,  New  England  to  Penn.  and  Wisconsin,  and  (chiefly)  northward.  —  A 
slender  tree,  with  heavy,  close-grauied  wood,  horizontal  branches,  and  more 
slender  and  usually  shorter  leaves  than  the  European  Larch ;  —  which  is  a 
handsomer  tree,  and  has  the  scales  of  its  larger  cones  arranged  in  the  order  A. 


4.     THUJA,     Tourn.        Ardor  Vit.i:. 

Flowers  mostly  nioncceious  on  different  branches,  in  very  small  terminal  ovoid 
catkins.  Stamens  with  a  scale-like  filament  or  connective,  bearing  4  anther- 
cells.  Fertile  catkins  of  few  imbricated  scales,  fixed  by  the  base,  each  bearing 
2  erect  ovules,  dry  and  spreading  at  maturity.  Cotyledons  2.  —  Small  ever- 
green trees,  with  very  flat  2-ranked  spray,  on  which  the  small  and  appres.sed 
persistent  leaves  are  closely  imbricated  :  these  are  of  two  sorts,  on  different  or 
successive  branehlets  ;  the  one  awl-shajied  ;  the  other  .scale-like,  blunt,  short,  and 
adnate  to  the  branch.  (0ui,u,  Sra,  or  Qvda,  the  ancient  name  of  some  resin- 
bearing  evergreen.) 

1.  T.  OCeidentklis,  L.  (American  AnhoR  Vit.ic.)  Leaves  a ppressed- 
imbrieated  in  4  rows  on  the  2edged  branehlets ;  scales  of  the  cones  pointless  ; 
seeds  broadly  winged  all  round.  —  Swamps  and  cool  rocky  banks  :  common 
from  Penn.  northward,  where  it  forms  extensive  "cedar-swamps,"  and  is  called 
"White  Cedar:  rare  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.  MayrJune.  —  Tree 
20°  -^  50°  high,  yielding  a  pungent  aromatic  oil :  wood  light,  l>ut  very  durable. 


CONIFERJE.       (pine    FAMILY.)  473 

5.     CUPRESSUS,     Tourn.        Cvprlss. 

Flowers  mona'cious  on  different  branches,  in  terminal  small  catkins.  Sterile 
catkins  composed  of  shield-shaped  scale-like  filaments  bearing  2-4  anther-cells 
under  the  lower  margin.  Fertile  catkins  globular,  of  shield-shaped  scales  bear- 
ing several  erect  bottle-shaped  ovules.  Cone  globular,  firmly  closed,  but  open- 
ing at  maturity;  the  scales  thicR,  pointed  or  bossed  in  the  middle  ;  thAew  or 
several  seeds  attached  to  their  contracted  base  or  stalk.  C^otyledons  2  or  3.  — 
Strong-scented  evergreen  trees,  with  very  small  and  scale-like  or  some  awl- 
shaped  closely  appressed-imbriciitcd  leaves,  and  exceedingly  dni'ablc  wood 
(The  classical  name.) 

1.  C.  thyoides,  L.  (White  Cedau.)  Leaves  minute,  pale,  ovate  or 
triangular-awl-shapcd,  often  with  a  small  gland  on  the  back,  closely  imbricated 
in  4  rows  ;  anther-cells  2  under  each  scale  ;  cones  small  (3'' -5''  in  diameter) ; 
seeds  slightly  winged.  —  Swamps,  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin,  Virginia,  and 
southward.  May.  —  Tree  30° -70°  high  ;  the  wood  and  fibrous  shreddy  bark, 
as  well  as  the  foliage,  much  as  in  Arbor  Vitffi ;  bat  the  spray  more  slender,  the 
leaves  finer  and  glaucous-green. 

6.     TAXODIUM,     Puchard.         Bald  Cypress. 

Flowers  monoecious,  the  two  kinds  on  the  same  branches.  Sterile  catkins 
spiked-panicled,  of  few  stamens:  filaments  scale-like,  shield-shaped,  bearing  2- 
5  anther-cells.  Fertile  catkins  ovoid,  in  small  clusters,  scaly,  with  a  pair  of 
ovules  at  the  base  of  each  scale.  Cone  globular,  closed,  composed  of  very  thick 
and  angular  somewhat  shield-shaped  scales,  bearing  2  angled  seeds  at  their  base. 
Cotyledons  6-9.  —  Trees,  with  narrow  linear  2-ranked  light  and  deciduous 
leaves ;  a  part  of  the  slender  leafy  branchlets  of  the  season  also  deciduous  in 
autumn.  (Name  compounded  of  Ta^oy,  the  Yew,  and  etSos,  resemhiance,  the 
leaves  being  Yew-like. 

1.  T.  distic hum,  Richard.  (American  Bald  Cypress.)  Leaves  linear 
and  spreading  ;  also  some  awl-shaped  and  imbricated  on  flowering  branchlets. 
—  Swamps,  Delaware,  to  S.  Illinois,  and  southward,  where  it  is  a  very  largo 
and  valuable  tree.     March,  April. 

7.     JUNIPERUS,     L.        Juniper. 

Flowers  dioecious,  or  occasionally  mona?cious,  in  very  small  lateral  catkins. 
Anther-cells  3-6,  attached  to  the  lower  edge  of  the  shield-shaped  scale.  Fertile 
catkins  ovoid,  of  3  -  6  fleshy  coalescent  scales,  each  one-ovulcd,  in  fruit  forming 
a  sort  of  berry,  which  is  scaly-braeted  underneath,  '....ick  with  white  bloom. 
Seeds  1-3,  wingless,  bony.  Cotyledons  2.  —  Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs,  with 
awl-sliapcd  or  scale-like  rigid  leases,  often  of  two  shapes  in  §  2.  (The  classical 
name.) 

§  1.  Leaves  all  in  iclwrh  and  I inenr-airl -shaped,  prickhj-pointcd,  free,  art'tculaitd  witn 
I  he  stem,  ic'ith  a  midrib  and  riblike  iinuyiiis. 

1.   J.  coniinuais,  L.     (Common  Juniper.)     Leaves  in  threes,  with  slen- 
der prickly  point,  spreading,  bi'ight  greeu  except  the  glaucous-white  upper  face, 
L  &  M— 40 


474  CONIFERS.       (PINF,    FAMILY.) 

6"-9"long;  berries  large.  —  Dry  sterile  hills:  common.     May,  June.  —  Low 
shrub,  ascending  or  spreading  on  the  ground.     (Eu.) 

Var.  alpina,  L.  (J.  nana,  W'ilhl.},  is  a  prostrate  state,  with  shorter  and  less 
ta])ering,  mostly  ascendin;^  or  incurved  leaves.  —  Shores  of  upper  Great  Lakes, 
Maine,  and  northward.     (Lu.) 

§  2.  £eavi-s  small,  mostly  opposite,  not  iirlkulated  but  connate-decurrent  on  the  stem 
of  two  somewhat  dijj'erent  forms,  i.  e.  awl-shaped  and  loose,  and  scale-shaped  and 
appressed-imhricattd,  the  latter  flattened  and  ojlen  with  a  rtsiniferous  <jland  on 
the  buck,  and  no  distinct  nerve  or  midrib. 

2.  J.  Virginikna,  L.  (Red  Cedar  or  Savin.)  Scale-shaped  leaves 
acute  or  acutish  ;  fruit  small,  a'ect  on  the  short  supporting  branchlet.  —  Dry, 
mostly  sterile  or  rocky  soil :  common.  May.  —  Shrub,  small  tree,  or  westward 
oi'ten  a  large  tree,  60° -90°  high ;  with  most  durable,  compact,  reddish  and  odor- 
ous wood. 

3.  J.  Sabina,  L.,  var.  proevimbens,  Pursh.  Scale-shaped  leaves  ob- 
tuse or  acutish,  strongly  ai)j)resscd  ;  fntit  linjer,  nodding  on  the  recurred  pedunde- 
likc  branrltht ;  stems  procumbent  or  prostrate,  sometimes  extensively  creeping. 
(J.  Yirginiana,  var.  hnmilis,  Ed.  2.)  —  Rocky  banks,  borders  of  swamps,  &c., 
Maine  to  Wisconsin  along  and  near  the  Great  Lakes,  and  northward.  May, 
June.     (Eu.) 

8.     TAXUS,     Tourn.        Ykw. 

Elowers  mostly  direcious,  or  sometimes  monoecious,  axillary  from  scaly  buds  ; 
the  sterile  in  small  globtdar  catkins  formed  of  a  few  naked  stamens :  anther- 
cells  3-8  imder  a  shield-like  somewhat  lobed  connective.  Fertile  flowers 
solitar}'^,  scaly-bracted  at  the  base,  consisting  merely  of  an  erect  sessile  ovule ; 
■with  an  annular  disk,  which  becomes  cup-shaped  around  its  base,  and  at 
length  jniljiy  and  berry-like,  globular  and  red,  and  nearly  enclosing  the  nut- 
like seed.  Cotyledons  2. — Leaves  evergreen,  flat,  niucronate,  rigid,  scattered, 
2-ranked.  (The  classical  name,  probably  from  ru^ov,  a  how;  the  wood  anciently 
used  for  bows. ) 

1.  T.  baccata,  L.,  var.  Canadensis.  (American  Yew.  Gr()im> 
Hemlock.)  Stems  diffusely  spreading;  leaves  linear,  green  both  sides.  (T. 
Canadensis,  Willd.)  —  Moist  banks  and  hills,  near  streams,  especially  in  the 
shade  of  evergreens  :  common  northward,  extending  southward  mainly  along 
the  Alleghanies.  April.  —  Our  Yew  is  a  low  and  straggling  or  prostrate 
bush,  never  forming  £^n  erect  trunk  like  that  of  Europe  and  of  Northwest 
America.     (Eu.) 


ARACE^.     (arum  family.)  475 


Class    II.      M  ON  0  C  0  T  YLE  D  ONOU  S    or    EN- 
OOGENOUS     PLANTS. 

Stems  with  no  manifest  distinction  into  bark,  wood,  and 
pith  ;  but  the  woody  fibre  and  vessels  in  bundles  or  threads 
which  are  irregularly  imbedded  in  the  cellular  tissue:  peren- 
nial trunks  destitute  of  annual  layers.  Leaves  mostly  paral- 
lel-veined (nerved)  and  sheathing  at  the  base,  seldom  sepa- 
rating by  an  articulation,  almost  always  alternate  or  scattered 
and  not  toothed.  Parts  of  the  flower  commonly  in  threes. 
Embryo  with  a  single  cotyledon,  and  the  leaves  of  the  plu- 
mule alternate. 

Okdeu  107.     ARACEiE.     (Arum  Family.) 

Plants  tcilh  acrid  or  punyent  juice,  simple  or  compound  often  veiny  leaves, 
and  Jlowers  crowded  on  a  spadix,  which  is  usually  surrounded  by  a  spathe. 
—  Flonil  envelopes  none,  or  of  4  -G  sepals.  Fruit  usually  a  berry.  Seeds 
with  ilesliy  albumen,  or  none  but  lilled  with  the  large  fleshy  embryo  in 
Nos.  2,  4,  and  5.  A  large  family,  chiefly  tropical.  Herbage  abounding 
ih  slender  rhaphides.  — Tiie  genuine  Aracea;  have  no  floral  envelopes,  and 
are  almost  all  moncEcious  or  dioecious  :  but  the  genera  of  the  second  section 
with  more  highly  developed  flowers  are  not  to  be  separated. 

#  Spathp  surrounding  or  subtcndinR  the  spathe  :  flo^ver^  naked  ;  i.  e.  without  perianth. 

1.  Arisa;nia.     Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  covering  only  the  base  of  the  spadiv. 

2.  Peltaiiilra.     Flowers  monoecious,  covering  the  spadix  ;  an tliers  above,  ovaries  below. 

3.  C'alln.     Flowers  perfect  (at  least  the  lower  ones),  covering  the  whole  of  tlie  short  spadix. 

Spathe  open  and  spreading. 
•  »  Spathe  surrounding  the  spadix  in  No.  4,  none  or  imperfect  in  the  rest :  flowers  witfi  a 
calyx  or  peri.anth  and  perfect,  covering  the  whole  spadix. 

4.  Syinplocarpus.     Spadix  globular,  in  a  fleshy  shell-shaped  spathe.     Stemless. 

5.  Orontiuin.     Spadix  narrow,  naked,  terminating  the  terete  scape. 

6.  Acorus.     Spadix  cylindrical,  borne  on  the  side  of  a  leaf-like  scape. 

1.     ARIS-SlMA,    Martins.        Indian  Turnip.     Dragon-Arum. 

Spathe  convohite  below  and  mostly  arched  above.  Flowers  monfcciuus  or 
by  abortion  dioecious,  coverino;  only  the  base  of  the  spadix,  which  is  elongated 
and  naked  above.  Floral  envelopes  none.  Sterile  flowers  above  tho  fertile, 
each  of  a  cluster  of  almost  sessile  2  -  4-celIed  anthers,  opening  by  pores  or  chinks 
at  the  top.  Fertile  flowers  consisting  each  of  a  l-<t»clled  ovary,  tipjicd  with  a 
depressed  stigma,  and  containing  5  or  6  orthotropous  ovules  erect  from  the  base 


476  ARACE^.     (arum  family.) 

of  the  cell ;  in  fruit  a  1  -  few-seeded  scarlet  berry.  Embryo  in  the  .axis  of  albu- 
men.  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  with  a  tuberous  rootstock  or  corm,  sending  up  a 
simple  scape  sheathed  witii  the  petioles  of  the  simple  or  compound  veiny  leaves, 
as  if  eoalescent.  (A  play  upon  Arum,  the  ancient  name;  probably  formed  of 
apov,  Arum,  and  crrjfia,  a  si(/n  or  murk.) 

1.  A.  triphyllum,  Torr.  (Indian  Turxii' )  L'^avcs  mosth/  2,  divided 
into  3  e/lijjtiail  urate  jionded  leajicls  ;  s/iudix  mostly  dioecious,  club-sli<i/ied,  obtuse, 
much  shorter  than  the  spathc,  which  is  flattened  and  incurved-hooded  at  the 
summit.  (Arum  triphyllum,  L.)  —  Rich  woods:  common.  May.  —  Corm 
turnip-shaped,  wrinkled,  farinaceous,  with  an  intensely  acrid  juice.  Spathc  with 
the  petioles  and  sheaths  green,  or  often  variegated  with  dark  purple  and  whitish 
stripes  or  spots  (Arum  atrorubens,  Ait.) ;  the  limb  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed. 

2.  A.  Dracdntium,  Sehott.  (Ghekn  Dragox.  Dkago.n'-root.)  Leaf 
vsuallij  solilari/,  fmhilelij  divided  into  7-11  oblong-lanceolate  pointed  leaflets ; 
spcidix  o/len  uiidro/;yiious,  tapi:rin<j  to  a  loiifj  and  slender  point  beyond  the  oblong 
and  convolute  pointed  spathe.  (Arum  Dracontium,  L.)  — Low  grounds  along 
streams.  June.  —  Corms  clustered.  Petiole  l°-2°  long,  much  longer  than 
the  peduncle.     Spathe  greenish,  rolled  into  a  tube,  with  a  short  erect  point. 

2.     PELTANDRA,    Kaf.        Arrow  Arum. 

Spatlie  elongated,  convolute  throughout,  wavy  on  tlie  margin,  curved  at  the 
apex.  Flowers  monoecious,  thickly  covering  the  long  and  tapering  spadi.x 
throughout.  Floral  envelopes  none.  Anthers  sessile,  naked,  covering  all  the 
upper  part  of  the  spadix,  each  of  5  or  6  cells  imbedded  in  the  margin  of  a  thick 
and  shield-shaped  connective,  opening  by  a  terminal  pore.  Ovaries  1 -celled  at 
the  base  of  the  spadix,  bearing  several  amphitropous  or  nearly  orthotropous 
ovules  at  the  base  :  stigma  almost  sessile.  Fruit  a  leathery  or  fleshy  utricle, 
1  -  3-seeded.  Seed  obovate,  surrounded  by  a  tenacious  jelly,  the  base  empty, 
the  upper  part  filled  with  a  large  and  fleshy  spherical  embryo  ;  no  albumen.  — 
A  stemless  herb,  with  arrow-shaped  le<ives  and  simple  scapes  from  the  root  of 
thick  tufted  fibres.  Upper  part  of  the  spathe  and  the  sterile  portion  of  the 
spadix  rotting  away  after  flowering,  leaving  the  fleshy  base  firmly  enclosing  the 
globular  cluster  of  fruit.  (Name  composed  of  niXTr],  a  target,  and  dvijp,  for 
stamen,  from  the  shape  of  the  latter.) 

•L  P.  Virginiea,  Raf.  (P.  undulata, /?«/".  Arum  Virginieum,  Z.  Le- 
contia,  Torr.  Rensselreria,  Beck.)  —  In  shallow  water:  common.  June. — 
Leaves  large,  pointed  ;  nerves  reticulated  next  the  margin.  (It  seems  to  have 
escaped  attention  that  this  plant  has  an  exulbuminous  corm-like  embryo,  nearly  as 
in  Symplocarpus.) 

3  .    C  A  L  L  A ,    L.        Water  Arum. 

Spathe  open  and  spreading,  ovate  (abruptly  pointed,  the  upper  surface  white), 
persistent.  Spadix  oblong,  entirely  covered  with  flowers  ;  the  lower  perfect  and 
6-androus  ;  the  upper  often  of  stamens  only.  Floral  envelopes  none.  Filaments 
slender:  anthers  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  1 -celled,  with  5-9  erect 
auatropous  ovules :  stigma  almost  sessile.     Berries  (red)  distiuct,  few-seeded. 


ARACEiE.       (aUUII    FAMILY.)  477 

Seeds  with  a  conspicuous  rlmplic  nnd  an  embryo  nearly  the  length  of  the  hard 
albumen.  —  A  low  perennial  lioil),  yrowiii;;  in  cold  boos,  with  a  long  creeping 
rootstock,  bearing  heart-shajicd  long-pi'tioicd  leaves,  and  solitary  scapes.  (An 
ancient  name,  of  unknown  meaning.) 

I.  C.  pallistris,  L.  —  Cold  bogs.  New  England  to  Pcnn.,  Wisconsin,  and 
common  northward.     June.  —  Seeds  surrounded  with  jelly.     (Eu.) 

4.     SYMPLOCARPUS,     Salisb.        Skunk  Cadbage. 

Spathe  hooded-shcll-form,  pointed,  very  thick  and  fleshy,  decaying  in  fruit. 
Spadix  globular,  short-stalked,  entirely  covered  with  perfect  flowers,  which  are 
tliickly  crowded  and  their  (I-celled  or  abortively  2-celled)  ovaries  immersed  in 
the  fleshy  receptacle.  Sc])als  4,  hooded.  Stamens  4,  opposite  the  sepals,  with 
at  length  rather  slender  filaments  :  anthers  extrorse,  2-celled,  opening  length- 
wise. Style  4-angled  and  awi-shaped  :  stigma  small.  Ovule  solitary,  suspended, 
anatropous.  Fruit  a  globular  or  oval  mass,  composed  of  the  enlarged  and 
spongy  spadix,  enclosing  the  spherical  seeds  just  beneath  the  surl'ace,  which  is 
roughened  with  the  persistent  and  fleshy  sepals  and  pyramidal  styles.  Seeds 
filled  by  the  large  globular  and  fleshy  corm-like  embryo,  which  bears  one  or 
several  plumules  at  the  end  next  tbe  base  of  the  ovary;  albumen  none. — 
Perennial  herb,  with  a  strong  odor  like  that  of  the  skunk,  and  also  somewhat 
alliaceous  ;  a  thick  descending  rootstock  bearing  a  multitude  of  long  and  coarse 
fibrous  roots,  and  a  cluster  of  very  large  and  broad  entire  veiny  leaves,  preceded 
in  earliest  spring  by  the  nearly  sessile  spathes,  which  barely  rise  out  of  the 
ground.  (Name  fiom  (TVfnrXoKi],  connection,  and  Kapnus,  /mil,  in  allusion  to 
the  coalescence  of  the  ovaries  into  a  compound  fruit.) 

1.  S.  fcetidus,  Salisb.  (Ictbdes,  B^V/e/.)  —  Bogs  and  moist  grounds  :  com- 
mon. —  Leaves  ovate  and  heart-shaped,  l°-2°  long  when  grown,  short-petioled. 
—  Spathe  spotted  and  striped  with  purple  and  yellowish-green,  ovate,  incurved. 
Fruit  ripe  in  September,  forming  a  roughened  globular  mass  2'- 3'  in  diameter, 
in  decay  shedding  the  bulblet-like  seeds,  which  are  4"  -  6"  in  diameter,  and  filled 
with  the  singular  solid  fleshy  embryo. 

5.    ORONTIUM,    L.        Goldex-club. 

Spathe  incomplete  and  distant,  merely  a  leaf-sheath  investing  the  lower  part 
of  the  slender  scape,  and  bearing  a  small  and  imperfect  bract-like  blade.  Flow- 
ers  crowded  all  over  the  narrow  spadix,  perfect :  the  lower  with  6  concavo 
sepals  and  6  stamens  ;  the  upper  ones  with  4.  Filaments  flattened  :  anthers  2- 
celled,  opening  obliquely  lengthwise.  Ovary  1 -celled,  with  an  anatropous 
ovule:  stigriia  sessile,  entire.  Fruit  a  green  utricle.  Seed  without  albumen. 
Embryo  thick  and  fleshy,  "with  a  large  concealed  cavity  at  the  summit,  the 
plumule  curved  in  a  groove  on  the  outside."  {Torr.) — An  aquatic  perennial, 
with  a  deep  rootstock,  long-petiolcd  and  entire  oblong  and  nerved  floating 
leaves,  and  the  spadix  terminating  the  elongated  scape  ;  its  rather  club-shaped 
emcrsed  apex  as  thick  as  the  sp^ulix.     (Origin  of  the  name  obscure.) 

1.  O.  aquaticum,  L.  —  Ponds,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  near  the  coast, 
and  southward.     May. 


478  LEMNACK-E.       (UUCKWEEI)    FAMILY.) 

6.    ACORUS,    L.        Sweet  Flag.     Calami-s. 

Spadix  cylindrical,  lateral,  sessile,  emerging  from  the  side  of  a  simple  2-edgC(3 
scape  which  resembles  the  leaves,  densely  covered  with  perfect  Howers.  Sepals 
6,  concave.  Stamens  G  :  filaniciits  linear  •  anthers  kidney-shaped,  1-celled, 
opening  across.  Uvary  2-.3-celled,  with  sevcr.il  ])endnlous  orthotropons  ovules 
in  each  cell:  stigma  minute.  Frnit  at  length  dry,  gelatinous  inside,  1- few- 
seeded.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  all)nmcn.  —  Pungent  aromatic  plants,  especially 
the  thick  creeping  rootstocks  {ailumus  of  the  shops),  which  send  up  2-edged 
sword-like  leaves,  and  scapes  similar  to  them,  bearing  the  spadix  on  one  edge ; 
the  upper  and  more  foliaceous  prolongation  sometimes  considered  as  a  kind  of 
open  .-pathc.  (The  ancient  name,  from  a  privative,  and  Kuprj,  the  pupil  of  (he 
eyf,  having  been  used  as  a  remedy  for  sore  eyes.) 

1.  A.  Calamus,  L.  Scape  leaf-like  and  prolonged  far  beyond  the  (yel- 
lowish-green) sjjadix.  —  Margin  of  rivulets,  swamps,  &c.  Probably  truly  in- 
digenous northward.     June.     (Eu.) 

Order  108.     L,EilIl>f.4CE.13.     (Duckweed  Family.) 

Minute  stemless  plants,  Jioalinr/ free  on  the  icater,  destitute  of  distinct  stem 
and  foliage,  being  merely  a  frond,  producing  one  or  few  monoecious  flowers 
from  the  edge  or  upper  surface,  and  commonbj  hanging  roots  from  under- 
■neath :  ovules  rising  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Fruit  a  \-  7-seeded  utricle. 
Seed  large;  the  apex  or  radicular  extremitji  of  the  seed-coat  separable  as 
an  operculum  or  lid  (as  in  Cabomba,  &c.)  Embryo  straight,  surrounded  by 
Jieshy  or  sometimes  very  scanty  albumen  — The  simplest,  and  some  of  them 
the  smallest  of  flowering  plants,  j)ropagating  by  the  proliferous  growth  of  a 
new  individual  from  a  cleft  in  the  edge  or  base  of  the  parent  frond,  remain- 
ing connected  for  some  time  or  separating,  also  by  autumnal  fronds  in  the 
form  of  minute  bulblets,  which  sink  to  the  bottom  of  the  water,  but  rise 
and  vegetate  in  spring;  the  flowers  (in  summer)  and  fruit  scarce,  in  some 
species  hardly  ever  seen.  Frond  more  or  less  cavernous  ;  the  upper  sur- 
fjice  furnished  with  stomata.  —  These  plants  may  be  regarded  as  a  sort  of 
very  simpli6ed  Aracea;. 

Arranged  from  notes  contributed  by  C.  F.  Austin,  Esq.,  who  is  pre- 
paring a  monograph  of  the  American  Lenmacete. 

1.    LEMNA,    L.        DucivWEED.    Duck's-meat. 

Flowers  produced  from  a  cleft  in  the  margin  of  the  frond,  usually  three  to- 
gether surrounded  by  a  spathe  ;  two  of  them  staminate,  consisting  of  a  stamen 
only;  the  other  ])istiliate,  of  a  simple  pistil;  the  whole  therefore  imitating  a 
single  diandrous  flower.  Ster.  Fl.  Filament  slender :  anther  2-celled,  didy- 
mous ;  the  cells  dehiscent  transversely  ;  iiollcn-grains  large,  spherical,  muricate. 
Fert.  FL  Ovary  1-celled  :  style  and  truncate  or  funnel-shaped  stigma  simple. 
Ovules  and,  seeds  1-7.  —  Fronds  producing  rootlets  underneath,  proliferous 


I.EMNACE^..       (dUCKAVEKD    FAMILY.)  479 

from  a  cleft  in  the  marj^in  towards  the  base,  and  at  length  stii)itatc;  the  tissue 
abounding  with  bundles  of  acicular  rhaphides,  as  in  Araceic.     (An  old  Greek 
name,  of  uncertain  meaning.) 
§  1.    LEMNA,   Schleiden.     Root  simjlc :  omlc  one,  half-aiKilroponx  or  orlliotropoiis. 

1.  L.  trisiilca,  L.  Fronds  obloiuj-lanceolate  from  a  sta/ktd  base,  thin,  dentic- 
ulate at  the  tip  (.j'-.l'  long),  proliferous  from  one  or  both  sides;  seed  half-ami- 
troi)OH>i.  —  Ponds  and  springy  places ;  immersed  and  living  through  the  winter, 
usually  several  generations  remaining  connected.  Flowers  found,  for  the  first 
time  in  this  country,  by  C.  M.  Booth,  Rochester,  New  York.     (Eu.) 

2.  L.  Torreyi,  Austin,  n.  sp.  Fronds  oblong  or  ohouute-obtomj,  uaiiAWy  some- 
what falcate  (l"-i.i"  long),  thin,  faintly  1 -nerved,  cavernous  to  the  apex,  pale 
green  both  sides,  commonly  in  groups  of  4  -  8 ;  utricle  elongated-ovate,  pointed  by 
the  lonr/  stjjle,  flattish,  usually  half  the  length  of  the  frond  ;  seed  olilon;/  and  rather 
abruptly  expanded  below  the  middle,  unequally  cordate  at  the  base,  orthotropous, 
very  obtuse,  partly  striate  when  dry  ;  testa  fleshy,  loosely  adhering  to  the  thick- 
ish  and  solid  inner  coat;  operculum  distinctly  apicalate ;  albumen  vert/  scanli/  (a  sin- 
gle layer  of  cells).  —  Pools,  New  Jersey  (fertile)  to  Missouri  and  southward. 

3.  L.  perpusilla,  Torr.  Fronds  oborate  or  roundish-oliomte,  oblique  ( 1 "  -  1.^" 
long),  obscurely  3-nerved,  grouped  in  circular  patches  (of  4-8)  ;  utricle  ovate 
and  at  length  obliqne,  tipped  with  a  ratiier  lonrj  eccentric  sli/le;  seed  ovate  or  oval, 
obtuse,  oblique  in  the  utricle,  ortliotropous,  delicately  many-striate  when  dry ;  testa 
coriaceous,  solid,  firmly  attached  to  the  very  thin  inner  coat ;  operculum  scarcely 
apiculate  ;  albumen  abundant. — New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  soul  h  ward:  often 
fertile.  — Var.  trinervis,  Austin.  Fronds  larger,  distinctly  Averred,  thin  ;  utricle 
ovate,  pointed  with  a  nitlier  long  style  ;  se<'d  ovate,  acutish,  mostly  straight, 
unequally  cordate.  —  New  Yoik  and  Penn.  (fertile)  to  Wisconsin. 

4.  L.  minor,  L.  Fronds  o':nn(te  or  elliplirni  <ilo-nte,  thickish  (II' -2"  ]ong), 
often  grouped  and  short-stalked,  obscurely  .3-nerved  ;  utricle  short-urn-shaped  and 
tipped  ivith  a  short  style ;  seed  oval  or  ovate,  half-nnatropous,  horizontal,  parallel  with 
the  margin  of  the  frond.  —  Stagnant  waters  :  common  :    rare  in  flower.      (Eu.) 

Var.  obseiira,  Austin.  Fronds  obovate,  convex  on  both  surfaces,  often 
purple  underneath.  — New  York  to  Virginia  :  sterile. 

Var.  orbioulkta,  Austin.  Fronds  nearly  orbicular,  flat  above,  convex  and 
dark  purple  underneath,  proliferous  on  very  short  included  stalks. — New  York 
to  Wisconsin  and  southward  :  sterile.  —  This  and  the  preceding  variety  have  been 
taken  for  L.  gibba  by  American  authors. 

§2.   SPIRODELA,   Schleiden.     Pioots  several  in  a  cluster:  ovules  2,  anatro/wns. 

5.  L.  polyi'rhiza,  L.  Fronds  round-obovate  (2" -4"  long),  thick,  purple 
and  rather  convex  beneath,  dark  green  above,  palmately  (mostly  7-)  nerved. — 
Very  common  in  ponds  and  pools  ;  not  found  here  in  blossom.     (Eu.) 

§3.   TELMAT(')PHACE,   Schleiden.     noots  sim/le:  ovules  and  seeds  2-7,  ana- 
tropous:  albumen  hardly  any  in  the  mature  seid. 

6.  L.  gibba,  L.  Fronds  obovate  or  almost  orbicular  (U"-n"  long), 
nearly  flat  above,  much  thickened  and  cavernous-spongy  underneath  (almost 
hemispherical),  proliferous  on  short  and  very  fragile  stalks,   therefore  seldom 


^^0  TYPHACEJE.       (cat-tail    FAMILY.) 

moro  than  2  or  3  in  connection.  —  Occurs  in  Arizona  anvl  southward  :  but  tha 
true  plant  seems  not  to  liave  been  detccled  within  our  limits.     (Eu.) 

2.  WOLFPIA,  Horkel,  Schlei.len. 
Flowers  central,  bursting  tlirougli  the  upper  surface  of  the  globular  (or  in  some 
foreign  ones  flat)  and  loosely  cellular  frond,  only  2;  one  consisting  of  a  single 
stamen  with  a  one  celled  2-valved  anther;  the  other  of  a  globular  ovary,  tipped 
with  a  very  short  style  and  a  depressed  stigma.  Ovule  orthotropous,  rather 
oblique  in  the  cell.  Utricle  spherical.  Albumen  thin.  — Fronds  rootless,  prolif- 
erous from  a  cleft  or  funnel-shaped  opening  at  the  base,  the  offspring  soon 
detached  :  no  rhaphides.  —  The  simjjlest  and  smallest  of  flowcJring  plants,  from 
k"  -I"  long  (a  new  African  and  Cuban  species  much  larger),  floating  as  little  grains 
on  the  water.     (Named  for  John  Fred.    Wolff,  who  wrote  on  Lemna  in  1801.) 

1.  W.  Columbiana,  Karstcn.  Globose  or  globular,  J" -5"  long,  very 
loosely  cellular,  light  green  all  over,  not  dotted ;  stomata  1  -6  ;  the  opening  at 
the  base  circular  and  with  a  thin  border.  —  Floating  rather  beneath  the  surface 
of  stagnant  waters,  near  Butcher's  Bridge,  Salisbury,  Connecticut  (Rohbins,  1829), 
Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Austin),  Lake  Ontario  (Pa'nie),  Detroit  (./.  M.  Diycluw),  Illi- 
nois (/s.  Hall,  Engehiiann,  fertile),  and  Louisiana  (Riddcll). 

2.  W.  Brasiliensis,  Weddell.  01>long,  smaller  and  more  densely  cellular, 
flattisii  and  deep  gicen  witli  many  stomata  above,  tumid  and  jjalc  below,  brown- 
dotted  all  over,  anterior  edge  sharp,  opening  at  base  circular.  —  Growing  with 
the  last  from  Lake  Ontario  to  Illinois,  floating  on  the  surface.  (Char,  of  both 
by  G.  Engil matin.) 

OuDKii  109.     TYPII.iCE^.     (Cat-tail  Family.) 

Mar.'ih  or  (uiuatic  herbs,  toith  nerved  and  linear  .se.s.si7e  leaves,  and  monoe- 
cious Jloicers  on  a  spadix  or  in  heads,  destitute  of  proper  Jloral  envelopes. 
Ovary  tapering  into  a  style  and  (usually  elongated)  1 -sided  stigma. 
Fruit  nut-like  when  ripe,  1-seeded,  rarely  2-seeded.  Seed  suspended, 
anatropous  :  embryo  straiglit  in  copious  albumen.     Root  perennial. 

1.     TYPHA,     Tonrn.         C.vt-tail  Fl.\g. 

Flowers  in  a  long  and  very  dense  cylindrical  spike  terminating  the  stem  ;  the 
upper  part  consisting  of  stamens  only,  intermixed  with  long  hairs,  and  inserted 
directly  on  the  axis ;  the  lower  or  fertile  part  consisting  of  ovaries,  surrotinded 
by  club-shaped  bristles,  which  form  the  copious  down  of  the  fruit.  Nutlets 
minute,  very  long-stalked.  —  Spathes  merely  deciduous  bracts,  or  none.  Iloot- 
stoek.5  creeping.  Leaves  long,  sheathing  the  base  of  the  simple  jointless  stems, 
erect,  thicki.sh.     Flowering  in  summer.     (Name  from  rlcfios,  a  fen.) 

1.  T.  Iatif61ia,  L.  (Common  Cat-tail  or  Reed-macf..)  Leaves  flat: 
staininate  and  pistillate  parts  of  the  spike  a])proximato.     Common.     (Eu.) 

2.  T.  angUStif6Iia,  L.  (Narrow-leaved  or  Saiai.l  C.)  Leares  chan- 
nrlled  towards  the  Ixise,  narroirlij  linear :  staminate  and  ]iistillatc  parts  of  the  sjjike 
usually  separated  by  an  interval.     A  rarer  and  smaller  jjlant.     (Eu.) 


TYPHACE^.       (cat-tail    FASIILY.)  481 

2.    SPARGANIUM,     Tourn.       Pur-keed. 

Flowers  collected  in  separate  dense  and  spherical  leafy-bracted  heads,  which 
are  scattered  along  the  summit  of  the  stem;  the  upper  ones  sterile,  consistinj; 
merely  of  stamens,  with  minute  scales  irregularly  interposed ;  the  lower  or  fer- 
tile larger,  consisting  of  numerous  sessile  pistils,  each  surrounded  by  3 -6  scales 
much  like  a  calyx.  Fruit  wedge-shaped  or  club-shaped.  —  Kootstocks  creeping 
and  stolonifcrous :  roots  fibrous.  Stems  simple  or  branching,  sheathed  l)elow 
by  the  base  of  the  linear  leaves.  Flowering  through  the  summer.  ( Xame  from 
aniipyavov,  aJiUet,  from  the  ribbon-like  leaves.)    By  Dr.  G.  Engelmann. 

♦  Enct,  with  branched  inflorescence  of  numerous  heads:  pistil  as  lonrjas  the  surround- 

ing truncate  scales,  attenuated  into  a  short  style  bearing  one  or  ojlen  two  elongated 
stigmas :  nuts  sessile,  wedge-shaped,  angular:  leases  for  the  greater  part  flat  and 
merely  keeled,  the  base  triangular  with  concave  sides. 

1.  S.  euryc&.rpum,  Engelm.  Fruit  many-angled  (3j"-4"long)  when 
fully  ripe,  with  a  broad  and  depressed  or  retuse  summit  (2^"-3|"  wide)  ab- 
ruptly tipped  in  the  centre  ;  fruit  heads  1'  wide.  (S.  ramosum,  in  part,  of  most 
American  botanists.)  —  Borders  of  ponds,  lakes,  and  rivers,  from  New  Kngland 
and  Pennsylvania  northward  and  westward.  —  Stems  stout,  2°  -  4°  high ;  heads 
2  to  6  or  more  :  the  largest  species  known. 

(S.  ram6sum,  Hudson,  of  Europe,  has  not  yet  been  found  on  this  continent: 
It  is  distinguished  by  smaller  heads,  and  smaller,  few-angled,  usually  1 -seeded 
fruit,  with  a  conical  and  long-pointed  summit.) 

*  *  Erect  or  rarely  floating,  with  simple  (or  rarely  branched)  inflorescence  of  numer- 

ous heads ;  the  conspicuous  style  longer  than  the  spatulate  denticulate  scales :  stig- 
mas always  single,  linear  or  oolong :  nuts  attenuated  at  both  ends,  and  with  a 
stalked  base,  nearly  terete :  stems  rather  slender :  leaves  {unless  floating)  triangu- 
lar with  flat  sides  in  the  lower  half. 

2.  S.  simplex,  Hudson,  genuinum.  Erect  (9'- 15'  high),  slender;  in- 
florescence simple,  the  lower  heads  supra-axillary,  sessile  or  commonly  pedun- 
cled  (""-8"  wide);  stigma  linear,  equal  to  the  style;  fruit  more  or  less  con- 
tracted in  the  middle.  — New  England  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

Var.  Nuttallii.  Like  the  last  or  type,  but  heads  axillary  ;  stigma  linear- 
oblong,  shorter  than  the  style;  fruitless  contracted.  (S.  Americanum,  A^u?/.) 
—  From  Pennsylvania  and  New  England  northward  and  northwestward.  —  In- 
florescence rarely  branched  ;  heads  8"  -  9"  wide. 

Var.  androcladum.  Stouter  (l^°-3°  high) ;  inflorescence  branched  be- 
low; branches  bearing  numerous  sterile  (rarely  also  1  or  even  2  fertile)  heads; 
stigma  linear,  as  long  as  the  style;  fruit  larger,  not  contracted,  long-tapering 
upwards  and  dcwnwards.  (S.  ramosum,  in  part,  of  American  authors.)  —  From 
New  England  southward  and  especially  westward.  —  Heads  10"-  12"  wide. 

Var.  fltiitans.  Leaves  floating ;  inflorescence  branched  ;  branches  bearing 
fertile  heads  below ;  stigma  oval,  shorter  than  the  style ;  fruit  somewhat  con- 
tracted and  with  a  short  stipe.  (S.  fluitans,  Fries.)  — Ponds  at  the  base  of  the 
White  Mountains,  Oakes. — Heads  6" -7"  wide.     (En.) 

Var.  augustifdlium.  Leaves  floating,  longer  and  narrower  than  in  the 
GM     21 


482  NAIADACE^..       (PONDWEED    FAMILY.) 

last ;  inflorescence  simple  ;  lower  fertile  heads  usually  supra-axillary,  sessile  or 
pedundctl ;  stiiinia  line:ir,  about  the  length  of  the  style;  fruit  smaller,  short- 
stipcd,  contracted  in  the  middle.     (IS.  anLjustii'olium,  Mic/tx.     S.  affiiie,  Schnitz- 
lein  ;  said  to  be  the  true  S.  natans  of  Linna;us.)  —  Mountain  lakes  and  slow 
streams.   New  York,    New  Englaml,    and   northward.  —  Heads  5" -7"  wide. 
Dwarf  states,  growing  nearly  out  of  water,  have  shorter  erect  leaves.     (Eu.) 
•  *  *  Usually  flouting,  with  venj  slender  stems  and  delicate  alwaj/sflat  and  narrow 
leaves:  inflortscence  simple,  of  flto  small  heads:  stifjma  oval,  about  as  long  as 
the  short  style,  scared y  surpassing  the  oval  or  olmvate  denticulate  scah  s :  nuts  oval, 
loith  a  very  short  stipe  and  short  jwint. 
3.    S.  minimum,  Bauhin,  Fries.     Fertile  heads  solitary  or  usually  2,  ax- 
illary, sessile  or  the  lower  one  pedunded,  fruit  heads  4" -5"  in  diameter;  nuts 
somewhat  triangular,  the  lower  third  usually  contracted ;  stems  when  out  of 
water  only  5'-6'  high  ;  when  submersed  longer.     (S.  natans,  of  older  authors, 
but  not  of  Linnieus,  according  to  Fries.     S.  angustifolium,  Ed.  2.)  —  Northern 
New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  iiortiiward.     (Eu.) 

OrDF.U    110.      NAIADACE.I:.      (PONDWEI^D    FaMII.Y.) 

Immersed  aquatic  plants,  u-ilh  Jointed  stems  and  sheathing  stipules  within 
'  the  petioles,  or  with  sheathing  bases  to  the  leaves,  inconspicuous  flowers,  tohich 
are  naked  or  with  a  free  merely  scale-like  calyx:  (he  ovaries  solitary  or  2-4 
and  distinct,  1-celled,  1-ovuled.  Seed  -withGut  albumen,  filled  by  the  large 
embryo,  often  curved  or  hooked.  Flowei-s  usually  bursting  from  a  spatbe, 
sometimes  on  a  spadix. 

*  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  iixillary,  naked,  nionandrous. 

1.  Nnias.     Pistils  solitary  and  n.aked.    Siigaias2or4 

2.  Zaiiiiichellia.     Pistils  about  4  from  a  cup-shaped  involucre  or  sheath. 

3.  Zoslcro.     Pistils  and  anthers  alternately  sessile  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  a  lincarspadis 

enclo.sed  in  a  leaf.     Stigmas  2. 

*  #  Flowers  perfect,  spiked  or  clustered. 

4.  Rnppia.     Flowers  naked  (no  perianth),  each  of  4  large  anther-cells,  and  4  ovaries. 
6.    Potamogetoii.     Flowers  with  sepals,  stamens,  and  sessile  ovaries  each  4. 

1.     NAIAS,     L.        Naiad. 

Flowers  dioecious  or  monoecious,  axillary,  solitary  and  sessile ;  the  sterile  con- 
tisting  of  a  single  stamen  enclosed  in  a  little  membranous  spathe :  anther  at 
.first  nearly  sessile,  the  filament  at  length  elongated.  Fertile  flowers  consisting 
of  a  single  ovary  tapering  into  a  short  style:  stigmas  2-4,  awl-shaped:  ovule 
erect,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  little  seed-like  nutlet,  enclosed  in  a  loose  and  sejjara- 
blc  membranous  cpicarp.  Embryo  straight,  the  radicular  end  downwards.  — 
Slender  branching  herbs,  growing  under  water,  with  o])j)osite  and  linear  leaves, 
somewhat  crowded  into  whorls,  spinulose-toothed,  sessile  and  dilated  at  the  base. 
Flowers  very  small,  solitary,  but  often  clustered  with  the  branch-leaves  in  the 
axils;  in  summer.  (Naids,  water-nymph;  au  ill-chosca  uame  for  these  insig- 
nificant water- weeds.) 


NAIADACK^.       (PONDWEED    FAMILY.)  483 

1.  M".  mkjOV,  All.  Leaves  linear,  rather  broad,  strongly  rcpand-toothed, 
the  back  as  well  a>  the  stern  more  or  less  beset  with  little  spines,  the  sheathing 
base  entire  or  nearly  so;  flowers  dioeeious ;  antlur  4-cclled,  4-valved.  —  New 
York,  Onondaga  Lake,  G.  ^F.  Clinton ;  Lake  Ontario,  near  Roehester,  C.  M. 
Booth:  recent  discoveries.     (Eu.) 

2.  N.  flexilis,  liostk.  Leaves  very  narrowly  linear  and  minutely  serrate, 
as  is  their  alniiiit  rounded  sheathing  base ;  flowers  monoecious  ?  (N.  Canadensis, 
Michx.     Cauliuia  flcxilis,  ]Villd.) — I'onds  and  slov.' streams  :  common.     (Eu.) 

2.     ZANNICHELLIA,     Micheli.         Horned  Pondweed. 

Flowers  monoecious,  sessile,  naked,  usually  both  kinds  from  the  same  axil ; 
the  sterile  consisting  of  a  single  stamen,  with  a  slender  filament  bearing  a  2-4- 
cclled  anther;  the  fertile  of  2-.'j  (usually  4)  sessile  pistils  in  the  same  cup- 
shaped  involucre,  forming  obliquely  oblong  nutlets  in  fruit,  beaded  wuh  a  short 
style,  which  is  tipped  by  an  obliquely  disk-shaped  or  somewhat  2-lobed  stigma. 
Seed  oithotropous,  suspended,  straight.  Cotyledon  taper,  bent  r--id  coiled  up. 
—  Slender  branching  herbs,  growing  under  water,  with  opposit-^  or  alternate 
long  and  linear  thread  form  entire  leaves,  and.  sheathing  memU-anous  stipules- 
(Named  in  honor  o? Zanniclie/li,  a  Venetian  botanist.) 

1.  Z.  paltistris,  L.  Style  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  fn-it,  which  is  flat- 
tish,  somewhat  incurved,  even,  or  occasionally  more  or  less  top*hed  on  the  back 
(not  wing-margined  in  our  plant),  nearly  sessile  ;  or,  in  var.  PEruvcuLXxA,  both 
the  cluster  and  the  separate  fruits  evidently  pedunclcd.  —  -.Vuds  and  slow 
streams:  rather  rare.     July.     (Eu.) 

3.    ZOSTERA,    L.        Gr.\ss-avkack.    EEr  crass. 

Flowers  monoecious  ;  the  two  kinds  naked  and  sessile  and  alternately  aiTanged 
in  two  rows  on  the  midrib  of  one  side  of  a  linear  leaf-like  spadix,  which  is  hid- 
den in  a  long  and  sheath-like  base  of  a  leaf  (spatiie) ;  the  sterile  flowers  consist- 
ing of  single  ovate  or  oval  1-celled  sessile  anthers,  as  large  a?  the  ovaries,  and 
containing  a  tuft  of  threads  in  place  of  ordinary  jrollen ;  the  fertile  of  single 
ovate-oblong  ovaries  attached  near  their  apex,  tapering  upward  into  an  awl- 
shaped  style,  and  containing  a  pendulous  orthotropous  ovule :  r>tigmas  2,  long 
and  bristle-form,  deciduous.  Utricle  bursting  irregularly,  enclcsing  an  oblong 
longitudinally  ribbed  seed  (or  nutlet).  Embryo  short  and  thick  (proper  cotyle- 
don almost  obsolete),  with  an  open  chink  or  cleft  its  whole  length,  from  which 
protrudes  a  doubly  curved  slender  plumule. —  Grass-like  marine  herbs,  growing 
wholly  under  water,  from  a  jointed  creeping  stem  or  rootstock,  sheathed  by  the 
bases  of  the  very  long  and  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  grass-like,  ribbon-shaped  'eaves 
(whence  the  name,  from  ^coarijp,  a  hiind). 

1.  Z.  marina,  L.  Leaves  obscurely  3-5-nerved.  —  Common  :r.  htys 
along  the  coast,  in  water  of  5° -15°  deep.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

4.     RIJPPIA,     L.         Ditch-grass. 

Flowers  perfect,  2  or  more  apjiroximated  on  a  slender  spadix,  which  'S  at  first 
enclosed  in  the  sheathing  spathe-like  base  of  a  leaf,  entirely  destitute  <>f  flu/^h 


484  NAIADACE^.       (PONDWEED    FAMILY.) 

envelopes,  consisting  of  2  sessile  stamens,  each  with  2  large  and  separate  an- 
ther-cells and  4  small  sessile  ovaries,  with  a  single  campylotropous  suspended 
ovule  :  stigma  sessile,  depressed.  Fruit  of  little  obliquely-ovate  pointed  drupes, 
each  raised  on  a  slender  stalk  which  appears  after  tlowcring;  the  spadix  itself 
also  then  raised  on  an  elongated  thread-form  peduncle.  Embryo  ovoid,  with  a 
short  and  pointed  plumule  from  the  ui)pcr  end,  by  the  side  of  the  short  cotyle- 
don.—  Marine  herbs,  growing  under  water,  with  long  and  thiead-like  forking 
stems,  and  slender  almost  capillary  alternate  leaves,  sheathing  at  the  base. 
Flowers  rising  to  the  surface  at  the  time  of  expansion.  (Dedicated  to  //.  D. 
liu/i/iins,  a  German  botanical  author  of  the  early  part  of  the  1 8th  century,) 

1.  R.  maritima,  L.  Leaves  linear-capillary  ;  nut  ovate,  obliquely  erect; 
fruiting  peduncles  capillary  (|^'  - 1 '  long).  —  Shallow  bays,  along  the  whole  coast : 
also  Onondaga  Lake  (near  salt  springs).  New  York,  J.  A.  Pdine.  Chiefly  a 
narrowly  leaved  variety  with  strongly  pointed  fruit,  approaching  K.  rostcllata, 
Koch.     June -Sept.     (Eu.) 

5.    POTAMOGETON,    Tourn.        Fondweed. 

Flowci's  perfect.  Sepals  4,  rounded,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  oppo- 
site the  sepals  :  anthers  nearly  sessile,  2-cellcd.  Ovaries  4  (rarely  only  one), 
with  an  ascending  campylotropous  ovule  :  stigma  sessile  or  on  a  short  style. 
Fruit  drupe-like  when  fresh,  more  or  less  compressed  :  endocarp  {nutlet)  crns- 
taeeous.  Embryo  hooked,  annular,  or  cochleatc,  the  radicular  end  pointing 
downwards.  —  Herbs  of  fresh,  or  one  in  brackish,  ponds  and  streams,  with  jointed 
mostly  rooting  stems,  and  2-rankcd  leaves,  which  are  usually  alternate  or  im- 
perfectly opposite  ;  the  submersed  ones. pellucid,  the  floating  ones  often  dilated, 
and  of  a  firmer  texture.  Stipules  membranous,  more  or  less  united  and  sheath- 
ing. Spikes  sheathed  by  the  stipules  in  the  bud,  mostly  raised  on  a  peduncle  to 
the  surface  of  the  water.  (An  ancient  name,  composed  of  7rora/Aoj,  a  river,  and 
yeiTcov,  (I  ml(ihbor,  from  their  place  of  growth.) 

The  following  account  of  the  genus  is  contributed  by  Dr.  J.  W.  Robbins,  of 
Uxbridge,  Mass.  —  By  fruit,  the  full-grown  fresh  or  macerated  fruit  is  intended  ; 
by  nutlet,  that  with  the  fleshy  outer  portion  or  epicarp  removed.  All  except 
No.  15  flower  in  summer:  the  month  mentioned  indicates  the  season  of  the 
maturation  of  the  fruit,  which,  especially,  should  be  collected. 
§  I.  DiVERSiFOLii.     Leaves  of  tico  sorts ;  the  flocitinrj  ones  coriaceous,  and  different 

in  form  from  the  more  delicate  submersed  ones. 
*  Submersed  leaves  mostli/  loilh  no  distinction  of  blade  and  petiole,  being  in  fact  blade- 

hss  more  or  less  flattened  /letioies,  or  phi/llodia,  sessile,  grass-like,  narrowljj  linear, 

or  so  attenuated  as  to  become  flii form  or  capillar j/. 
•*- Stems  rather  stout :  stipules  free  from  the  leaves  :  .spikes  all  cmersed,  cijlindriral  and 

denselji  fruitfd :  fruits fle^hij  and  turnid,  oUUqnclj  ohovate  :  enihri/o  coiled  into  less 

or  saircelfi  more  than  one  turn. 

1.    P.  nutans,  L.      Stem  simi>le  or  fparinglg  branched ;    floating  leaves  all 

long-petioled,  elliptical  or  ovate,  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  obtuse  but  with  a 

blunt  point,  21  -29ncrved  ;  upper  submersed  leaves  lanceolate,  early  perishing, 

the  lower  (later  in  the  season)  very  slender  (3' -7'  long,  barely  a  line  wide); 


NAIADACE^.       (rONDWEED    FAMILY.)  485 

tipper  stipules  venj  long,  acute;  peduncle  about  the  thichiess  of  the  stem ;  spikes  1'  -2' 
long  ;  sides  of  the  turgid  nutlet  with  a  small  deep  impression  in  the  middle ;  embryo 
coiled  into  an  incomplete  elliptical  ring.  —  Var.  PROLfxus,  Koch.  More  slen- 
der ;  upper  leaves  lanceolate,  frequently  submersed,  acute;  stem  (6° -12°), 
suiimcvscd  leaves  (sometimes  21')  and  stipules  very  lon;^-.  —  Common  in  ponds 
and  ditches  :  the  var.  in  deep  flowing  water.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  P.  OakesianuS,  Robbins,  n.  sp.  Stem  more  slender,  ?«Hr/i  branched; 
floating  leaves  smaller  (1'-  Ij'  long),  ovate-  or  obloug-clliptical,  obtuse,  fewcr- 
(17-23-)  nerved;  lowest  submersed  ones  almost  capillary  (only  ^"-5"  wide), 
continuing  through  the  flowering  season;  spikes  shorter  H'-l'  long),  on  pe- 
duncles much  thicker  than  the  stem  ;  fruit  smaller  and  more  acute  ;  sides  of  the  tur- 
cjid  nutlet  not  at  cdl  impressed ;  curvature  of  the  embryo  nearly  circular,  its  apex 
directed  to  a  point  above  its  base. — Ponds,  and  especially  pools  and  stagnant 
ditches,  not  rare  in  E.  Massachusetts.     Aug. 

3.  P.  Claytbnii,  Tuckcrman.  Stemx  compressed,  often  simple  from  the 
creeping  rootstocks  ;  floating  leaves  chiefly  opposite  (1'- Ij'  long),  11-17- 
nerved,  oblong,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  the  lower  gradually  narrowing  and 
passing  into  the  submersed  ones,  which  are  very  numerous  and  approximate, 
2-riuiked,  linear  (2'-5'  long,  and  l"-2.i"  wide),  5-nervcd,  the  lateral  nerves 
slender  and  nearly  marginal,  the  space  within  the  inner  nerves  coarsely  cellular- 
reticulated ;  stipules  very  obtuse;  spikes  numerous,  about  the  length  of  the  thick- 
ened peduncle ;  _//•«/<  ?-ou/iof-o6ofafe,  flattish,  3-keeled  when  dry;  nutlet  distinctly 
impressed  on  the  sides ;  curvature  of  the  embryo  transversely  oval.  (P.  Nuttallii, 
Chamisso?)  —  Still  or  flowing  water,  and  even  in  small  streams:  common. — 
Perfectly  distinct,  and  peculiar  in  the  reticulation  of  the  centre  of  the  delicate 
grass-like  submersed  leaves.      July,  Aug. 

H-  -1-  Characters  of  the  preceding  section,  but  all  the  parts  small,  slender  and  delicate 
as  in  the  next,  or  as  in  No.  20  (and  like  it  propagated  by  autumn  buds),  but  with 
coriaceous  floating  leaves. 

4.  P.  V^seyi,  Robbins,  n.  sp.  Very  delicate  ;  stem  almost  capillary ; 
floating  leaves  obovate  (3" -5"  long)  and  about  the  length  of  their  filiform 
petioles,  with  5  nerves  deeply  impressed  beneath,  cross-veins  distinct  ;  sub- 
mersed leaves  filiform-linear,  very  attenuate  (l'-2'  long,  l"-^"  wide)  and 
acute  ;  stipules  not  adnate,  scarious  ;  spikes  all  emersed  and  similar,  few,  inter- 
rupted-oblong, 3  -  .5-flowered,  on  a  thiekish  peduncle  ;  fruit  oblique  round- 
obovate  (§"  long)  compressed,  slightly  sharp-margined,  tipped  with  a  distinct 
recui-ved  style,  the  sides  impressed  and  face  acute ;  upper  portion  of  the  embryo 
circularly  incurved,  its  apex  transverse  to  the  fruit. — Illinois,  near  Ringwood, 
McHenry  Co.,  Dr.  G.  Vasi'y.  Apparently  also  in  Quinsigamond  Lake,  Mass. 
■I-  -t-  -t-    Stems  slender  or  fliform  and  much  branched:  floating  leaves  sonutlmes 

wanting :  stipules  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  leaf:  spikes  of  two  kinds :  one  emersed, 
cylindrical  and  viauy-flowered,  on  a  clnb-shtped  peduncle ;  the  ollur  submei'sid, 
globular  and  few-flowered :  fruit  fat,  cochleate,  with  thin  or  scurcily  any  flesh, 
and  a  thin  nutlet:  emliryo  spiral. 

5.  P.  Spirillus,  Tuckerman.  Floating  leaves  varying  from  oval  to 
lance-oblong  and  lanceolate  (the  largest  10"  long  and  4"  wide), usually  obtusei 


486  NAIADACIi^E.       (I'ONDWKKD    FAMILY.) 

about  equalling  the  rather  dilaled  petioles,  with  5  -  many  nerves  beneath  deeply 
impressed  ;  upper  submersed  leaves  either  witli  or  without  a  lanee-oblong  or 
broad-linear  prui)er  blade;  the  numerous  lower  ones  narrow-linear,  tapering 
towards  the  obtuse  apex  ('i'  -  1^'  long,  i"-'i'  wide)  ;  stipules  early  laeeratc ; 
suimtrsid Jhiicers  tistudli/  solitary  on  verif  sliorl  ertct  peduncles;  sliell-slmpedfrtdt  with 
the  back  either  a-imjed  and  with  4-5  distinct  letth  or  wiiajless  and  entire;  embryo 
coiled  \[  turns.  —  Uivers,  and  even  far  up  snuill  streams,  in  company  witli  the 
Ko.  3,  or  rarely  with  the  following,  Maine  (J.  Blake)  to  Lake  Superior  and 
Virginia.     June -Aug.  —  Stem  less  slender  than  the  next. 

6.  P.  hybl'idus,  Miehx.  Floating  leaves  varying  from  oval  to  lance- 
oblong ;  (the  largest  10"  long  and  6"  wide),  often  acute,  longer  than  the  JH iforni 
\)etioles,  with  about  5-7  nerves  beneath  deeply  impressed  ;  submersed  leaves  very 
numerous,  alniost  setaceous,  (l'-3'  long,  very  rarely  ^"  wide) ;  stipules  oljtuse; 
mbmersed  spikes  1  -4-Ho\vered,  their  fieduncles  (of  their  own  langth)  Jie(jueiitli/ 
recurved ;  J'ruit  minute,  about  8-louthed  on  the  margin;  embryo  coiled  l^  turns.  (P. 
diversifolius,  Barton.  P.  setaceus,  Pursli.)  —  Shallow  stagnant  waters.  June  - 
Aug.  —  Emersed  spikes  4"  to  (in  var.  spicatus,  Enijdm.)   7"  long. 

*  *  Submersed  leaves  lanceolate,  rarely  oral  or  linear,  membranaceous. 

7.  P.  rufescens,  Schrader.  Stem  simple,  floating  leaves  (often  wanting, 
p.  obrutus,  Wood)  rather  thin,  wedge-oblunceolute,  narrowed  into  a  .short  petiole,  1 1  - 
17-ncrved;  submersed  leaves  almost  sessi'fe,  lanceolate  and  lance-oblong,  smooth 
on  the  margin,  fewer-nerved  ;  stipules  broad,  hyaline,  obtuse,  ui)])cr  ones 
acuminate;  fruit  obovate,  lenticular,  pitted  when  immature,  with  an  acute 
margin  and  pointed  with  the  rather  long  style ;  embryo  incompletely  annular. 
—  Rivers  and  streams,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  and  especially 
northward.  —  Aug.  -  Sept.  —  Spike  often  somewhat  compound  !     (Eu.) 

8.  P.  lonchites,  Tuckerman.  Stem  often  branching  below ;  ^floating 
leaves  thiimish,  lance-oblong  or  long-elliptical,  often  acute,  loiig-petiuled,  17-2-3- 
nerved;  submersed  leav&i  very  long  (.3' -12',  by  2"- 12"  wide),  lanceolate  and 
lanre-linear,  7-15-nerved,  coarsely  reticulated  ;  peduncles  somewhat  thickened 
upwards  ;  fruit  obliquely  obovate,  obscurely  3-keeled  when  fresh  and  distinctly 
so  when  dry,  the  middle  one  winged  above  and  sometimes  with  3-5  shallow 
indentations;  the  rounded  slightly  curved  face  surmounted  by  the  short  style; 
nutlet  with  the  sides  scarcely  impressed ;  upper  part  of  the  embryo  circulirly 
incurved.  (P.  Americanus,  Chamisso?)  —  Rivers  and  ponds,  New  England  to 
Illinois.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  More  slender  than  the  very  similar  P.  fliiitaus  of 
Europe,  its  leaves  longer  petioled,  the  floating  ones  more  abrupt  at  the  base  ; 
stipules  not  bicarinate.    Cham i.sso's  name  of  this  and  Xo.  3   merely  provisional. 

9.  P.  pulcher,  Tuckerman.  Stem  simple,  black-spotted ;  leaves  of  three 
kinds;  floating  ones  becoming  very  large  (4^'  by  3h')  roundish-ovate  and  cordate 
or  ovate-oblong,  2!i- 37 -nerved;  idl  alternate;  upper  submersrd  ones  (3-5)  usually 
lanceolate,  acute  at  the  base  and  very  long-acuminate,  10- 15-ncrvc(l,  very  thin, 
cellular  each  side  of  the  midril),  undulate,  short-jietioled  ;  lowest  (2-4  near  the 
base  of  the  stem)  thicker,  jilane,  oval  or  oblong  with  a  rounded  base,  or  spatulate- 
oblong,  on  longer  petioles;  stipules  rather  short  and  obtuse;  peduncles  thicker 
than  the  stem ;  fruit  with  a  rounded  back  and  angular  face,  pointed  with  the 


NAIADACE^.       (rONDWEKD    FAMILY.)  487 

Style,  distinctly  3-keelcd  when  fresh,  sharply  so  when  dry ;  nutlet  marked  on 
the  back  by  two  deep  furrows  and  in  front  by  a  sinus  below  the  angle;  sides 
flat;  upper  portion  of  the  embryo  circularly  much  incurved.  — Ponds;  found  as 
yet  only  in  ICastern  Massachusetts  and  "  in  ponds  on  hills  north  of  St.  Louis," 
Missoui'i,  Eiif/Jiiiann  :  also  Georgia,  Le  Conte.  —  July,  Aug. 

10.  P.  amplif61ius,  Tuckerman.  Stems  simple,  of  very  variable  length  ; 
flodtlii'i  leaves  (sometimes  wanting)  large,  oUoiig  or  lance-utnile,  sometimes  slightly 
cordate  at  base,  abruptly  acutish,  30 -  50-nerved,  on  rather  lonrj  petioles;  sub- 
mersed leaves  often  very  large  (reaching  7'  by  2'),  lanceolate  or  oval,  acute  at 
each  end,  usually  much  recurved,  undulate,  mostly  on  short  petioles  ;  stipules 
verij  long  and  tapering  to  a  point,  soon  becoming  loose ;  peduncles  thickened  up- 
ward, in  deep  water  much  elongated  ;  fruit  rather  obliquely  obovate,  the  back 
rounded  and  bluntly  keeled;  nutlet  slightly  impressed  on  the  sides;  upper 
portion  of  the  embryo  incurved  into  a  ring.  —  Ponds  and  large  rivers  :  not  rare. 
■ — Aug.,  Sept. — In  very  shallow  water  sometimes  without  membi-anaceous 
leaves,  and  in  deep  water  it  may  have  those  only.  —  (Leaves  on  a  radical 
shoot  in  one  specimen  with  adnate  stipules  !) 

11.  P.  gramineus,  L.  Stem  slender,  verg  branching  hc\o\v;  duating  leaves 
mostly  thin,  variable,  but  with  a  short  blunt  point,  9-I5-nerved;  submersed 
ones  usually  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  narrowed 
towards  the  base,  about  7-nerved  on  the  stem  and  3-nerved  on  the  branches ; 
upper  ones  petioled,  lower  sessile;  stipules  obtuse,  loose;  peduncles  somewhat 
thickened  upwards;  fruit  small,  roundish,  compressed,  scarcely  keeled;  upper 
portion  of  the  embryo  annular,  (P.  heterophyllus,  Schreber.)  —  Still  or  flowing- 
water  :  common.  —  Varies  exceedingly  in  its  submersed  leaves,  peduncles,  and 
otherwise.  The  ordinary  forms  are: — Var.  gkaminif6|||^,  Fries.  Sub- 
mersed leaves  lance-linear,  attenuate  at  each  end,  flaccid,  sometimes  more 
than  4'  long  by  3"  wide  ;  stem  elongated. — Var.  hetkropiiy'llu.s,  Fries. 
Lower  leaves  shorter,  lanceolate,  more  rigid  :  the  commonest  form.  The  follow- 
ing are  doubtfully  referred  to  this  species.     (Eu.) 

Var.?  Spathul3ef6rmis.  (P.  spathaeformis,  7'»r/v?7?)f7)),in  herb.)  Branches 
scattered ;  floating  leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  with  a  larger  point ;  subinersed 
ones  spatulate-oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  sometimes  recurved  ;  spikes  large  and 
densely  flowered. — Mystic  Pond,  near  Boston,  Tuckerman.  The  fruit  is  lacking 
to  prove  its  rank. 

Var.  1  myrioph^llus.  Sending  up  from  running  rootstocks  many  short 
repeatedly  dichotomous  and  densely  leafy  stems ;  fertile  stems  very  slender ; 
floating  leaves  small,  delicate,  lance-oblong,  on  long  filiform  petioles  ;  sub- 
mersed stem-leaves  larger,  early  perishing  ;  those  of  the  branches  (deep  green) 
linear-oblanceolate,  very  small  (|'-l'long),  acute,  sometimes  minutely  serru- 
late ;  spike  slender,  loosely-flowered,  much  shorter  than  the  thickened  peduncle. 
—  Apponaug  Pond,  Rhode  Island,  without  fruit. 

§  2.  CoNFORMiFOLii.     Leaves  all  submersed  and  similar,  mostlg  sestile,  memhntna- 
ceous  and  dilated,  lanceolate,  oblong,  or  oval.     (Stipules  obtuse,  becoming  loo<e.] 

12.  P,  Iticens,  L.  Stem  thick,  branching,  sometimes  very  large;  leaves 
more  or  less  puiulcd,  oval  or  lanceolate,  mucronate,  often  rough-serrulate, //-cguen/Zj/ 


488,  naiadacejE.      (pondwef.d  familt.) 

ffiinhitj ;  fruit  ro\m(\hh  and  compressed,  «v7A  ohtusr  margins,  sliuhilji  heelid;  em- 
bryo eirciilarly  incurviMl  aKovc  —  Ponds  -.  not  common.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Eu.) 

Var.  minor,  Xoltc.  Smaller;  upper  leaves  distinctly  petioled  am\  sometimes 
emersed,  the  otlicrs  siil)sessile,  all  usually  numerous,  undulate  and  sliinivg. 

Var.  ?  Connecticutensis.  Stem  flexuous  ;  Itaves  all  submersed,  nearly 
sessile,  laiieeulale,  acumindte,  crisped,  not  shininrj ;  fruit  larr/rr,  diatiiictli/  keeled; 
nutlet  thiek  and  hard.  —  Saltonstall's  pond,  East  Haven,  Conneeticut,  18.50. 

13.  P.  pi*8el6ngUS,  Wulfen.  Stem  very  long,  brandling,  flexuous  ;  haves 
lanee-oblong  or  laneeolate  (sometimes  7'  long),  hdlfclasjiinfj,  obtuse  with  a  boat- 
s'iii/>ed  cavil ij  lit  the  extremity,  thenec  splitting  on  pressure;  stipules  searious, 
very  obtuse;  sj)ikes  rather  loose-flowered;  peduncles  very  Ion;/  (sometimes  reach- 
ing 20') ;  fruit  obliquely  obovate,  compressed,  sliarjilij  keeled  when  dry  ;  style  ter- 
minating the  nearly  straight  iace ;  curve  of  tbc  embryo  oval  and  longitudinal.  — 
Ponds  and  large  rivers,  E.  New  England,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes  to  Lake 
Superior.     Sept.,  Oct.  —  Stem  wbite  :  foliage  brigbt  green.     (Eu.) 

14.  P.  pei'foliatUS,  L.  Stem  i)ranehing;  leaves  orbicular,  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late from  a  cordute-claspiiifj  base,  usually  obtuse  and  often  minutely  serrulate; 
peduncles  short,  cylindrical ;  fruit  irregularly  obovate,  obtusely  manjintd;  embryo 
incurved  in  an  oval.  —  Ponds  and  slow  streams  :  common.     Sept.,  Oct.     (Eu.) 

Var.  laneeolatus.  Larger;  leaves  long-lanceolate  from  a  cordate-elnsping 
base  and  acuminate,  wavy,  3'  to  sometimes  4.^'  long ;  peduncles  thickevcd  upivurds. 
—  Along  the  Great  Lakes.  —  This  form  seems  peculiarly  American. 

15.  P.  crispus,  L.  Stem  compressed;  leaves  linear-oblong,  half-clasping,  ob- 
tuse, serrulate,  crisped-wavij ,  3-neived ;  fruit  long-beaked ;  upper  portion  of  the  em- 
bryo incurved  in.  a  large  circle.  —  Flowing  and  stagnant  waters,  Delaware, 
Penn.,  and  IsevsH^sey,  Tatnall,  Porter,  Meehan.    June,  July.     (Eu.) 

§  3.  Angl'STIFOHI.  Leaves  all  submersed  and  similar,  mostly  membranaceous  and 
sessile,  linear  or  sfitareous.  (xVo.  16,  17,  and  20  are  of  en  gemmiparous,  propa- 
gating by  narrow  terminal  buds  detached  in  autumn.) 

*  Slifiiiles  free  from  the  sheathing  base  of  the  leaf. 

16.  P.  COmpressus,  L.  (ex  Fries.)  Stem  branching,  wiug-flatlened ;  leaves 
linear  and  grass-like  (commonly  4'  by  l.j'),  abruptly  pointed,  with  many  fne  and 
5  larger  nerves;  stipules  (seen  young)  oblong,  very  obtuse  ;  sjtikes  cylindrical,  12- 
1.5-flowered,  7iot  half  as  long  as  the  peduncle;  fruit  obliquely  obovate,  somewhat 
keeled  and  with  slight  teeth  on  the  back,  the  sides  not  impressed,  the  face  arch- 
ing and  terminated  by  the  short  style ;  summit  of  the  large  embryo  lying  transverse 
to  the  fruit.  (P.  zosterrefolius,  Schumacher.)  —  Still  and  slow-flowing  waters. 
New  England  to  Penn.  and  Wisconsin  :  not  common.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Eu.) 

17.  P.  obtusifdlius,  Mertens  &  Koch.  Stem  flattened,  very  branching, 
leaves  linear,  tapering  towards  the  base,  obtuse  and  mucronate  or  very  acute,  3- 
(rarely  h-)  nerved;  stipules  elongated,  very  obtuse;  spike  orate,  continuous,  5-8- 
flowcred,  oLout  the  length  of  the  peduncle ;  fruit  oval,  apiculate  with  the  style,  not 
keeled  when  fresh,  upper  portion  of  embryo  coiled  inward  and  lying  transverse  to 
the  fruit.  —  Slow  streams  and  ponds:  very  rare  :  Dillerville  swamp,  near  Lan- 
caster, Penn.,  Prof.  Porter.  Swamp  of  Beaver  pond,  near  Central  mine,  and 
floating  in  Gratiot  Lake,  N.  Michigan.     Sept.,  Oct.     (Eu.) 


NAIADACK.E.       (PONDWEED    FAMILY.)  489 

18.  P.  Niagarensis,  Tuckerman.  Stem  flattened,  t>en/  branchirifj ;  leaves 
linear,  very  acute,  iiiiicronatc  and  much  attenuate  at  the  nearlij  scusilc  base,. 3 -5- 
nerved,  scarcely  veiny  ( li'  -3'  long  and  at  most  1"  wide)  ;  midrib  below  dilated; 
stipules  acutisk  (sometimes  8"  lon;.^),  the  numerous  nerves  early  becominr/  bristles; 
peduncles  short,  club-shaped,  comj)resscd ;  spikes  few,  capitate,  8  -  l2-flowered ; 
fnut  roundish,  compressed,  tcith  a  winc/ed  and  toothed  keel  and  anrjkd flu:e ;  "  seed 
convolute-uncinate."  —  Ilapids  above  Niagara  Falls,  Tuckerman.     Aug. 

19.  P.  paueiflbrus,  I'ursh.  Stem  Jiliform,  flaltish  and  verij  branching; 
leaves  narrow  linear  (I'  -i'  long  and  seldom  ^"  wide),  acute,  t>6>c(«-e/^  3-nervcd ; 
stipules  obtuse  ;  spikes  capitate,  1  -4-  usually  2-flowered,  on  short  club-shaped  pedun- 
cles ;  fruit  roundish-lenticular ;  the  back  more  or  less  crested;  upjier  portion  of  the 
embryo  incurved  in  a  circle.  —  Still  or  stagnant  waters :  common.  Aug., 
Sept.  —  Its  largest  forms  arc  approached  by  the  preceding. 

20.  P.  pusillus,  L.  Stem  slender,  flattish  or  nearly  cylindrical,  branching  ; 
leaves  narroio-  or  setaceous-linear,  obtuse  or  acute,  furnished  with  translucent  (/lands 
on  each  side  at  the  base  ;  stipules  at  first  obtuse;  spikes  interrupted  or  capitate, 
2  -  8-flowcred,  on  rather  long  peduncles  ;  J'ruit  obliquely  elliptical,  scarcely  keeled ; 
apex  of  embryo  incurved  and  directed  obliquely  downwards.  —  Pools  and  ditches: 
rather  common,  especially  southward.  —  The  principal  forms  are 

Var.  major,  I'ries.  Stem  less  branching;  leaves  broader  (almost  1"  wide), 
often  5-nerved ;  spikes  interrupted.  (P.  mucronatus,  Schmder.)  —  This  hardly 
passes  into  the  following  forms  :  rather  rare.     July.     (Eu.) 

Var.  vulgaris,  Fries.  Slender,  very  branching ;  leaves  3-nerved,  often  ob- 
tuse ;  spikes  cylindrical  and  interrupted,  or  capitate  and  then  but  1  -3-flowered. 
—  A  rare  form  (E.  Mass.)  has  sometimes  lanceolate  floating  leaves  of  the  length 
of  the  petioles,  with  5  nerves  impressed  beneath,  as  in  P.  hybridus.  A  Swedish 
specimen  in  Fries.  Herb.  Norm,  exhibits  the  same  in  the  following  variety,  though 
in  a  slighter  degree.     July,  Aug.     (Eu.) 

Var.  tenuissimus,  Mertens  &  Koch.  Stem  very  slender  and  much 
branched;  leaves  almost  setaceous,  acute  or  cus\)'niat(i,  obsoletely  3-nerved;  spikes 
interrupted  or  capitate.  —  New  England  and  New  York :  rather  rare.  July, 
Aug.  —  All  three  are  rather  sparingly  furnished  with  reproductive  buds :  also 
the  last  two  fruit  freely,  —  the  reverse  of  the  fact  in  the  following. 

Var.  1  gemmiparus.  Stem  filiform  and  very  branching,  leaves  thicker, 
perfectly  setaceous  and  usually  exceedingly  attenuate  to  the  finest  point,  scarcely 
with  a  proper  midrib;  stipules  long  (j'-T),  obtuse;  spikes  very  few,  always 
interrupted,  3  -  6-flowered,  long-ped uncled  ,  propagating  buds  very  numerous;  fruit 
wanting.  (P.  gemnn'parus,  Robbins  in  herb.)  — Pools  and  slow-flowing  waters: 
outlet  of  Mystic  Pond,  near  Boston,  Tuckerman ;  valley  of  the  Blackstone  from 
Worcester  to  Providence.  —  This  plant  is  annual,  propagated  exclusively  hy  its 
gemmffi,  the  fruit  tiot  maturing. 

21.  P.  Tuekerm^ni,  Robbins.  Vtry  slender  and  delicate  i\-om  a  crcQ-pm^ 
rootstock,  of  a  fine  light  green  ;  stem  filiform  with  several  short  and  repeatedly 
dichotomous  Icat-bearing  branches ;  leaves  thin  and  flat,  but  setaceous  and  taper- 
ing to  near  the  fineness  of  a  hair  (I' -4'  long  and  ^"  extreme  width),  obscurely  1  - 
3-nerved,  with  a  few  coarse  reticulations  ;  stipules  rather  persistent  below,  J' 
long,  obtuse;  peduncle  solitary,  very  long,  rather  thickening  upward;  spike  4-8- 


490  ALISJIACliiE.       (\VATi:U-l'LANTAIX    FAMILY). 

Jlowercd,  in  fruit  continuous,  oblonr/ ;  fruit  lltick-leiilicular,  obseui-cl}-  G-kcclcd  ;  nutlet 
slii/filJj  im/ircssid  on  l/ie  sides;    shell  thick  and  hard ;  I'lnbryo  nearly  iiniuihir. — 
Cold  jjonds,  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  to  I'cnn.     Juul',  July. 
*  *  Stipules  united  icith  the  sheuthimj  base  of  the  leaf. 

22.  P.  pectinatUS,  L.  Stem  f  I  form,  repeatedly  dichotonious ;  leaves  se- 
taceous, attenuate  to  the  apex,  1-nerved  witii  a  tow  transverse  veins;  spikes  inter- 
rupted, on  long  filiform  peduncles;  fruit  obliquely  broad-obovate,  compressed, 
bluntly  keeled;  shell  of  nutlet  very  thick;  embryo  nearly  annular.  —  Lake 
Champlain  to  Lake  Superior,  and  along  the  coast,  both  in  fresh  and  salt  water. 
Aug. -Oct.     (Eu.) 

23.  P.  Robbinsii,  Oakcs.  Stem  ascending  from  a  creeping  base,  rifpd,  very 
branching,  invested  bt/  the  basen  of  the  leaves  and  stipules ;  leaves  crowded  in  two  ranks, 
recur ved-spreadinff,  narrow-lanceolate  or  linear  (.i'-S'  long  and  2" -3"  wide), 
acuminate,  ciliute-serrulate  with  translucent  teeth,  many-nerved  ;  stipules  obtuse 
when  young,  their  nerves  soon  becoming  bristles  ;  spikes  numerous,  luoseli/ f-.w- 
flowered,  on  short  peduncles.  A  single,  rather  immature  fruit  in  I'rolcssor 
Tuckerman's  herbarium,  from  Prof  Eaton,  is  obliquely  obovate,  acutish  at  the 
base,  3-keeled  on  the  back,  the  middle  keel  winged,  much  arched  on  the  thinner 
face,  compressed  and  impressed  on  the  sides,  and  apiculate  with  the  rather  long 
style ;  superior  portion  of  the  large  embryo  circularly  incurved  and  pointing 
obliquely  downwards. — Oozy  bottoms  of  ponds  and  slow  streams:  common  in 
Kcw  England  :  also  in  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio.  Elowcring  in  June 
and  July.     Mature  fruit  not  yet  seen. 

(P.  DENSUS,  L.      The   plant   upon  which  Schweinitz   introduced    this 
European  species  into  the  U.  S.  flora  proves  to  be  Anacharis  Canadensis.) 

Order  HI.     ALISMACE.'E.     (Water-Plantain  Family.) 

Marsh  herbs,  with  scape-like  flowering  stems,  and  perfect  or  vwnmcious 
flowers,  not  on  a  spadix,  furnished  with  both  calyx  and  corolla  :  sepals  and 
petals  each  3,  distinct.  Ovaries  3 -many,  distinct  or  partly  so,  or  if  united 
separating  at  maturity,  forming  as  many  1  -  2-seeded  pods  or  achenia.  Seed 
ascending  or  erect.  Embryo  without  albumen.  Stamens  hypogynous, 
from  6  to  many :  anthers  e.xtrorse,  2-celled.  Leaves  sheathing  at  the  base. 
—  Coiupi-ises  two  very  distinct  suborders,  viz. :  — 

Suborder  L     JUl^CAOIWEiE.     Arrow-grass  Family. 
Calyx  and   corolla   colored   alike   (greenish).       Carpels   more   or  less 
united.     Seed  anatropons,  with  a  straight  embryo.     Leaves  petiole-like, 
■without  a  blade.     (Flowers  perfect.) 

1.  Triglochiii.     Ov.iries  3-6,  unifed  to  the  appx  into  ox\o.  but  scparatin<:  in  fruit. 

2.  ISclieucltzeria.     Ovarips  3,  !ilmo>-t  distinct,  forming  diverging  pods  in  fruit. 

Suborder  IL     AL.ISMEJE.     Water-Plantaix  Family. 
Calyx  green  and  persistent.     Corolla  white,  deciduous.     Ovaries  nu- 
inerous,  distinct.     Seed  campylotropous  :    embryo  bent  double  or  hook- 


ALISMACli.E.       (WATEU-PLANTAIN    FAMILY.)  491 

shaped.      Leaves  or  some  of  tliem  commonly   furnished   with   a  blade, 
(Flowers  perfect,  monoecious,  or  sometimes  dioecious.) 

3.    Alisnia.     Flowers  perfect,  with  definite,  mostly  6  stamens.     Carpels  flattened,  whorled. 
4     l!}cliinocloriis.     Flowers  perfect,  with  G  -  many  stamens.     Carpels  capitate,  ribbed. 
0.    Saf;»ltni"«n-     Flowers  monoecious,  rartly  dioecious,  with  indefinite,  rarely  few  stamens. 
Carpels  capitate,  flattened,  winged. 

1.     TRIGLOCHIN,    L.        Arrow  gkass. 

Sepals  and  petals  much  alike  (grecnishj,  ovate,  concave,  deciduous.  Stamens 
3-6:  andiers  oval,  on  very  short  filaments.  Pistils  united  into  a  3  -  6-ccllcd 
compound  ovary :  stigmas  sessile  :  ovules  solitary.  Pod  splitting  when  ripe 
into  3-6  carpels,  which  separate  from  a  persistent  central  axis.  —  Perennials, 
with  rush-like,  fleshy  leaves,  helovv  sheathing  the  base  of  the  wand-like  naked 
and  jointless  scape.  Flowers  small,  in  a  spiked  raceme,  bractless.  (Name 
composed  of  rpels,  three,  and  y\oi))(iv,  point,  from  the  three  points  of  the  ripe 
fruit  in  No.  1  when  dehiscent.) 

1.  T.  pallistre,  L.  Scape  (6'- 18'  high)  a/irf  leavs  shmler ;  fruit  linear- 
cluh-s/iaped ;  the  3  carpels  when  ripe  separating  from  below  upwunls  leaving  a 
triangular  axis,  awl-pointed  at  the  base.  — Marshes,  both  fresh  and  brackish.  New 
York  to  Illinois,  and  northward.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  T.  maritimum,  L.  Scape  (12' -20' high)  ajid  leaves  thickish,  fleshy, 
fruit  oimte  or  oblong,  aciitish,  ofG  or  rareli/  5  carpels  which  are  rounded  at  the  base 
and  sll(;htli/  grooved  on  the  back;  the  edges  acute.  —  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast, 
also  salt  springs  in  the  interior,  shore  of  the  Great  Lakes,  and  northward.  — 
Var.  elXtum  (T.  datum,  Nutt.)  grows  in  cold  and  fresh  bogs,  from  W.  New 
York  to  Wisconsin,  often  2^°  high,  and  has  the  angles  of  the  carpels  sharper, 
or  almost  winged.     (Eu.) 

2.    SCHEUCHZERIA,    L.        Scheuchzeria. 

Sepals  and  petals  oblong,  spreading,  nearly  alike  (greenish -yellow),  but  the 
latter  narrower,  persistent.  Stamens  6  :  anthers  linear.  Ovaries  3,  globular, 
slightly  united  at  the  base,  2-3ovided,  bearing  flat  sessile  stigmas,  in  fruit 
forming  3  diverging  and  inflated  1  -2-seedcd  pods,  opening  along  the  inside. — 
A  low  bog-herb,  with  a  creeping  jointed  rootstock,  tapering  into  the  ascending 
simple  stem,  which  is  zigzag,  partly  sheathed  by  the  bases  of  the  grass-like  cou- 
duplicate  leaves,  and  terminated  by  a  loose  raceme  of  a  few  flowers,  with  sheath- 
ing bracts.  (Named  for  John  and  John  Jacob  Scheuchzer,  d'latinguMiQd  Swiss 
botanists  early  in  the  18th  century.) 

1.  S.  palustris,  L.— Peat-bogs,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Illinois, 
and  northward.    June,  July.     (Eu.) 

3.     ALISMA,     L.        Water-Plantain. 

Flowers  perfect.  Petals  iiivulute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  definite,  mostly  6. 
Ovaries  many  in  a  simple  circle  on  a  flattened  receptacle,  forming  flattened  cori- 
aceous achenia,  which  are  diluted  and  2-3-keeled  on  the  back.  —  Roots  fibrous. 


492  ALISMACi:^.       (WATEU-PLANTAIN    FAMILY.) 

Leaves  all  from  the  root,  several-ribbed,  with  eonneeted  veinlets.  Scape  with 
whorled  panicled  branches.  Flowers  small,  wiiite  or  pule  rose-color.  (The 
Greek  name  ;  of  uncertain  derivation.) 

1.  A.  Plant^gO,  L.,  var.  Araericknum.  Koot  perennial ;  leaves  lon;>- 
petioled,  ovate,  ol)lon^^  or  lanceolate,  pointed,  mostly  rounded  or  heart-shaped 
at  the  base,  3  -  9-ncrvcd  ;  panicle  loose,  compound,  many-flowered  (l°-2° 
lonji:) ;  carpels  obliquely  obovatc,  forming  an  obtusely  triangular  whorl  in  fruit 
(A.  trivialis  and  parviflora,  Pursh.)  —  Shallow  water.     July-  Sept.     (Eu.) 

4.     ECHINODORUS,     Kichard,  Engclmann. 

Flowers  perfect.  Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  6-21  or  more 
Ovaries  several  or  many,  imbricated  in  a  liead,  forminj;  thick  and  ribbed 
achenia  in  fruit,  often  beaked  with  a  projecting  persistent  style.  —  Habit  inter- 
mediate between  the  preceding  genus  and  the  following.  Fl.  summer  and 
autumn.  (Name  from  ()(iva)8rjs,  pric/c/i/,  or  from  f)(lvos,  and  8op6s,  a  leathern 
bottle,  applied  to  tlie  ovary,  which  is  in  most  species  armed  with  the  persistent 
style,  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  prickly  head  of  fruit.) 

Genus  elaborated  for  this  work  by  Dr.  Engelmaxn. 

1 .  E.  parvulus,  Engclm.  Lpuvcs  lanceolate  or  spafulate,  acute  (^'  - 1  i'  long, 
including  the  jtctiole)  ;  shoots  often  creeping  and  proliferous;  scapes  (l'-3' 
high)  bearing  a  2-8-flowered  umbel;  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit;  stametis  9; 
styles  much  shorter  than  the  ovari/  ;  achmin  hrakless,  many  ribbed  ;  root  aimual. — 
In  mud,  Cambridge,  Mass.  James,  and  Michigan  to  111.  &c.  —  Flower  3"  broad. 

2.  E.  rOStr^tUS,  Engelm.  Leares  broddli/ heart-shaped,  olitiise,  nerved  {l-- 
3'  long,  excluding  the  petiole) ;  scape  erect,  longer  than  the  leaves,  bearing  a 
branched  panicle  of  ])i:oliferous  umbels  ;  stamens  12  ;  styles  lonejer  than  the  ovary ; 
achenia  beaked,  many-ribbed  ;  root  annual.  (Alisma  rostrata,  Niitt.)  —  Swamps 
and  ditches,  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Plant  from  3'  to  2°  high.  Flower  5" 
wide.     Head  of  fruit  ovoid,  3"  wide. 

3.  E.  radicans,  Engclm.  Leaves  somewhat  truncatelj'  broadly  heart- 
shaped,  obtuse,  nerved  (3' -8'  broad,  long-petioled) ;  stems  or  scapes  prostrate, 
creeping  (2° -4°  long),  proliferous,  bearing  many  whorls  of  flowers;  stamens 
about  -l  ;  styles  shorter  than  the  ovary ;  achenia  short -beaked,  the  keeled  back 
denticulate.  (Ali.sma  radicans,  Xutt.)  —  Swamps,  Illinois  and  southward. — 
Flowers  G"-9"  in  diameter. 

5.    SAGITTARIA,    L.        Akrow-iie.vd. 

Flowers  monwcious,  or  often  dicecious  in  Xo.  2,  and  polygamous  in  No.  3. 
Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  indelinitc,  rarely  lew.  Ovaries  many, 
crowded  in  a  spherical  or  somewhat  tri.ingular  depressed  head  on  a  globular 
receptacle,  in  fruit  forming  flat  membranaceous  winged  achenia.  —  Marsh  or 
aquatic,  perennial,  stolonifcrous  herbs,  with  milky  juice  and  fibrous  roots;  the 
scapes  sheathed  at  the  base  by  the  bases  of  the  long  cellular  ijctioles,  of  which 
the  primary  ones,  and  sometimes  all  of  them,  arc  flattened,  nerved,  and  desti- 
tute of  any  proper  blade  (i.  e.  are  phyllodia) :  when  present  the  blade  is  arrow- 
shaped  or  lanceolate,  nerved  and  with  cross  veinlets  as  in  Alisma.     Flowers 


ALISMACE^.       (water-plantain    FAMILY.)  493 

produced  all  summer,  mostly  whorlcd  in  threes,  with  membranous  bracts ; 
the  sterile  above.  (Name  from  sayitta,  an  arrow,  from  the  prevalent  form  of 
the  leaves.) 

Genus  newly  elaborated  for  this  edition  by  Du.  Engelm.\nn. 
*  Filaments  narrow,  an  lony  as  the  liiitar-ob/ung  anthers:  scape  simple  or  branched. 

1.  S.  lancifdlia,  L.  Scape  2°-  5°  hiyh,  with  several  of  the  lower  whorls 
fertile ;  bracts  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate ;  pedicels  slender,  the  fertile  scarcely 
shorter  than  the  sterile  ones;  filaments  pubescent;  achenia  obovate-falcate, 
pointed  with  an  incurved  beak ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lancc-oblong,  rarely  Hnear, 
all  with  a  tapering  base,  thick  or  coriaceous  (6'- 18'  long  and  on  a  long  and 
stout  petiole,  never  sagittate),  the  nerves  mostly  arising  from  the  very  thick 
midrib.  (S.  faleata,  Pursh,  and  Ed.  2.)  —  Swamps,  Virginia  and  southward  to 
the  West  Indies. 

2.  S.  variabilis,  Engelm.  Scape  (|°- 4°  high)  angled,  with  one  or  more 
of  the  lower  whorls  fertile ;  bracts  mostly  pointed  ;  pedicels  of  the  fertile  flowers 
about  half  the  length  of  the  sterile  ones;  petals  with  white  claws;  filaments 
glabrous,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  anthers  ;  achenia  broadly  obovate,  with 
a  long  and  curved  beak  j  -  J  its  length ;  leaves  very  various,  almost  always 
sagittate.  (S.  sagitti folia  Anier.  auth.  etc. — The  European  species  has  the 
fertile  pedicels  only  J  or  4  the  length  of  the  sterile;  claws  of  the  petals  purple- 
tinged  ;  filaments  not  longer  than  the  anthers ;  achenia  almost  orbicular,  very 
broadly  winged  and  with  a  short  and  straight  beak.)  — In  water  or  wet  places  : 
very  common.  — Excessively  variable  in  size  and  foliage  :  the  following  are  the 
leading  forms.  —  Var.  obtusa  (S.  obtusa,  Willd.)  is  large  and  dioecious;  the 
broadly  sagittate  leaves  obtuse,  6' -12'  long.— Var.  latif6lia  (S.  latifolia, 
Willd.)  is  large,  mona-cious,  with  broad  and  acute  sagittate  leaves.  —  Var. 
h.4stXta  is  the  ordinary  form,  with  narrow  halberd-shaped  or  sagittate  leaves 
(including  S.  hastata,  Pursh).  —  Var.  diveusif^lia,  with  some  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  ovate-lanceolate,  others  more  or  less  sagittate.  —  Var.  angustif6lia 
has  the  narrow  leaves  with  long  and  linear  diverging  lobes.  —  Var.  gracilis 
(S.  gracilis,  Pursh)  is  the  most  slender  form,  with  nearly  linear  leaves  and 
lobes.  — Var.  pubescens  (S.  pubeseens,  Muhl.) :  upper  part  of  petiole  and  of 
scape  and  especially  the  orbicular  ovate  obtuse  bracts  and  sepals  pubescent  or 
woolly;  leaves  obtuse  or  acute;  beak  of  fruit  (as  also  sometimes  in  some  of  the 
other  forms)  horizontal,  so  that  the  fruit-head  appears  compact  and  smoothish, 
while  usually  it  has  a  squarrose  surfiice,  from  the  protruding  and  recurved  beak, 
New  Jersey  and  southward.— A  state  with  double  flowers  has  been  found  in 
Pennsylvania  and  Delaware. 

3.  S.  calyeina,  Engelm.  Scape  weak  (.3' -9'  high),  at  length  mostly 
procumbent ;  usually  only  the  lowest  whorl  fertile,  with  pedicels  as  lortg  as 
those  of  the  sterile  flowers,  recurved  in  fruit;  bracts  orbicular,  obtuse  or  rarely 
pointed  ;  calijx  oppressed  to  the  fruit-head  and  partl/j  corerivtj  it ;  filaments  slightly 
rough,  as  long  as  the  anthers;  achenia  obovate  with  a  short  horizontal  style; 
leaves  broadly  halberd-shaped,  obtuse  or  acutish,  Avith  wide  spreading  lobes, 
often  wider  than  long,  or  lanceolate  or  sometimes  reduced  to  linear  phyllodia. 
—  IMaine  to  Delaware,  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  —  Var.  spoxgi6sa,  with  a 
loose  or  spongy  texture  and  linear  bladeless  leaves  submersed,  occurs  eastward ; 


494  HYDROCHARIDACE^.       (fROG'S-BIT    FAMILY.) 

Var.  FLtiTAXS,  with  lancc-lincar  floating  leaves,  has  been  found  in  Missouri  and 
westward;  and  Var.  gk.4xi>is,  with  leaves  9'-  12'  wide  and  'J'  long,  branched 
scape,  and  fruit-heads  9"  diameter,  grows  farther  south.  —  This  species  shows 
9-12  stamens  in  the  fertile,  and  some  sterile  jiistiis  in  the  sterile  tiowers;  and 
thus  connects  with  Echiuodorus. 
*  *  Filaments  i\rij  short,  tcilh  enlarged  moslljj  glandular  base:  scape  more,  simple. 

4.  S.  heterophylla,  Pur.-h.  Scape  weak  (3' -2°  high),  at  length  pro- 
cumbent; bracts  roundish,  obtuse ;  flowers  of  the  lowest  whorl  fertile  and  al- 
most sessile;  the  sterile  on  long  pedicels ;  filaments  glandular-pubescent;  ache- 
nia  narrowly  obovate  with  a  long  erect  beak  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-oval, 
entire,  or  with  one  or  two  narrow  basal  sagittate  appendages.  —  Rather  common, 
at  least  southward.  —  Var.  elliptica  has  broad  leaves  (sometimes  6'  long 
and  .")'  wide),  either  obtuse  or  cordate  at  the  base,  or  sagittate.  —  Var.  nfciDA 
(S.  rigida,  PursJi,  on  the  Niagara  and  along  the  Great  Lakes),  the  tallest  ibrm, 
has  stout  petioles  and  rigid  narrowly  lanceolate  blades,  acute  at  both  ends.  — 
Var.  ANGUSTiFOLiA  has  nearly  linear  leaves. 

5.  S.  graminea,  Michx.  Scape  very  slender,  erect  (3' -2''  high);  the 
lower  whorls  fertile  ;  bracts  rather  obtuse  and  usually  connate ;  pedicels  all 
slender,  the  sterile  and  fertile  of  equal  length;  filaments  glandular-pubescent; 
acbenia  small,  narrowly  obovate,  almost  beakless ;  leaves  varying  from  ovate- 
lanceolate  to  linear  or  reduced  to  broad  and  acute  phyllodia  (when  it  is  S. 
acutifolia,  P(/rs/)) ;  scarcely  ever  sagittate.  (S.  simplex  of  Amcr.  authors  ;  not 
of  Pursh,  whose  plant  of  this  name  is  a  dioecious  form  of  S.  variabilis.)  —  Rather 
common,  especially  southward. — Flowers  and  fruit-heads  smaller  than  in  any 
of  the  foregoing;  except  in  the  var.  platvphylla,  which  is  found  farther 
south,  and  has  leaves  6' -9'  long  and  3' -4'  v.idc ;  flowers  1' wide,  on  pedi- 
cels 1.^'- 2' long. 

6.  S.  pusilla,  Nutt.  Scape  (l'-3'  high)  weak,  reclining  in  fruit;  bract 
single,  clasping  ;  one  or  two  whorls  onl^',  of  which  but  a  single  flower  is  fertile, 
recurved  in  fruit ;  stamens  about  7,  with  glabrous  filaments;  achenia  obovate, 
with  an  erect  beak  and  three  notched  dorsal  ridges.  (Alisma  sultulata,  Pursh.) 
—  Inundated  shores,  from  Eastern  New  Jersey  (C.  F.  Austin)  and  riiiladeljjhia 
southward  near  the  coast. 

S.  nXtaxs,  Michx.,  closely  allied  to  the  last,  is  only  foxmd  farther  south; 
i^s  a  larger  plant  with  long  phyllodia,  or  oval  floating  leaves,  glabrous  fila- 
ments, and  obovate  short-beaked  achenia,  with  5-9  crenate  angles,  —  by  which 
structure  it  is  nearly  connected  with  Echinodorus. 

Order  112.     IIYDROCHARIDACE.E.     (Frog's-bit  Family.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  (liwcioii.t  or  poli/gamous  regidar  flowers  on  scape-like 
peduncles  from  a  spathe,  and  simple  or  double  floral  envelopes,  which  in  the 
fertile  flowers  are  united  into  a  tube  and  coherent  tvith  the  1  —  3-celled  ovary. 
Stamens  3- 12,  distinct  or  monadelphous :  anthers  2-celled.  Stigmas  3 
or  6.  Fruit  ripening  under  water,  indehisccnt,  many-seeded.  Seeds  as- 
cending, without  albumen  :  embryo  straight. 


hydrochauidacejE.     (frog's-bit  family.)  495 

Tribe  I.     STRATIOTIDE^E.      Ov,ar.v  6  -  O-celled  :  sti^'mas  6  -  9. 

1.  Lininobiuin.     Fihiments  6-12,  unequally  united  in  the  sterile  flowers  :  anthers  linear. 
Tribe  II.     VALliISIVERIEiE.     Ovary  1-celled  with  3  parietal  placentae:  stigmas  3. 

2.  A  iiai'Iinris.     Stem  leafy.     Tube  of  the  perianth  of  the  fertile  flowers  thread-form. 

3.  Valllsueria.     Stemless.     Tube  of  the  perianth  not  proloujted  beyond  tlie  ovary. 

1.    LIMNOBIUM,     Richard.        Americax  Frog's-bit. 

Flowers  dioecious,  (or  monoecious?)  froin  sessile  or  somewhat  peduncled 
spnthes;  the  sterile  spathe  1-leaved,  producing  about  3  long-pedicelled  fiowers; 
tlic  fertile  2-lcaved,  with  a  single  short-pedicelled  flower.  Calyx  3-parted  or 
cleft ;  sepals  oblong-oval.  Petals  3,  oblong-linear.  Filaments  entirely  united 
in  a  central  solid  column,  bearing  6-12  linear  anthers  at  unequal  heights  :  there 
are  3-6  awl-shaped  rudiments  of  stamens  in  the  fertile  flowers.  Ovary  6-9- 
cclled,  with  as  many  placentaj  in  the  axis,  forming  an  ovoid  many-seeded  berry 
in  fruit :  stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells,  but  2-parted,  awl-shaped  (ovules  ortho- 
tropous,  Ton-.).  —  A  stemless  perennial  herb,  floating  in  stagnant  water,  pro- 
literous  by  runners,  with  long-pctioled  and  round-heart-shaped  leaves,  which 
are  spongy-reticulated  and  purplish  underneath ;  rootlets  slender,  hairy.  Ster- 
ile flowers  rather  small ;  the  fertile  larger ;  peduncle  nodding  in  fruit.  Petals 
white  ?     (Name  from  Xt/^ro^tos,  lic'uvj  in  pooh.) 

1.  L.  Sp6ngia,  Richard.  (Hydn)charis  Spongia,  Bosc.  II.  cordifolia, 
Natt.) — Lake  Ontario  {Dr.  Brad/ei/,  Dr.  Sartwetl),  Illinois,  Dr.  Vasfi/,  and  in 
the  Southern  States.  Aug.  —  Leaves  1'- 2' long,  f\iintly  5-nerved.  Peduncle 
of  the  sterile  flower  about  3'  long,  thread-like;  of  the  fertile,  only  1',  stout. 

2.  ANACHARIS     (and  Elod^.v),     Richard.       Water-weed. 

Flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  solitary  and  sessile  from  a  sessile  and  tubular  2- 
cleft  axillary  spathe.  Sterile  flowers  small  or  minute ;  with  3  sepals,  barely 
united  at  the  base,  and  usually  3  similar  or  narrower  petals :  filaments  short  .ind 
monadelphous  at  the  base,  or  none;  anthers  3-9,  oval.  Fertile  flowers  either 
pistillate  or  apparently  peifect:  perianth  extended  into  an  extremely  long  and 
capillary  tube;  the  limb  6-parted  ;  the  small  lobes  (sepals  and  petals)  obovate, 
spreading.  Stamens  3-9,  sometimes  merely  short  sterile  filaments,  without 
anthers,  or  with  imperfect  ones,  sometimes  with  oblong  anthers  Ovary  1-celled, 
with  3  parietal  placenta,  each  bearing  a  few  orthotropous  ovules ;  the  capillary 
style  coherent  with  the  tube  of  the  perianth  :  stigmas  .3,  large,  2-lobed  or  notched, 
exserted.  Fruit  oblong,  coriaceous,  few-seeded.  —  Perennial  slender  herbs,  grow- 
ing under  water,  with  elongated  branching  stems,  thickly  beset  with  pdlucid 
and  veinless,  1-nerved,  sessile,  whorled  or  opposite  leaves.  The  staminate  flow- 
ers (which  arc  rarely  seen)  commonly  break  off",  np  in  Vallisncria,  and  float  on 
the  surface,  where  they  expand  and  shed  their  pollen  around  the  stigmas  of  the 
fertile  flowers,  which  are  raised  to  the  surface  by  the  excessively  prolonged  calyx- 
tube,  varying  in  length  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water.  (Name  formed  of 
dp,  throu'/hoiit,  and  ("xapis,  v/ilhout  charms,  being  rather  homely  water-weeds.) 

1.  A.  Canadensis,  Planchon.  Leaves  in  threes  or  fours,  or  the  lower 
opposite,  varying  from  lineal-  to  oval-oblong,  minutely  serrulate ;  stamens  9  in 


49G  BDRMANNIACE^.       (bURMANNIA    FAMILY.) 

the  sterile  flowers,  3  or  G  almost  sessile  anthers  in  the  perfect  flowers.  (Elodea 
Canadensis,  Miclix.,  and  E.  latil'olia,  Cuapiirij,  who  has  recently  well  illustrated 
this  and  the  two  related  genera;  all  perlwps  to  be  reduced  to  one,  Ilydrilla. 
Udora  Canadensis,  Null.  Anacharis  Alsiniistruni  (BubiiKjton),  Nuttaliii,  and 
Canadensis,  also  Apalanthe  Schwcim'tzii,  Plaiichon.)  —  Slow  streams  and  ponds  : 
common.  July. — Nat.  in  England,  where  it  is  very  troublesome  by  its  rapid 
increase,  filling  navigable  waters ;  but  no  inconvenience  of  the  sort  is  complained 
of  here  in  its  native  country. 

3.    VALLISNERIA,     Michcli.        Tape-grass.     Eel-grass. 

Flowers  strictly  dioecious :  the  sterile  numerous  and  crowded  in  a  head  on  a 
conical  receptacle,  enclosed  in  an  ovate  at  length  3-valved  spathe  which  is  borne 
on  a  very  short  scape :  stamens  mostly  3.  Fertile  flowers  solitary  and  sessile  in 
a  tubular  spathe  which  is  borne  on  an  exceedingly  long  scape.  Perianth  (caly.x) 
3-parted  in  the  sterile  flowers ;  in  the  fertile  with  a  linear  tube  coherent  with  the 
1-celled  ovary,  but  not  extended  beyond  it,  3-lobed  (the  lobes  obovate) ;  also  3 
linear  small  petals.  Stigmas  3,  large,  nearly  sessile,  2-lobed.  Ovules  very  nu- 
merous, scattered  over  the  walls,  ortliotropous  Fruit  elongated,  cylindrical, 
berry-like.  —  Stemless  plants,  with  long  and  linear  grass-like  leaves,  growing 
entirely  under  water.  The  stansinate  clusters  being  confined  to  the  bottom  of 
the  water  by  the  shortness  of  the  scape,  the  flower-buds  themselves  spontaneously 
break  away  from  their  short  pedicels  and  float  on  the  surface,  where  they 
expand  and  shed  their  pollen  around  the  fertile  flowers,  which  are  raised 
to  the  surface  at  this  time:  afterwards  the  thread-form  fertile  scapes  (2-4  feet 
long,  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water)  coil  up  spirally,  drawing  the  fruit 
under  water  to  ripen.     (Named  for  Ant.  Vullisneri,  an  early  Italian  botanist.) 

1.  V.  spiralis,  L.  Leaveslinear,  thin,  long  and  ril)bon-like  (l°-2<^  long), 
obscurely  serrulate,  obtuse,  somewhat  nerved  and  netted-veiued.  —  Common  in 
slow  waters.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

Order  113.     BURITIAWIVIACE.^.     (Burmanxia  Family.) 

Small  annual  lierhx,  often  with  minute  and  scale-like  leavex,  orthoae  of  the 
root  gra^s-like;  the  flowers  perfect,  with  a  Q-clefl  corolla-like  pciianth,  the 
tube  of  lohich  adheres  to  the  1-celled  or  3-celled  ovarii ;  stamens  3  and  dis- 
tinct, opposite  the  inner  divisions  of  the  perianth  :  pod  many-seeded,  the  seeds 
very  minute.  —  A  small,  chiefly  tropical  family,  of  which  only  one  species  is 
found  within  our  borders. 

1.    BURMAWNIA,    L.        (Tripterei.la,  Mirhx.) 

Ovary  3-ccl!ed,  with  the  thick  placenta;  in  the  axis.  Filaments' 3,  very  short. 
Style  slender  :  stigma  capitate-'Mobcd.  Pod  often  3-winged.  (Named  for 
J.  Biirmann,  an  early  Dutch  botanist.) 

1.  B.  bifl6ra,  L.  Stem  low  and  slender  (2'-4' high),  2-flowered  at  the 
sumniit,  or  soon  several-flowered  ;  perianth  (2"-3"long)  bright  blue,  3-winged. 
(Tripterella  ca;rulea,  Mic/is.)  — Peaty  bogs,  Virginia  and  southward. 


ORCHlDACli^E.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.)  497. 

Ordeh  114.     ORCIIIDACE.E.     (Orchis  Family.) 

Herbs,  clearly  tlistinyuished  htj  their  perfect  irrefjular  flowers,  tnitli  G-merous 
perianth  adiiate  to  the  1-celled  ovari/,  with  innumerable  ovules  on  3  parietal 
placentcE,  and  with  either  one  or  two  gynandrous  stamens,  the  pollen  cohering 
in  masses.  Fruit  a  1-celled  3-valved  pod,  with  innumerable  minute  seeds, 
appearing  like  fine  saw-dust.  Perianth  ofG  divisions  in  2  sets  ;  the  3  outer 
(sepals)  mostly  of  the  same  petal-like  texture  and  appearance  as  the  3 
inner  (petals).  One  of  the  inner  set  differs  more  or  less  in  figure,  direc- 
tion, ike.  from  the  rest,  and  is  called  the  labellum  or  lip  :  only  the  other 
two  taking  the  name  of  petals  in  the  following  descriptions.  The  lip  is 
really  the  upper  or  posterior  petal,  i.  e.  the  one  next  to  the  axis,  but  by  a 
twist  of  the  ovary  of  half  a  turn  it  more  commonly  is  directed  forward,  as 
if  anterior,  i.  e.  is  next  the  bract.  Before  the  lip,  in  the  axis  of  the  flower, 
is  the  column;  composed  of  a  single  stamen,  or  in  Cypripedium  of  two  sta- 
mens and  a  sterile  rudiment  of  a  third,  variously  coherent  with  or  borne 
on  the  style  or  thick  fleshy  stigma ;  the  anther  2-celled  ;  each  cell  con- 
taining one  or  more  masses  of  pollen  (pollinia  or  pollen-masses).  Stigma  a 
broad  glutinous  surface,  except  in  Cypripedium.  —  Pei'ennials,  often  tuber- 
bearing  or  tuberous-rooted  ;  some  epiphytes.  Leaves  parallel-nerved,  all 
alternate.  Flowers  often  showy,  commonly  singular  in  shape,  solitary, 
racemed,  or  spiked,  each  subtended  by  a  bract,  —  in  all  arranged  for 
fertilization  by  the  aid  of  insects,  very  few  capable  of  unaided  self-fertili- 
zation. (See  articles  on  Fertilization  of  Orchidsj  in  Sill.  Jour.  18G2, 
1863,  &c.)  —  A  vast  family,  but  few  in  the  United  States. 
I.    Anther  only  one.     (The  2  cells  should  not  be  mistaken  for  anthers  ! ) 

Tribe  I.  OPHRVDE^.  Anther  (of  2  separate  cells)  borne  on  and  entirely  adnate  to 
the  face  of  the  stigma,  erect  or  reclined.  Pollen  ,cpJi«iing  into  a  great  number  of  coarse 
grains,  which  are  all  fastened  by  elastic  and  cobwebby  tis-ue  into  one  large  mass,  and  to 
a  stalk  that  connects  it  with  a  gland  or  disk  which  was  originally  a  part  of  the  stigma. 
Flower  in  our  species  ringent,  the  lip  with  a  spur  beneath  Kone  distinct  gland  to  each 
pollen-mass. 

1.  Orcltis.    The  two  glands  or  viscid  disks  enclosed  in  a  common  pouch. 

2.  Habeiiaria.     The  two  glands  or  disks  naked  (without  any  pouch  or  covering),  either 

approximate  or  widely  separated. 
Tribe  II.     NEOTTIEjE.     Anther  dorsal  and  erect  or  inclined,  attached  by  its  base 


our  genera  loosely  cohering  (mostly  by  some  delicate  elastic  threads)  iu  2  or  4  soft  masses, 
and  soon  attached  directly  to  a  viscous  gland  on  Ihe  beak  of  the  stigma. 

3.  Gooclyera.     Lip  entire,  free  from  the  column,  without  callosities  at  the  base. 

4.  Spii-aiilhes.     Lip  ascending  and  embracing  the  column  below,  2  callo.sities  at  the  base. 
•5.    L-istera.     Lip  fiat,  spreading  or  pendulous,  2-lobed  at  the  ape.\. 

Tribe    III.      ARETIIVSE*:,    MALAXIDEjE,    &c.      Anther  terminal  and  in- 
Terted  (except  in  No   12    like  a  lid  over  the  stigma,  deciduous. 

*  Pollen  powdery  or  pulpy,  in  2  or  4  delicate  masses  :  no  gland. 

6.  Arethiisa.     Lip  bearded,  its  base  adherent  to  the  linear  column.     Pollen-masses  4. 

7.  Pogouia,  Lip  more  or  le.ss  crested,  free  from  the  club-shaped  column.  PoUea-masses  2 

L&  M— 41 


.V 


498  ORCIIIDACE^.       (orchis    FAMILY.) 

8.  Calopogou.    Lip  bearded,  stalked,  free:  column  winged  at  the  apex.    PoUen-raa^ses  4 

•  •  Pollen  in  4  -8  smooth  waxy  masses, 
■^  Without  sUilks,  uttacheil  dinctly  to  a  large  gland. 

9.  Calypso.     Lip  inflated  and  sac-like.     Column  winged  and  petal-like.    Stem  1-flowered. 

<-  <-  With  stiilk.s  to  the  2  or  4  pollen-masses,  counectiug  them  with  a  gland. 

10.  Tlpularia.     Lip  short,  flat,  loug-spurred  beneatli.     Raceme  many-ttowered. 

1-.  1-  H-  With  sulks  to  the  8  pollen-masses,  but  no  gland. 

11.  Bletia.     Lip  hooded,  crested,  spurless.     Scape  several-flowered. 

4-  ^-   +-  <_  Without  either  stalks  or  glands  to  the  4  pollen-masses. 
++  Plants  green  and  with  ordinary  leaves.     Sepals  spreading. 

12.  Microstylis.     Column  minute,  rdund  :  anther  erect. 

13.  Liiparis.     Column  elongated,  margined  at  the  apex  :  anther  lid-like. 

«•  ++  Plants  tawny  or  purplish,  leafless,  or  with  a  root-leaf  only. 

14.  Corallorliiza.     Perianth  gibbous  at  base,  or  with  a  spur  adherent  to  the  ovary. 

15.  Aplectrum.     Perianth  not  gibbous  nor  spurred  at  base.     A  green  autumnal  leaf. 

II.    Anthers  two,  or  very  rarely  three. 
Tribe  IV.     CYPRIPEDIEiE.     The  stamen  which  bears  the  anther  in  the  rest  oi 
the  order  here  usually  forms  a  petal-like   sterile  appendage  to  the  column.     Pollen  not  in 
masses  :  no  stalks  nor  gland. 

16.  Cyprlpedtuni.     Lip  an  inflated  sac.     Anthers  2,  one  each  side  of  the  column 

1.     ORCHIS,    L.        Orchis. 

Flower  ringent;  the  sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  all  of  them  (in  out 
species)  eonverging  upwards  and  arching  over  the  column.  Lip  turned  down- 
wards, coalescing  with  the  base  of  the  column,  bearing  a  nectariferous  spur  at 
the  base  underneath.  ;\nther-cells  contiguous  and  parallel.  Pollen  cohering 
in  numerous  coarse  waxy  grains,  which  Tire  collected  on  a  cobwel)-like  elastic 
tissue  into  2  large  masses  (one  filling  each  anther-cell)  borne  on  a  slender  stalk, 
the  base  of  which  is  attached  to  a  gland  or  sticky  disk  of  the  stigma,  the  two 
glands  contained  in  a  common  little  pouch  or  hooded  fold,  phu-ed  just  above  the 
orifice  of  the  spur  or  nectary.  Flowers  showy,  in  a  spike.  —  These  glands  stick 
fast  to  the  proboscis  of  a  butterfly  or  some  such  insect  introduced  into  the 
nectar-bearing  spur :  when  it  flies  to  another  flower,  it  drags  out  of  the  anther 
and  carries  with  it  the  pollen-masses,  and  applius  them  to  the  stigma  of  the 
second  or  of  several  succeeding  flowers,  thus  effecting  cross-fertilization 
("Opyty,  the  ancient  name.) 

1.  O.  spectabilis,  L.  (Showy  Ononis.)  Root  of  tbick  fleshy  fibres, 
producing  2  oblong-obovate  shining  leaves  (."3' -5'  long),  and  a  few-flowered  4- 
angled  scape  (4' -7' high);  bracts  leaf-like,  lanceolate;  sepals  and  petals  all 
lightly  unitpcl  to  form  the  vaulted  galea  or  upper  lip,  pink-purple,  the  ovate  un- 
divided lip  'vhite.  —  Rich  woods,  New  England  to  Kentucky  and  (especially) 
northward.     May. 

2.     HABENARIA,     Willd.,  R.  Br.        Rein-Orchis. 

Glands  or  viscid  disks  (to  which  the  pollen-masses  are  attached)  naked  and 
exposed,  separate,  sometimes  widely  separated  (becoming  attached,  some  to  the 
proboscis,  others  to  the  face  or  head  of  insects  feeding  upon  tiie  nectar  of  the 


ORCHIDACK^.       (orchis    FAMILY.)  499 

spur,  the  pollen  thus  carried  from  one  blossom  to  another)  :  otherwise  nearly  a3 
in  true  Orchis:  the  lateral  sei)al.s,  however,  mostly  spreadinj^.  (Name  from 
hahena,  a  thong  or  rein,  in  allusion  to  the  shai)o  of  the  lip  or  spur  of  some 
species.) — Platantiikka,  named  primarily  for  the  species  with  the  glands 
and  bases  of  the  anther-cells  widely  divergent,  and  Gymnadkxia,  where 
tliese  are  approximate,  arc  found  to  afford  no  wholly  fi.xcd  or  clear  jjractic'al 
distinctions.  Accordingly,  in  this  edition,  our  species  arc  restored  to  the 
older  genus. 

§  1.  GYMNADENIA,  R.  Br.  Cells  of  the  anther  parallel  and  approximate, 
their  (jlands  therefore  contif/uous.  {Appendages  of  tlie  stigma  in  our  species  two 
or  three  and  much  developed,  obloiifj  or  club-shaped.) 

1.  H.  tridentata,  Hook..  Stem  slender  (C'-12'  high),  with  a  single 
oblong  or  oblanceolate  obtuse  leaf  below,  and  2  or  3  small  ones  like  bracts 
above  ;  spike  6-  12-flowered,  oblong;  flowers  greenish  or  whitish,  very  small;  lip 
wedge-oblong,  truncate  and  with  3  short  teeth  at  the  apex;  the  slender  and  slightly 
club-shaped  spur  curved  upwards,  longer  than  the  ovary.  (Orchis  tridentata, 
Muhl.  Gymnadenia  tridentata,  Lindl.)  — Wet  woods  :  common  northward  and 
along  the  Alleghanies.  June,  July.  —  Root  of  few  fleshy  fibres.  Appendages 
of  the  stigma  (sterile  stamens?)  three,  oblong-elub-shaped,  one  outside  each 
orbicular  gland  and  one  between  them,  rising  as  high  as  the  anther-cell,  their 
cellular  viscid  summits  receiving  pollen  in  the  unopened  flower,  and  penetrated 
by  pollen-tubes ! 

2.  H.  Integra,  Sprcng.  Stem  several-leaved  (1.5'  high),  the  1  or  2  lower 
leaves  elongated,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute;  the  others  becoming  smaller  and 
bract-like  ;  spike  densely  many-flowered,  oblong-cylindrical ;  flowers  orange-yel- 
low, small ;  lip  ovate,  entire  or  slightly  crenulate  or  wavy,  shorter  than  the  awl- 
shaped  descending  spur.  (Orchis  Integra  &  flava,  Nutt.  H.  Elliottii,  Beck. 
Gymnadenia  flava,  Lindl.)  —  Wet  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  Virginia,  and 
southward.  July.  —  Root  of  very  fleshy  fibres,  one  or  two  of  them  tuber-like. 
Appendages  of  the  stigma  two,  lateral,  oblong,  fleshy :  rostellum  or  middle 
appendage  narrow. 

§  2.  PERULARIA,  Lindl.  Cells  of  the  anther  nearly  parallel,  separated  by  a 
broadish  connective,  narrowed  towards  the  base,  the  margins  of  which  are  ex- 
tended so  as  to  form  the  sides  of  a  deep  oblong  groove  or  cavity  (piore  than  semi- 
circular in  cross-section),  ivhich  is  lined  by  the  dilated  orbicular  and  incurvd  gland. 
(Flowers  small,  greenish,  slender-spurred.) 

3.  H.  vireseens,  Spreng.  Leaves  ovate-oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate ; 
the  uppermost  linear-lanceolate  and  pointed,  passing  into  the  bracts  of  the 
elongated  raceme  ;  petals  ovate  ;  flowers  dull  green  ;  lip  furnished  with  a  tooth 
on  each  side  and  a  strong  nasal  protuberance  in  the  middle  of  the  base,  oblong, 
truncate-obtuse,  about  the  length  of  the  sepals,  half  the  length  of  the  slen- 
der club-shaped  spur.  (Orchis  flava,  Z/.  .'but  the  flowers  are  not  yellow.  O. 
vireseens,  Mnhl.,  Willd.  O.  fusce'scens,  Pursh.,  not  of  L.  O.  herbiola,  Pursh. 
O.  bidentata,  Ell.  O.  scutellata,  Nutt.  H.  herbiola,  R.  Br,  H.  flava,  Gray. 
Platanthera  flava,  Gray. )  —  Wet  places  :  common.  June,  July.  —  Stem  10'  -  20' 
high ;  the  spike  at  first  dense,  with  the  bracts  loaigev  than  the  flowers,  at  length 


500  ORCHIDACEiE.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.) 

elongated  and  often  loose,  the  upper  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers;  which 

are  (juitc  small,  and  with  scarcely  a  tinge  of  yellow,  drying  brownish.  — The 

Siberian  II.  (renilaria)  fuscescens  is  clearly  distinct. 

§  3.  PLATANTH^RA,  Richard.  Cells  of  the  anther  sometimes  parallel,  morerom- 
monlji  (liverrjent,  so  that  their  tapering  bases  and  the  exposed  f/lunds  are  more  or 
less  distant.     (Root  a  duster  of  Jleshij  fibres,  or  tuberous-thickened.) 

*  Flowers  greenish  or  tchitc,  small,  numerous  in  a  close  spike:  spur  not  longer  than  the 

entire  or  mcrehj  notched  narrow  lip  :  anther-cells  almost  parallel ,  wholly  adnute ; 
stem  leafy. 
t-  Spur  short  and  sac-like :  the  3  sepals  and  2  narroiu  petals  erect :  glands  small, 
rather  widely  separated.     (PEnfsTYLUS,  Lindl.) 

4.  H.  viridis,  R-  Br.,  var.  braeteata,  Reichenbach.  Lower  leaves  obo- 
vatc,  the  nj)])er  oblong  and  gradually  reduced  to  lanceolate  acute  bracts  2-4 
times  the  length  of  the  green  flowers;  spike  10-30-flowered  ;  lip  oblong-linear 
or  slightly  spatulate,  truncate  and  2-3-toothed  or  lobcd  at  the  tip,  more  than 
twice  the  length  of  the  spur.  (H,  braeteata,  R.  Br.)  —  Stem  6' -12'  high. 
According  to  Mr.  Darwin,  in  the  common  European  H.  viridis  each  gland  is 
protected  by  a  minute  pouch  :  this  is  not  yet  verified  in  ours.  —  Damp  woods, 
especially  northward.     (Eu.) 

•<-  H-  Spur  slender,  incurved,  about  as  long  as  the  entire  lip :  lateral  sepals  spreading. 

5.  H.  hyperbdrea,  R.  Br.  Stem  very  leafy  (G'-2°  high)  leaves  lanceo- 
late,  erect;  spike  dense  (2' -15' long) ;  lower  bracts  lanceolate,  long'er  than  the 
{greenish)  flowers;  lip  and  petals  lanceolate,  somewhat  equal,  the  latter  spreading 
from  the  base;  anther  somewhat  overhanging  the  transversely  dilated  stigma; 
glands  orbicular ;  stalk  of  the  pollen-masses  very  slender  and  weak.  (P.  hyper- 
borea,  Huronensis,  &c.,  Lindl.)  —  Peat-bogs  and  wet  cold  woods :  common  north- 
ward.    June,  July.     (Eu.) 

6.  H.  dilat^ta,  Gray.  (That  of  Hook,  Exot.  Fl.  is  the  preceding.)  Re- 
sembles No.  5,  but  usually  more  slender,  with  narrower  commonly  linear  leaves; 
flowers  white;  lip  lanceolate  from  a  rhomboidid-dilated  base,  entire,  its  base  with  the 
bases  of  other  petals  and  sepals  erect-connivent,  above  spreading;  anther-cells 
almost  parallel ;  glands  approximate,  laige  and  strap-shaped,  x-erticat,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  pollen  mass  and  its  short  flat  stalk  together;  stigma  narrow;  a  trowel- 
shaped  conspicuous  beak  (rostellum)  between  the  bases  of  the  anther-cells. 
(Orchis  dilatata,  Pursh.)  —  Cold  bogs  :  common  northward.    June,  July. 

*  *  Flowers  greenish  or  white  and  purple,  few  or  several  (5-15)  in  a  loose  spike, 

rather  larqe  for  the  size  of  the  plant:  scape  or  stem  naked  above,  l-teaved  at  the 
io.s«  (5' -9'  high)  :  .ipur  not  longer  than  the  lip:  anther-cells  wholly  adnate. 

7.  H.  rotundifblia,  Richardson.  Leaf  varying  from  almost  orbicular  to 
oblong  (lV-3'  long)  ;  flowers  rose-purple ;  or  the  lip  white  and  spotted  with  pur- 
ple, S-lobed,  and  the  larger  middle  lobe  dilated  and  2-lob(d  or  strongly  notched  at  the 
summit  (4" -6"  long),  exceeding  the  ovate-oblong  petals  and  sepals,  and  the 
slender  depending  sjjur;  anther-cells  contiguous  iir.d  parallel.  (O.  rotundifolia, 
Pursh.)  —  Damp  woods  and  bogs,  N.  Maine,  Mr.  Goodrich;  Warren,  Herkimer 
Co.,  New  York,  .7.  A.  Paine;  shore  of  L.  Michigan  in  Wisconsin,  Lewis  Fuote, 
and  northward.     June. 


ORCniDACE^.        (orchis    FAMILY.)  501 

8.  H.  obtUS^ta,  Richardson.  Leaf  obovate  or  apatulate-ohlong;  ^^''^f'^rs 
grc'iiis/i-ir/u'te ;  upper  sepal  very  broad  and  rounded,  the  others  and  the  petals 
lance-oblonj,' ;  ///)  entire,  linear  or  lanceolate,  deflexed  (3"  lonji),  about  the  len;>th 
of  the  tai)erin<j  and  curvin;^  spur ;  inither-ct//s  arcuate  and  wide///  sc/ia rated.  (O. 
obtnsata,  Pfos/i.)  —  Cold  peat-bogs,  &c.,  northeastern  coast  of  Maine,  and  on 
mountains  of  New  England  and  N.  New  York  to  Lake  Superior  (ciiiefly  sub- 
alpine),  and  nortliward.     June.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Flowers  white  or  greenish,  numerous  in  a  loose  spike,  on  a  naked  scape,  2-kaved 
at  the  base:  spur  lonc/er  than  the  narrow  entire  lip:  anther-cells  wideli/  diverging, 
their  narrowed  heak-like  bases  projecting  forwards :  base  of  the  stalk  of  the  pollen- 
mass  lateralhj  affixed  hg  a  short  intermediate  body  to  the  back  of  the  orbicular 
gland,  the  viscous  face  of  which  looks  oblifjiielg  inward  {the  space  between  the  two 
broad  enough  to  receive  the  head  of  a  butterflg). 

9.  H.  Hookeri,  Torn  Leaves  orbicular,  spreading  (3' -4' broad) ;  scape 
mostly  nalvcd  (j°-l°  high),  bearing  10-20  upright  sessile  yellowish-green  flow- 
era  in  a  strict  spike;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate;  lip  lanceolate,  pointed,  incurved, 
longer  than  the  lance-awl-shnped  petals ;  spur  slender,  acute,  about  the  length  of  the 
ovary  (nearly  1 '  long).  (H.  orbicuiata.  Hook. )  —  Woods,  Rhode  Island  to  Pcnn., 
Wisconsin  and  northward.  June.  —  Var.  oblongif6lia,  J.  A.  Paine.  Leaves 
oblong  (3' -5'  by  U'-2').     Little  Falls,  New  York,  J.  A.  Fame. 

10.  H.  orbicuiata,  Torr.  Leaves  very  large  (4' -8'  wide),  orbicular, 
spreading  flat  on  the  ground  ;  scape  bractcd,  bearing  many  spreading  7rfl«?/.s/i- 
white flowers  in  a  loose  raceme;  upper  sepal  orbicular,  the  lateral  ovate;  ///)  nar- 
rowly linear  and  slightly  spatulnle,  obtuse,  drooping,  nearly  thrice  the  length  of  the 
oblong-lanceoiatc  and  falcate  obtuse  petals  ;  .ymr  curved,  slender  (about  1 4'  long), 
gradually  thickened  towards  the  blunt  apex,  tivice  the  length  of  the  ovary ;  anther- 
cells  strongly  projecting  at  the  free  beak-like  base  (the  glands  nearly  \'  apart). 
(H.  macrophylla.  Hook.  Orchis  orbicuiata,  Fursh.) — Rich  woods,  especially 
of  Conifers,  Maine  to  Pennsylvania  and  Lake  Superior,  and  southward  along 
the  AUeghanies.  July.  —  Leaves  very  smooth,  shining  above,  silvery  under- 
neath.    Scape  1°- 2°  high. 

»  *  *  *  (Fringed  Orchis.)  Flowers  several  or  many  in  an  open  spike,  un'tk 
mostly  folidccous  bracts:  stem  {rather  tall)  leafy:  spur  thread-shaped  or  scarcely 
club-shcprd,  longer  than  the  fringed,  clefl,  or  dissected  lip:  anther-cells  wideJij  sep- 
arated and  usually  diverging,  their  narrow  beak-like  bases,  supported  bi/  the  arms 
of  the  stigma,  strongly  projecting  forwards  or  partly  upwards :  base  of  the  stalk  of 
the  pollen-mass  mostly  affixed  more  or  less  laterally  to  the  gland. 

■*-  Lip  pectinately  fringed  but  undivided:  flowers  golden  yellow  or  irhitc:  anther-cells 
widely  divergent  and  beak-pointed,  the  orbicular  glands  as  if  raised  on  a  tentacle 
much  projf  cting  forwards  or  slightly  inwards:  ovary  long,  tapering  to  the  summit. 

11.  H.  erist^ta,  R.Br.  Lower  leaves  lanceolate,  elongated;  the  uppef 
gradually  reduced  to  sharp-pointed  bracts,  nearly  the  length  of  the  crowded  {yellow) 
flowers;  spike  oblong  or  cylindrical;  petals  rounded,  crenate;  lip  ovate,  with  a 
laceralefringed  margin,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  slender  obtuse  incurved  spur,  which 
is  not  half  the  length  of  the  ovary.  —  (O.  cristata,  Michx.) — Bogs,  Pcnn. 
{Fursh)  to  Virginia  and  southward.  July.  —  Flowers  only  a  quarter  as  large 
as  in  the  next. 


502  ORcniDACE.E.     (orchis  family.) 

12.  H.  ciliaris,  K.  Br.  (Yellow  riuxGED-ORcms.)  Leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate  ;  the  upper  passing  into  pointed  binds,  which  arc  shorter  t/um  the  oi:a- 
ries;  spike  oblong,  rather  closely  muny-tiowcrcd ;  Jiuwers  bn'i/ht  oraiKjt-ijtllow ; 
lateral  sepal  rounded,  rcHe.xed;  jietals  linear,  cut-fringed  at  the  apex;  li/ioUongj 
almit  hii[f'tlic  h'iii;lh  of  the.  .sjiui\Juiiiishtd  with  ii  veri/  Uhkj  and  copious  at /nl/uri/ fringe. 
(U.  ciliari.s,  L.)  —  Wet  sandy  places,  ^'ew  England  to  Michigan,  and  especially 
southward :  rare  north  of  New  Jersey.  July  -  Sept.  —  Our  handsonjcst  species, 
li°  -  2°  high,  with  a  short  spike  of  very  sliowy  flowers  ;  the  lip  i'  long,  the  con- 
spicuous fringe  fully  Y  long  on  each  side. 

13.  H.  blephai'iglottis,  Hook.  (White  Fiuxged  Oncms.)  Leaves, 
&c.  as  in  the  last;  Jhwers  white;  j^etals  spatulate,  slightly  cut  or  toothed  at  the 
apex;  lip  ovate-  or  lanceolate-oblong,  with  the  irregular  capillary  fringe  of 
the  margins  usually  shorter  than  its  disk,  one  third  the  length  of  tiie  spur.  — 
Var.  noLOPETALA  (Platanthera  holopctala,  Lindl.)  has  narrower  petals  with 
the  toothing  obsolete,  and  the  lip  less  fringed.  —  Peat-bogs  and  borders  of 
ponds,  with  the  preceding,  commonly  taking  its  place  in  the  northward.  July. 
—  A  foot  high,  the  flowers  beautiful,  but  rather  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

-t-  1-  (Grkenish  Frixged-Orchis.)  Li/t3-parlcdahore  the  stalk-like  Ixisr,  the 
divisions  cat  into  capillary  fringes :  ^flowers  greenish-  or  yellowish-white :  anther- 
cells  not  very  divergent,  the  beaked  bases,  supported  on  the  upper  edge  of  the  broad 
arms  of  the  stigma,  projecting  forwards ;  the  large  glands  oval  or  lanceolate,  trans- 
verse, nearly  facing  each  other:  ovary  short-tapering  at  the  summit :  the  long  spurs 
gradually  thickened  doivnward. 

14.  H.  leueophEea.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  ;  the  bracts  similar,  rather 
shorter  than  the  (lar^c)  flowers;  spike  commonly  elongated,  loose;  petals  obo- 
cate,  minntely  ciil-toothal ;  divisions  of  the  lip  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  fun-shaped, 
many-clef  to  the  middle  into  a  copious  thread-like  fringe ;  spur  longer  than  the  ovary 
(l'-l|'  long);  glands  transversely  oval.  (Orchis  leucophiX'a,  iV^^/.)  —  Moist 
meadows,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  southwestward.  July.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high. 
Lip  7" -10"  long. 

15.  H.  lacera,  R.Br.  (Bagged  Fringed-Orchis.)  Leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate ;  raceme  loosely  many-flowered ;  petids  oblong-linear,  entire ;  divisions 
of  the  lip  narrow,  deeply  parted  into  a  few  long  nearly  capillary  lobes  ;  spur  about  the 
length  of  the  ovary;  glands  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  stalk  of  the  pollen-mass. 
(0.  psycodes,  Mvhl.,  &.C.,  not  of  Z.  Platanthera  psychodes,  LIndl.  0.  lacera, 
Michx.)  —  Bogs  and  moist  thickets  :  common.     July. 

-t-  -1-  -f-      (Purple  Frixgkd-Orciiis.  )     Lij>  fan-shaped,  S-parted  above  the  stalk- 
like  base,  the  dlintxd  divisions  ero-^ely  fringed :  fowers  pyurple  :  anther-cells  widely 
separated,  but  little  divergent,  their  tapering  bases  {supported  as  in  the  ]>recedlng) 
strongly  projecting,  the  orbicular  glands  looking  obliquely  forwards  and  downwards  : 
ovary  contracted  only  at  the  summit :  the  long  curving  spur  somewhat  thickened 
downward. 
IC.    H.    psyc6des,  Cray.       Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,   the  uppermost 
passing  into  linear-lanceolate  bracts;  raceme  cylindrical,  densely  many-fluwend ; 
lower  sejxds  round-oval,  obtuse;  petals  wedge-obovate  or  spatulate,  denticulate  above  :  di- 
visions of  the  spreading  lip  broadly  wedge-shaped,  many-cleft  into  a  short  fringe. 


ORCHIDACEJi:.       (orchis    FAMILY.)  503 

(O.  psycodes,  L. !  O.  fimbriata,  Pursh,  Bigelow.  0.  incisa  and  O.  fissa,  Mnhl. 
in  Willd.  Platanthcra  fimbriata,  Zi'no?/.) — Wet  meadows  and  bojis:  common. 
July,  Aug. — Flowers  short-pedicelled,  crowded  in  a  spike  of  4'- 10'  in  length, 
small,  but  very  handsome,  fragrant;  lip  short-stalked,  barely  ^'  broad  and  not 
so  long ;  the  middle  lobe  broadest  and  more  closely  fringed,  but  not  so  deeply 
cleft  as  the  lateral  ones. 

17.  H.  fimbriata,  R.  Br.  Lower  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  the  npper  few, 
passing  into  lanceolate  bracts;  spike  or  raceme  oblorn/,  loose! //-Jlowered ;  lower  sep- 
als orate,  acute;  petals  oblon;/,  toothed  down  the  sides;  divisions  of  the  pendent 
large  lip  fan-shaped,  more  fringed.  (0.  fimbriata.  Ait.,  Willd.,  Hook.  Exot. 
Fl.  &c.  0.  grandiflora,  Bigelow.)  —  Wet  meadows,  New  England  to  Pcnn. 
and  (chiefly)  northeastward.  June. — Flowers  fewer,  paler  (or  lilac-purple), 
and  3  or  4  times  larger  than  those  of  the  preceding;  the  more  ample  dilated 
lip  5'  to  1'  broad,  with  a  deeper  and  almost  capillary  crowded  fringe,  different- 
shaped  petals,  &c. 

18.  H.  peramoena,  Gray.  Lower  leaves  oblong-ovate,  the  upper  lanceo- 
late; spike  oblong  or  cyliudrical,  densely  flowered ;  lower  sepals  round-ovate; 
petals  rounded-obovate,  raised  on  a  claw  ;  divisions  of  the  large  lip  very  broadli/ 
wedge-shaped,  irregularis/  erodid-tootJud  at  the  broadly  dilated  summit,  the  lateral 
ones  truncate,  the  middle  one2-lohed.  (Platanthcra  peramoena,  Ed.  2.  P.  fissa, 
Lindl.  O.  fissa,  Pursh,  not  of  Muhl.) — Moist  meadows  and  banks,  Penn.  to 
Illinois,  and  southward  along  the  AUeghanies.  Aug.  —  Flowers  large  and 
showy,  violet-purple;  the  lip  paler  and  very  ample,  8"- 10"  long:  its  divisions 
minutely  and  variably  toothed,  or  sparingly  cut  along  the  terminal  edge,  but 
not  fringed. 

3.     GOODYERA,    R.Br.        Rattlesnake-Plantain. 

Lip  sac-shaped,  sessile,  entire,  and  without  callosities  at  the  base.  Otherwise 
as  Spiranthes.  —  Rootof  tJiick  fibres,  from  a  somewhat  fleshy  creeping  rootstock, 
bearing  a  tuft  of  thickish  petioled  leaves,  usually  reticulated  with  white  veining. 
Scape,  spike,  and  the  greenish-white  small  flowers  usually  glandular-downy. 
(Dedicated  to  John  Goodger,  an  early  English  botanist.) 
§  1.  Lip  strongly  saccate-inflated  and  with  a  short  spreading  or  recurved  tip:  anther 

short,  borne  on  a  distinct  fllament  attached  to  the  back  of  the  short  column,  blunt: 

gland-bearing  tip  or  beak  of  the  stigma  very  short. 

1.  G.  ripens,  R.  Br.  Small  (5' -8'  high)  and  slender;  leaves  ovate, 
more  or  less  white-reticulated  (about  1'  long)  ;  flowers  several,  in  a  loose  1-sidcd 
spike ;  lij)  with  an  ovate  recurved  tip  ;  sepals  ovate.  —  Woods,  under  evergreens  : 
common  northward  and  through  the  AUeghanies.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  G.  pubescens,  R.  Br.  Larger;  leaves  strongly  white-rcticulated ; 
scape  G'-12'  high;  the  numerous  crowdid flowers  not  one-sided;  tip  of  the  globular 
lip  very  short:  otherwise  like  the  preceding,  and  too  near  it.  — Rich  woods,  cast- 
ward  and  southward.     July,  Aug. 

§  2.  Lip  barely  saccate  below,  tapering  and  its  sid(S  involute  above:  anther  ovate  and 
long-pointed,  borne  on  the  base  of  the  very  short  proper  column,  which  is  continued 
above  the  stigma  into  a  conspicuous  long  tapering  awl-shaped  gland-bearing  beak. 


504  ORCHIDACE^.        (ORCniS    FAMILY.) 

Aapect  o/"  Good  vera  :  structure  of  the  flower  near/y  o/"  Spirantlics,  hut  the  lip 

jritliont  cal/usities. 
3.  G.  Menzidsii,  Limll.  Leaves  ovate-ol)lonLr,  acute  (2' -3'  lonrr),  less 
wliitcreticiilateil  than  tlic  procetlinjr,  some  not  at  all  so;  scape  9' -  12' liiyh  ; 
flowers  rather  numerous  in  a  looser  often  1 -sided  spike;  Hovver-buds  less  pubes- 
cent, elonjratcd-ovate  and  pointed;  lip  with  the  saecate-eonduplieatc  lower  por- 
tion gradually  tapering  into  the  narrow  barely  spreading  summit.  (Spiran- 
thes  deei'piens,  Hook:)  —  Woods,  Western  New  York  to  Michigan  (confounded 
■witli  G.  pubescens),  Lake  Superior,  and  far  westward.     July. 

4.     SPIRANTHES,      Richard.        Ladies'  Tresses. 

Flower  somewhat  ringent,  oblique  on  the  ovary ;  the  .sepals  and  petals  all 
narrow,  mostly  erect  or  connivcnt,  the  tiiree  upper  pieces  sticking  together  more 
or  less,  the  two  lower  covering  the  base  of  the  lip.  Lip  oblong,  short-stalked  or 
sessile,  the  lower  part  involute  around  the  column,  and  with  a  callous  protuber- 
ance on  each  side  of  the  base ;  the  somewhat  dilated  summit  spreading  or  re- 
curved, crisped,  wavy,  or  rarely  toothed  or  lobed.  Column  short,  oblique, 
bearing  the  ovate  stigma  on  the  front,  and  the  sessile  or  short-stalked  (mostly 
acute  or  pointed)  2-cclled  erect  anther  on  the  back.  Pollen-masses  2  (one  in 
each  cell),  ovate,  each  2-parted  from  the  base  (or  even  again  divided)  into  thin 
and  tender  plates  of  granular  pollen  united  by  elastic  threads,  their  summits 
together  soon  adhering  to  the  narrow  boat-shaped  viscid  gland  of  the  stigma, 
which  is  set  in  the  slender  or  tapering  thin  process  or  beak  terminating  the 
column,  and  is  carried  away  on  the  proboscis  of  insects  visiting  the  flower, 
with  the  pollen,  to  be  deposited  upon  the  stigma  of  another  flower.  After  the 
removal  of  the  gland,  the  beak  is  left  as  a  2-toothcd  or  2-forkcd  tip.  —  Roots 
clustcred-tuberous :  stem  more  or  less  naked  above,  leaf-bearing  lielow  or  at  the 
base.  Flowers  small  (ours  all  white  or  greenish-white),  bent  horizontally,  1  -3- 
ranked  in  a  spike,  which  is  commonly  more  or  less  spirally  twisted  (whence  the 
name,  from  a-mlpa,  a  coil  or  curl,  and  tiv6os,  floiver.) 

*  Flowers  in  3  ranks,  crowded  in  a  close  spike.     (Leaves  at  the  root  and  6ase  ofthii 
stem  jiresent  at  the  flowering  season.) 

1.  S.  Iatif61ia,  Torn  Low;  naked  stem  or  scape  4' -9'  high,  smooth; 
leaves  all  next  the  liase,  oblom;  or  lance-oblong  ( 1 '  -  3'  long,  6"  -  8"  wide),  3  -  5-nerved, 
contracted  into  a  sheathing  base  ;  spike  narrow  (1'  -  2'  long),  flowers  small ;  lip 
quadrate-oblong,  thin,  wavy-crisped  at  the  very  obtuse  or  truncate  apex,  the 
small  callosities  at  the  base  ohlong,  marginal  and  adnate  for  their  whole  length ; 
gland  and  beak  of  the  stigma  short.  (S.  plantaginea,  Torr.  in  N.  Y.  Fl.,  not 
of  Li ndl.  S.  astivalis,  Oakes,  Cot.)  —  Moist  biinks,  A^ermont  and  N.  New  York 
to  Michigan,  Penn.  (near  Lancaster,  Prof.  Porter),  and  Delaware,  W.  M.  Canhy. 
June.  —  Perianth  2" -3"  long;  lip  yellowish  on  the  face,  not  contracted  in  the 
middle  nor  the  margins  involute. 

2.  S.  Romanzovikna,  Chamj.sso.  Stem  le'ifij  heloiv,  and  kafi/-l)rarted 
a/x>re  (.')'- 15'  high);  leaves  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  grassy-linear; 
spike  dense,  oblong  or  cylindrical  (1'- 4' long)  ;  perianth  curved  and  the  sum- 
mit maniflstlji  ringent,  the  sepals  and  petals  all  connivcnt  in  the  upper  portion  or 


ORCniDACE^.       (ORCniS    FAMILY.)  50i5 

galea;  the  Up  ovate-oblong,  contracted  bihw  the  rounded  wavy-crenulite  much  re- 
curved sumwit,  otherwise  entii'C,  tlie  callosities  at  base  globular  and  smooth ; 
gland  oblong-linear  and  the  2-liorned  beak  of  the  sli<jma  short.  (S.  geniinipara, 
Liiidl.  (Xeottia,  Smith.)  S.  eerniia,  in  part,  Hook.  &  Ed.  2.)  —  High  and  cool 
bogs,  New  York,  from  Herkimer  and  Otsego  Co.,  to  Lake  Suj)erior,  and  north- 
westward. July,  Aug.  —  Perianth  about  4"  long,  pure  white,  smooth  or 
smoothish.     (Eu.     Bantry  Bay,  Ireland,  only.) 

3.  S.  cernua,  Richard.  Stem  leafy  belotv  and  leafy  bract ed  above  (G'-20' 
high)  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  the  lowest  elongated  (4' -12'  long,  2" -4"  wide); 
spike  cylindrical,  rather  dense  (2' -5'  long)  and  with  the  flowers  either  pubes- 
cent or  nearly  smooth ;  perianth  horizontal  or  recurving,  the  lower  sepals  not 
upturned  or  connivcnt  with  the  upjjcr ;  lip  oblong  and  very  obtuse  when  out- 
spread, but  condiiplicate  or  the  margins  much  incurved,  wavy-crisped  above  the 
middle,  especially  at  the  flattish  and  recurved-spreading  apex,  the  callosities  at 
the  base  prominent,  nipple-shaped,  somewhat  hairy  ;  gland  of  the  stigma  linear, 
in  a  long  and  very  slender  beak.  —  Common  in  wet  places,  especially  eastward 
and  southward.  Sept.,  Oct.  —  Very  variable  in  size,  foliage,  &c.  :  the  commoner 
form,  with  pure  white  sweet-scented  flowers,  often  nearly  losing  its  roof-leaves 
at  flowering-time  :  a  variety  in  dry  ground  has  greenish-cream  colored  stronger- 
scented  flowers,  and  retains  its  root-leaves.     Perianth  4" -5"  long. 

*  *  Flowers  in  one  straight  or  spirally  twisted  7-anl:. 

■t-  Stem  bearing  towards  and  at  the  base  elongated  leaves,  whivh  mostly  persist  during 

the  flowering  season. 

4.  S.  graminea,  Lindl.,  Var.  Walteri.  Stem  9'- 2°  high;  loAver  and 
root-loaves  linear  or  lance-linear  (3' -8' long,  2" -4"  wide)  gradually  tapering 
to  the  base,  the  upper  reduced  to  sheathing  bracts ;  spike  linear,  dense  (2' -5' 
long),  usually  much  twisted,  the  axis,  ovaries,  &c.  downy-pubescent;  bracts 
ovate  and  gradually,  or  rhombic-ovate  and  abruptly  taper-pointed,  surpassing 
the  ovary,  the  margins  broadly  hyaline  ;  lip  ovate-oblong  when  outspread,  with 
rather  small  callosities  at  base,  crisped  at  the  rounded  apex  ;  anther  and  beak 
of  the  stigma  very  acute.  (Liraodbrum  praecox,  Walt.  Nedttia  tortilis,  Pursh, 
Barton,  Fl.,  &c.  S.  tortilis,  Chapm.)  — Wet,  grassy  places,  S.  New  England  to 
Virginia,  and  southward.  July,  Aug.,  at  the  north.  —Koot  of  fleshy  or  some- 
what tuberous  thickened  fibres.  Perianth  3"  long.  —  The  original.  West  Indian 
S.  tortilis  (Swartz),  Richard,  has  a  smoother  much  less  twisted  spike,  smaller 
bracts,  and  more  leafless  scape,  the  root-leaves  seldom  present  at  flowering-time  : 
it  is  very  like  S.  brevifolia,  Chapm.  (S.  longilabris,  Lindl.  ?).  Our  plant  has  a 
more  acute  tip  to  the  anther  and  stigma  than  the  Mexican. 

H-  1-  Scape  vei-y  slender,  merely  bracted ;  the  leaves  with  a  blade  all  in  a  cluster 
at  the  ground,  orate  or  oblong,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  petiole,  commonly  wither- 
ing away  at  or  before  flowering  .-flowers  small,  and  ivhole  plant  gabrous  or  nearly 
so :  bracts  small,  sharp-pointed,  not  longer  than  the  pod. 

5.  S.  gracilis,  Bigelow.  Roots  clustered,  tiiberous-thietened ;  scape  8' -18' 
high,  bearing  a  slender  many-flowered  one-sided  or  twisted  spike  ;  lip  oval  when 
outspread,  nan'owly  oblong  in  natural  form,  thickish  and  green  above  with  thin 
white  margins,  the  recurved  obtuse  or  acutish  ajiex  wavy-crisped,  the  callosities 

GM    33 


506  ouciiiDACE^.     (orchis  family.) 

at  the  h;i<c  nipple-sliiipcd.  (Also  S.  Reckii,  Lindl.,  at  least  as  to  the  Northern 
])lant.)  —  Hilly  woods  and  sandy  plains:  common.  July -Oct. — Perianth 
barely  li"-:i"  long-. 

G.  S.  simplex,  n.  sjj.  Koot  a  soli/orij  ob/on</  or  spiinlli:-sliai>e(l  tiilirr  ;  nc 
leaves  at  lloweriny  time;  scape  .5' -9'  hi<;li,  bcariiij;  a  small  narrow  (rarely  1- 
sided)  spike  of  very  sliort  Jiowera  (perianth  1"-  li"  lon<;)  ;  lip  thin,  white,  oliornte- 
oblomj,  the  apex  eroded  and  crisped,  the  callosities  at  the  base  slender.  — Dry, 
sandy  soil,  E.  Mass.  (Nantucket,  Dr.  Rohhins),  New  Jersey  (C.  F.  Austin,  ^c), 
and  Delaware,  Win.  M.  Caidnj.     Aug.,  Sept. —  Spike  l'-3'  long. 

5.  LISTERA,     R.Brown.        Twaybi.ade. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  spreading  or  reflexed.  Lip  niostlj-  drooping, 
longer  than  the  scpnls,  2-lobcd  or  2-cleft.  Column  wingless:  stigma  with  a 
rounded  beak.  Anther  borne  on  the  back  of  the  column  at  the  summit,  erect, 
ovate:  pollen  powdery,  in  2  masses,  joined  to  a  minute  glatid. —  Roots  fibrous. 
Stem  bearing  a  pair  of  ojiposito  sessile  leaves  in  the  middle,  and  a  spike  or  ra- 
ceme of  greenish  or  brownish-purple  small  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Martin  Lister, 
an  early  and  celebrated  British  naturalist.) 

*  Column  very  sliort.     ( Sepals  ovate,  rejlexed :  plants  delicate,  4'  -  8'  high.) 

1.  L.  COrd^ta,  R.  Brown.  Leaves  round-ovate,  somewhat  heart-shaped 
(^'-1'  long)  ;  raceme  smooth;  flowers  minute,  crowded,  on  pedicels  not  longci- than 
the  ovary  ;  Up  linear,  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals,  1  -toothed  on  each  side  at  the 
base,  2-cle/}.  —  Damp  cold  woods  ;  from  Penn.  northward.     June,  July.    (Eu.) 

2.  L.  australis,  Lindl.  Leaves  ovate ;  raceme  loose  and  slender ;  floweis 
very  small,  on  minutely  (jiandular-pnhescent  f>edicels  twice  the  length  of  the  ovary  ;  lip 
linear,  3-4  tiines  the  length  of  the  sepals,  2-parttd,  the  divisions  linear-setaceous. 
—  Damp  thickets,  New  Jersey  to  E.  "Virginia  and  southward.     June. 

*  *  Column  longer,  arching  or  straightish. 

3.  L.  eonvallarioides,  Hook.  Leaves  oval  or  roundish,  and  sometimes 
a  little  heart-siiaped  (I'-lj'  long)  ;  raceme  loose,  pubescent;  flowers  on  slen- 
der pedicels  ;  lip  wedge-oblong,  2-lobed  at  the  dilated  apex,  and  1-toothed  on 
each  side  at  the  base,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  narrowly  lanceolate  spread- 
ing  sepals,  purplish,  y  long.  (Epipactis  eonvallarioides,  Swarts.)  —  Damp 
mossy  woods,  along  the  whole  Alleghany  Mountains,  to  Penn.,  also  Maine  to 
Lake  Superior,  and  northward. — Plant  4' -9'  high. 

6.  ARETHUSA,     Gronov.        Aretiiusa. 

Flower  ringcnt ;  the  lanceolate  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  united  at  the 
base,  ascending  and  arching  over  the  column.  Lip  dilated  and  recurved  spread- 
ing towards  the  summit.  Column  adherent  to  the  lip  below,  petal-like,  dilated 
at  the  apex.  Anther  lid-like,  terminal,  of  2  approximate  cells  :  pollen-masses 
powdery-granular,  2  in  each  cell.  —  Beautiful  low  herbs,  consisting  of  a  sheathed 
scape  from  a  globular  solid  bulb,  terminated  usually  by  a  single  large  rose-pur- 
])le  flower.  Leaf  solitary,  linear,  nerved,  hidden  in  the  sheaths  of  the  scape, 
protruding  after  flowering.     (Dedicated  to  the  Nymph  Arethusa.) 


OUCHIDACE^.        (ORCUIS    FAMILY.)  507 

1.  A.  bulbosa,  L.  Flower  single,  erect,  with  an  entire  lip  recurved  at  the 
apex  and  bearded-crested  down  tlie  face.  —  Bogs,  Virginia  to  Maine,  N.  Wis- 
consin, and  northward :  rather  scarce  or  local.  May.  —  Flower  1 '  -  2'  long,  very 
handsome,  bright  rose-purple ;  very  rarely  a  pair  of  flowers. 

7.     POGONIA,    Juss.        rouosiA. 

Flower  irregular,  the  sepals  and  petals  separate.  Lip  crested  or  3-lobed. 
Column  free,  elongated,  club-shaped,  wingless.  Anther  terminal  and  lid-like, 
stalked:  pollen-masses  2  (one  in  each  cell),  powdery-granular,  (llcoywz/i'as, 
bearded,  from  the  lip  of  some  of  the  original  species.) 

§  1.  S''i)als  and  petals  nearli/  equal  and  alike,  }iak  rox-color,  somdimL'S  white. 

1.  P.  ophioglOSSOldeS,  Nutt.  Root  of  thick  fibres ;  stem  (6'-<J'high) 
bearing  a  single  oval  or  lance-oblong  leaf  near  the  middle  and  a  smaller  one  or 
bract  near  the  terminal  flower,  rarely  one  or  two  others  with  a  flower  iu  their 
a\il;  lip  spatulate  below,  apprcssed  to  the  column,  beard-crested  and  'ringed. — 
In  bogs.  June,  July. — Flower  1'  long,  sweet-scented.  —  An  interesting  mon- 
ster of  this,  with  two  additional  lips,  and  some  other  petaloid  parts,  wa^  found  iu 
Herkimer  Co.,  ]S'ew  York,  by  J.  A.  Paine. 

2.  P.  pendula,  Lindl.  Stem  (3' -  8'  high)  from  oblong  tubers,  bearing  3 
to  7  alternate  ovate-clasping  very  small  (3" -6")  leaves,  the  upper  1-4  with 
drooping  flowers  in  their  a.xils  on  slender  pedicels ;  lip  spatulate,  somewhut  .3- 
lobed,  roughish  or  crisj)ed  above,  crestless.  (Triphora  pendula,  Nutt.)  —  Damp 
woods  :  rather  scarce.     Aug.  —  I'erianth  ^'  long,  narrow. 

§  2.  Sepals  linear,  dingy  or  brownish,  lunger  and  much  narroiue.r  than  the  erect  or  ron- 
nicent  petals :  lip  3-lubed  at  tiie  ap^x,  crested  down  the  middle,  beardless :  Jlowtrs 
solitary  (or  rarely  a  pair),  terminal :  root  a  cluster  of  fibres. 

3.  P.  divaricita,  R.  Br.  Stem  ( 1  °  -  2°  high )  bearing  a  lanceolate  leaf  in  the 
middle,  and  a  leafy  bract  next  the  flower,  which  is  recurved  on  the  ovary  ;  but  the 
sepals  ascending  or  diverging,  spatulate-linear,  longer  than  the  lanceolate-spat- 
ulate  pointed  and  flesh-colored  petals,  these  about  I'-U'  long.  —  Wet  pine- 
barrens,  Quaker  Bridge,  New  Jeisey  (  IF.  //.  Leijjett),  Virginia,  and  southward. 
June,  July. 

4.  P.  verticillata,  Nutt.  Stem  (6' -12' high),  naked,  except  some  sni;<.ll 
scales  at  the  base,  and  a  whorl  of  mostly  .')  obovute  or  obovate-oblong  sessile  leares  at 
the  summit;  flower  dusky  purplish,  on  a,  peduncle  longer  than  the  orary  and  pod ; 
sepals  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  petals,  narrowly  linear,  spreading  from  a 
mostly  erect  base  (l^'-2'  long) ;  lip  with  a  narrow  crest  down  the  middle.  — 
Low  woods:  rather  rare,  especially  eastward.  May,  June.  —  Glaucous  when 
young.     Stalk  of  pod  al)0ut  1^'  long,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  leaves. 

5.  P.  afifinis,  C.  F.  Austin,  n.  sp.  Somewhat  smaller  than  the  preceding ; 
leaves  paler  and  rather  narrower;  flowers  (not  rarely  in  pairs)  yellowish  or 
greenish;  peduncle  much  shorter  than  the  ovary  and  pod ;  sepals  not  twice  the  length 
of  the  petals,  tapering  to  the  base ;  lip  crested  over  the  whole  face  and  on  tlie 
middle  of  the  lobes. — With  the  last,  which  it  nearly  resembles,  but  is  much 
rarer.  Southern  New  York  and  Northern  New  Jersey,  C.  F.  Austin  ;  and 
Connecticut,  near  New  Haven,  Edward  Dana. 


508  ORCIIIDACE^.        (orchis    FAMILY.) 

8  .    C  A  L  O  P  6  G  O  N ,    R.  Br.        Calopogon. 

Flower  with  the  ovary  or  stalk  not  twisting,  therefore  presenting  its  lip  on  tht 
upper  or  inner  side.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  lance-ovate,  spreading,  dis- 
tinct. Lip  spreading,  distant  from  the  column,  raised  on  a  narrowed  base  or 
stalk,  dilated  at  the  summit,  strongly  bearded  along  the  upper  side.  Colunm 
free,  slender,  winged  at  the  ape.x.  Anther  terminal  and  lid-like,  sessile  :  pollen- 
masses  4  (two  in  each  cell),  of  soft  powdery  grains,  lightly  connected  by  delicate 
threads.  —  Scape  from  a  small  soliil  bulb,  sheathed  below  by  the  base  of  the 
grass-like  leaf,  naked  above,  bearing  several  flowers.  Bracts  minute.  (Name 
composed  of  kuXos,  haiillful,  and  Trwycoi/,  heard,  from  the  bearded  lip.) 

1.  C.  pulehelius,  K.  Br.  Leaf  linear;  scape  about  1°  high,  2-6-flow- 
ered;  lip  as  if  hinged  at  the  insertion,  beautifully  bearded  towards  the  dilated 
summit  with  white,  yellow,  and  purple  club-shaped  hairs.  —  Bogs:  common. 
June,  July.  —  Flowers  I'  broad,  i)ink-purplc. 

9.     CALYPSO,     Salisb.        Calypso. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  similar,  ascending,  spreading,  lanceolate,  pointed. 
Lij)  larger  than  the  rest  of  the  flower,  sac-shaped,  inflated  {9"  long),  2-pointcd 
underneath  the  ape.x.  Column  broadly  winged  and  petal-like,  ovate,  bearing 
the  lid-like  anther  just  below  the  apex  :  pollen  masses  waxy,  2,  each  2-partcd, 
all  sessile  on  a  square  gland. — A  little  bog-herb;  the  solid  bulbs  producing  a 
single  ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  thin  leaf,  as  in  A  plectrum,  and  a  short 
(3' -5'  high)  scape,  sheathed  below,  bearing  a  large  and  showy  (variegated 
purple,  pink,  and  yellow)  flower.     (Name  from  the  goddess  Cah/pso.) 

1.  C.  borealis,  Salisb.  —  Cold  bogs  and  wet  woods,  the  bulbs  resting  in 
moss,  Northern  New  England  to  Michigan,  and  northward.  May.  —  Avery 
local  and  beautiful  plant.  Lip  somewhat  resembling  that  of  a  Lady's  Slipper, 
woolly-hairy  inside.     (Eu.) 

10.     TIPULARIA,    Nutt.     Crane  fly  Orchis. 

Sepals  and  petals  spreading,  oblong ;  the  latter  rather  narrower.  Lip  pro- 
longed underneath  into  a  thread-like  ascending  spur  twice  or  thrice  the  length 
of  the  flower  (9"- 12"  long),  .^-lobed ;  the  middle  lobe  linear,  a  little  wavy,  as 
long  as  the  petals,  the  side  lobes  short  and  triangular.-  Column  narrow  and 
wingless.  Anther  lid-like,  terminal :  pollen-masses  2,  waxy,  each  2-parted,  con- 
nected by  a  linear  stalk  with  the  transverse  small  gland.  —  Herb  with  large 
solid  bulbs  connected  horizontally,  on  a  distinct  petiole,  producing  in  antumn 
a  single  ovate  nerved  and  plaited  leaf  on  a  slender  petiole,  tinged  with  purple 
beneath  ;  and  in  summer  a  long  and  naked  slender  scape  (10'-  18'  high),  with 
1  or  2  sheaths  at  the  base,  bearing  a  many-flowered  raceme  of  small  greenish 
flowers  tinged  with  purple.  (Name  from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  the  flowers 
to  insects  of  the  frenus  Tipiila.) 

1.  T.  discolor,  Nutt.  Lip  blunt  at  the  tip  (which  distinguishes  it  from 
a  recently  discovered  Himalayan  species).  —  Sandy  woods,  Massachusetts  to 
Michigan  and  southward  :  very  scarce.     July. 


ORCHIDACE^.        (orchis    FAMILY.)  509 

11.     BLETIA,     Ruiz  &  Pavon.         Bletia. 

Sepals  spreading,  equal,  rather  exceeding  the  petals.  Lip  hooded,  hinged  as 
it  were  with  the  eolunin,  crested  along  the  upper  face,  often  3-lobed.  (,"ol- 
umn  half-cylindrical ;  the  fleshy  anther  forming  a  lid  at  its  apex.  PolJen-niasscs 
8,  in  pairs,  with  a  stalk  to  each  pair,  waxy,  becoming  powdery.  — Scape  many- 
flowered  from  solid  tubers.     (Named  for  Loais  Diet,  a  Spanish  botanist.) 

I.  B.  aph^lla,  Nutt.  Leafless;  scape  (l"-2°  high)  beset  with  purplish 
scales,  the  lower  ones  sheathing;  flowers  raecmcd,  brownish-purple;  lip  not 
saccate.     Rich  woods,  Kentucky  and  southward. 

12.    MICROSTYLIS,    Nutt.        Adder's-Mouth. 

Sepals  spreading.  Petals  thread-like  or  linear,  spreading.  Lip  auricled  or 
ovate  at  the  base,  not  tubercled,  entire  or  nearly  so.  Column  very  small,  terete, 
with  2  teeth  or  auricles  at  the  summit  and  the  erect  anther  between  them.  Pol- 
len-masses 4,  in  one  row  (2  in  each  cell),  cohering  by  pairs  at  the  apex,  waxy, 
without  any  stalks,  threads,  or  gland.  —  Little  herbs,  from  solid  bulbs,  produ- 
cing simple  stems  or  scapes,  which  bear  in  our  species  a  single  leaf,  and  a  raceme 
of  minute  greenish  flowers.  (Name  composed  oi'  fiiKpos,  Utile,  and  arvXis,  a 
column  or  sfi/le. ) 

1.  M.  monophyllos,  Lindl.  Slender  (4' -6'  high);  leaf  sheathing  the 
base  of  the  stem,  ovate-elliptical;  raceme  spi/.id,  loncj  and  slender;  pedicels  not 
longer  ihan  the  fowc'rs ;  lip  long-pointed.  —  Cold  wet  swamps,  N.  New  England 
to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     July.     (Eu.) 

2.  M.  ophioglossoldes,  Nutt.  Leaf  near  the  middle  of  the  stem,  ovate, 
clasping;  raceme  shoit  and  obtuse;  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  Jloiuers ;  lip  3- 
toothed  at  the  summit.  —  Damp  woods  :  more  common  southward.     July. 

13.     LIPARIS,     Richard.         Twayblade. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  linear,  or  the  latter  thread-like,  spreading. 
Lip  flat,  entire,  often  bearing  2  tubercles  above  the  base.  Column  elongated, 
incurved,  margined  at  the  apex.  Anther  lid-like,  terminal :  pollen-masses  4,  in 
one  row  (2  to  each  cell),  slightly  united  in  pairs,  without  stalk,  threads,  or 
gland.  —  Small,  low  herbs,  with  solid  bulbs,  producing  2  root-leaves  and  a  Ioav 
scape,  which  bears  a  raceme  of  few  purplish  or  greenish  flowers.  (Name  from 
\nTap6i,  fat  or  shining,  in  allusion  to  the  smooth  or  unctuous  leaves.) 

1.  L.  Iiliif61ia,  Richard.  Leaves  ovate;  petals  tliread-like,  reflexed ;  tip 
large  (^'  long)  wi'dge-ohovate,  abruptli/  short-pointed,  hroivn-purptish.  (Malaxis  lilii- 
Mia.,  Suartz.) — Moist  woodlands  :  commonest  in  the  Middle  States.     June. 

2.  L.  LcBs61ii,  Richard.  Leaves  elliptical-lanceolate  or  oblong,  keeled ; 
lip  obomite  or  oblong  (2"  long),  mncronate,  ydlowiah-green,  shorter  than  the  linear 
unequal  petals  and  s'pals.  (Malaxis  Correana,  Barton.)  —  Bogs,  New  England 
to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward  :  rare.     June.     (Eu.) 

14.    CORALLORHIZA,    Haller.        Cokal-root. 

Perianth  somewhat  ringcnt,  oblique  and  gil)bous  or  obscurely  spurred  at  the 
base ;  the  oblong  or  lanceolate  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  the  upper  aiching ; 


510  ORCHIDACE^.        (OUCHIS    FAMILY.) 

the  lateral  sepals  ascending,  their  bases  with  that  of  the  lip  forming  the  gibbos- 
ity or  short  spur  which  is  mostly  adnatc  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary  :  lip  slightly 
adherent  to  the  base  of  the  2-edged  straightish  column,  bearing  a  pair  of  pro- 
jecting ridges  on  the  face  below,  spreading  or  recurved  at  the  apex.  Anther 
terminal,  lid-like.  Pollen-masses  4,  obliquely  incumbent,  soft-waxy,  free. 
Brownish  or  yellowish  herbs,  destitute  of  green  foliage,  with  much-branched 
and  toothed  coral-Iikc  root-stocks  (probably  root-parasitical),  sending  up  a  sim- 
ple scape,  with  sheaths  in  place  of  leaves,  and  bearing  small  and  dull-colored 
flowers  in  a  spiked  raceme.  (Name  composed  of  KopuWiof,  coral,  and  f>i(a, 
root.) 

§  1.  Small  spur  or  sac  adnate  to  the  sutnmit  of  the  ovary:  flowers  small :  lip  whitish 
or  purplish,  often  mottled  with  crimson. 

1.  C.  inn§,ta,  R.  Brown.  Plant  slender,  light  brownish  or  yellowish  (3'- 
9'  high),  5  -  12-(lowered  ;  pedicels  very  short ;  lip  somewhat  hastately  3-lolied  aboce 
the  base,  the  lamella;  thick  and  rather  short ;  spur  a  very  small  piotuberance ; 
pod  oval  or  elliptical  (.3" -4'"  long).  (C.  vcrna,  Nittt.)  —  Swamps  and  damp 
woods.     May,  June.  —  Perianth  only  2'  or  2^''  long.     (Ku.) 

2.  C  odontorhiza,  Nutt.  Piant  light  brown  or  purplish ;  stem  rather 
slender,  bulbous-thickened  at  the  base  (6'- 16' high),  6  -  20-flowered  ;  pedicels 
rather  slender ;  liji  entire,  or  merely  denticulate,  thin,  broadly  ovate  or  obovate, 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  claw-like  base,  the  lamella?  a  pair  of  short  projections; 
the  spur  represented  by  a  small  cavity  wholly  adnate  to -the  summit  of  the 
ovary;  pod  at  first  very  acute  at  the  base,  at  length  short-oval  (4"  long).  (C. 
Wistariana,  Conrad.) — Rich  woods,  New  York  to  Michigan,  and  especially 
southward  :  rare  northward.     May,  July.  —  Perianth  about  3"  long. 

3.  C.  raultiflbra,  Nutt.  Plant  purplish,  rather  stout  (9' -18' high),  10- 
30-flowered  ;  ///)  dee/i/i/  3-lobed,  with  a  short  narrowed  base  and  with  prominent 
lamellai;  spur  manifest  and  protuberant;  pod  oblong  (6'' -9"  long),  sliort-ped- 
ieelled-  —  Dry  woods  :  common.     July  -  Sept.  —  Perianth  2^"  - 4''  long. 

§  2.    Spttr  none:  the  broad/i/  gibbons  somewhat  saccate  base  of  the  perianth  irhoJli]  frc-e 
from  the  ovarij :  flowers  large  for  the  genus,  purple,  unspotlpd,  more  expanding. 

4.  C.  Macrsei,  Gray.  Plant  purplish,  stout  (6-16'  high),  bearing  1.5- 
2.')  large  flowers  in  a  crowded  spike,  on  very  short  pedicels ;  lip  oval  or  obovate, 
perfectly  entire,  concave,  barely  narrowed  at  the  base,  where  it  bears  1-3  short 
lamellaj ;  all  the  parts  of  the  perianth  marked  with  3  darker  nerves  ;  pod  oblong 
(9"  long).  —  Woods,  from  near  Lake  Eric  (Caledonia  Springs,  Canada,  W.  F. 
Macrae),  Mackinaw,  C.  G.  Loring,  Jr.,  Prof  Whitney,  and  westward  to  the 
Pacific.  July.  —  Sepals,  petals,  and  lip  6"  or  7"  long.  — This  is  the  Aplectrum 
aphyllum,  Nutt.  in  herb.;  and  from  the  range  and  the  size  of  the  flowers  it  can 
hardly  be  other  than  C.  striata,  Lindl.,  but  it  does  not  at  all  agree  with  the 
character  as  to  the  lij)  and  spur. 

15.     APLECTRUM,     Nutt.        Putty-root.     Adam-and-Evk. 

Perianth  neither  gibbous,  nor  with  any  trace  of  a  spur  or  sac  at  the  base. 
Lip  free,  the  palate  3-ridged.  Otherwise  the  flowers  and  the  scape  (invested 
below  with  3  greenish  sheaths)  as  in  Corallorhiza.     But,  instead  of  a  coral-like 


k 


ORCHID ACE^.        (orchis    FAMILY.)  511 

root,  a  slender  naked  rootstock  produces  each  year  a  thick,  globular,  solid  bulb 
or  corni,  often  I'  in  diameter  (tilled  with  exeeediny:ly  glutinous  matter),  which 
sends  up  late  in  summer  a  large,  oval,  many-nerved  and  plaited,  pctioled,  green 
leaf,  lasting  through  the  winter,  and  early  in  the  succeeding  summer  its  scape, 
a  foot  or  more  high,  is  terminated  by  a  loose  raceme  of  dingy  ratiicr  large  flowers. 
(Genus  too  near  the  last.  The  name  composed  of  a  privative  and  nXrjKTpov, 
a  spur,  from  the  total  want  of  the  latter.) 

1.  A.  hyemale,  Nutt.  —  Woods,  in  rich  mould:  rather  rare  or  local. — 
Each  corm  lasts  2  or  3  years  before  it  shrivels,  so  that  3  or  4  are  found  horizon- 
tally connected.  Perianth  greenish-brown,  or  the  lip  whitish,  and  somewhat 
?peckled  with  purple,  5"  -  6"  long. 

16.     CYPRIPEDIUM,     L.        Lady's  Slippek.     Moccason-flow'er. 

Sepals  spreading ;  all  three  distinct,  or  in  most  cases  two  of  them  united  into 
one  under  the  lip.  Petals  spreading,  resembling  the  sepals  but  usually  nar- 
rower. Lip  a  large  infldted  sac.  Column  declined  ;  on  each  side  a  fertile  sta- 
men, with  its  short  filament  bearing  a  2-celled  anther;  the  pollen  loose  and 
pulpy  or  powdery-granular ;  on  the  upper  side  a  dilated-triangular,  petal-like 
but  thickish  body,  which  answers  to  the  fertile  stamen  of  other  Orchids,  and 
covers  the  summit  of  the  style ;  stigma  terminal,  broad,  obscurely  3-lobed, 
moist  and  roughish  (not  smooth  and  viscid  as  in  the  rest  of  the  order).  Pollen 
in  most  of  our  species,  especially  in  No.  6,  exposed  by  the  conversion  of  the  face 
of  the  anther  into  a  viscid",  varnish-like  film,  which  adheres  to  whatever  touches 
it,  carrying  away  .«ome  of  the  pollen. —  Root  of  many  tufted  fibres.  Leaves 
large,  many-nerved  and  plaited,  sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  solitary  or 
few,  large  and  showy.  (Name  composed  of  Kvnpis,  Venus,  and  ttoSioi',  a  sock 
or  buskin,  i.  c.  Venus' s  Slipper.) 

§  I.   T/ie  three  sepals  sppnrate.     [Stem  leaf ij,  single- flowered.) 

1.  C.  arietinum,  K.  Brown.  (Ram's-head  L.)  Upper  sepal  ovate- 
lanceolate,  pointed  ;  the  2  lower  and  the  yietals  linear  and  nearly  alike  (green- 
ish-brown), rather  longer  than  the  red  and  whitish  veiny  lip,  which  is  prolonged 
at  the  apex  into  a  short  conical  deflexed  point ;  leaves  3  or  4,  elliptical-lanceo- 
late, nenrly  smooth.  (Cryosanthes,  Raf.  Arietmnm,  Be(l.)  —  CoU\  swamjjs 
and  damp  woods,  Maine  to  New  York,  Wisconsin,  and  northward  :  rare.  June. 
—  The  smallest  species  :  stem  slender,  6'-  10'  high  :  lip  only  6'  long. 

§  2.    Two  of  the  sepals  united  into  one  piece  under  the  lip. 

*  Stem  leafu  to  the  top,  1  -S-foircred:  lip  sUpper-sliaped  or  roundish,  much  isiflatrd, 

horizontal,  and  with  a  rounded  open  orifire. 

t-  Sepals  and  linear  Wiiri/-/wisted  petals  brou^nish,  pointed,  lonqer  than  the  Up. 

2.  C.  candidum,  Muhl.  (Small  White  Lady's  Slipper.)  Sepals 
ovate-lanceolate ;  liji  white,  flatfish  laterallj',  convex  above  ;  sterile  stamen  lanceo- 
late; leaves  lance-oblong,  acute. —  Bogs,  Central  and  W.  New  Yuik  (rare) 
to  Kentucky  and  Wisconsin.  May,  June.  —  Little  larger  than  the  foregoing 
species,  slightly  pubescent,  1-flowered  :  petals  and  sepals  greenish,  not  much 
exceeding  the  lip,  which  is  less  than  1.'  long. 


512  AMARYLLIDACE^.       (aMAUTLLIS   FAMtl^T.) 

3.  C.  parviflbrum,  Salisb.  (Smallek  Yellow  L.)  Sepals  ovate  or 
orate-hinceolate  ;  Up  Jhittish  fioin  al)ore,  bii(//it  r/fllow  ( I'  or  less  long)  ;  sterile  sta- 
men trian>^ular  ;  leaves  oval,  pointed.  —  Bogs  and  low  woods;  rather  eoninion. 
May,  June.  —  Stem  I °- 2°  high.  Flower  fragrant:  sepals  and  petals  more 
brown-purple  thr.n  in  the  next,  into  which,  however,  it  seems  to  pass. 

4.  C.  pubeseens,  WiUd.  (Larger  Yellow  L.)  Sepals  t longnted-lancco- 
late;  lip  Jiattcmd  lattrallij,  very  convex  and  gibbous  above  (1^'  -2'  long,  scent- 
less, )iale.  ydlow.  —  Bogs  and  low  woods :  common  northward  and  westward, 
and  southward  in  the  Alleghanics.  May,  June.  —  Stem  2°  high,  pubescent,  as 
are  the  broadly  oval  acute  leaves. 

■^  •»-  Sepals  and  petals  plane,  rounded,  uldte,  not  longer  than  the  lip. 

.5.  C.  spectS,bile,  Swartz.  (Showy  L.)  Sepals  round-ovate  or  orbicu- 
lar, rather  longer  than  the  oblong  petals  ;  lip  much  inflated,  ichite,  pink  purple  in 
front  (Ij'  long)  ;  sterile  stamen  heart-ovate. — Peat-bogs,  Maine  and  W.  New 
England  to  Illinois,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanics.  July.  —  The  most 
beautiful  of  the  genus,  downy,  2'^  high.  Leaves  ovate,  pi'nted. 
*  *  Scape  naked,  2-leav(d  at  the  base,  \  flowered ;  sepals  and  petals  greenish,  shorter 
than  the  drooping  lip,  which  has  a  closed  flssure  down  its  whole  length  in  front. 

6.  C.  acatlle,  Ait.  (Stemless  L.)  Sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  linear  petals ;  lip  obovoid  or  oblong,  rose-purple  (rarely 
white),  nearly  2' long,  veiny;  sterile  stamen  rhomboid;  leaves  oblong.  (C. 
humile,  Sulisb.)  — Dry  or  moist  woods,  under  evergreens  :  common,  especially 
northward.  May,  June.  — Plant  downy  :  the  scape  8'-  12'  high,  with  a  green 
bract  at  the  top. 


Order  115.     AMARYLLIDACE.*:.     (Amaryllis  Family.) 

Chiefly  bulbous  and  scape-bearing  herbs,  not  scur/g  or  icoolly,  icilh  linear- 
flat  root-leaves,  and  regular  {or  nearly  so)  and  perfect  G-androus  fluicers, 
the  tube  of  the  corolline  6-parted  perianth  coherent  loith  the  3-celled  ovary;  the 
lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  —  Anthers  introi-se.  Style  single.  Pod  3-celled, 
several  -  many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous  or  nearly  so,  with  a  straight 
embryo  in  the  axis  of  flesliy  albumen.  —  An  order  represented  in  our  gar- 
dens by  the  Narcissus  (N.  POETICUS),  Jonquil  (N.  Jonquilla),  and  Daf- 
fodil (N.  Pseudo-Narcissus),  the  Snowdrop  (Galanthus  nivalis) 
and  the  Snowflake  (Leuco.jum  veknum),  &e.,  but  with  very  few  indige- 
nous representatives  in  this  country.  Bulbs  acrid.  Dirters  from  Liliaceae 
chiefly  in  the  inferior  ovary. 

«  Pod  3-Talvcd,  loculiciJal :  anthers  versatile :  perianth  funnel-shaped. 

1.  Amnryllis.     Flower  naked  in  the  tliroat ;  the  tube  short  or  none.     Bulbs  coated. 

2.  Fanci-ailuin.     Flower  with  a  slender  tube  and  narrow  recurved  lobes;  a  cup-sbapej 

crown  connecting  the  stamens.     IJulbs  (  o:ited. 

3.  Agave.     Flower  equally  6  cleft,  persi.-teut  •,  no  crown.     Fleshy-leaved,  not  bulbous. 

*  *  Pod  iiidehiscent ;  anthers  sagittate. 
i.   Hypoxys.     Perianth  G-pnrted  nearly  dowu  tu  the  ovary.     Bulb  solid. 


AMARYLLTDACE^.       (AMARYLLIS    FAMILY.)  513 

1.     AMARYLLIS,   L.     §  ZEPHYRANTHES,  Herb.     Amaryllis. 

Perianth  funnel-form,  from  a  tubular  base ;  the  6  divisions  petal-like  and 
similar,  spreading  above-;  the  G  stamens  inserted  in  its  naked  throat :  anthers 
versatile.  Pod  membranaceous,  o-lobcd.  —  Leaves  and  scape  from  a  coated 
bulb.     Flowers  1  or  2,  from  a  1  -2-leaved  spathe.     (A  poetical  name.) 

1.  A.  Atamasco,  L.  (Atamasco  Lily.)  Spathe  2-cleft  at  the  apex; 
perianth  white  and  pink  ;  stamens  and  style  declined.  —  Penn.  (Muhl.)  Virginia, 
and  southward.     June.  —  Elower  3'  long,  on  a  scape  6'  high. 

2.     PANCRATIUM,     L.        Pancratium. 

Perianth  with  a  long  and  slender  tube,  and  an  equal  6-parted  limb  ;  the  lobes 
long  and  narrow,  recurved ;  the  throat  bearing  a  tubular  or  cup-shaped  coroUine 
delicate  crown,  which  connects  the  bases  of  the  6  exserted  stamens.  Anthers 
linear,  versatile.  Pod  thin,  2  -  3-lobed,  with  a  few  fleshy  seeds,  often  like  bulb- 
lets.  —  Scapes  and  leaves  from  a  coated  bulb.  Flowers  large  and  showy  in  an 
umbel-like  head  or  cluster,  leafy-bracted.  (Name  composed  of  -nav,  all,  and 
KpaTvs,  powerful,  from  fancied  medicinal  properties.) 

1.  P.  rotatum,  Ker.  Leaves  ascending,  strap-shaped  (\°  -  2°  long); 
scape  few-flowered  ;  the  handsome  (white  and  fragrant)  flower  with  a  spreading 
large  12-toothed  crown,  the  alternate  teeth  bearing  the  filaments.  (Hymeno- 
callis  rotata,  Herbert.)  —  Marshy  banks  of  streams,  Kentucky,  Virginia,  and 
southward.     May.  —  Flowers  opening  at  night  or  in  cloudy  weather. 

3.  AGAVE,     L.        American  Aloe. 

Perianth  tubuhir-funnel-form,  persistent,  6-parted ;  the  divisions  nearly  equal, 
narrow.  Stamens  6  :  anthers  linear,  versatile.  Pod  coriaceous,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  flattened.  —  Leaves  thick  and  fleshy,  often  with  cartilaginous  or  spiny 
teeth,  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  many-flowered  scape,  from  a  thick  fibrous- 
rooted  crown.  (Named  altered  from  dyai/os,  wonderful,  not  inappropriate  as 
applied  to  A.  AxMericana,  the  Century-plant.) 

L  A.  Virginica,  L.  (False  Aloe.)  Herbaceous;  leaves  entire  or  den- 
ticulate ;  scape  3° -6°  high ;  flowers  scattered  in  a  loose  wand-like  spike,  greenish- 
yellow,  fragrant.  —  Dry  or  rocky  banks,  Penn.?  Virginia  to  Illinois  (Mr.  Luni' 
mis),  and  southward.     Sept. 

4.  HYPOXYS,     L.        Star-grass. 

Perianth  persistent,  6-parted,  spreading ;  the  3  outer  divisions  a  little  herba- 
ceous outside.  Stamens  6  :  anthers  sagittate,  erect.  Pod  crowned  with  the 
withered  or  closed  perianth,  not  opening  by  valves.  Seeds  globular,  with  a 
crustaceous  coat,  ascending,  imperfectly  anatropous,  the  rhaphe  not  adherent 
quite  down  to  the  micropyle,  the  persistent  seed-stalk  thus  forming  a  sort  of 
lateral  beak.  Radicle  inferior !  —  Stcmless  small  herbs,  with  grassy  and  hairy 
linear  leaves  and  slender  f^'w-flowci-ed  scapes,  from  a  solid  bulb.  (Name  com- 
posed of  uTTo,  beneath,  and  o|uf,  sharp,  it  is  thought  because  the  pod  is  acuto 
at  the  bas2.) 

33 


614  n^MODORACE^.       (blood WORT    FAMILY.) 

1.  H.  er6eta,  L.  Leaves  linear,  grass-like,  longer  than  the  umbellately 
1  -  4-Ho\vefcd  scape  ;  divisions  of  the  perianth  hairy  and  greenish  outside,  yel- 
low within.  — Meadows  and  open  woods  :  common.     June- Aug. 

OunEU  IIG.     lI.EillODOKACE.E.     (Bi.ooinvouT  Family.) 

Herbs,  icithjibrous  roots,  usually  equitant  leaves,  and  perfect  S-ii-androus 
regular  jloicers,  which  are  tcoolbj  or  scurfy  outside  ;  the  lube  of  the  ii-lobed 
perianth  coherent  with  the  whole  surface,  or  with  merely  the  lower  part,  of  the 
3-cclled  ovary.  —  Anthers  introrse.  Style  single,  sometimes  3-partible  ; 
the  3  stigmas  alternate  with  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Pod  crowned  or  en- 
closed by  the  persistent  perianth,  3-celied,  loculicidal,  3  -  many-seeded. 
Embryo  small,  in  hard  or  fleshy  albumen.  A  small  family  ;  chiefly  of  the 
Southern  hemisphere. 

#  Ovary  wholly  adherent  to  the  calyx-tube  :  style  filiform  :  seeds  peltate,  ampbitropous. 

1.  liuvltuaittUes.     Stameas  3,  exserted    anthers  Tcr.satiie.     Leaves  equitant. 

*  *  Ovary  free  except  at  the  biise  :  style  3-partible  :  seeds  anatropous. 

2.  liophiola.     Stamens  6,  on  the  base  of  the  woolly  G  cleft  perianth.     Leaves  equitant. 

3.  Aletris.     Stamens  G,   in   the   throat  of   the  warty-roughened  and    tubular  6  toothed 

perianth.     Leaves  flat. 

1.    LACHNANTHES,    L.        Ri^d  root. 

Pcriitnth  woolly  outside,  6-partcd  down  to  the  adherent  ovary.  Stamens  3, 
opposite  the  3  larger  or  inner  divisions  :  filaments  long,  exserted  :  anthers  linear, 
fixed  by  the  middle.  Style  thread-like,  exserted,  declined.  Pod  globular. 
Seeds  few  on  each  fleshy  placenta,  flat  and  rounded,  fixed  by  the  middle. — 
Herb,  with  a  red  fibrous  perennial  root,  equitant  sword-shaped  leaves,  clustered 
at  the  base  and  scattered  on  the  stem,  which  is  hairy  at  the  top,  and  terminated 
by  a  dense  comjiound  cyme  of  dingy  yellow  and  loosely  woolly  flowers  (whence 
the  name,  from  \ii)(vri,  irool,  and  liudos,  h/ossom). 

1.  L.  tinct6ria,  Ell.  —  Sandy  swamps,  from  Rhode  Island  and  New  Jersey 
southward,  near  the  coast.     July  -  Sept. 

2.     LOPHiOLA,     Ker.        LornioLA. 

Perianth  densely  woolly,  deeply  6-cleft ;  the  divisions  nearly  equal,  spreading, 
longer  than  the  6  stamens,  which  are  inserted  at  their  base.  Anthers  fixed  by 
the  base.  Pod  ovate,  free  from  the  ])erianth  except  at  the  base,  pointed  with 
the  awl-shaped  style,  which  finally  sjdits  into  3  divisions,  one  terminating  each 
valve.  Seeds  numerous,  oblong,  ribbed,  anatropous.  —  A  slender  perennial 
herb,  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  fibrous  roots,  linear  and  nearly  smooth  equi- 
tant leaves ;  the  stem  leafless  and  whitened  with  soft  matted  wool  towards  the 
summit,  as  also  the  crowded  or  paniclcd  cyme.  Perianth  dingy  yellow  in- 
side ;  the  lobes  naked  only  towards  the  tip,  each  clothed  with  a  woolly  tuft 
towards  the  iiasc  (wbcncc  the  name  from  Xoc^tioi/,  n  small  cirsl.) 

1.  L.  aurea,  Ker.  ( Comisty lis  Americana,  A<r.s/i.) — Boggy  pine  barrens. 
New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  touthward.     June- Aug. 


IRIDACE^.       (lUlS    FAMILY.)  515 

3.     ALETRIS,    L.         Colic-koot.     Star-grass. 

Perianth  cylindrical,  not  woolly,  but  wrinklccf  and  roughened  outside  by 
thickly-set  points,  which  look  like  scurfy  mealiness,  the  tube  cohering  below 
with  the  base  only  of  the  ovary,  6-clet't  at  the  summit.  Stamens  C,  inserted  at 
the  base  of  the  lobes:  filaments  and  anthers  short,  included.  Style  awl-shaped, 
3-eleft  at  the  apex :  stigmas  minutely  2-lobed.  Pod  ovate,  enclosed  in  the 
roughened  perianth ;  the  dehiscence,  seeds,  &c.  nearly  as  in  Lophiola.  —  Peren- 
nial and  smooth  stemless  herbs,  very  bitter,  with  fibrous  roots,  and  a  spreading 
cluster  of  thin  and  flat  lanceolate  leaves ;  the  small  flowers  in  a  wand-like  spiked 
raceme,  terminating  a  naked  slender  scape  (2°-3°  high).  Bracts  awl-shaped, 
minute.  ('AXerpiy,  a  female  slave  who  grinds  corn  ;  the  name  applied  to  these 
plants  in  allusion  to  the  apparent  mealiness  dusted  over  the  blossoms.) 

1.  A.  farinosa,  L.  Flowers  oblong-tubular,  white;  lobes  lanceolate-ob- 
long. —  Grassy  or  sandy  woods  :  not  rare.     July,  Aug. 

2  A.  aiirea,  Walt.  Plowersbell-shaped,  yellow  (fewer  and  shorter);  lobes 
short-ovate.  —  Barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     July. 

Order  117.    BROMEHACEiE.     (Pine- Apple  Family.) 

Herbs  (or  scarcely/  woodi/  plants,  nearly  all  tropical),  the  cjreater  part  epi- 
phytes, loith  persistent  dry  or  fleshy  and  channelled  crowded  leaves,  sheath- 
ing at  the  base,  usually  covered  with  scurf:  G-androus ;  the  6-cleft  perianth 
adherent  to  the  ovary  in  the  Pine-apple,  &c  ,  or  free  from  it  in 

1.     TILLANDSIA,     L.        Long  Moss. 

Perianth  plainly  double,  6-parted ;  the  3  outer  divisions  (sepals)  membrana- 
ceous; the  3  inner  (petals)  colored;  all  convolute  below  into  a  tube,  spreading 
above,  lanceolate.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous  !  or  the  alternate  ones  cohering  with 
the  base  of  the  petals  :  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  free :  style  thread-shaped  :  stig- 
mas 3.  Pod  cartilaginous,  3-celled,  loculicidally  3-valved  ;  the  valves  splitting 
into  an  inner  and  an  outer  layer.  Seeds  .several  or  many  in  each  cell,  anatro- 
pous,  club-shaped,  pointed,  raised  on  a  long  hairy-tufted  stalk,  like  a  coma. 
Embryo  small,  at  the  base  of  copious  albumen.  —  Scurfy-leaved  epiphytes. 
(Named  for  Prof.  Tillands  of  Abo.) 

1.  T.  usneoides,  L.  (Common  Long  Moss  or  Black  Moss.)  Stems 
thread-shaped,  branching,  pendulous;  leaves  thread-shaped;  peduncle  short,  I- 
flowered. — Dismal  Swamp,  Virginia,  and  southward;  growing  on  the  branches 
of  trees,  forming  long  hanging  tufts.  A  characteristic  plant  of  the  Southern 
States,  and  barely  coming  within  the  limits  of  this  work. 

Order  118.     IRIDACE^.     (Iris  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  equitant  2-ranled  leaves,  and  refjular  or  irregular  perfect 
flowers;  the  divisions  of  the  G-clefl  petal-like  perianth  convolute  in  the  bud 
in  2  sets,  the  tube  coherent  with  the  3-cetled  ovary,  and  3  distinct  or  mona- 
delphous  stmnens,  alternate  with  the  inner  divisions  of  the  perianth  and 


516  IRIDACJE^.     (iris  family.) 

opposite  the  stifjtuns,  loilh  eitrorse  anthrrx.  —  Flowers  from  a  spathe  of  2 
or  more  leaves  or  bracts,  usually  showy.  Style  single  :  stigmas  3,  opposite 
the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Pod  3-celled,  lociilicidal,  many-seeded.  Seeds 
anatropous:  embryo  straight  in  (leshy  albumen.  Rootstocks,  tubers,  or 
conns  mostly  acrid.  —  Reprerented  in  gardens  by  Crocu.s,  Glaimolus, 
TiGRiDi.A.  or  TiGKR-FLOWKU,  and  by  three  genera  in  the  wild  state. 

1.  Iris.     Outer  Jivisions  of  the  perianth  recurved  ;  the  inner  erect :  stigmas  petal-like. 

2.  Partlniillliis.     Perianth  eciually  spreading:  filaments  nearly  distinct :  stigmas  dilated, 

3.  SiHyriiichiiiin.     Perianth  regular  and  equally  spreadiog  :  filaments  luonaUelpbous  lo 

the  top  :  stigmas  thread-like. 

1.    IRIS,    L.        Flower-de-Luce. 

Perianth  6-clcft;  the  tube  more  or  less  ])rolongcd  beyond  the  ovary;  the  3 
outer  divisions  spreading  or  reflexed  ;  the  ."5  inner  smaller  and  erect.  Stamens 
distinct ;  the  oblong  or  linear  anthers  sheltered  under  the  overarching  petal-like 
stigmas  (or  rather  branches  of  the  style,  bearing  the  true  stigma  in  the  form  of 
a  thin  lip  or  plate  under  their  apex)  :  most  of  the  style  connate  with  the  tube 
of  the  perianth.  Pod  3-6-angled,  coriaceous.  Seeds  depressed-flattened. — 
Perennials,  with  sword-shaped  or  grassy  leaves,  and  large  showy  flowers;  ours 
nil  with  creeping  and  more  or  less  tuberous  rootstocks.  ('iptJ,  the  rainbow 
deified,  anciently  applied  to  this  genus  on  account  of  the  bright  and  varied 
colors  of  the  blossoms.) 

*  Steins  leaf  If  and  rather  tall  ( 1  °  -  3°  high ) ,  from  thickened  rootxtochs,  often  branching  : 

tube  of  the  perianth  shorter  than  the  divisions,  tvhich  are  beardless  and  a'esfless, 
the  erect  inner  ones  (petals)  much  smaller  than  the  outer. 
-1-  Flowers  violet-blue,  variegated  with  greenish,  yellowish  or  ichite,  and  purple-veined. 

1.  I.  versicolor,  L.  (Larger  Blue  Flag.)  Stem  stout,  angled  on 
one  side  ;  leaves  sword-shaped  (|'  wide)  ;  ovary  obtusely  triangular  with  the  sides 
flat;  flowers  (2^' -3' long)  short-peduncled,  the  funnel-form  tube  shorter  than 
the  ovary;  pod  oblong,  turgid,  with  rounded  angles.  —  Wet  places:  common. 
May,  June. 

2.  I.  Virglnica,  L.  (Slender  Blue  Flag.)  Stem  very  slender,  terete  ; 
leaves  narrowly  linear  (2" -3"  Avide)  ;  flowers  slender-peduncled  (H'-2'  long), 
the  tube  extremely  short;  ovary  3-angled, tach  side  2-grooved  ;  pod  sharply 
triangular.  (I.  prismatica,  Pursh.  I.  gracilis,  Bigel.) — Marshes,  Maine  to 
Virginia  and  southward,  near  the  coast.     June. 

1-  H-  Flowers  yellowish  or  dull  reddish-brown. 

3.  I.  cuprea,  Pursh.  Stem  and  leaves  as  No.  1  ;  tube  of  the  perinnth 
cylindrical,  as  long  as  the  G-angled  ovary;  petal-like  branches  of  the  style 
narrow.  —  Swamps  near  Cairo,  S.  Illinois  (Dr.  Tosf>y),  and  southward.     May. 

*  *  Stems  low  (.3'  — 6'  high),  from  tnfedand  creeping  slender  (or  here  and  there  tuber- 

ous-thic.ke.nexl)  rootstocks,  I -3-flowered:  tul)e  of  the  peridnth  long  and  slender ; 
the  viuhf-lilue  divitions  nearly  equal. 

4.  I.  verna,  L.  (Dwarf  Iris.)  Leaves  linear,  grass-like,  rather  glau- 
cous ;   the  thread-like  tube  of  the  iKuianth  about  the  length  of  the  divisions,  which 


IRIDACE^.       (mis    FAMILY.)  •     517 

nre  olilong-obovate  and  on  slender  claics,  the  outer  ones  slightly  hairy  down 
the  orange-yellow  base,  c)a.V/ess ;  pod  obtusely  triangular.  —  Wooded  hillsides, 
A'irgiuia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.,    April. 

5.  I.  erist^ta,  Ait.  (Crested  Dwarf  Iris.)  Leaves  lanceolate  (3' -5' 
long  when  grown) ;  those  of  the  spathc  oa'tte^anceolate,  shorter  than  the  thiead- 
Uke  Inbc  of  the  perianth;  which  is  2'  long  and  much  lonfjer  than  the  light  blue 
obovate  short-clawed  dn-isions,  the  outer  ones  cresteil  but  beardless ;  pod  sharply 
triangular.  —  Mountains  of  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.  '  Mav.  — 
Creeping  rootstocks  pungently  acrid. 

6.  I.  laCTistriS,  Nutt.  (L.\ke  Dwarf  Iris.)  Tube  of  the  perianth  rather 
shorter  than  the  dinisions  (yellowish,  ^'-|'  long),  dilated  upwards,  not  exceeding 
the  spathe :  otherwise  as  in  the  last,  and  too  near  it.  —  Gravelly  shores  of  Lakes 
Huron  and  Michigan.     May. 

2.  PARDANTHUS,  Kcr.  Blackberry-Lily. 
Perianth  6-parted  almost  to  the  ovary;  the  divisions  widely  and  equally 
spreading,  all  nearly  alike,  oblong  with  a  narrowed  base,  naked.  Stamens  mona- 
delphous  only  at  the  base  :  anthers  oblong.  Style  club-shaped,  3-cleft,  the  nar- 
row divisions  tipped  with  a  small  dilated  stjgma.  Pod  pear-sliaped ;  the  valves 
at  length  falling  away,  leaving  the  central  column  covered  with  the  globose 
black  and  fleshy-coated  seeds,  imitating  a  blackberry  (whence  the  popular  name). 

—  Perennial,  with  rootstocks,  foliage,  &c.  of  an  Iris ;  the  branching  stems 
(3° -4°  high)  loosely  many-flowered  ;  the  orange-yellow  perianth  mottled  above 
with  crimson  purple  spots  (whence  the  name  from  napBos,  a  leopafd,  and  avdos, 
a  flower). 

1.  P.  Chinexsis,  Ker.  (Ixia  Chinensis,  Z.) —Sparingly  escaped  from 
gardens  into  waste  places.     July-  Sept.     (Adv.  from  China,  &c.) 

3.     SISYRINCHIUM,     L.        Blue-eyed  Gr.^ss. 

Perianth  G-parted  ;  the  divisions  alike,  spreading.  Stamens  monadelphous  to 
the  top.  Stigmas  thread-like.  •  Pod  globular,  3-angled.  Seeds  globular.  —  Low 
slender  perennials,  with  fibrous  roots,  grassy  or  lanceolate  leaves,  mostly  branch- 
ing 2-edged  or  winged  .stems,  and  fugacious  umbelledclustcrod  small  flowers 
from  a  2-leaved  spathe.  (Name  composed  of  oris,  a  hog,  and  pvyxos,  snout,  from 
a  foncy  that  the  hogs  arc  fond  of  rooting  it  up  ) 

1.  S.  Bex'mudi^na,  L.  Stem  winged,  naked,  or  1  -2-leavcd;  leaves  nar- 
row and  grass-like;  divisions  of  the  perianth  obovate,  more  or  less  notched  at 
the  end,  and  bristle-pointed  from  the  notch.  (Leaves  of  the  spathe  almost  equal, 
shorter  than  the  flowers.)  —  Var.  Anceps  (S.  anceps,  Cav.)  has  a  broadly  winged 
scape,  and  the  outer  leaf  of  the  very  unequal  spathe  longer  than  the  flowers.  — 
Var.  mucron.\tum  (S.  mucronatum,  Michx.)  has  a  slender  and  narrowly  winged 
scape,  very  narrow  leaves,  those  of  the  spathe  shar))-pornted  and  unequal,  one  of 
them  usually  longer  than  the  flowers.     But  there  are  various  intermediate  forms. 

—  Moist  meadows,  &c  ,  among  grass;  common  everywhere.  June -Aug. — ■ 
Flowers  small,  delicate  blue,  changing  to  purplish,  rarely  whitish  ;  or,  in  var. 
Ilbidusi  (S.  albidura,  liaf.)  pure  white :  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  westward. 


518  SMILACE.E.       (^SMILAX    FAMILY). 

Order  119.     DIOSCOREACE^.     (Yam  Family!) 

Plants  wilh  twining  stems  from  large  tuberous  roots  or  knotted  rootstocks, 
and  ribbed  and  netted-veined  petioled  leaves,  small  dioecious  6-androus  and 
regular  Jiowcrs,  icith  the  fi-cleft  cali/x-like  perianth  adherent  in  the  fertile 
plant  to  the  '3-ctlled  ovary.  Styles  3,  distinct.  —  Ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell, 
anatropous.  Fruit  usually  a  membranaceous  3-angled  or  winged  pod. 
Seeds  with  a  minute  embryo  in  hard  albumen.  —  Represented  chiefly  by 
the  genus 

1.  .DIOSCOREA,     riumier.        Yam. 

Flowers  very  small,  in  axillary  panicles  or  racemes.  Stamens  6,  at  the  base 
of  the  divisions  of  the  6-parted  perianth.  Pod  3-celled,  S-winged,  lociilicidally 
3-valved  by  splitting  through  the  winged  angles.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell,  flat, 
with  a  membranaceous  wing.     (Dedicated  to  the  Greek  naturalist,  Dioscoridcs.) 

1.  D.  Villdsa,  L.  (Wild  Yam-root.)  Herbaceous;  leaves  mostly  alter- 
nate, sometimes  nearly  opposite  or  in  fours,  more  or  less  downy  underneath, 
heart-shaped,  conspicuously  pointed,  9-  11-ribbcd;  flowers  pale  greenish-yellow, 
the  sterile  in  drooping  panicles,  the  fertile  in  drooping  simple  raccmcS.  —  Thick- 
ets, New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  common  southward.  July.  —  Stems 
slender,  from  knotty  and  matted  rootstocks,  twining  over  bushes.  Pods  8"- 10" 
long.  —  A  bad  name,  for  the  jjlant  is  never  villous,  and  often  nearly  smooth. 

Order  120.     SI»IILACE.E.     (Smilax  Family.) 

Shrrdiby  or  rarely  herbaceous  plants,  climbing  or  supported  by  a  pair  of 
tendrils  on  the  petiole  of  the  ribbed  and  netted-veined  simple  leaves;  tcith 
dioecious  small  flowers  ;  regular  perianth  of  6  (rarely  more)  similar  greenish 
deciduous  sepals,  free  from  the  ovary  ;  as  many  stamens  as  sepals,  with  in- 
trorse  l-celled  anthers  :  ovary  with  3  (rarely  1  or  4-6)  cells  and  as  many 
elongated  spreading  sessile  stigmas.  Ovules  one  or  a  pair  in  each  cell, 
suspended,  orthotropous.  Fruit  a  small  berry.  Seed-coat  close,  firmly 
adherent  to  the  hard  horny  albumen :  embryo  minute.  —  Order,  as  here 
limited,  represented  almost  solely  by  the  genus 

1.     SMILAX,     Tourn.         Gkeexbuilr.     Cathuier. 

Character  as  above.  —  Flowers  in  umbels  on  axillary  peduncles,  greenish  or 
yellowish.  Ster.  Fl.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  very  base  of  the  sepals  :  filaments 
linear  :  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  fi.xcd  by  the  base,  2-loccllate.  Fert.  Fl.  Fila- 
ments, if  ])rescnt,  sterile.  Stigmas  thick  and  s])reading,  almost  sessile.  (The 
ancient  Greek  name,  of  obscure  meaning.) 

§1.    Steins  icood ji ,  often  pr Ickl ij  :  ovules  solitary.      [Ours  all  (fahrous.) 

*  Leaves  ovale  or  roundish,  <Jt.,  most  of  them  rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base, 

and  5  -^-nerved,  the  three  middle  nerves  or  ribs  stronger  and  more  conspicuous. 


SMILACEiE.       (SMILAX    FAMILY.)  519 

-•-  Peduncles  shorter  or  scarcely  longer  than  the  petioles,  Jlultrmd ;  leaves  thickish, 
incUniiKj  to  be  eveiyreen,  ut  least  southward,  green  loth  sides. 

1.  S.  Walter!,  Pursh.  Stem  low,  somewhat  angled,  prickly  near  tlic 
base  or  unarmed ;  leaves  ovate  and  sumeichut  hiurt-sliufied  (3' -4'  long);  berries 
eoralrtd.     (S.  China,   WuU.)  —  New  Jersey,  and  southward.     July. 

2.  S.  rotundifblia,  L.  (Common  Greenbrier.)  Stem  armed  with 
scattered  prickles,  as  well  as  the  terete  branches ;  branchlets  more  or  less  4- 
angular;  leaves  uvate  or  round-orate,  often  broader  than  long,  slightly  heart- 
shaped,  abruptly  short-pointed  (2' -3'  long);  berries  blue-black,  with  a  bloom. 
(S.  caduca,  L.,  is  only  a  more  deciduous  and  thin-leaved  form.) — Moist  thick- 
ets :  common,  especially  southward.  June,  July.  — Plant  yellowish-green,  often 
high-climbing.  —  Passes  into  var.  quadrangularis,  with  the  branches,  and 
especially  the  branchlets,  4-angular,  often  square.  (S.  quadrangularis,  Muld.)  — 
Penn.  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

■<-  •*-  Peduncles  longer  than,  but  seldom  twice  the  length  of  the  petiole,  flattened :  leaves 
tardily  deciduous  or  partli/  persistent :  berries  black,  with  a  bloom. 

3.  S.  glavica,  Walt.  Terete  branches  and  somewhat  4-anguIar  branchlets 
armed  with  scattered  stout  prickles,  or  naked  ;  leaves  ovate,  rarely  subcordate, 
glaucous  beneath  and  sometimes  also  above,  as  well  as  the  branchlets  when  young 
(about  2'  long),  abruptly  mucronate,  the  edges  smooth  and  naked.  (S.  Sarsa- 
parilla,  L.,  in  part,  but  not  as  to  the  syn.  of  Bauhin,  whence  the  name  was  taken. 
(S.  eatluca,  Willd.  S.  spinulosa,  Smith  ?  Torr.fl.)  —  Dry  thickets,  S.  New  York 
to  Kentucky  and  southward.     July. 

4.  S.  tamnoides,  L.  Branches  and  the  angular  (often  square)  branch- 
lets  sparsely  armed  with  short  rigid  prickles;  leaves  varying  from  round-heart- 
shaped  and  slightly  contracted  above  the  dilated  base  to  fiddle-shaped  and  hal- 
berd-shaped or  3-lobe(i,  green  and  shining  both  sides,  cuspidate-pointed,  the  margina 
often  somewhat  bristly-eiliate  or  spinulose.  (S.  Bona-nox,  L.,  S.  hastata  Willd., 
S.  pandurata,  Pursh,  &c  ,  arc  all  forms  of  this.)  —  Thickets,  New  Jersey  to 
Illinois,  and  (chiefly)  southward.     July. 

■<-  -^  -<-  Peduncles  2-4  times  the  length  of  the  petiole:  leaves  ample  {^'  -5'  long), 
thin  ur  thinnish,  green  both  sides  :  berries  black  :  stem  terete  and  branchlets  warli/  so. 

5.  S.  hlspida,  Muhl.  Rootstock  cylindrical,  elongated  ;  stem  (climbing 
high)  below  densely  beset  with  long  and  weak  blackish  bristly  prickles,  the  flowering 
branchlets  mostly  naked ;  leaves  ovate  and  the  larger  heart-shaped,  pointed, 
slightly  rough-margined,  membranacfous  and  deciduous.  — Moist  thickets,  Penn. 
and  W.  New  York  to  Michigan.  June.  —  Peduncles  l^'-2'  long.  Sepals  lan^ 
ceolate,  almost  3"  long. 

G.  S.  Pseudo-China,  L.  Rootstock  tuba-ous ,-  stews  and  branches  unarmed, 
or  with  very  few  weak  jirickles  ;  leaves  ovate-heart-shaped,  or  on  the  branchlets 
ovate-oblong,  cus])idate-pointed,  often  rough-ciliate,  becoming  firm  in  texture; 
peduncles  flat  (2'-3'  long). — Dry  or  sandy  soil,  New  Jersey  to  Kentucky,  and 
southward.     July. 

*  *  Leaves  varyi)ig  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  short 
petiole,   3  -  b-ticrvid,  shining  above,  paler  or  glaucous  bentuth,  many  of  them 


520  LiLiACE-«.     (lily  family.) 

without  tendrils:  peduticles  short,  seldom  exceeding  tiie pedicels,  terete j  the  umbels 
soimiljiKS  paiiic/id :  branches  tcrtle,  iiitanned. 

7.  S.  lauceol^ta,  L.  Leaves  thiiinish,  ratlicr  deciduous,  ovate-lanccohite 
or  lancL'-ol)long  ;  slujinus  3  ;  berrits  dull  ral.  —  Southcustcru  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.    Juno. 

8.  S.  laurifdlia,  L.  Tjeaces  thick  and  coriaceous,  evergreen,  varying  from 
oblong-lanecolatu  to  linear  (:?^'-5'  long) ;  stigma  solitarj ;  berries  black  when  ripe, 
1-secded.  — Tine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and  southward.  July,  Aug, 

§  2.  COPKOSMANTHUS,  Torr.  Stem  herbaceous,  nevei-  prickhj :  Jloioers 
carrion-sccnttd :  ovuUs  mostly  in  pairs  in  each  ctll:  leaves  long-petiulid,  mem- 
braiiuceous,  mucronute-tipptd:  berries  bluish-black  with  a  bloom. 

9.  S.  herb^oea,  L.  (Carrion-Flower.)  Stem  erect  and  recurving, 
or  climbing  ;  leaves  ocatc-obloivj  or  rounded,  iitoslly  heart-shaped,  7  -  9-nerved, 
smooth;  tendrils  sometimes  wanting;  peduncles  elongated  (3' -4'  long,  or 
sometimes  even  6' -8',  and  much  longer  than  the  leaves),  20-40-flowered. — 
Var.  iHLVERULENTA  (S.  pulvcruicnta,  Michr.  &.  S.  peduncularis,  Mahl.)  has 
the  leaves  more  or  less  soft-downy  underneath.  A  shorter-peduncled  state 
of  this  appears  to  be  S.  lasioueuron,  Ilouk.  —  Moist  meadows  and  river-banks : 
common.  June.  —  Very  variable,  l°-3°,  or  even  6° -8°  high:  petioles  I' -3' 
long.     Seeds  6. 

10.  S.  tamnif61ia,  Michx.  Stem  upright  or  climbing  ;  leaves  htart-hulberd- 
shaped,  5-nervtd,  smooth;  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles.  (S.  tamnoides, 
Pursh,  not  of  Z.) — Pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and  southward. — 
Leaves  abruptly  narrowed  above  the  dilated  heart-shaped  base,  tapering  to  the 
apex.     Berry  2-3-seeded. 

Order  121.     LILIACE^.     (Lily  Family.) 

Herbs,  or  rarely  woody  plants,  with  regular  and  symmetrical  almost  always 
C-androus  /lowers  ;  the  perianth  not  glumaceous,  free  from  the  chiefly  3- 
celled  ovary ;  the  stamens  one  before  each  of  its  divisions  or  lobes  (i.  e.  6,  in 
one  instance  4),  icilh  2-celled  anthers ;  fruit  a  few -many-seeded  pod  or 
berry ;  the  small  embryo  enclosed  in  copious  albumen.  Seeds  anatropous  or 
ampliitropous.  Flowers  not  from  a  spathe,  except  in  Allium  ;  the  outer 
and  inner  ranks  of  the  perianth  colored  alike  (or  nearly  so)  and  generally 
similar,  except  in  Trillium.  —  A  large  fiimily,  as  here  extended,  the  prin- 
cipal divisions  commonly  received  as  orders,  but  not  well  limited.  For 
the  present  purpose  they  are  best  regarded  as  tribes. 

Tribe  I.  TRIIjL.1DEjE.  Styles  or  se=sile  stigmas  3,  sep.irate  down  to  the  ovary. 
Fruit  a  sevenl -many -seeded  berry.  Divisicms  or  leaves  of  the  perianth  distinct,  the  3 
outer  often  folinccous.  Simple  stem  from  a  rootstock,  naked  below ;  leaves  all  in  one  or 
two  whorls  above,  broad,  more  or  less  conspicuously  nettod-veined! 

1.  Trillium.     Perianth  of  two  sorts,  3  folinceous   persistent  sepals  and  3  colored  pctils. 

Anthers  adnate,  introrse.     Leaves  (3)  in  a  single  whorl.     Flower  single. 

2.  Metleola.     Teriauth  of  6  similar  colored  divisions,  deciduous.     Anthers  fixed  by  thu 

middle,  «:itrorse.    Leaves  la  two  whorls.     Ftowers.several.        - 


LILIACE^.       (lily    family.)  521 

Tribe  II.    MELAKTHIEiE.     Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  3.  separate  down  to  the  ovary. 
Fruit  a  several -many-seeded  pod.     Seeds  with  a  soft;  or  loose  coat.     Anthers  extrorse, 
e.xcept  in  No.  11.     I'erianth  withering-persistent.     Leaves  parallel-veiued  and  alternate. 
Flowers  often  poly  gamous,  sometimes  dioecious. 
#  Anthers  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped,  confluently  1-celled,  .shield-shaped  after  openiLg: 
pod  3-horned,  and  .•^epticiJal :  seeds  Hat,  membrauaceous-margiued. 
1-  Sepals  with  one  or  two  glands  or  spots  on  the  upper  face  near  the  base. 

3.  Meluiithiuia.     Flowers  polygamous.     Sepals  entirely  free  froui  the  ovary,  their  long 

claws  bearing  the  stamens. 

4.  Zysmleiius.     Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.     Sepals  nearly  free  from  the  base  of 

the  ovary  :  stamens  free. 

t-  *-  Sepals  destitute  of  glands,  and  not  raised  on  claws. 

5.  Steiiaiitliium.   Perianth  below  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  the  sepals  lanceo- 

late, pointed,  longer  than  the  stamens.     Kacemes  compound-panicled. 

6.  Veratruin.      Perianth  entirely  free  ;    the  obovate  or  oblong  sepals  longer  than  the 

stamens.     Flowers  panicled,  polygamous. 

7.  AiniaMtliium.     Perianth  entirely  free,  the  oval  or  obovate  sepals  shorter  than  the 

stamens.     Flowers  racemed,  perfect. 
*  *  Anthers  2-celled,  extrorse^Dod  loculicidal.     Flowers  racemed  or  spiked. 

8.  Xeropliylluin,     Flowers  perfect.     Cells  of  the  globose-3-lobed  pod  2-seeded.     Leaves 

very  slender.     Seeds  2  in  each  cell. 

9.  Hclonias.     Flowers  ^perfect.     Cells  of  the  globose-3-lobed  pod  many-seeded.    Leaves 

lanceolate.     Scape  naked.     Seeds  numerous. 

10.  Cliauiccliriiiiu.     Flowers  dioecious.     Pod  oblong,  many-seeded.    Stem  leafy. 

*  *  *  Anthers  2-oelled,  innate  or  introrse  :  pod  septicidal,  many-seeded. 

11.  Toiieldia.     Flowers  perfect,  spiked  or  racemed.    Leaves  equitant. 

Tribe  III.  UVULiARIEjE.  Style  Sparted  ;  i.  e.  styles  3  united  into  one  only  at  the 
base.  Fruit  a  few-seeded  pod.  Seed-coat  soft  or  loose.  Anthers  more  or  less  e\ tror.se. 
Perianth  6-leaved,  deciduous.  Stems  from  a  rootstock  or  fibrous  roots,  leafy.  Leaves 
alternate,  broad,  parallel-veined. 

12.  Vvularia.     Pod  3-angular  or  3-lobed.     Anthers  linear,  adnate,  on  short  filaments. 

Tribe  IV.  ASPARAGINE^.  Style  1.  undivided  (i.e.  the  3  or  rarely  2  styles  united 
to  the  summit  into  one).  Fruit  a  few-seeded  berr. .  Seeds  with  a  close  coat  and  horny 
albumen.  Stems  from  a  rootstock.  Leaves  parallel-veined,  chiefly  alternate.  Pedicels 
often  articulated  with  the  flower  or  in  the  middle. 

*  Plants  with  true  leaves.     Coat  of  the  hard  >eed  thin  and  membranous, 
•t-  Anthers  extrorsely  attached  to  the  filament.     Stamens  hypogvnous.     Sepals  distinct, 

13.  Prosartes.    Anthers  linear-oblong,  pointless.    Flowers  terminating  the  forked  branches, 

on  straight  jointless  pedicels. 

14.  Streptopiis.  Anthers  arrow-shaped,  pointed.  Flowers  lateral  along  the  forked  branches : 

pedicels  bent  about  the  middle. 

15.  Clintonia.     Anthers  oblong,  pointless.     Flowers  terniiniitins  a  naked  scape. 

•I-  -I-  Anthers  introrse.     Filaments  attached  to  the  perianth.     Stem  simple 

16.  Convallaria.     Perianth  bell -shaped,  6-lobed,  bearing  the  stamens.     Leaves  all  at  the 

base  of  the  naked  scape,  which  bears  the  flowers  in  a  simple  raceme. 

17.  Sinilaciiin.     Perianth  4-6-parted,  spreading,  the  stamens  borne  at  the  base.     Stem 

le.afy.     Flowers  in  a  simple  or  compound  terminal  raceme. 

18.  Poly^oiiatiim.     Perianth  tubular,  6-cleft,  bearing  the  stamens  above  the   middle 

Stem  leafy  to  the  top.     Flowers  axillary. 
•  «  Plants  with  branching  stems,   their  true  leaves  reduced   to  scales :    leaf-like  branchlets 
serving  for  foliage.     Seed-coat  hard  and  black. 

19.  Asparagus.     Perianth  6  parted.     The  apparent  leaves  very  narrow  or  threal-like- 

L  &  M-42 


522  ULiACE^.     (mly  family.) 

Tribe  V.     LILIEi'E.     Stvle  1,  undiTidcJ  (i.  e.  the  three  united  throughout  into  one), 
or  rarely  a  sessile  stigma.     Fruit  u  loculiiidal  pod.     Seeds  with  a  fleshy  albumen.     An- 
thers iutrorse  or  extrorse.     Sti-m  commonly  from  u  coated  or  scaly  bulb. 
*  Leafy -stem  med  from  a  sraly  bulb. 

20.  Lilllum.     Perianth  6-leaved,  deciduous.    I'od  obloug,  many -seeded :  seeds  horizontal,  flat. 
•  »  Scape  nailed  or  nearly  so,  from  a  coated  or  rarely  scaly  bulb.    Seeds  mostly  globular. 

^-  Perianth  of  6  separate  or  nearly  separate  divisions  or  sepals. 

21.  Erythroiiiiiin.     Flower  single.     St>  le  club-shaped.     Pod  obovate. 

22.  Oriiiiliosuluin.     Flowers  corymbed,  never  blue  or  reddish.     Style  3-sidcd. 
'23.    Scllla.     Flowers  racemed,  purple  or  blue.     Style  thread-like. 

24.  Allium.     Flowers  umbelled,  from  a  spathe.     Sepals  1-nerved. 

^-  ■>-  Perianth  globular  or  ovoid,  C-toothed. 

25.  Muscari.     Flowers  in  a  dense  raceme,  numerous,  small,  mostly  blue. 

*  *  *  No  bulb.     Stem  or  scape  several-flowered.     Pod  many-seeded. 
26    llemerocallis.     Perianth  large,  funnel-shaped;  the  sepals  united  in  a  narrow  tub© 
below.     Stamens  and  long  st>  le  declined.     Seeds  globular,  black. 

27.  Yucca.     Perianth  large,  of  6  .separate   broad  divisions.     Stigmas  sessile.     Stem  woody 

and  persistent:  leaves  persistent.     Seeds  flat,  horizontal.     Flowers  paniclcd. 

28.  Ufartlieciuin.     Perianth  G-parted,  the  divisions  narrow,  yellowish.     Filaments  woolly. 

Style  slender.     Flowers  in  a  raceme.     Leaves  ccjuituut.     Seeds  small,  long-tailed  at  both 
ends.    (Transition  to  Juncaceae.) 

1.     TRILLIUM,     L.        TiiREE-LEAVED  Nightshade. 

Sepals  3,  lanceolate,  spreading,  herbaceous,  persistent.  Petals  .3,  larger, 
withering  in  age.  Stamens  6 :  anthers  linear,  on  short  filaments,  adnate,  in- 
trorse  ;  the  cells  opening  down  the  margins.  Styles  (or  ratlier  stigmas)  awl- 
shaped  or  slender,  spreading  or  recurved  above,  persistent,  stigmatic  down  the 
inner  side.  Ovary  3  -  6-angIed.  Berry  ovate,  3-celled  (purple  or  red).  Seeds 
horizontal,  several  in  each  cell.  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  with  a  stout  and  sim- 
ple stem  rising  from  a  short  and  prasmorsc  tuber-like  rootstock,  naked,  bearing 
at  the  summit  a  whorl  of  3  ample,  commonly  broadly  ovate,  more  or  less  ribbed 
but  netted-veined  leaves,  and  a  terminal  large  flower;  in  spring.  (Name  from 
tiiUx,  triple;  all  the  parts  being  in  threes.)  —  Monstrosities  arc  not  rare  with 
the  calyx  and  sometimes  the  petals  changed  to  leaves,  or  with  the  parts  of  the 
flower  increased  in  number. 
§  1 .    Flower  sessile  in  the  bosom  of  the  leares,  erect :  petals  i^arijing  from  spatulate 

to  lanceolate,  l'-2'  lonrj,  little  exceeding  the  sepals,  witherimj-persistent   (stems 

A>-V1'  hi.jh). 

1.  T.  sessile,  L.  Leaves  sessile,  orate  or  rhomboidal,  acute,  often  l)]otchcd 
or  spotted  ;  sessile  petals  erect-spreudiiKj  (dark  and  dull  purple,  Aarying  to  green- 
ish).—  Moist  woods,  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward. 

2.  T.  recurvktum,  Beck.  Leaces  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  petiole^ ovate, 
obJonrj,  or  obomie  :  sfpals  reflexed,  pet.<ds  pointed,  the  base  narrowed  into  a  claw, 
dark  purple.  —  Indiana  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward. 

§  2.    Flower  raised  on  a  peduncle:  pdnis  loithering  away  after  blossoming. 

»  Peduncle  slender,  erect  or  inclined:   leaves  rhombic-ovate,  ubrajitljj  taper-pointed, 

sessile  or  nearlij  .so  bg  a  ivedge-sh'ijied  or  acute  base:  petals  plane. 

3.  T.  grandiflorum,  Salisb.  (Lauge  White  T.  or  Wake  Ronix.) 
Leaves    rhomboid-obovate,   longer  than    broad,    barely   sessile ;    petals   obovate. 


LiLiACE^.     (lily  family.)  523 

spreading  from  an  erect  base,  much  larger  than  the  sepals  (2' -2^'  long),  ivhile, 
chuii(/ii>(j  wall  (t(je  to  rose-colur.  —  Kicli  woods,  Vermont  to  8.  Tcnn.,  Kentucky, 
Wisconsin,  and  northward.  June.  —Flower  erect,  on  a  peduncle  2' -3'  long, 
very  handsome. 

4.  T.  ereetum,  L.  (Purple  T.  or  Birthroot.)  Leaves  dilated-rhom- 
boidal,  nearly  as  broad  as  long ;  petals  ovate,  ucutish,  dark  dull  purple,  spreading, 
little  longer  than  the  sepals  (I'-l^'  long).  (T.  rhomboideum,  var.  atropur- 
pureum,  Michx.)  —  Rich  woods  :  common,  especially  northward.  May.  — 
Fcduncle  1'- 3' long,  usually  rather  inclined  than  erect. 

Var.  album,  Tursh.  Petals  greenish-white,  or  rarely  yellowish  ;  ovary 
mostly  dull-purple.  (T.  pe'ndulum.  Ait.,  &c.)  —  With  the  purple-flowered  form, 
especially  from  New  York  westward. 

Var.  deelin^tum.  Peduncle  (fully  half  the  length  of  the  leaves)  horizontal, 
or  soon  becoming  so,  or  in  fruit  almost  deflexed ;  petals  white,  rarely  pink.  — 
Ohio  to  L.  Superior  (where  it  is  the  principal  Trillium,  Dr.  Robbins),  and 
northward.  —  Sometimes  confounded  with  the  next,  if  not  passing  into  it. 

*  *  Peduncle  from  the.  first  recurved  under  the  short-pet  I  oled  or  almost  sessile  leaves, 
scarctli/  if  at  all  longer  than  tlie  wavy  recur ved-sp reading  petals. 

5.  T.  cernuum,  L.  (Nodding  T.  or  Wake-Robin.)  Leaves  broadly 
rhomboid,  abruptly  pointed ;  petals  white,  oblong-ovate,  acute,  rather  longer  thaa 
the  sepals  (6" -9"  long) ;  styles  distinct.  —  Moist  woods,  esj)ecially  eastward. 

6.  T.  Styldsum,  Nutt.  Leaves  oblong,  tapering  to  both  ends,  more  dis- 
tinctly ribbed  ;  petals  tinged  with  rose-color,  oblong,  much  longer  and  broader  thaa 
the  sepals  ;  styles  united  below  the  middle.  —  Virginia  1  and  southward. 

«  *  *  Peduncle  erect  or  nearly  so:  leaves  distinctly  pet ioled  from  a  rounded  base: 
petals  merely  spreading,  longer  than  the  seprds. 

7.  T.  nivale,  Riddell.  (Dwarf  White  T.)  Small  (2' -4' high) ;  /eni^es 
oval  or  ovate,  obtuse ;  petals  oblong,  obtuse,  ichite,  scarcely  wavy,  spreading  from  an 
erect  base  (as  in  No.  3),  equalling  the  peduncle  ;  styles  long  and  slender.  — Rich 
Avoods,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin.     April.  —  Leaves  l'-2',  and  petals  1'  long. 

8.  T.  ei'ythroearpum,  Michx.  (Painted  T.)  Leaves  ovate,  taper- 
pointed ;  jietdls  orate  or  oval-lanceolate,  pointed,  ivavy,  widely  spreading,  white, 
painted  with  purple  stripes  at  the  Irnse,  shorter  than  the  peduncle.  (T.  pictum, 
P/o-aA.)  —  Cold  damp  woods  and  bogs,  New  England  and  Penn.  to  L.  Superior 
and  northward,  and  southward  in  the  higher  AUeghanies.     May,  June. 

2.     MEDEOLA,     Gronov.        Indian  Cucumber-root. 

Perianth  recurved,  the  3  sepals  and  3  petals  oblong  and  alike  (pale  greenish- 
yellow),  deciduous.  Stamens  6  :  anthers  shorter  than  the  slender  filaments, 
oblong,  extrorsely  attached  above  the  base,  but  the  line  of  dehiscence  of  the 
closely  contiguous  parallel  cells  lateritf  or  slightly  introrse.  Stigmas,  or  styles 
stigmatic  down  the  upper  side,  recurvcd-diverging  from  the  globose  ovary,  long 
and  thread-form,  deciduous.  Berry  globose  (dark  purple),  3-eelled,  few-seeded. 
—  A  perennial  herb,  with  a  simple  slender  stem  (l°-3°  high,  clothed  with 
flocculent  and  deciduous  wool),  rising  from  a  horizontal  and  tuberous  whit* 


524  LiLiACE^.     (lily  family.) 

rootstock  (which  has  the  tiiste  of  cucumber),  bearin"  near  the  middle  n  whprl 
of  5-9  obuvatc-lauceohite  and  j.ointcd,  sessile,  ii^-htly  parallel-ribbed  and 
netted-veiny,  thin  leaves;  also  another  of  3  (rarely  4  or  5)  much  smaller  ovate 
ones  at  the  toj),  subtending  a  sessile  umbel  of  small  recurved  flowers.  (Named 
after  the  sorceress  Mtdea,  from  the  wholly  imaginary  notion  that  it  possesses 
great  medicinal  virtues.) 

1.    M.  Virginica,  L.     (Gyromia,  xVi<«.)—Kich  damp  woods.     June. 

3.     MELANTHIUM,     Gronov.,  L.        Melantiiium. 

Flowers  monoeciously  polygamous.  Perianth  of  6  separate  and  free  widely 
spreading  somewhat  heart-shaped  or  oblong  and  halberd-shaped  sepals,  raised 
on  slender  claws,  cream-colored,  the  base  marked  with  2  approximate  or  conflu- 
ent glands,  turning  greenish-brown  and  persistent.  Filaments  shorter  than  the 
sepals,  adhering  to  their  claws  often  to  near  their  summit,  persistent.  Anthers 
heart-shaped  or  kidney -shajjcd,  confluently  1-celled,  shield-shaped  after  opening, 
extrorse.  Styles  3,  awl-shaped,  diverging,  tijjjjcd  with  simple  stigmas.  Pod 
ovoid-conical,  3-lobed,  of  3  inflated  membranaceous  carjjcls  united  in  the  axis, 
separating  when  ripe,  and  splitting  down  the  inner  edge,  several-seeded.  Seeds 
flat,  broadly  winged.  —  Stem  simple  (3° -5°  high),  from  a  somewhat  bulbous 
base,  roughish-downy  above,  as  well  as  the  open  and  ample  pyramidal  ])anicle 
(composed  chiefly  of  simple  racemes),  the  terminal  part  mostly  fertile.  Leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear,  grass-like,  those  from  the  root  broader.  (Name  composed  of 
fifXas,  black,  and  av6os,Jlower,  from  the  darker  color  which  the  persistent  peri- 
anth assumes  after  blossoming;  but  the  name  is  hardly  warranted.) 

1.  M.  Vil'ginicum,  L.  (Buxch-flowkr.)  (M.  Virginicum  &  race- 
niosum,  Michx.  Lcimantliium  Virginicum,  WUId.  L.  Virginicum  &  hybridum, 
Roi'm.  ^-  Sc/ui/t.,  Grai/,  Mtlunth.)  —  Wet  meadows,  from  Southern  New  York  to 
Illinois,  and  common  southward.     July. 

4.    ZYGADENUS,    Michx.        Zygadene. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Perianth  withering-persistent,  spreading; 
the  petal-like  oblong  or  ovate  sepals  1  -  2-glandular  next  the  more  or  less  nar- 
rowed, but  not  unguiculate  base,  which  is  either  free,  or  united  and  coherent 
with  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Stamens  free  from  the  sepals  and  about  their  length. 
Anthers,  styles,  and  pod  nearly  as  in  Melanthium.  Seeds  margined  or  slightly 
winged. —  Very  smooth  and  somewhat  glaucous  perennials,  with  simple  stems 
from  creeping  rootstocks  or  coated  bulbs,  linear  leaves,  and  pretty  large  panicled 
greenish-white  flowers;  in  summer.  (Name  composed  of  fvyof,  a  yoke,  and 
abr)v,  a  gland,  the  glands  being  in  pairs.) 

*  Glands  on  the  perianth  conspknous. 

1.  Z.  glab6rrimus,  Michx.  Stems  l°- 3'^  hli^h  from  a.  creeping  rootstorr.; 
leaves  (pass-like,  chumulled,  conspicnously  nerved,  elongated,  tapering  to  a  ])oint; 
■patiicte  pyramidal,  many-flowered;  perianth  nearly  free;  the  scftals  (^' long) 
ovate,  becoming  lance-ovate,  with  a  jiair  of  orbicular  i/lands  tihore  the  •ihorl  claw-like 
base.  —  Grassy  low  grounds,  Virginia  [Purah)  and  southward. 


LTLIACEvE.        (lily    FAMILY.)  525 

2.  Z.  glatlCUS,  Nutt.  Stem  l°-3°  high  from  a  coated  bulb;  leaves  flat; 
panicle  rather  simiile.  and  few-flowerod  ;  base  of  the  perianth  coherent  witli  tlic  base 
of  the  ovary,  the  thin  ovate  or  ohovate  sepals  marked  with  a  hn-gc  obcordate 
(/land.  (Anticlea  ghuica,  /!«»//(.)  —Along  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Great  Lakes 
(Bergen  Swamp,  Gcnnesec  Co.,  New  York,  G.  T.  Fish)  to  N.  Illinois:  rare. 

*  *  Glands  of  the  perianth  obscure.     (Here  also  Amianthium  Nuttallii,  Grui/.) 

3.  Z.  leimanthoides.  Stem  l°-4°  high  from  a  somewhat  bulbous  base, 
slender;  lea\es  narrowly  linear;  flowers  small  (4"  in  diameter)  and  numerous, 
in  a  few  crowded  panielcd  racemes ;  only  a  yellowish  spot  on  the  contracted  base 
of  the  divisions  of  the  free  perianth.  (Amianthium  leimanthoides,  Grai/.) — 
Low  grounds,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  (Durand,  Kni,skern)  and  southward. 

5.  STENANTHIUM,     Gray  (under  Veratrum). 
Flowers  polygamous.     Perianth  spreading;   the  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate, 

tapering  to  a  point  from  the  broader  base,  where  they  are  united  and  coherent 
■with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  not  gland-bearing,  persistent,  much  longer  than  the 
short  stamens.  Anthers,  pods,  &c.  nearly  as  in  Nos.  4  and  6.  Seeds  nearly 
wingless.  —  Smooth,  with  a  wand-like  leafy  stem  from  a  somewhat  bulbous  base, 
long  and  grass-like  conduplicate-kceled  leaves,  and  numerous  small  flowers  in 
compound  racemes,  forming  a  long  terminal  panicle ;  in  summer.  (Name  com- 
posed of  orfi/o's,  narrow,  and  uvdos,  flower,  from  the  slender  sepals  and  panicles.) 
1.  S.  angUStifdlium,  Gray.  Leaves  linear,  elongated  ;  flowers  (:^' long), 
white,  very  short-pedicellcd,  in  slender  racemes ;  the  prolonged  terminal  one, 
and  often  some  of  the  lateral,  fertile.  (Veratrum  angustifolium,  Ptirsh.  He- 
lonias  graminea,  Bot.  Ma(j.)  — Low  prairies  and  meadows,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and 
southward  towards  the  mountains.  —  Stem  slender,  2° -6°  high. 

6.  VERATRUM,     Tourn.        False  Hellebore. 

Flowers  monccciously  polygamous.  Perianth  of  6  spreading  and  separate 
obovate-oblong  (greenish  or  brownish)  sepals,  more  or  less  contracted  at  the 
base,  entirely  free  from  the  ovary,  not  gland-bearing.  Filaments  free  from  the 
sepals  and  shorter  than  they,  recurving.  Anthers,  pistils,  fruit,  &c.  nearly  as 
in  Mclanthium.  —  Somewhat  pubescent  perennials,  with  simple  stems  from  a 
thickened  base  jiroducing  coarse  fibrous  roots  (very  poisonous),  .3-ranked  leaves, 
and  racemcd-panicled  dull  or  dingy  flowers ;  in  summer.  (Name  formed  of 
vere,  truly,  and  ater,  black.) 

1.  V.  viride,  Ait.  (American  White  Hellebore.  Indian  Poke.) 
Stfm  stout,  vrri/  l&fi/  to  the  top  (2° -4°  high);  Icares  broadly  oval,  pointed, 
sheath  clasjiinrj,  siromjiij  phiitcd;  panicle  jiyramidal,  the  dense  s/iil-e-like  racemes 
spreading;  pcri.anth  yellowish-green,  moderately  spreading.  —  Swamps  and  low 
grounds:  common.     (Much  too  near  V.  album  of  Europe.) 

2.  V.  parvi36rum,  Michx.  Stem  slender  (2° -5°  high),  spnrlnfjii/  leafi/ 
below,  nahd  ahore:  leaves  scarceli/  p'nited,  glabrous,  contracted  into  sfnathinfj  jteti- 
oies,  varying  from  oval  to  lanceolate  ;  jjanicle  very  long  and  loose,  the  terminal 
raceme  wand-like,  the  lateral  slender  and  spreading  ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  flow- 


526  LiLiACE^.      (lily  family.) 

«rs ;  sepals  dingy -green,  oblanccolate  or  spatulatc  (2" -3'  long),  those  of  the 
sterile  llower.-i  on  claws,  witlely  spreading.  (Melanihiinn  nionoicuin,  Walt. 
Leiniantliiuiu  inonoiciuu,  Grui).)  — Mountains  of  Virginia  and  southward. 

3.  V.  Woodii,  Hobbins.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  ;  pedicels 
( 1  ^"  -  3"  long)  sli.jid  r  than  the  jiuinrs,  the  oblaneeolate  spreading  seimU  (3"  -  4^" 
long)  dingy  green  turning  MdVi/.sA  /mqile  witltin  :  otherwise  much  as  iii  tlie  last, 
of  which  it  may  be  a  variety ;  but  tiie  Howers  are  mostly  double  the  size,  and 
the  i)aniele  stouter.  (Plant  3° -6°  high.)  —  Woods  and  hilly  barrens,  Green 
Co.,  Indiana,   W'ooil.     Augusta,  Illinois,  Mead. 

7.     AMIaNTHIUM,     Gray.        Fly-Poisox. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  widely  spreading;  the  distinct  and  free  petal-like 
(white)  sepals  oval  or  obovate,  without  claws  or  glands,  persistent.  Filaments 
capillary,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  perianth.  Anthers,  pods,  &c.,  nearly  as  in 
Melanthiuni.  Styles  thread-like.  Seeds  wingless,  oblong  or  linear,  with  a  loose 
coat,  1-4  in  each  cell.  —  Glabrous,  with  simple  stems  from  a  bulbous  base  or 
coated  bulb,  scape-like,  few-leaved,  terminated  by  a  simple  dense  raceme  of  hand- 
some flowers,  turning  greenish  with  age.  Leaves  linear,  keeled,  grass-like. 
(From  a/uiaiToy.  unapotted,  and  ai/^os,  Jluwei' ;  a  name  formed  with  more  regard 
to  euphony  than  to  good  construction,  alluding  to  the  glandless  perianth.) 

1.  A.  mUSCSetOXicum,  Gray.  (Flv-Poisox.)  Lcaces  bruadly  linear , 
elongated,  obtuse  (^'-1'  wide);  raceme  simple;  pod  abruptly  3-horned;  seeds 
oblong,  with  a  fleshy  red  coat.  (Ilelonias  erythrospe'rma,  Mlchx.) — Open 
woods,  New  Jersey  and  Penn.  to  Kentucky  and  southward.     June,  July. 

8.    XEROPHYLLUM,    Michx.        Xekophyllu.m. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  widely  spreading ;  sepals  petal-like  (white),  oval, 
distinct,  without  glands  or  claws,  at  length  withering,  about  the  length  of  the 
awl-shaped  filaments.  Anthers  2celled,  short,  cxtrorsc.  Styles  thread-like, 
stigmatic  down  the  inner  side.  Pod  globular,  3-lobed,  obtuse  (small),  loculiei- 
dal ;  the  valves  bearing  the  partitions.  Seeds  2  in  each  cell,  collateral,  3-an- 
glcd,  not  margined. — Herb  with  the  aspect  of  an  Asphodel ;  the  stem  simple, 
10-4°  high,  from  a  bulbous  base,  bearing  a  simple  compact  raceme  of  showy 
white  flowers,  thickly  beset  with  needle-shaped  leaves,  the  ujiper  ones  reduced 
to  bristle-like  bracts ;  those  from  the  root  very  many  in  a  dense  tuft,  reclined,  a 
foot  or  more  long,  1'  wide  below,  rough  on  the  margin,  remarkably  dry  and  rigid 
(whence  the  name  IVoin  ^rjpos,  mid,  and  (f)u\\ov,  leaf). 

1.  X.  asphodeloides,  Nutt.  (X.  tcnax,  Nntt.  X.  .setifolium,  Micluc. 
Helonias  asphodelioides, />.) — Pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  and  southward:  also 
far  westward.     June. 

9.     HELONIAS,     L.        Helonias. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  of  6  spatulate-oblong  ])urple  sepals,  persistent, 
turning  green,  shorter  than  the  thread-like  filaments.  Anthers  2-celled,  round- 
ish-oval, blue,  extrorse.     Styles  revolute,  stigmatic  down  the  inner  side.    Pod 


LILIACEiE.       (lily    FAMILY.)  527 

obcordiitely  3-lobed,  loculicidally  3-valved  ;  the  valves  divergently  2-lobed, 
Seeds  many  in  each  cell,  linear,  with  a  tapering  appendage  at  l)oth  ends.  —  A 
smooth  perennial,  with  many  oblong-spatulatc  or  oblanccolate  evergreen  flat 
leaves,  from  a  tuberous  rootsiock,  jiroducing  in  early  spring  a  hollow  naked 
scape  (l°-2°  high;,  sheathed  with  broad  bracts  at  the  base,  and  terminated  by 
a  simple  and  short  dense  raceme.  Bracts  obsolete:  pedicels  shorter  than  the 
flowers.     (Name  probably  from  eAoy,  a  swamp,  the  place  of  growth.) 

1.  H.  buUata,  L.  (II.  latifbliu,  Micltx.)—Wet  places,  New  Jersey  and 
reiiusylvaiiia  to  Virginia  :  rare  and  local. 

10.  CHAM^LIRIUM,     WiUd         Devil's-Bit. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Perianth  of  6  spatulate-lincar  (white)  spreading  sepals, 
withering-persistent.  Filaments  and  (yellow)  anthers  as  in  Helonias  :  fertile 
flowers  with  rudimentary  stamens.  Styles  linear-club-shaped,  stigmatic  along 
the  inner  side.  Pod  ovoid-oblong,  not  lobed,  of  a  thin  texture,  loculicidally 
3-valved  from  the  apex,  many-.«eeded.  Seeds  linear-oblong,  winged  at  each 
end.  —  Smooth  herb,  with  a  wand-like  stem  from  a  (bitter)  thick  and  abrupt 
tuberous  rootstock,  terminated  by  a  long  wand-like  spiked  raceme  (4' -9'  long) 
of  small  bractless  flowers  ;  fertile  plant  more  leafy  than  the  staminate.  Leaves 
flat,  lanceolate,  the  lowest  spatulatc,  tapering  into  a  petiole.  (Name  formed  of 
;(a|Liat',  on  t/ie  piviiiid,  and  Xfipiof,  li/i/ ;  of  no  obvious  application.) 

1.  C.  Iviteum.  (Bl.\zing-Stak.)  (C.  Carolinianum,  Willd.  Veratrnm 
luteum,  L.  Helonias  lutea.  Ait.  H.  dioica,  Pursh.)  — Low  grounds,  W.  New 
England  to  Illinois  and  southward.     June. 

11.  TOFIELDIA,     Hudson.        False  Asphodel. 

Flowers  perfect,  usually  with  a  little  3-bracted  involucre  underneath.  Peri- 
anth more  or  less  spreading;  the  sepals  (white  or  greenish)  concave,  oblong  or 
obovate,  without  claws.  Filaments  awl-shaped  :  anthers  short,  innate  or  some- 
what introrse,  2-cellcd.  Styles  awl-shaped  :  stigmas  terminal.  Pod  3-angular, 
3-partible  or  septicidal ;  cells  many-seeded.  Seeds  oblong.  —  Slender  perennials, 
mostly  tufted,  with  fibrous  roots,  and  simple  stems  leafy  only  at  the  ba.se,  bear- 
ing small  flowers  in  a  close  raceme  or  spike.  Leaves  2-ranked,  equitant,  linear, 
grass-like.  (Named  for  Mr.  Tojidd,  an  English  botanist  of  the  last  century.) 
§  \.  Floioers  in  a  simple  spike-like  raceme  or  head:  anthers  introrse:  seeds  not 
ap/pend(i(jed :  plant  smooth  and  r/lahroiis. 

1.  T.  palustris,  Hudson.  Scape  leafless  or  nearly  so  (3' -6' high),  slen- 
der, bearing  a  globular  or  oblong  head  or  short  raceme  of  whitish  flowers ; 
leaves  tufted,  I'long.  —  IsleRoyale,  &c..  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.  (Eu.) 
§  2.  Flowers  racemose,  hut  devel opine/  from  above  downwards :  short  pedicels  in  threes 

from  a  little  im-olncre  of  as  manji  bracts:  anthers  innate:  seeds  tuil-jmntal  at 
both  ends  {<is  in  nianjj  species  o/"  Juncus.) 

2.  T,  glutin6sa,  Willd.  Stem(6'-1G'  high)  and  pedicels  vciy  r//H//noMs 
with  dark  glands  ;  leaves  broadly  linear,  short.  —  Moist  grounds,  Maine,  Michi- 
gan, Wisconsin,  and  northward  :  also  southward  in  the  AUeghanies.     June. 


528  LTLIACK.E.       (lily    FAMILY.) 

3.  T.  ptlbens,  Ait.  Stem  (l°-2°  high)  and  pedicels  rourjhencd  with 
mimtte  ijlands ;  leaves  longer  and  n:irro\ver.  —  Pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to 
Virginia  and  southward.     July. 

12.     UVULARIA,    L.        Bellwort. 

Perianth  nearly  hell-shapcd,  lily-like ;  the  6  distinct  sepals  s])atulate-lanceolatc, 
with  a  honey-bciiring  groove  or  pit  iit  the  erect  contracted  base,  much  longer 
thiin  the  stamens,  which  barely  adhere  to  their  base,  deciduous.  Anthers  linear, 
much  longer  than  the  filaments,  adnatc  and  extrorse,  but  the  long  and  narrow 
ceils  opening  nearly  along  the  margin.  Style  deeply  3-cleft ;  the  divisions  stig- 
niatic  along  the  inner  side.  Pod  triangular  or  3-lobcd,  loculicidally  3-valvcd 
from  the  top.    Seeds  few  in  each  cell,  obovoid,  with  a  tumid  or  fungous  rhaphe. 

—  Stems  rather  low,  from  a  rootstock,  naked  or  scaly  at  the  base,  forking 
above,  bearing  oblong  sessile  or  clasping  flat  and  membranaceous  leaves,  and 
yellowish  drooping  flowers,  in  spring,  solitary  or  rarely  in  pairs,  on  terminal 
])e(luncles  which  become  lateral  by  the  growth  of  the  branches.  (Name  "  from 
tiic  flowers  hanging  like  the  uvula,  or  palate.") 

*  Leaves  claspinc]-jKr foliate :  sepals  pointed:  fiod  truncate,  3-lohed :   rootstock  short. 

1.  U.  grandiflora,  Smith.  Stems  l°-2°  high;  flower  U'  long,  pale 
greenisli-i/'lloiv,  tlie  si-pnis  lu-arljj  smooth  ivtliin;  anthers  bluut-poiuted.  —  Kich 
woods,  Vermont  tt>  Wisconsin  and  soutliwcstward. 

2.  XT.  perfoliata,  L.  Smaller;  sepals  ipanular-roiighened  within;  anthers 
sharper  tipped ;  otlR-rwise  as  No.  I.  —  Common  eastward  and  southward. 

3.  U.  flava,  Smith.  Flotvi-r  bright  yellow,  \  long;  sepals  nearly  smooth  with- 
in; anthers  short-pointed.  —  New  .Jersey  to  Virginia:  rare. 

*  *  fjenves  sessile  :  jmd  trianijular  :  stems  low  (6'- 12'):  rootstork  creeping. 

4.  U.  SeSSilifdlia,  L.  Leai-es  lanre-ohlong,  pale,  glaucous  beneath,  sessile  or 
partly  clasping  by  a  narrow  b.asc  ;  sepals  blunt  (9"  long);  anthers  pointless; 
the  ovoid  and  sharply  triangular  /  o  /  siipitate.  —  Low  woods  :  common.     May. 

5.  IT.  puberula,  Michx.  S]i>^ht\y  pubemlent ;  leaves  bright  green  both  sides 
and  shining,  oval,  with  rough  edges ;  styles  separate  to  near  the  base,  not  ex- 
ceeding the  short-pointed  anthers ;  jiod  ovate,  not  stipitate;  otherwise  like  the  last. 

—  ^Mountains,  Virginia,  and  southward. 

13.     PROSARTES,     Don.        Pro.sartes. 

Perianth  bell-shaped,  the  6  sepals  lanceolate  (n-  linear,  deciduous.  Filaments 
thread-like,  much  longer  than  the  linear-oblong  blunt  anthers,  which  are  llxed 
by  a  point  above  the  base,  and  extrorse.  Ovary  with  2  ovules  suspended  from 
the  summit  of  each  cell :  style  one  :  stigmas  short,  recurved-sprcading,  or  some- 
times united  into  one!  Berry  ovoid  or  oblong,  pointed,  3- C-seeded,  red. — 
Downy  low  herbs,  divergently  branched  above,  with  closely  sessile  ovate  and 
membranaceous  leaves,  and  greenish-yellow  drooping  flowers,  on  slender  termi- 
nal peduncles,  solitary  or  few  in  an  umbel.  (Name  from  npoaapTaoi,  to  hang 
from,  in  allusion  to  the  jiciident  ovules  or  flowers.) 

1.  P.  Ianugin6sa,  Don.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  tapcr-])ointed,  rounded 
or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  closely  sessile,  downy  underneath  ;  flowers 


LILIACEiE.       (lilt    FAMILY.)  529 

solitary  or  in  pairs  ;  sepals  lincar-lanccolatc,  taper-pointed  (J'  long),  soon  spread- 
ing, twice  the  length  of  the  stamens,  greenish;  style  smooth  ;  stigmas  3.  (Strep- 
topus  lanuginosus,  Michx.)  —  Kich  woods,  Western  New  York  to  Virginia, 
Kentucky,  and  soutliward  along  tlie  Alleghanies.     May. 

14.     STREPTOPUS,    Michx.        TwisTiiD-SxALK. 

Perianth  recurvcd-spreading  from  a  bell-shaped  base ;  the  6  distinct  sepals 
lanceolate,  acute,  tiic  3  inner  keeled,  deciduous.  Anthers  arrow-siuiped,  ex- 
trorse,  lixed  near  the  base  to  tlie  short  flattened  filaments,  tajjcring  above  to  a 
slender  entire  or  2cleft  point.  Ovary  with  many  ovules  in  each  cell:  style 
and  sometimes  the  stigmas  one.  Berry  red,  roundish-ovoid,  many-seeded. — 
Herbs,  with  rather  stout  stems,  forking  and  divergent  branches,  ovate  and  taper- 
pointed  rounded-clasping  membranaceous  leaves,  and  small  (extra-)  axillary 
flowers,  either  solitary  or  in  pairs,  on  slender  thread-like  peduncles,  which  are 
abruptly  bent  or  contorted  near  the  middle  (whence  the  name,  from  (TrptnTos, 
twisted,  and  novs,  foot  or  stalL) 

1.  S.  amplexifblius,  DC.  Leaven  vm/  smooth,  (/la ucous  wider tmitJi,strong\y 
clasping  ;  Jloirer  ijreenish-w/iite  on  a  long  peduncle  abruptly  bent  above  the  mid- 
dle ;  anthers  tapering  to  a  slender  entire  point;  sthjma  entire,  truncate.  (S.  dis- 
tdrtus,  Mirhx.  Uvularia  amplexifolia,  L.)  —  Cold  and  moist  woods,  from  Penn. 
northward.  June.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high,  rough  at  the  base,  otherwise  very 
smooth.  Sepals  ^' long.  —  In  this,  as  in  the  next,  the  peduncles  arc  opposite 
tlie  leaves,  rather  than  truly  axillary,  and  arc  bent  round  the  clasping  base  under- 
neath them  :  they  are  rarely  2-flowered.     (En.) 

2.  S.  r6seus,  Michx.  Leaves  green  both  sides,  finely  cilinte,  and  the  branches 
sparingly  beset  with  short  bristly  hairs  •,  flower  rose-purple,  more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  slightly  bent  peduncle;  anthers  2-horned  ;  stigma  3-cleJl. — Cold 
damp  woods,  northward,  and  in  the  Alleghanies  southward.     May. 

15.    CLINTONIA,    Raf.        Clintonia. 

Perianth  of  G  separate  sepals,  bell-sha])cd,  lily-like,  deciduous ;  the  6  stamens 
inserted  at  their  base.  Filaments  long  and  thread-like  :  anthers  linear  or  ol)- 
long,  extrorsely  fixed  by  a  point  above  the  base,  the  cells  opening  down  the 
margins.  Ovary  ovoid-oblong,  2-3-ccllcd:  style  long :  stigmas  2  or  3,  or  in 
ours  united  into  one.  Berry  ovoid,  blue,  few -many-seeded.  —  Stemless  peren- 
nials, with  slender  creeping  rootstocks,  producing  a  naked  scape  sheathed  at 
the  base  by  the  stalks  of  2-4  large  oblong  or  oval  ciliatc  leaves.  Flowers 
rather  large,  umbelled,  rarely  single.     (Dedicated  to  De  Witt  Clinton.) 

1.  C.  bore^lis,  Raf.  Umbel  few-  (2-7-)  flowered;  ovules  20  or  more. 
(Dracaena  borealis,  Ait.)  — Cold  moist  woods,  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin  and 
northward,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.  June.  —  Scape  and  leaves 
5' -8'  long.    Perianth  over  V  long,  grecnish-j-ellow,  somewhat  downy  outside. 

2.  C.  umbellata,  Torr.  Umbel  mamj-flowered  ;  owiXcs  2  in  cax:\\  cqW.  (C. 
multiflora,  Deck.  Convallaria  umbellulata,  Michx.)  — Rich  woods,  S.  W.  New 
York,  and  soutlnvard  along  the  Alleghanies.  June,  July. — Flowers  half  the 
size  of  the  last,  white,  speckled  with  green  or  purplish  dots. 

GM     2o 


530  LiLiACE^.     (lily  family.) 

16.     CONVALLARIA,     L.  (in  part).     Lilv  of  the  Valley.  * 

rerianth  bell  shaped  (white),  6-Iobcd,  deciduous;  the  lobes  recui-vcd.  Sta- 
mens 6,  included,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  perianth  :  anthers  introrse.  Ovary 
3-celled,  tapeririy  into  a  stout  style:  stipma  triangular.  Ovules  4-6  in  each 
cell.  Berry  (ew-seeded  (red).  —  A  low  perennial  herb,  glabrous,  stemless,  with 
blender  running  rootstocks,  sending  up  from  a  scaly-sheathing  bud  2  obloqg 
leaves,  with  their  long  sheathing  petioles  enrolled  one  within  the  other  so  as  to 
appear  like  a  stalk,  and  an  angled  scape  bearing  a  one-sided  raceme  of  pretty 
and  sweet-scented  nodding  flowers.  (Altered  from  Liliiim  convalJium,  the  pop- 
ular name.) 

1.  C.  majalis,  L.  —  High  Allcghanics  of  Virginia,  and  southward.  May. 
—  Same  as  the  European  Lily  of  tul  Valley  of  the  gardens.     (Eu.) 

17.     SMILACINA,     Desf.        False  Solomon's  Seal. 

Perianth  4-6-parted,  spreading,  deciduous  (white),  with  as  many  stamens 
inserted  at  the  base  of  the  divisions.  Filaments  slender :  anthers  short,  introrse. 
Ovary  2  -  3-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell :  style  short  and  thick :  stigma 
obscurely  2-3-lobed.  Berry  globular,  1-2-sceded. — Perennial  herbs,  with 
simple  stems  from  creeping  or  thickish  rootstocks,  alternate  nerved  leaves,  and 
■white,  sometimes  fragrant  flowers  in  a  terminal  and  simple  or  compound  raceme. 
(Name  a  diminutive  oi  Smilax,  to  which,  however,  these  plants  liear  little  re- 
semblance.) 

§  1.  SMILACINA  proper.  Divisions  of  the  perianth  {oblonfj-ianccolate)  and  sta- 
mens 6,  the  latter  longer:  ovary  3-celled:  ovules  collateral:  racemes  crowded  in 
a  compound  raceme  or  close  panicle :  roof  stock  stont ,  Jleshjj . 

1.  S.  racembsa,  Desf.     (False  Spikenard.)    Minutely  downy  (2°  high) ; 
leaves  numerous,  oblong  or  oval-lanceolate,  taper  pointed,  ciliate,  abruptly  some- 
what pctiolcd.  —  Moist  copses:  common.     June.  —  Berries  pale  red,  speckled 
with  purple,  aromatic.     (S.  ciliata,  Desf.,  is  a  dwarf  state  of  this.) 
§2.  ASTERANTHEMUM,  Kunth.     Dimsions  of  the  perianth  6,  ohlonrj-lance- 

olate,   lonrjer  than   the  stamens:  ovary  2~3-cellcd:  ovules  one  above  the  othei- : 
raceme  siiirjle,  .'3  -  20  flowered :  rootstock  rather  slender. 

2.  S.  Stell^ta,  Desf.  Nearly  glabrous,  or  the  7-12  olilonf/-!anreolate  leaves 
minutely  downy  beneath  when  young,  slightly  clasping  ;  beirics  blackish.  —  Moist 
banks:  common  nortliward.     May,  June.  —  Plant  1°- 2°  high.     (Eu.) 

3.  S.  trif61ia,  Desf.      Glabrous,  dwarf  (3' -6'  high);  leaves  3  (sometimes 
2  or  4),  oblong,  tajtcring  to  a  sheathing  base;  berries  red.  —  Cold  bogs,  New  Eng- 
land to  Pcnn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     May. 
§3.  MAIANTHEMUM,  Desf.     Divisions  qftherefexed-spreadinrj perianth  (oval) 

and  the  stamen)s  4,  of  equal  length:  ovnrij  2-celled :  ovules  collateral:  raceme 
single,  manji- flowered :  creeping  rootstocks  slender. 

4.  S.  bif61ia,  Ker.  Glabrous,  or  .somewhat  pubescent,  low  (3'- .5'  high); 
leaves  mostly  2  (sometimes  3),  heart-shaped,  pctiolcd,  or  in  our  plant  (the  var. 
Canadensis)  one  or  both  often  sessile  or  nearly  so  and  clasping.  —  Moist  woods : 
very  common,  especially  northward.     May.     (Eu.) 


i.iLiACE^..     (lily  family.)  531 

18.     POLYGONATUM.     Tourn.         Solomon's  Seal. 

Perianth  cj-Iindrical,  G-lobc(l  at  the  siiniiuit;  the  6  stamens  inserted  on  or 
above  the  middle  of  the  tube,  included  :  anthers  introrsc.  Ovary  S-cclled,  with 
2-6  ovules  in  each  cell  :  style  slender,  deciduous  by  a  joint:  stiynia  obtuse  or 
capitate,  obscurely  3-lobed.  Berry  globular,  black  or  blue ;  the  cells  1  -  2-seeded. 
^  Perennial  herbs,  with  simple  erect  or  curving  stems,  rising  from  creeping 
thick  and  knotted  rootstocks,  naked  below,  above  bearing  nearly  sessile  or  half- 
clasping  nerved  leaves,  and  axillary  nodding  greenish  flowers :  pedicels  jointed 
with  the  flower.  (The  ancicTit  name,  coujposedof  ttoXlis,  man//,  and  yovv,  knee, 
alluding  to  the  numerous  joints  of  the  rootstocks  and  sterns.)^  Ours  are  all  al- 
ternate-leaved species,  and  with  the  stem  terete  or  scarcely  angled  when  fresh. 

1.  P.  bifl6rum,  Ell.  (Smaller  Solomon's  Seal.)  Glabrous,  except 
the  ovate-obiong  or  lance-oblong  tieur/ij  sessile  leaves,  which  are  commonly 
mhudely  pubescent,  at  least  on  the  veins  (but  sometimes  smooth),  as  well  as  pale 
or  glaucous  widernealh;  stem  slender  (l°-3°  high);  peduncles  1-3-  but  mostly 
2^nwered;  Jilaments  papillose-rougliened,  inserted  towards  the  summit  of  the 
cylindrical-oblong  perianth.  (Convallaria  biflora,  Walt.  C.  pubescens,  Willd. 
Polygonatum  pubescens,  angustifolium,  &  multiflorum,  Pursh.)  —  Wooded 
banks;  common.  —  Perianth  j'  long,  greenish. 

2.  P.  giganteum,  Dietrich.  (Great  S.)  Glabrous  throuyhoul;  stem 
stout  and  mostly  tall,  terete;  leaves  ovate,  partly  claspini/  (■5'-8' long),  or  the 
upper  oblong  and  nearly  sessile,  many-nerved  ;  peduncles  several-  {-2 -9-)  flowered; 
jilanient'i  smooth  and  nuked,  or  nearly  so,  inserted  on  the  middle  of  the  tube  of  the 
cylindrical-oblong  perianth.  (Convallaria  canaliculata,  Willd.  Polygonatum 
canaliculatum,  Pursh.  P.  commutktuni,  Dietrich.)  —  River-banks,  in  alluvial 
soil,  5°  -  8°  high  ;  in  dry  or  less  fertile  soil  2°  -  4°.  June.  ( The  stem  not  being 
at  all  channelled  in  the  living  plant,  it  is  better  to  discard  the  earlier  name  of 
canaliculatum.) — Pedicels  4" -15"  long:  perianth  9"  long. — Perhaps  pas.ses 
into  the  preceding. 

3.  P.  Iatif61ium,  Desf.  Upper  part  of  the  sfem  (2°-3°  high),  the  1  -  5- 
flowered  peduncles,  pcdicJs,  and  lower  surface  of  the  ovate  or  oblong  mostly  peti- 
oled  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent ;  jUaments  (jiubrous.  (P.  hirtura,  Pursh.  Conval- 
laria hirta,  Poir. )  —  Pennsylvania,  3Iuhlenberq  ! 

(P.  MULTIFLORUM,  with  hirsute  filaments,  I  have  never  seen  in  this  country.) 

19.     ASPARAGUS,     L.        Asparagus. 

Perianth  G-parted,  spreading  above:  the  6  stamens  on  its  base:  anthers 
Introrsc.  Style  short :  stigma  3-lobed.  Berry  spherical,  3-celled ;  the  cells 
2-seeded.  —  Perennials,  with  much-branched  stems  from  thick  and  matted 
rootstocks,  and  small  greenish-yellow  axillary  flowers  on  jointed  pedicels. 
The  narrow,  commonly  thread-like,  so-called  leaves  are  really  branehlcts,  act- 
ing as  leaves,  clustered  in  the  axil  of  a  little  scale  which  is  the  true  leaf.  (The 
ancient  Greek  name.) 

1.  A.  officinXlis,  L.  (Garden  Asparagus.)  Herbaceous,  till,  bushy- 
branched  ;  leaves  thread-like.  —  Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens  into  waste 
places  on  the  coast.     June.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


532  LILIACE.E.       (lily    FAMILY.) 

20.     LILIUM,    L.        Lily. 

Perianth  fiinnol-form  or  l)ell-^liui)i.'cl,  colored,  of  6  distinct  sepals,  spreading  of 
recurved  above,  witii  a  honey-bearing  furrow  at  the  base,  deciduous ;  tiic  6  sta- 
mens soniewliat  adhering  to  their  bases.  Antliers  linear,  extrorsely  inserted 
towards  tlie  middle  to  the  tapering  apex  of  the  long  Hlanient,  which  is  at  fi^ 
included,  at  length  versatile;  the  cells  dehiscent  by  a  lateral  or  slightly  introrsc 
line.  Style  elongated,  somewhat  club-shaped :  stigma  3-lobed.  Pod  oblong, 
containing  numerous  flat  and  horizontal  (depressed)  soft-coated  seeds  densely 
packed  in  2  rows  in  each  cell.  —  Bulbs  scaly,  producing  simple  stems,  with 
numerous  alternate-scattered  or  whorled  short  and  sessile  leaves,  and  from  one 
to  several  large  and  showy  flowers;  in  summer.  (The  classical  Latin  name, 
from  the  Greek  Xei'/jtoj'.) 

*  Flowers  erect,  hcU-shapKl,  the  sepals  narrowed  heloiu  into  claivs. 

1.  L.  Philadelphicum,  L.  (Wild  Okange-keu  Lily.)  Lcnres  lin- 
ear-lanceolule ;  t/ie  upper  cldijlij  in  w/iorls  of  5  to  8;  flowers  I  -3,  open-bell-shapeti, 
reddish-oraiif/e  spotted  with  pur|)Iish  inside ;  the  lanceolate  sepals  not  recurved 
at  the  summit. — Dry  or  sandy  ground:  common.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high:  the 
flower  2V  long. 

2.  L.  Catesbaei,  Walt.  (Solthern  Rkd  Lily.)  Leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, scutturcd ;  flower  solitary,  open-bell-shaped,  the  long-clawed  sepals  wavy  on 
the  margin  and  recurved  at  the  summit,  scarlet,  spotted  with  dark  purple  and 
yellow  inside. — Low  sandy  soil,  Pennsylvania?  to  Kentucky  and  southward. 

*  *  Flowers  noddinij,  bell-shaped,  the  sessile  sepals  revoliite. 

3.  L.  Canadense,  L.  (Wild  Yellow  Lily.)  Leai-es  remotely  whorled, 
lanceolate,  strongly  3-nerved,  the  margins  and  nerves  rough,  flowers  few,  long- 
peduncled,  oblong-bell-shapcd,  the  sepals  recur ved-sprendim]  above  the  middle, 
orange-spotted  inside  with  brown.  —  Moist  meadows  and  bogs,  especially 
northward.  —  Stem  2° -5°  high.     Flower  2' -3'  long. 

4.  L.  sup6rbum,  L.  (Thrk's-cap  Lily.)  Loiver  leaves  ivhorlcd,  lan- 
ceolate, pointed,  3-nerved,  smooth  ;  flowers  often  many  (3  -  20  or  40)  in  a  pyram- 
idal raceme  ;  sepals  slronfjli/  revolnte,  bright  orange,  with  numerous  dark  purple 
spots  inside.  —  Hich  low  grounds.  —  Stem  3° -7°  high:  sepuls  3'  long.  L. 
("aroliniannm,  Mlchr.,  apparently  belongs  to  this  species,  which  also  probably 
passes  into  the  preceding. 

21.    ERYTHRONIUM,    L         Dog's  tooth  Violet. 

Perianth  lilj-likc,  of  G  distinct  liinccolate  sepals,  recurved  or  spreading  above, 
deciduous,  the  3  inner  usually  with  a  callous  tooth  on  each  side  of  the  erect  base, 
and  a  groove  in  the  middle.  Filaments  6,  awl-shaped  :  anthers  oblong-linear,  con- 
tinuing erect.  Style  elongated.  Pod  obovate,  contracted  at  the  base,  3-valved, 
loculicidal.  Seeds  rather  numerous,  ovoid,  with  a  loose,  mcmhranaeeons  tip. — 
Nearly  stemless  herbs,  with  two  smooth  and  shining  flat  leaves  tapering  into 
petioles  and  sheathing  the  base  of  the  commonly  one-flowered  scape,  rising 
from  a  deep  solid-scaly  bulb.  Flowers  rather  large,  nodding,  in  spring.  (Name 
from  fpvOpik,  red,  which  is  inappropriate  as  respects  the  American  species.) 


LILIACE.^E.        (lily    FAMILY.)  533 

1.  E.  Americknum,  Smith.  (Yellow  Adder's-tongue.)  Leaves 
elliptical-laiu'coliUc,  pale  green,  mottled  and  commonly  dotted  with  purplish 
and  whitish ;  perianth  ll(/ht  yellow,  often  spotted  near  the  base ;  style  club-shaped  ; 
sti(i mas  united  into  one.  —  Low  copses:  common.  May.  —  Scape  6' -9'  high: 
flower  1'  or  more  long.  —  E.  bracte.\tum,  Boott,  from   the  Camel's  Rump 

fountain,  Vermont,  is  probably  only  an  accidental  state,  with  a  bract,  such  as 
c  Western  E.  grandiflorum  often  has. 

2.  E.  albidum,  Nutt.  (White  Dog's-tooth  Violet.)  Leaves  ellip- 
tical-lanceolate, less  or  not  at  all  spotted,  not  dotted  ;  perianth  bluish-white;  inner 
divisions  toothless ;  style  more  slender  except  at  the  apex,  bearing  3  spreading 
stigmas.  —  Low  thickets,  New  York  (near  Albany),  and  S.  Pcnn.  to  Wisconsin 
and  Illinois.  —  At  Lake  Superior,  Dr.  Bobbins  finds  a  plant  hke  this  hnti/cllow- 
Jiowercd,  a  transition  towards  E.  granditlorum. 

22.     ORNITHOGALUM,     Tonrn.        Star-of-Bethlehem. 

Perianth  of  6  colored  (white)  spreading  3-7-nervcd  sepals.  Filaments  6, 
flattencd-awl-shaped.  Style  3-sided :  stigma  3-angled.  Pod  membranous, 
roundish-angular,  with  few  dark  and  roundish  seeds  in  each  cell,  loculicidal. — 
Scape  and  linear  channelled  leaves  from  a  coated  bulb.  Flowers  corymbed, 
braetcd.     (An  ancient  whimsical  name  from  opvts,  <i  bird,  and  ydXa,  milL\) 

1.  O.  umbell.\tum,  L.  Flowers  5-8,  on  long  and  spreading  pedicels; 
sepals  green  in  the  middle  on  the  outside.  —  Escaped  from  gardens  into  moist 
meadows,  eastward.     June.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

23.     SCILLA,    L.        Squill. 

Perianth  of  6  colored  (blue  or  purple)  spreading  sepals,  mostly  deciduous; 
the  6  awl-shaped  filaments  at  their  base.  Style  thread-like.  Pod  3-ang1ed,  loc- 
ulicidal, 3-valved,  with  several  black  roundish  see^ls  in  each  cell.  —  Scape  and 
linear  leaves  from  a  coated  bulb :  the  flowers  in  a  simple  raceme,  mostly  braetcd. 
(The  ancient  name.) 

].  S.  Frkseri.  (Eastern  Quamash.  Wild  Hyacinth.)  Leaves  long 
and  linear,  keeled  ;  raceme  elongated  ;  bracts  solitary,  longer  than  the  pedicels ; 
stigma  minutely  3-cleft ;  pod  triangular,  several-seeded.  (Phahingium  cscule'n- 
tiim,  Nutt.  Scilla  esculenta,  A'ec.  Camassia  Fraseri,  To/r.)  —  Moist  ])rairies 
and  river-banks,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  southwestward.  May.  —  Bulb  onion- 
like, eaten  by  the  Indians.  Scape  1°  high.  Sepals  widely  spreading,  pale 
blue,  3-nerved,  6"  long. 

24.    ALLIUM,     L.        Onion.     Garlic. 

Perianth  of  6  entirely  colored  sepals,  which  are  distinct,  or  united  at  the 
very  base,  1,-nerved,  often  becoming  dry  and  scarious  and  more  or  less  persistent : 
the  6  filaments  awl-shaped  or  dilated  at  their  base.  Style  jiersistent,  thread- 
like :  stigma  simple.  Pod  lobed,  loculicidal,  3-valve(l,  with  1  or  few  ovoid- 
kidney-sha(ied  aniphitropous  or  eanipylotropous  black  seeds  in  each  cell. — 
Strong-scented   and   pungent  stcmless  herbs;   the  leaves  and  scape  from  a 


•534  LiLiACE^.     (lily  family.) 

coatcil  bulb  flowers  in  a  simple  umbel,  some  of  them  frequently  changed  to 
bulblcts ;  spatlie  1  -  2-valved.     (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Garlic.) 
»  Ovules  and  seeds  stnyle  in  each  cell:  leaves  broad  and  flat,  appearing  in  cirli/ 
spring,  and  dying  befl}re  die  flowers  are  developed. 

1.  A.  tricOGCUm,  Ait.  (Wild  Lkek.)  Scape  naked  (9'  high  from 
clustered  j)ointcd  bulbs,  2'  long),  bearing  an  erect  many-flowered  umbel ;  ]ca\^ 
lance-oblong  (.5'-9'  long,  l'-2'  wide);  sepals  oblong  (white),  equalling  tne 
simple  filaments;  pod  strongly  3-lobcd.  —  Kich  woods,  W.  New  England  to 
Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.     July. 

*  *  Orults  mostly  2  in  each  cell:  orarg  crested  with  6  teeth:  leaves  long  and  narrow. 

■t-    Umhel  bearing  onlg  flmvers  and  ripening  jiods. 

2.  A.  c6rnuum,  Roth.  (Wild  O.vio.n.)  Scape  naked,  angular  (I°-2° 
high),  often  nodding  at  the  apex,  bearing  a  loose  or  drooping  mani/-flowered  umbel; 
leaves  linear,  sharplij  keeled  (1°  long);  sepals  oblong-ovate,  acute  (rose-color), 
shorter  than  the  simj)le  slender  filaments.  —  Steep  banks,  Western  New  York 
to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     July,  Aug. 

■3.  A.  Stellatum,  Nutt.  5c«/je /«•«>/&,  slender,  bearing  an  er^cOonW,-  leaves 
flat;  sepals  equalling  the  stamens:  otherwise  resembling  the  last,  but  usually 
not  so  tall ;  the  pod  more  crested.  Aug.  — Eocky  sl«pcs,  Illinois  (Engthnann), 
and  nortlnvestward. 

4.  A.  Schoenoprasum,  L.  (Chives.)  Scape  naked  or  leafy  at  the 
base  (6'  -  12'  high)  bearing  a  globular  capitate  umbel  of  many  rose-purple  flowers ; 
sepals  lanceolate,  pointed,  longer  than  the  simple  downwardly  dilated  filaments ; 
leaves  awl-shaped,  hollow.  Var.  with  recurved  tips  to  the  sepals  (A.  Sibiricum, 
L.)  —  Shore  of  Lakes  Huron,  Superior,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

-(-  -I-   Umbel  often  densely  bulb-bearing,  with  or  ivitliout  flowers. 

5.  A.  vine.Vle,  L.  (Field  Garlic.)  Scape  slender,  clothed  with  the 
sheathing  bases  of  the  leaves  below  the  middle  (l°-3°  high);  leaves  terete  and 
hollow,  slender,  channelled  above;  filaments  much  dilated,  the  alternate  ones  3-cle/l, 
the  middle  division  anther-bearing. — Moist  meadows  and  fields:  a  vile  weed 
eastward.     June. — Flowers  rose-color  and  green.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

6.  A.  Canadense,  Kalm.  (Wild  Garlic.)  Scape  leafy  only  at  the 
base  (1°  hi.yli);  leai-x-s  narroivly  linear,  flutti.sh ;  umbel  fcAV-flowered  ;  ^/iVawp/z^s 
simple,  dilated  below.  —  Moist  meadows.  May,  June.  — Flowers  pale  rose-color, 
pedicclled ;  or  a  head  of  bulbs  in  their  place. 

*  *  *  Ovules  several  in  each  ceJl :  leaves  long  and  linear.     (Nothdscordum,  A'i<»?/(.) 

7.  A.  striatum,  Jacq.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  often  convolute,  striate  on 
the  back,  about  the  length  of  the  obscurely  3-angled  naked  scape  (6'  -  12'  long) ; 
filaments  dilated  below,  shorter  than  the  narrowly  oblong  sepals  (which  are 
white  with  a  reddish  keel) ;  ovules  4  -  7  in  each  cell.  —  Prairies  and  open  woods, 
Virginia  to  Illinois  and  southward.     May. 

25.     MUSCARI,     Tourn.        Grape-Hyacixth. 

Perianth  globular  or  ovoid,  minutely  6-toothcd  (blue).  Stamens  6,  included : 
^inthcrs  short,  introrse-     Style  short.     Pod  loculicidal,  with  2  black  angular 


liliagejE.     (lily  family.)  535 

seeds  in  each  cell.  —  Leaves  and  scape  (in  early  spring)  from  a  coated  bulb  :  the 
small  flowers  in  a  dense  raceme,  sometimes  musk-scented  (whence  the  naine). 

1.  M.  BOTRYOiDKS,  Mill.  Lcavcs  linear ;  flowers  globulur  ( 1  j"  - 2"  long), 
deep  blue,  appearing  like  minute  grapes;  whence  the  popular  name.  —  Escaped 
from  gardens  into  copses  and  fence-rows,  E.  Penn.,  &c.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

26.    HEMEROCALLIS,    L.        Day-Lilv. 

Perianth  funnel-form,  lily-like ;  the  short  tube  enclosing  the  ovary,  the  spread- 
ing limb  G-parted ;  the  6  stamens  inserted  on  its  throat.  Anthers  as  in  Lily, 
more  or  less  extrorse.  Filaments  and  style  long  and  thread-like,  declined  and 
ascending :  stigma  simple.  Pod  (at  first  rather  fleshy)  3-angled,  loculicidally 
3-valved,  with  several  black  spherical  seeds  in  each  cell.  —  Showy  pei'ennials, 
with  fleshy-fibrous  roots  ;  the  long  and  linear  keeled  leaves  2-ranked  at  the  base 
of  the  tall  scapes,  which  bear  at  the  summit  sevei'al  bractcd  and  large  yellow 
flowers:  these  collapse  and  decay  after  expanding  for  a  single  day  (whence 
the  name,  from  rjixfpa,  a  day,  and  /cdXXos,  btautij). 

1.  H.  Fi'iLVA,  L.  (Common  Day-Lily.)  Liner  divisions  (petals)  of  the 
tawny  orange  perianth  wavy  and  obtuse.  —  Roadsides,  escaped  from  gardens, 
where  it  is  common  (as  is  also  the  bright  yellow-flowered  H.  fl.ava).  July. 
(Adv.  Irom  Eu.) 

27.     YUCCA,     L.        Bear-Grass.     Spanish  Bayoxkt. 

Perianth  of  6  petal-like  (white)  oval  or  oblong  and  acute  flat  sepals,  wither- 
ing-persistent, tiie  3  inner  broader,  longer  than  the  6  stamens.  Stigmas  3, 
sessile.  Pod  oblong,  somewhat  6-sidcd,  3-celled,  or  imperfectly  6-celled  by  a 
partition  from  the  back,  fleshy,  at  length  loculicidally  3-valvcd  fi-om  the  apex. 
Seeds  very  many  in  each  cell,  depressed.  —  Stems  woody,  either  very  short,  or 
rising  into  thick  and  colunmar  palm-like  trunks,  bearing  persistent  rigid  linear 
or  s  word-shaped  leaves,  and  terminated  by  an  ample  compound  panicle  of  showy 
(often  polygamous)  flowers.     (An  aboriginal  name.) 

1.  Y.  filamentbsa,  L.  (Adam's  Needle.)  Trunk  (from  a  running 
rootstock)  rising  for  a  foot  or  less  above  the  earth,  covered  with  the  lanceolate 
iinaritied  coriaceous  leaves  (l°-2'^  long),  which  heai\/iliime)ils  on  their  margins; 
scape-like  flower-stem  6° -8°  high,  erect.  —  Sandy  soil,  E.  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.    July. 

28.     NARTHECIUM,     Mochring.         Bog-Aspiiodel. 

Sepals  6,  linear-lanceolate,  yellowish,  persistent.  Filaments  G,  woolly:  an- 
thers linear,  introrse.  Pod  cylindrical-oblong,  pointed  witli  the  undivided  style 
and  single  stigma,  loculicidal,  many-seeded.  Seeds  appcndaged  at  each  end 
with  a  long  bristle-form  tail,  as  in  many  species  of  Juncus.  —  Rootstock  creep- 
ing, bearing  linear  equitant  leaves  (as  in  Tofieldia),  and  a  simple  stem  or 
scape,  terminated  by  a  simple  dense  raceme.  (Name  from  vap6l]<iov,  a  rod,  or 
a  box  for  fraijrntit  ointments,  of  obscure  application.) 

1.  N.  OSSifragum,  Huds.  — Herb  with  scape  about  a  foot  high,  longer 
than  the  leaves:  pedicels  mostly  bracteolate.     (Eu.) 


53G  JUNCACE^.     (rush  family.) 

Var.  Americ^num.  (N.  Amcricanum,  Ker.)  Flowers  rather  smaller 
(scarcely  3"  lonjj)  ajid  leaves  narrower  than  the  European  plant,  which  is  lim- 
ited to  the  Atlantic-side  of  that  continent,  as  is  ours  here:  viz.  in  sandv  ho<j;s, 
on  this  side,  where  it  is  very  local,  in  the  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  only. 
June,  July. 

Order  122.    JUNClCEiE.     (Rusn  Family.) 

Grass-like  or  sedge-like  herbs,  with  small  Jlowers,  a  regular  and  hypogynous 
persistent  perianth  of  6  similar  glumaceous  sepals,  6  or  rarely  3  stamens  with 
2-celled  anthers,  a  single  short  style,  SJili/orm  hairy  stigrnas,  and  an  ovary 
either  3-cclled  or  l-celled  tcith  3  parietal  placenta;,  forming  a  loculicidal 
3-valved  pod.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  minute  embryo  enclosed  at  the 
base  of  the  fleshy  ajbumen.  —  Rushes,  with  the  flowe  s  liliaceous  in  struc- 
ture, but  sedge-like  in  aspect  and  texture,  mainly  represented  by  only 
two  genera. 

1.    LITZULA,    DC.        Wood-Rush. 

Pod  l-celled,  3-seeded,  one  seed  to  each  parietal  placenta.  — Perennials,  often 
hairy,  usually  in  dry  ground,  with  flat  and  soft  usually  hairy  leaves,  and  spiked- 
crowded  or  umbelled  flowers.  (Name  said  to  be  altered  from  the  Italian  luciola, 
a  glow-woiin. ) 

*  Flowers  loosely  long-peduncled,  umbelled  or  corymhed. 

1.  L.  pil6sa,  Willd.  Leaves  lance-linear,  hairy  ;  umbel  mostly  simple; 
sepals  pointed,  shorter  than  the  obtuse  pod  ;  seeds  with  a  curved  appendage. — 
Woods  and  banks  :  common  northward.     May.  —  Plant  6'  -  9'  high.     (Eu.) 

2.  L.  parvifldra,  Desv.,  var.  melanocarpa.  Nearly  smooth  (l°-3° 
high)  ;  leaves  broadly  linear;  corymb  deronijiound,  loose;  prdicels  droopiny ;  sepals 
pointed,  straw-color,  about  the  length  of  the  minutely  pointed  and  brown  pod. 
(L.  melanocarjia,  Desv.)  — Mountains,  Maine  to  Northern  New  York,  and  north- 
ward.    July.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Flowers  crowded  in  spikes  or  close  clusters.     {Plants  G'-  12'  liigli.) 

3.  L.  eamp6stris,  DC.  Leaves  fat,  linear ;  s/iilces  4-12,  somewhat  umbelled, 
ovoid,  straw-color,  some  of  them  long-peduncled,  others  nearly  sessile;  sepals 
bristle-pointed,  longer  than  the  obtuse  pods  ;  seeds  with  a  conical  appendage  at 
the  base. — Dry  fields  and  woods  ;  common.     May.     (Eu.) 

4.  L.  areu^ta,  Meyer.  Leaves  channelled,  linear;  spikes  3-5,  on  unequal 
oflen  recurved  peduncles,  ovoid,  chestnut-brown ;  bracts  ciliate-fringed ;  sepals 
taper-pointed,  longer  than  the  obtuse  pod;  seeds  not  appendaged.  —  Alpine 
summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  high  northward.  (Eu.) 

5.  L.  spicita,  Desvaux.  I^enves  channelled,  narrowly  linear ;  y?o(«/s  in 
sessile  clusters,  furminy  a  noddiny  interrupttd  spiked  panicle,  brown  ;  sepals  bristle- 
pointed,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  abruptly  short-j)ointed  ))od;  seeds  merely  witli 
a  roundish  projection  at  the  base.  (Our  plant  is  L.  raeemosa,  Desv.l  according 
to  Godet.)     With  the  last,  and  more  common.     (Eu.) 


JUNCACE^.       (r.USII    FAMILY.)  537 

2.    JUNCUS,    L.        Rush.    Bog-TIush. 

Pod  many-seeded,  3-cellcd,  or  1-ccllcd  by  the  placentixj  not  rcaehing  the  axis. 
Stamens  when  3  ojjposite  the  3  outer  sepals. —  Chietiy  perennials,  and  in  wet 
soil  or  water,  with  2)ithy  or  hollow  and  simple  (rarely  branching)  stems,  and 
paniclcd  or  clustered  small  (greenish  or  brownish)  flowers,  chiefly  in  summer. 
Plant  never  hairy.  (The  classical  name,  from  jungo,  to  join,  alluding  to  the 
use  of  the  stems  for  bands.) 

Contributed  for  this  edition  by  Dr.  Engelm.vnn,  who  has  recently  published 
a  monograph  of  the  North  American  species  in  the  Transactions  of  the  St. 
Louis  Academy  of  Science. 

§  I.  True  Junci  ;  with  naked  and  simple  scapes  from  matted  rimninfi  root  stocks, 
vuinij  of  them  barren,  furnished  at  base  with  short  leafless  or  rarehf  Imfbcaritig 
sheaths:  leaves,  if  any,  terete,  knotless  and  similar  to  the  scape:  flowers  single 
or  rarely  clustered  on  the  pedicels,  in  sessile  panicles,  produced  apparently  from 
the  side  of  the  scape,  the  exterior  sheath  or  involucral  leaf  being  similar  to  and 
continuing  the  scape.     Flowering  in  early  summer. 
*  Flowers  single  on  the  pedicels  or  ultimate  rumif  cations  of  the  panicle. 
■1-  Sheaths  at  base  of  the  stem  leafless. 
++  Stamens  3. 

1.  J.  effusus,  L.  (Common  or  Soft  Rush.)  Scape  soft  and  pliant 
(2°-4°]iigh) ;  inner  sheaths  awncd ;  panicle  dift'usely  much  branched,  many- 
flowered;  flowers  numerous,  small  (1|"  long),  greenish  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  very- 
acute,  as  long  as  the  triangular-obovate  retuse  and  pointless  greenish-brown 
pod  ;  antbers  as  long  as  filaments ;  style  very  short ;  seeds  small  (about  \"  long)' 
with  short  pale  points,  delicately  ribbed  and  cross-lined.  —  Var.  conglomeratus 
(J.  conglomeratus,  L.)  has  the  scape  more  distinctly  striate,  the  panicle  closely 
crowded,  and  the  pod  short-pointed.  —  Marshy  grounds :  very  common ;  the  var. 
in  sphagnous  swamps.     (Eu.) 

t-f  ++  Stamens  6. 

2.  J.  filiformis,  L.  Scape  very  slender  (l°-2°  high),  pliant;  panicle 
few-flowered,  almost  simple;  flowers  (1^"  long) ;  sepals  lanceolate,  the  inner  a 
little  shorter  and  less  acute,  longer  than  the  broadly  ovate  obtuse  but  short- 
pointed  greenish  pod  ;  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments  ;  style  very  short ;  seed 
(less  than  J"  long)  short-pointed  at  both  ends,  indistinctly  reticulated.  —  N. 
New  England  and  New  York  to  Michigan  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

3.  J.  Smithii,  Engelm.  Scape  rather  slender  (2° -3°  high)  ;  panicle  few- 
flowered,  nearly  simple;  flowers  brown  (IJ"  long) ;  outer  sepals  lanceolate  and 
acute,  inner  a  little  shorter,  obtiisish,  shorter  than  the  broadly  ovate  rather  tri- 
angular acute  and  pointed  deep  chestnut-brown  pod;  anthers  as  long  as  fila- 
ments ;  style  short,  seeds  large  (J" or  more  long)  obtuse,  with  short  a])pcndages 
at  both  ends,  many-ribbed  and  reticubited.  —  Sphagnous  swamps,  on  Broad 
Mountain,  Pennsylvania,  C.  /i.  Smith. 

4.  J.  Baltieus,  Dethard.  Scape  rigid  (2° -3°  high);  panicle  loose; 
flowers  larger  (2"  long),  chestnut-brown  with  green;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate, 
the  outer  sharp-pointed,  the  inner  obtusish,  as  long  as  the  elliptical  rather 
triangular  obtuse  and  pointed  deep  brown  pod ;  anthers  much  longer  than  the 


k 


638  JDNCACE^.     (rush  family.) 

broad  filaments;  style  about  the  length  of  the  ovary  ;  seeds  rather  large  (J"  or 
more  long),  nearly  obtuse,  delicately  ribbed  and  cross-lined.  —  Sandy  shores  of 
New  England,  the  Great  Lakes,  and  westward  ;  also  in  swamps,  Lancaster  Co., 
Pcnn.,  Prof.  Porter.     (Eu.) 

-t-  •)-  Jnnermost  sheaths  leiif-hidrim] :  stanipus  6. 

5.  J,  set^ceus,  Uostkovius.  Scape  slender  (I°- 3°  high)  ;  panicle  loose, 
rather  fcw-fiowcrcd  ;  flowers  grcenisii  (2"  long) ;  sepals  lanceolate,  sharp- pointed, 
especially  the  3  shining  exterior  ones,  spreading  in  fruit,  as  long  as  the  nearly 
globose  beak-pointed  greenish  or  light-brown  pod  ;  anthers  as  long  as  filaments; 
style  conspicuous;  seeds  (^"  long)  almost  globose,  ribbed  and  cross-lined. — 
Pennsylvania  (/?os</tWMs),  Virginia?  and  North  Carolina,  southward  near  the 
coast.  —  Doubtful  if  in  our  district. 

*  *  F/oinrs  in  clusters,  Q-androiis :  innermost  sheaths  at  base  of  stem  leaf-bearing. 

6.  J.  Roemerianus,  Scheele.  Scape  stout  and  rigid  (2° -3°  high),  its 
apex  as  well  as  the  leaves  pungent;  panicle  compound  ;  3-6  greenish  or  light- 
brown  flowers  (1^"  long)  in  a  cluster;  outer  sepals  lanceolate,  sharp-])ointed, 
longer  than  the  obtusish  inner  ones,  as  long  as  the  elliptical  rather  triangular 
obtuse  short-pointed  brown  pod  ;  anthers  much  longer  than  the  broad  filaments  ; 
styles  shorter  than  the  ovary  ;  seeds  (J"  long)  oval,  obtuse,  very  delicately  ribbed. 
(J.  mari'timus  of  Amer.  authors.)  — Brackish  marshes.  New  Jersey  (Pursh), 
Virginia  and  southward. 

§  2.  Grassy-leaved  Junci  ;  ivith  simple  or  rarelij  branched  stems,  leafij  at  base 
or  throughout :  leaves  fat,  or  somewhat  terete  or  setaceous  and  channelled,  never 
knotted :  ■panicle  terminal. 

*  Flowers  crowded  in  heads  {produced  in  late  summer). 

1-  Leaver  thread-like,  hollow :  sierns  simple :  heads  single  or  few :  seeds  large,  the 

loose  seed-coat  produced  into  conspicuous  tails :  stamens  6. 

7.  J.  St^gius,  L.  Stems  slender  (6' -16'  high)  from  slender  brfinching 
rootstocks,  1-3-leaved  below,  naked  above;  heads  1  or  rarely  2,  of 3-4-flowcrs, 
about  the  length  of  the  sheathing  scarious  awl-pointed  bract ;  flowers  pale  and 
reddish  (2|-"-3"  long) ;  sepals  lanceolate,  the  inner  obtusish,  |  the  length  of 
the  oblong  acuminate  pod,  as  long  as  the  slender  stamens  ;  fibimcnts  many 
times  longer  than  the  oblong  anthers  ;  recurved  stigmas  shorter  than  the  style ; 
seeds  oblong,  with  a  very  loose  slightly  striated  coat  prolonged  at  both  ends 
(1|"  long).  —  Peat-bogs  bordering  Perch  Lake,  JefiFerson  County,  New  York. 
N.  Maine,  G.  L.  Goodale.  (New  Brunswick,  ^^r.  Fowler.  North  shore  of  Lake 
Sujjcrior,  Mr.  Wheeler.)  —  Flowers  larger  and  ]i()d  more  abiuiilly  j;oiiuc(l  tlian  in 
the  European  plant.     (Eu.) 

8.  J.  trifldus,  L.  Stems  densely  tnftcil  from  matted  creeping  rootstocks, 
erect  (5'- 10'  high),  sheathed  and  mostly  leafless  at  the  base,  2-3-leaved  at 
the  summit,  the  upper  thread-like  leaves  subtending  the  sessile  head  of  1-4 
brown  ( 1  i"  -  2"  long)  flowers  ;  sepiils  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  equalling  or  rather 
shorter  than  the  ovate  bcak-)iointed  deep  l>rown  pod;  anthers  much  longer  than 
the  filaments;  seed-:  few,  oMong,  angled  (1"  long),  faintly  striate,  short-tailed. 
—  Alpine  summits  of  the  mountains  of  New  England,  and  N.  New-  York,  and 
high  northward.     (Eu.) 


JUNCACE^.      (rush  family.)  539 

-I-  -t-  Leaves  Jlat  and  open,  f/rass-like :  stamens  3. 

9.  J.  marginatUS,  Rostkovius.  Stem  erect,  from  a  bulbous  and  stolo- 
niferous  base  (1°- 3°  liigli),  flattened,  leafy  ;  leaves  long-linear;  heads  3-8- 
flowcred,  pauicled  ;  flowers  purplish  with  green  (1^''  long)  ;  sepals  oblong,  the 
3  outer  acute  and  slightly  awned,  the  inner  longer  and  mostly  obtuse  and  point- 
less, as  lung  as  the  almost  globular  scarcely  jiointed  pod  ;  stamens  exceeding 
the  outer  sepals  ;  purple  anthers  shorter  than  flhunents  ;  style  very  short ;  seeds 
(*"~  4"  long)  slender,  pointed  at  both  ends  and  strongly  ribbed.  (J.  aristulatus, 
Michx. )  —  Moist  sandy  places,  S.  New  England  to  Illinois  and  southward.  — 
Var.  PAUCiCAPiTATUS  has  smaller  and  less  flattened  stems,  narrower  leaves,  and 
few  large  8-  15-flowered  heads.  Sandy  coast  of  New  Jersey  and  elsewhere.  — 
Var.  bifl6rus  has  numerous  and  small  2-3-flowcred  heads,  in  much-branched 
panicles.     (J.  biflorus,  Ell.)     New  Jersey  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

10.  J.  rdpens,  Michx.  Stems  flattened,  ascending  (4' -6'  high)  from  a 
fibrous  annual  root,  at  length  creeping  or  floating  ;  leaves  short,  linear,  those  of 
the  stem  nearly  opposite  and  fascicled  ;  heads  few  in  a  loose  leafy  panicle,  3-12- 
flowered  ;  flowers  green  (3"  long)  ;  sepals  rigid,  lance-subulate,  slender-pointed, 
the  3  outer  as  long  as  the  linear  triangular  obtuse  pod,  the  inner  ones  much 
longer;  stamens  as  long  as  the  outer  sepals  ;  filaments  many  times  longer  than 
the  oblong  anther;  seeds  small  (\"  long),  obovate,  slightly  pointed,  very  deli- 
cately ribbed  and  cross-lined.  ( Ccphalu'.\.ys  flabellata,  Z>esi;.) — Miry  banks, 
Maryland  (  W.  M.  Canby)  and  southward. 

*  *  Flowers  single  on  the  ultimate  peduncles :  sta}nens  6. 
■I-  Stem  branched:  root  annual. 

11.  J.  bufdnius,  L.  Stems  low  and  slender  (3'- 9' high)  from  a  fibrous 
root,  leafy,  often  branched  from  the  base ;  panicle  spreading,  mostly  with  one- 
sided dichotomous  branches;  flowers  remote,  greenish  (2" -3^"  long);  sepals 
linear-lanceolate,  awl-pointed,  3  outer  ones  much  longer  than  the  inner  and 
than  the  oblong  obtuse  pod ;  stamens  short ;  filaments  scarcely  longer  than 
anthers  ;  seeds  elliptical,  obtuse  (-^'"i"  I'J'ig).  ■^'C'T  delicately  ribbed  and  cross- 
lined. —  Low  grounds  by  roadsides:  common,  but  not  everywhere.  June- 
Sept.  —  Var.  fasciculXtus,  with  flowers  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branchlcts, 
i-i  a  southern  form,  which  has  been  introduced  about  the  Philadelphia  Navy 
Yard.     (Eu.) 

■*-  -1-  Stems  slender,  simple,  tujled,  Ifafi/  beloic;  root  perennial  (Jl.  early  in  summer). 

12.  J.  Ger^rdi,  Loisel.  (Black-Grass.)  Stems  scarcely  flattened,  rigid 
(l°-2°  high)  ;  panicle  contracted,  usually  longer  than  the  bracteal  leaf;  flow- 
ers chestnut-brown  with  green  (1^"  long) ;  sepals  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  incurved, 
as  long  as  the  oval  obtuse  and  niucronate  pod  ;  anthers  much  longer  than  the 
short  filaments ;  style  as  long  as  the  ovary;  seeds  (nearly  J"  long)  obovate, 
short  pointed  at  both  ends,  delicately  ribbed  and  cross-lined.  —  Salt  marshes: 
common  along  the  coast,  especially  northward;  also  in  saline  marshes 
of  W.  New  York:  rare  along  the  Great  Lakes.  (Eu.) — The  closely  allied 
J.  bulbosus,  L.  (to  which  this  was  referred  in  a  lormcr  edition)  has  not  yet 
been  found  in  this  country. 


54:0  JUNCACE^.     (rush  family.) 

13.  J.  tenuis,  Willd.  Stem  wiry  (9' -18' high);  leaves  flat  or  channelled ; 
panicle  shorter  than  the  iiivulucral  leaves,  loose,  or  rarely  crowded  ;  flowers  green 
(2''  or  more  long) ;  sepals  lanceolate,  very  acnte,  s])reading  in  fruit,  longer  tlian 
the  ovoid  i-etusc  scarcely  pointed  green  pod ;  anthers  nearly  equal  to  the  flla- 
mcnt;  style  very  short;  seeds  small  (about  i"  long),  white-pointed  at  both  ends, 
delicately  ribbed  and  cross-lined.  —  Low  grounds,  flelds,  and  roadsides.  (Eu.) 
—  Var.  SECUNDiTs  is  a  smaller  plant,  with  smaller  one-sided  flowers  on  the 
forked  branches  of  the  panicle.     New  England  to  Pennsylvania. 

14.  J.  dichotomus,  Ell.  Stems  rigid  (l^°-2°  high)  from  a  tumid 
base;  leaves  fililorm,  nearly  terete,  slightly  grooved  on  the  inner  side;  panicle 
loose,  often  with  1-sided  tbrked  branches,  mostly  longer  than  tiie  involucral  leaf; 
flowers  greenish  (2"  or  more  long) ;  sepals  lanceolate,  sharp-pointed,  spreading 
in  fruit,  as  long  as  the  globular  beaked  light  mahogany-colored  pod;  anthers 
nearly  as  long  as  filaments ;  style  short ;  seeds  small  (\"-i"  long),  white-pointed 
at  both  ends,  coarsely  cross-lined. — Low  sandy  grounds,  New  Jersey  (C  F. 
Paikf-r),  Delaware  [Prof.  Lf.idy,  Mr.  Commons),  and  southward. 

15.  J.  Gre6nii,  Oakes  &  Tuckerm.  Stems  rigid  (l°-2°  high);  leaves 
nearly  terete,  very  deeply  channelled  (almost  involute)  on  the  inner  side;  pan- 
icle usually  much  shorter  than  the  principal  erect  involucral  leaf,  dense;  the 
numerous  crowded  flowers  often  one-sided  (li|"  long) ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute, 
light  grccnisii-brown,  apprcssed,  shorter  than  the  ovoid-oblong  obtuse  greenish- 
brown  pod;  anthers  as  long  as  filaments;  style  very  short;  seeds  ovoid,  tail- 
pointed  (J"  -  f "  long),  ribbed  and  delicately  cross-lined.  —  Sandy  coast  of  New 
England,  and  on  the  Great  Lakes  near  Detroit  {Uolzer,  J.  M.  Biijelow). 

16.  J.  Vaseyi,  Engelm.  Stems  rigid  (1°- 2^°  high) ;  leaves  nearly  terete, 
very  slightly  channelled  on  the  inner  side ;  panicle  longer  than  the  involucral 
leaf,  loose;  flowers  few,  often  one-sided,  greenish  or  light  brown  (2"  or  more 
long) ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  appresscd,  shorter  than  the  oblong  and  retnse 
green-brown  pod;  anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments;  style  very  short;  seeds 
slender,  conspicuously  tailed  at  both  ends  {h" -V  long),  closely  ribbed. — 
Michigan,  with  the  last  (near  Detroit,  llulzer,  Bit/r/ow)  to  N.  Illinois  ( Va.'^eij), 
and  westward.     June. 

§.3.  Knottv-leaved  Jun'CI  ;  stems  leaf}/,  simplfi.  or  hranchinq :  leaves  terete 
or  sometimes  Idterallij  compressed,  knotted  In/  inttrnal  cross-part itiuns :  panicle 
terminul,  loith  flowers  c/iiefli/  in  heads. 

*  Seeds  barely  pointed,  without  tails. 
•t-  Heads  composed  of  2  or  sometimes  onhj  simjle  G-androus  flowers. 

17.  J.  pelocarpus,  E.  Meyer.  Stems  slender  and  erect  from  a  slende^ 
running  rootstock  (6'-  18'  high),  bearing  few  thread-like  slightly  knotted  leaves, 
branching  above  into  a  compound  spreading  panicle,  bearing  in  the  forks  and 
along  one  side  of  the  branches  single  flowers  or  2-flowercd  heads  ;  often  with  the 
flowers  or  in  place  ot  them  arc  tufts  of  leaves  ;  flowers  small  (1'-  1  i'  long),  green- 
ish with  red  ;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  the  3  inner  ones  longer,  but  shorter  than  the 
oblong  tajjer-beakcd  l-ccllcd  pod  ;  anthers  much  longer  than  the  filaments  ;  style 
slender;  seeds  (J"  long)  obovate,  short-pointed,  delicately  ribbed-rcticidatcd. 
(J.  viviparus,  Conrad.     J.  Conrkdi,  Tuckerm.)  —  Sandy,  wet  or  swampy  places 


JUNCACE^.     (rush  family.)  541 

Canada  to  "Wisconsin,  and  from  New  England  southward  near  the  coast. 
July,  Aug.  —  The  proliferous  plants  are  usually  sterile  and  much  larger  than 
the  fertile  ones,  with  larger  and  more  diffuse  panicles.  —  Var.  slbtilis  (J.  flui- 
tans,  Michx.),  from  Canada,  is  a  small  and  creeping  or  floating  form,  mostly 
with  single  2-flo\vcred  heads  at  the  ends  of  the  short  stems. 
H-  H-  Heads  numerous,  o/3-  \'2  flowers  (rurelij  more  in  No.  21),  in  earlj  summer. 
++  Stamens  6. 

18.  J.  articul^tus,  L.  Stems  ascending  or  erect  (9'- 15'  high),  tufted 
from  a  short  crcej)ing  rootstock,  with  1  or  2  slender  leaves ;  panicle  short, 
spreading;  the  crowded  heads  3-8-Howered;  flowers  brown,  rarely  pale  (1|"- 
li"  long) ;  sepals  lance-oblong,  acute  or  mucronate,  or  the  3  inner  obtuse  and  a 
little  longer,  shorter  than  the  ovate-oblong  acute  or  abruptly  mucronate-pointed 
incompletely  3-celled  commonly  deep  chestnut-brown  shining  pod ;  anthers  as 
long  as  filaments;  ovary  attenuated  into  a  short  style;  seeds  (less  than  ^"  long) 
obovate,  attenuate  below,  abruptly  pointed  above,  ribbed-reticulated.  (J.  1am- 
poca'rpus,  Ehrh.)  —  Wet  grounds,  New  England  to  Western  New  York  and 
Delaware.  (Eu.)  —  Var.  obtusXtus.  Panicle  crowded,  level-topped  ;  heads 
5-flowcred,  green;  sepals  obtuse,  of  equal  length,  the  outer  mucronate;  pod 
obtuse,  mucronate.  —  Pctty's  Island,  near  Philadelphia,  J/r.  DiJl'mbinigh,  Mr. 
BarJce. 

19.  J.  alpinus,  Villars,  var.  insignis,  Fries.  Stems  erect  (9  -  18'  high) 
from  a  creej)ing  rootstock,  with  1  or  2  slender  leaves  ;  panicle  meagre,  with  erect 
branches  bearing  distant  greenish  or  light-brown  heads,  each  of  3  -  6  flowers 
(^i"-!?"  long) ;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  the  outer- mucronate  or  cuspidate  and 
usually  longer  than  the  rounded  inner  ones,  as  long  or  shorter  than  the  obtuse 
short-pointed  incompletely  3-celled  light-brown  pod;  anthers  as  long  as  fila- 
ments; style  short;  seeds  (\"  or  more  in  length)  spindle-shaped,  ribbed-reticu- 
lated. (J.  pelocarpus,  Ed.  1.  J.  articulatus,  var.  pelocarpus,  ^(/.  2.) — Wet 
sandy  banks,  from  Lake  Champlain  {Robhiiis,  Macrae,)  and  along  the  Great 
Lakes  northward  and  westward.     (Eu.) 

20.  J.  militaris,  Bigel.  Stem  stout  (2° -4°  high)  from  a  thick  creeping 
rootstock,  bearing  a  solitary  stout  erect  leaf  (^'^-3^°  long)  below  the  middle 
which  overtops  the  crowded  and  rather  contracted  panicle;  heads  numerous, 
5-12-  (rarely  25-)  flowered  ;  flowers  brownish  (1^"  long) ;  sepals  lanceolate,  the 
outer  ones  awl-pointcd,  as  long  as  the  ovate-oblong  triangular  taper-beaked  1- 
celled  pod ;  anthers  longer  than  filaments  ;  ovary  attenuated  into  a  slcndc  r  style  , 
seeds  (i"- J"  long)  globose-obovate,  obtuse,  abruptly  pointed,  ribbed-reticulated. 
—  In  bogs  and  streams,  Maine  to  Maryland. — Dr.  Robbins  finds  that  in  flow- 
ing water,  at  Uxbridgc,  Mass.,  this  bears  numberless  capillary  submersed  leaves, 
2° -3°  long,  from  the  rootstock. 

++  +-1-  Stamens  3. 

21.  J.  acuminatus,  Michx.  Stems  tufted,  erect,  bearing  about  2  leaves 
and  a  loose  spreading  panicle ;  heads  few -many-flowered,  greenish,  at  length 
straw-colored  or  darker;  sepals  lance-awl-shaped,  sharp-pointed,  equ:il,  as  long 
as  or  shorter  than  the  triangular-prismatic  short-pointed  1-celled  pod;  anthers 
a  little  shorter  than  the  filaments ;  style  almost  none ;  seeds  small  (■^"  -  ^"  long), 


542  JUNCACE^..     (rush  family.) 

acute  at  both  ends,  ribbcd-rcticulatcd.  (J.  pallcscens,  E.  ^feyer,  as  to  the  N. 
American  plant.)  —  Earlier  than  other  species  which  arc  likely  to  be  con- 
founded with  it:  May,  June.  —  A  very  variable  plant,  the  following  forms  of 
which  have  the  appearance  of  distinct  species,  but  are  connected  by  various 
intermediate  states. 

Var.  d6bilis.  Stems  slender  (9'- 18' hi^^h) ;  heads  green,  3 - 6-flowered  in  a 
loose  panicle  ;  flowers  smaller  ( 1.1"-  1^"  long) ;  pod  longer  than  the  sepals.  (J. 
debilis,  Grai/,  in  former  editions.)  —Wet  sandy  soil,  New  Jersey  to  Kentucky 
and  southward.  —  Stems  sometimes  decumbent  and  rooting. 

Var.  roblistUS.  Stems  stout,  tall,  (20-4°  high),  bearing  numerous  5-8- 
flowered  light-brown  lieads  in  a  large  much-branched  panicle;  flowers  small 
(1"-H"  lo"?) ;  ovoid  pod  scarcely  longer  than  the  sepals.  —  Deep  swamps  in 
the  Mississippi  Valley,  from  Illinois  southward. 

Var.  legitimus.  Stems  slender  {1° -2°  long),  bearing  fewer  and  larger 
heads  in  a  very  loose  spreading  panicle;  flowers  5-12  and  often  more  in  a 
head  (H"-2"  long);  sepals  as  long  as  the  straw-colored  or  light-brown  pod. 
(J.  acumniatus,  Michx.  J.  paradoxus,  E.  Meyer.  J.  fratcrnus,  Kunt/i.  J.  siib- 
verticillatus,  Muhl.  J.  Pondii,  Wood.)  —  Conunon  in  wet  places  from  S.  New 
England  southward  and  westward.  —  Heads  often  proliferous  in  the  autumn. 
■(-■!--•-  Heads  Jew,  crowded,  of  numerous  Jlowers. 
■>-*  Stamens  6. 

22.  J.  nodosus,  L.  Stem  erect  (6' -15'  high),  slender  from  a  creeping 
thread-like  and  tuber-bearing  rootstock,  mostly  -with  2  or  3  slender  leaves; 
heads  few  or  several,  rarely  single,  8-20-flowered  (3|^"-4"  wide),  overtopped 
by  the  involucral  leaf;  flowers  brown  (l^"-2"  long)  ;  sepals  liincc-lincar,  awl- 
pointed  (the  3  outer  mostly  a  little  shorter),  nearly  as  long  as  the  slender  trian- 
gular taper-pointed  1-cclled  pod ;  anthers  oblong,  shorter  than  the  filament ;  style 
very  short;  seeds  (about  -4"  long)  obovate,  abruptly  mucronate.  (J.  Rostkovii, 
E.  Meyer.)  —  Swamps  and  gravelly  banks,  fi-om  New  England  and  Pennsylvania 
north  and  northwestward.  July,  Aug. — A  very  tail  form  (2°  high)  occurs  on 
the  islands  above  Niagara,  G.  W.  Clinton. 

Var.  megacephalus,  Torr.  Stem  stout  (l°-3°  high),  with  thick  leaves; 
heads  few  and  large  (6"- 8"  wide)  30  -  80-flowercd  ;  flowers  pale  green  (2,',"- 
2^"  long) ;  outer  sepals  longer  than  the  inner  ones  ;  anthers  linear,  shorter  than 
the  filaments.  —  From  Western  New  York  west  and  southwestward.  Aug. — 
An  intermediate  form,  with  numerous  green  heads  in  a  compound  panicle,  occurs 
in  Michigan  and  Northern  Illinois. 

•*-+  ++  Stamens  3. 

23.  J,  brachycarpus,  Engelm.  Stem  erect  (l°-2i°  high),  rigid  from 
a  thick  white  horizontal  rootstock,  bearing  about  2  leaves  and  2-10  densely 
flowered  spherical  heads  (4"  -  5"  wide)  in  a  slightly  spreading  crowded  panicle 
much  exceeding  the  involucral  leaf;  flowers  pale  green  (2"  long) ;  sepals  lance- 
linear,  awl-pointed,  the  3  outer  much  longer,  and  the  ovoid  pointed  1 -celled  pod 
rather  shorter,  than  the  inner  sepals;  anthers  much  shorter  than  filaments; 
style  very  short;  seeds  (\"  long)  abru])tly  apicidate,  ribbed-rctieulated.  —  Moist 
places  in  open  woods  and  prairies,  Ohio  to  Michigan,  Illinois  and  southward 
May,  June. 


JUNCACE^.     (rush  family.)  543 

24.  J.  seirpoides,  Lam.  Stem  erect  (l°-3°  liijrh).  rigid,  from  a  thick 
white  iiorizontal  root-tock,  bearing  about  2  leaves  with  wide  and  open  sheaths, 
and  a  panicle  of  few  or  many  densely -flowered  pale-green  spherical  heads  much 
longer  than  the  involucral  leaf;  sepals  rigid,  awl-shaped  and  (especially  the 
outer)  bristly  pointed,  at  length  pungent,  nearly  equalling  the  oblong-triangular 
taper-pointed  1-celled  pod;  seeds  ovoid,  abruptly  pointed  at  each  end,  ribbed- 
reticulated.     (J  polyccplialus,  Mivlix.)  —  The  following  forms  belong  here. 

Var.  macrostemon.  Rather  slender;  leaves  terete;  branches  of  the 
panicle  erect  and  often  elongated;  heads  smaller  (3^"-4"  wide),  15-40-flow- 
ered;  (lowers  \\'' -  1  j"  long;  outer  sepals  mostly  longer  than  the  inner,  as  long 
as  the  stamens ;  anthers  very  small ;  seeds  i"  long.  (J.  echinatus,  Midd.  J. 
macrostemon,  Gaij.)  —  Wet  sandy  soil,  from  Statcn  Island  ( C.  F.  xiustin)  south- 
ward near  the  coast. 

Var.  echinatus.  Stouter ;  leaves  terete ;  branches  of  the  compact  panicle 
short;  heads  larger  (5"-6"  wide),  40 - 80-flowered  ;  flowers  (l3"-2"  long); 
sepals  narrower  and  more  sharply  pointed,  the  outer  a  little  longer  than  the 
inner  ones  ;  stamens  shorter  and  anthers  longer  than  in  the  preceding,  and 
seeds  rather  smaller  and  more  slender.  (J.  echinatus,. £//.) — From  Maryland 
southward. 

Var.  polycephalus.  Much  stouter;  leaves  laterally  flattened  (-3" -6" 
wide)  ;  panicle  spreading,  branched,  bearing  many  distant  heads  as  large  as 
tnose  of  the  foregoing  form  ;  flowers  2"  -  2k"  long ;  the  3  outer  sepals  the  longer; 
anthei-s  about  as  long  as  the  filaments;  seeds  larger  (J"  long).  (J.  poly- 
cephalus. Ell.,  Chapm.)  —  From  North  Carolina  southward;  and  may  be 
looked  for  in  Southern  Virginia. 

*  *  Seeds  tailed. 
H-  Stamens  3. 

25.  J.  Canadensis,  J.  Gay.  Tufted  stems  erect,  terete,  smooth,  bearing 
2-3  leaves  ;  heads  few-  or  many-flowered,  paniculate  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  the  3 
outer  shorter  than  the  inner  ones,  not  much  longer  than  the  stamens,  equal  to 
or  shorter  than  the  triangular  prismatic  almost  1-celled  usually  short-pointed 
pod;  style  mostly  short;  seeds  more  or  less  distinctly  tail-pointed,  delicately 
many-ribbed.  —  Common  in  most  districts.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  One  of  the  latest 
flowering  species,  and  thus  easily  distinguished,  even  when  quite  immature, 
from  the  similar  but  early  J.  acuminatus.  This  very  variable  species  comprises 
the  following  forms. 

Var.  longieaudatUS.  Stem  stout  and  rigid  (l^°-30  high),  bearing  in  a 
decompound  somewhat  spreading  panicle  the  numerous  5  -  50-flowered  heads  ; 
flowers  greenish  or  light  brown  (li"-2"  long);  sepals  awl-pointed  mostly 
shorter  than  the  abruptly  short-pointed  pod  ;  seeds  slender  (-j"-!"  long),  con- 
spicuously tail-pointed.  (.J.  paradoxus,  Ed.  1  &  2,  Chapman,  ^~c.)  —  From 
S.  New  England  southward  along  the  coast,  and  westward  to  Wisconsin  and 
Northern  Illinois. 

Var.  SUbcaudktUS.  Stem  slender,  often  dccumbjnt  (1°- 2°  high),  bear- 
ing in  simpler  spreading  panicles  fewer  8 - 20-flowcred  heads;  flowers  greenish, 
as  large  as  last ;  sepals  awl-shaped,  but  not  so  rigid ;  pod  mostly  tapering  ;  seeds 


544  PONTEDERIACE^.       (PICKEUEL-WEED    FAMILY.) 

large  (i"-i"  long),  with  sliort  white  membninaeeous  appenchigcs.  —  From  S. 
New  Enghind  houthward,  especially  in  New  Jersey.  —  Often  eoiifouniled  with 
forms  of  No.  21,  from  wiiieh  it  is  readily  distinguished  by  the  hirge,  delicately 
ribbed  and  not  reticulated,  ajipendaged  seeds,  and  by  the  proportion  of  the  inner 
and  outer  sepals. 

Var.  brachyc6phalus.  Stem  slender  (1^°- 2^°  high),  hearing  numer- 
ous small  and  3- 5-tio\vered  heads  in  a  large  and  spreading  panicle;  flowers 
greenish  or  light  brown  (1^"- l^"  long)  ;  sepals  mostly  obtuse,  shorter  than 
the  brown  abruptly  short-pointed  pod;  style  longer  than  in  other  forms  ;  seeds 
smaller  (i''- 4"  long),  slender,  with  rather  short  appendages.  —  From  Penn- 
sylvania northwestward  to  Illinois  and  Wisconsin.  —  Sometimes  confounded 
with  No.  18,  and  with  small-Howe  red  lorms  of  No.  21. 

Var.  coai'CtatUS.  Stem  slender,  shorter  ('J'  -  18'  high),  bearing  fewer  deep- 
brown  3  -  .'j-tlowered  heads  in  a  somewhat  erect  contracted  panicle  ;  flowers  as 
large  as  in  the  last ;  sepals  acute,  or  rarely  obtusish,  much  shorter  than  the 
prismatic  abruptly  pointed  deep-brown  pod ;  seeds  as  in  the  la-it,  (J.  acuminatus, 
Ed.  2,  and  of  most  American  authors,  but  not  of  Michaux).  —  New  England 
to  Wisconsin  and  northward,  southward  to  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania. 

-1-  H-  Stamens  6. 
26.  J.  asper,  Engclm.  Stems  tufted,  erect  (2° -3°  high),  terete,  stout, 
rigid,  and  with  the  rigid  leaves  rough  ;  panicle  with  rigid  slightly  spreading 
branches,  bearing  scattered  few-  (2-6-)  flowered  heads;  flowers  greenish  with 
brown  (2^"  long)  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  awl-pointed,  rigid  and  strongly 
nerved,  the  outer  much  shorter  than  inner  ones,  these  a  little  shorter  than  the 
triangular-ovoid  beaked  incompletely  3-celled  brown  pod  ;  ovary  tapering  into 
a  conspicuous  style;  seeds  large,  oblong,  delicately  many-ribbed,  with  white 
or  often  reddish  appendages  (1 4"  long).  —  Sphagnous  swamps,  New  Jersey, 
Picktring,  C.  E.  iSiudh.     August. 


OuDEn  123.     POlVTEDERlACE.i:.     (Pickerel-weed  Family.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  perfect  more  or  lesn  irregular  flowers  from  a  spathe ; 
the  petal-like  G-meroux  perianth  free  from  the  ^-celled  ovary ;  the  3  or  6 
moxtli/  unequal  or  dissimilar  starnens  inserted  in  its  throat.  —  Perianth  with 
the  6  divisions  colored  alike,  imbricated  in  2  rows  in  the  bud,  the  whole 
together  sometimes  revolute-coiled  after  flowering,  then  withering  away, 
or  the  base  thickencd-persistent  and  enclosing  the  fruit.  Anthers  introrse. 
Ovules  anatropous.  Style  1  :  stigma  3-lobed  or  6-toothed.  Fruit  a  per- 
fectly or  incompletely  3-celled  niany-see<Ied  pod,  or  a  1-celled  1 -seeded 
utricle.     Embryo  slender,  in  floury  albumen. 

1.  Pontrderia.     Perianth  2  lipped,  its  BusIiy  persistent  base  enclosing  the  l-seedeJ  utricle. 

St.imens  6.     Spike  many-flowered. 

2.  Hctt-rnittliera.       Peri.inth    salver-shaped,   withering-fugacious.      Pod   many-seeded. 

Stamens  3,  unequ.^1,  of  2  forms.     Ppathe  1- few-flowered. 

3.  Schollcra.     Perianth  salver-shaped,  regular.     SUmens  3,  alike.     Spatlie  1-flowerod. 


rONTEDEKIACK^.       (PICKKUEL-WEED    FAMILY.)  r)45 

1.       PONTEDERIA,       L.  riCICEREL-WEED. 

Perianth  funnel-form,  2-lipped  ;  the  3  upper  divisions  united  to  form  the  3- 
lobcd  upper  lip  ;  the  3  lower  sprea(^ill^^  and  their  claws,  which  form  the  lower 
part  of  the  curving  tube,  more  or  less  separate  or  separable  down  to  the  base  : 
after  flowering  the  tube  is  revolute-coiled  from  the  apex  downwards,  and  its 
fleshy-thickened  persistent  base  encloses  the  irnit.  Stamens  6 ;  the  3  anterior 
exserted  on  elongated  filaments  ;  the  3  posterior  (often  sterile  or  imperfect)  with 
very  short  filaments,  unequally  inserted  lower  down  :  anthers  oval,  blue.  Ovary 
3-celled ;  two  of  the  cells  empty,  the  other  with  a  single  suspended  ovule.  Utri- 
cle 1-cellcd,  filled  with  the  single  seed.  —  Stout  herbs,  growing  in  shallow  water, 
with  thick  creeping  rootstocks,  producing  erect  long-petioled  mostly  heart- 
shaped  leaves,  and  a  1 -leaved  stem  or  scape,  terminated  by  a  spike  of  violet- 
blue  ephemeral  flowers.  Root-leaves  with  a  sheathing  stipule  within  the  petiole. 
(Dedicated  to  Pontcdera,  Professor  at  Padua  at  the  beginning  of  the  last  century.) 

1.  P.  cordata,  L.  Leaves  arrow-heart-shaped,  blunt ;  spike  dense,  from 
a  spathe-likc  bract.  —  Var.  angl'STif6lta  (P.  angustifblia,  Pursh)  has  triangu- 
lar-elongated and  tapering  leaves  scarcely  heart-shaped  at  the  base.  —  Common. 
July -Sept.  —  Calyx-tube  in  fruit  crested  with  6  toothed  ridges.  Upper  lobe 
of  the  perianth  marked  with  a  pair  of  small  yellow  spots. 

2.  HETERANTHERA,     Ruiz  &  Pav.        Mud-Plantain. 

Perianth  salver-form  with  a  slender  tube ;  the  limb  somewhat  equally  6-parted, 
ephemeral,  soon  withering  or  decaying.  Stamens  3  ;  the  2  posterior  filaments 
thickened  in  the  middle  and  bearing  ovate  (yellow)  anthers ;  the  other  longer, 
bearing  a  larger  oblong  or  arrow-shaped  (greenish)  anther.  Pod  incompletely 
3-ceIled,  many-seeded. — Creeping  or  floating  low  herbs,  in  mud  or  shallow 
water,  with  chiefly  rounded  long-petioled  leaves,  and  a  1  -  few-flowered  spathe 
bursting  from  the  sheathing  side  or  base  of  a  petiole.  Flowers  blue  or  white, 
in  summer.     (Name  from  ire  pa,  different,  and  dvdrjpd,  anther.) 

1.  H.  reniformis,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  Leaves  round-kidney-shaped ;  spathe  3-5- 
flowercd  ;  flowers  white. —  Connecticut  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

2.  H.  limbsa,  Vahl.  Zcaws  oWo»9  or  lance-oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends  ; 
spathe  1 -flowered  ;  flowers  blue.  (Leptanthus  ovalis,  Michx.)  —  W.  Virginia  to 
Illinois,  and  southward. 

3.  SCHOLLERA,     Schreber  (1789).         Water  SxAUonASs. 

Perianth  salver-form,  with  6  nearly  equal  lancc-lincar  divisions  on  a  very  long 
thread-like  tube.  Stamens  3,  with  similar  oblong-arrow-shaped  anthers  (or 
rarely  a  fourth  which  is  abortive)  :  filaments  nearly  equal,  awl-shaped.  Pod 
oblong,  invested  by  the  withered  perianth,  l-celled  with  3  projecting  parietal 
placentae,  many-seeded. — A  grass  like  herb,  like  a  Pondweed,  growing  wholly 
under  water,  only  the  (small  pale-yellow)  flowers  reaching  the  surface ;  the 
slender  branching  stems  clothed  with  linear  translucent  sessile  leaves,  and 
bearing  a  terminal  1 -flowered  spathe  :  in  summer.  (Named  after  one  Scholler, 
a  German  botanist.) 

1.    S.  graminea,  WiUd.     (Leptanthus,  Mivhx.)— In  streams:  common. 
L  &  M— 43 


546  COM-MELYNACEiE.         (SPIDERWORT    FAMILY.) 

Order  124.     COI»I]IIEL.YIVACE^.     (Spiderwort  Family.) 

Herbs,  icith  Jibrowt  or  somelimes  thickened  roots,  Jointed  and  often  branch- 
inr/  leafy  stems,  and  c/iiefli/  perfect  ant!  G-androus,  of  en  irrecjular  flowers, 
with  the  perianth  free  from  the  2  -  3-celled  ovary,  and  having  a  distinct  calyx 
and  corolla,  viz. :  Sepals  3,  persistent,  commonly  herbaceous.  Petals  3, 
ephemeral,  decaying  or  deciduous.  Stamens  hypogynous,  some  of  them 
v)ften  sterile :  anthers  with  2  separated  cells.  Style  1  :  stigma  undivided. 
Pod  2  -  3-celled,  2  -  3-valved,  loculicidal,  3  -  several-seeded.  Seeds  ortho- 
fropous.  Embryo  small,  pulley -shaped,  partly  sunk  in  a  shallow  depression 
at  the  apex  of  the  albumen.  Leaves  ovate,  lanceolate  or  linear,  j)arallel- 
veined,  flat,  sheathed  at  the  base  ;  the  uppermost  often  dissimilar  and 
forming  a  kind  of  spathe.  —  A  chietly  tropical  family,  not  aquatic,  here 
represented  only  by  two  genera. 

1.    COMMELYNA,    Dill.        D.vy-flower. 

Flowers  irregular.  Sepals  sonifwliut  colored,  uneijual ;  the  2  lateral  partly 
united  by  tlieir  contig:uous  margins.  Two  lateral  petals  rounded  or  kidney- 
shaped,  on  long  claws,  the  odd  one  smaller.  Stamens  unequal,  3  of  tliein  fer- 
tile, one  of  which  is  bent  inward:  3  of  them  sterile  and  smaller,  with  imperfect 
cross-shaped  anthers  :  filaments  naked.  Pod  3-cclled,  two  of  the  cells  2-seedcd, 
the  other  1 -seeded  or  abortive.  —  Stems  branching,  often  procumbent  and  root- 
ing at  the  joints.  Leaves  contracted  at  the  base  into  shcathin<.f  petioles;  the 
floral  one  heart-shaped  and  clasping,  folded  together  or  hooded,  fornnng  a  spathe 
enclosing  the  flowers,  which  expand  for  a  single  morning  and  are  recurved 
on  their  pedicel  before  and  afterwards.  Petals  blue.  Flowering  all  summer. 
Ours  all  with  perennial  roots,  or  propagating  by  striking  root  from  the  joints. 
(Dedicated  to  the  early  Dutch  botainsts  ./.  and  G.  Commehjn.) 

1.  C.  ereeta,  L.  Stem  erect,  rather  stout  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  large 
(3' -7' long,  l'-2'  wide),  oblongdanceolate,  the  upper  surface  and  margins 
rough  backwards,  sheaths  fringed  with  rusty  bristles;  sputhes  crowded  and  nearly 
sessile,  hoodtd,  lop-shaped  in  fruit ;  odd  petal  like  the  others  but  smaller,  round- 
ovate  raised  on  a  claw;  pod  3cellcd.  (C.  Virginica,  Ed.  1.  A  hairy  form  is 
C.  hirtella,  Vaht.) — Alluvial  and  shaded  river-banks,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and 
southwai'd.  —  Our  largest  species,  and  the  only  one  with  a  top-shaped  spathe. 

2  C.  Virginica,  L.  Stems  slender,  erect,  or  reclined  and  rooting  towards 
the  base;  leaves  oblong- or  linear-lanceolate;  spatlies  mostly  solitary  or  scattered, 
Ijeduriclcd,  cimduplicate,  round-heart -shaped  when  expanded,  pointed,  in  fruit  some- 
what hooddike  ;  odd  petal  usually  inconspicuous  and  nearly  sessile ;  pod  2-celled. 
(C.  Virginica,  L.,  as  to  syn.  Pluk.,  which  gave  the  name:  Linnieus's  detailed 
description  apparently  pertains  to  No.  i,  which  however  must  bear  the  name 
which  he  took  from  Dillenius,  the  authority  for  the  species.  C.  angustifolia. 
Mickx.,  is  a  narrow-leaved  form.)  —  Damp  rich  woods  and  banks,  S.  New  York 
to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward. 

3.  C.  Cayenn^nsis,  Kidiard.  Stems  creeping,  glabrous;  leaves  ovate- 
ciblong  or  lance-oUony,  ohtuie,  small  (r'-2'  long);   sputhes  heart-ovate  when  ex- 


XTRIDACE^.       (yELLOW-EYED-GRASS    FAMILY.)  547 

paneled,  pedmdcd,  condtiplicate,  the  base  not  contracted  in  fruit,  3-4-flo\vcrcd  ;  the 
odd  petal  roiiiul-ovate,  nearly  sessile.  ( C.  agvaria,  Kiinth.) — Alluvial  banks, 
Illinois  and  soutinvard. — The  snuillcst-leaved  and  smallest-flowered  species. 

2.    TRADESCANTIA,    L.        Spidekwort. 

Flowers  regular.  Sepals  herbaceous.  Petals  all  alike,  ovate,  sessile.  Sta« 
mens  all  fertile:  filaments  bearded.  Pod  2-3-celled,  the  cells  1-2-seeded. — 
Perennials.  Stems  mucilaginous,  mostly  upright,  nearly  simple,  leafy.  Leaves 
keeled.  Flowers  ephemeral,  in  umbelled  clusters,  axillary  and  terminal,  pro- 
duced through  the  summer:  floral  leaves  nearly  like  the  others.  (Named  for 
the  elder  Tiade^cant,  gardener  to  Charles  the  First.) 

*  Umbels  sessile,  clustered,  usually  involucrafe  by  2  leaves. 

1.  T.  Virginica,  L.  (Common  Spidekwort.)  Leaves  lance-linear, 
elonyuttd,  tapering  from  the  sheathing  base  to  the  point,  ciliate,  more  or  less 
open;  umbels  terminal,  many-flowered.  —  Moist  woods,  from  W.  New  York  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward  :  also  commonly  cultivated.  — Plant  cither  smooth  or 
hairy  ;  the  large  flowers  blue,  in  gardens  often  purple  or  white. 

2.  T.  piI6sa,  Lehm.  Leaves  broadly  lanceolate  from  a  narrowed  base, 
pointed,  downy-hairy  both  sides,  minutely  ciliate;  umbels  many-flowered,  in 
very  dense  terminal  and  axillary  clusters ;  pedicels  and  calyx  glandular-hairy. 
(T.  flexuosa, /?«/)  —  Ohio,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward.  —  Stem  stout, 
smooth  below,  2° -3°  high,  often  branched,  zigzag  above,  forming  a  close  clus- 
ter of  small  (8" -9"  broad)  lilac-blue  flowers  in  all  the  upper  axils. 

*  *  Umbels  lony-ptduncled,  naked. 

3.  T.  rdsea,  Vent.  Small,  slender  (6'- lO'  high),  smooth  ;  leaves  linear, 
grass-like,  ciliate  at  the  base;  umbel  simple,  or  a  pair;  flowers  (6"  wide)  rose- 
color.  —  Sandy  woods,  Pennsylvania  (^  to  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

Order  125.     XYRIDACE^.     (Yellow-eyed-guass  Family.) 

Rush-like  herhs,  with  et/iiilant  leaves  slicathinr]  the  base  of  a  naked  scape, 
which  is  terminated  by  a  head  of  perfect  5-androus  flowers,  with  extrorse  an- 
thers, glumaceous  calyx,  and  a  reyular  colored  corolla ;  the  3-valved  mostly 
1-celled  pod  containing  several  or  many  orlhotropous  seed.'i  with  a  minute 
embryo  at  the  apex  of  fleshy  albumen:  — represented  by  Xyris.  —  But  the 
anomalous  genus  Mayaca,  consisting  of  a  few  moss-like  aquatic  plants, 
intermediate  in  character  between  this  family  and  the  last,  may  be  intro- 
duced here. 

1.    MAYACA,    Aublet.        (Syena,  ^c/^-e&er.) 

Flowers  single,  terminating  a  n.aked  peduncle.  Perianth  persistent,  of  3  her- 
baceous lanceolate  sepals,  and  3  obovate  petals.  Stamens  3,  alternate  with  the 
petals.  Ovary  1-celled  with  3  parietal  fcw-ovuled  placentae :  style  filiform : 
stigma  simple.  Pod  3-valved,  several-seeded. — Moss-like  low  herbs,  crce])ing 
or  floating  in  shallow  water,  densely  leafy ;  the  leaves  narrowly  linear,  sessile 


548  XTRIDACE.E.       (YKLLOW-EYED-GRASS    FAMILY). 

1-ncrvcd,  pcUnciil,  entire,  notched  at  the  npex :  the  peduncle  solitary,  sheathed 
at  the  base.     (An  aboriginal  name.) 

1.  M.  Michauxii,  Sehott  &  Endl.  Peduncles  not  much  exceeding  tin 
leaves,  nodding  in  fruit ;  petals  white.  (Sycna  tluviiitilis,  Pursh.)  —  S.  E.  Yir 
ginia,  and  southward.     July. 

2.     XYRIS,     L.        Yellow-eyed  Grass. 

Flowers  single  in  the  axils  of  coriaceous  scale-like  bracts,  which  arc  densely 
imbricated  in  a  head.  Sepals  3  ;  the  2  lateral  ghime-like,  boat-shaped  or  keeled 
and  persistent ;  the  anterior  one  larger  and  membranaceous,  enwrapping  the 
corolla  in  the  bud  and  deciduous  witli  it.  Petals  3,  with  claws,  which  cohere 
more  or  less.  Fertile  stamens  3,  with  linear  anthers,  in.serted  on  the  claws  of 
the  petals,  alternating  with  3  sterile  filaments,  which  arc  cleft  and  in  our  species 
plumose  or  bearded  at  their  apex.  Style  3-cleft.  Pod  oblong,  free,  1 -celled, 
with  3  parietal  more  or  less  projecting  placentae,  3-valved,  niany-secdcd.  —  Flow- 
ers yellow,  produced  all  summer.  Ours  apparently  all  perennials.  (Svpls,  an 
ancient  name  of  some  plant  with  2-edged  leaves,  from  ^vpuv,  u  razor.) 

1 .  X.  flexudsa,  Muhl.,  Chapm.  Scape  slender  ( 10'  -  16'  high),  barely  flat- 
tened at  the  summit,  often  from  a  bulbous  base,  very  smooth,  much  longer  than 
the  narrowly  linear  leaves,  both  commonly  twisted  with  age;  head  roundish- 
ovoid  (3'' -4"  long);  lateral  sepals  oUoiv^Aanceohite,  ^fiiidij  ciliale-scariotis  on  the 
narrow  wingless  keel,  and  usually  with  a  minute  bearded  tuft  at  the  very  apex, 
shorter  than  the  bract.  (X.  Jupacai,  Michx.  in  part.  X.  Indica,  Pursh.  X. 
bullK)sa,  Kunth,  &  Ed.  2.)  —  Sandy  or  peaty  bogs,  from  E.  Massachusetts  south- 
ward near  the  coast;  also  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  Michigan. 

Var.  pusilla.  Small  and  very  slender,  seldom  twisted,  2' -9'  high,  the 
base  not  bulbous.  (X.  brevifolia,  Mnhl.,'m  part,  &c.,  not  oi'  Mickx.)  —  From 
New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  northward  to  the  base  of  the  White  Mountains 
and  Lake  Superior. — Head  2" -3"  long. 

2.  X.  t6rta,  Smith.  Scape  terete,  with  one  sharp  edge,  slender,  9'  -  20'  high, 
from  a  bulbous  base,  and  with  the  lineiir-Jiliform  rigid  leaves  becoming  spirally 
twisted;  head  ovoid  becoming  spindle-shaped  and  acute  (5"- 9'' long) ;  sepals 
exceeding  the  bi-act ;  lateral  sepals  winged  on  the  keel  and  fringed  above  the  ndddle. 
—  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  (near  Batsto,  D.  C.  Eaton)  and  in  the  Southern 
States  :  in  dry  sand. 

3.  X.  Carolini^na,  Walt.  Scape  flattish,  1 -angled  below,  2-edged  at  the 
summit,  smooth,  1°- 2°  high,  the  base  hardly  bulbous;  leaves  linear-sword-slioped, 
flat;  head  globular-ovoid  (5"- 7"  long);  lateral  sepals  obscurely  hicenite-fringed 
above  on  the  winged  keel,  rather  shorter  than  the  bract.  (X.  Jupacai,  partly, 
Michx.  X.  anceps,  Muhl.)  —  Sandy  swamps,  &c.,  Khodc  Island  to  Virginia  and 
southward,  near  the  coast. 

4.  X.  flmbriata,  Ell.  Scape  somewhat  angled,  2-edgcd  above,  rough 
(2°  high),  rather  longer  than  the  linear-sword-shaj)ed  or  strap-shaped  leaves, 
the  base  not  bullous ;  head  oblong  (G"- 10"  long);  lateral  sepals  lanceolate-lin- 
ear, nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  bract,  above  the  middle  conspicuously  fringed  on  the 
wing-margined  keel,  and  even  plumose  ul  the  summit.  —  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey 
to  Virginia,  and  southward. 


ERTOCAUI.ONACE^.       (PU'EWOUT    FAMILY.)  549 

Ordkr  126.     EBIOCAULOXACE^.     (riPKwouT  Family.) 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  stemless  or  shorl-stemmed,  loiih  a  tufl  of  Jibroua 
roots,  a  cluster  of  linear  and  often  loosely  cellular  grass-like  leaces,  and 
naked  scapes  sheathed  at  the  base,  bearing  dense  heads  of  rnoncKcious  or 
rarely  dicecious  small  2  -  Z-merous  flowers,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  scarious 
bract;  the  perianth  double  or  rarely  simple,  chaffy;  anthers  introrse;  the 
fruit  a  '2-3-celled  2-3-seeded  pod:  the  ovules,  seeds,  embryo,  &c.  as  in 
the  preceding  order.  —  Chiefly  tropical  plants,  a  few  in  northern  temper- 
ate regions. 

1.  Eriocaul on.    Perianth  double,  the  inner  (corolla)  tubular-funnel-fonn  in  the  staminate 

flowers  ;  the  stamens  twice  as  many  as  its  lobes  (4  or  6).     Anthers  2-celled. 

2.  Peepalaiitliu.s.     Perianth  as  in  the  last:  the  stamens  only  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 

inner  series,  or  corolla  (3).     Anthers  2-celleJ. 

3.  Laelinncaulon.     Perianth  simple,  of  3  sepals.     Stamens  3,  monadelphous  below.   An- 

thers 1-celled. 

1.     ERIOCAULON,     L.        Pipewort. 

Flowers  moncEcious  and  androgynous,  i.  e.  both  kinds  in  the  same  head,  either 
intermixed,  or  the  central  ones  sterile  and  the  exterior  fertile,  rarely  dioecious. 
Ster.  Ft.  Calyx  of  2^  or  3  keeled  or  boat-shaped  sepals,  usually  spatulate  or 
dilated  upwards.  Corolla  tubular,  2  -3-lobed,  each  of  the  lobes  bearinj^  a  black 
gland  or  spot.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  one  inserted 
at  the  base  of  each  lobe  and  one  in  each  sinus:  anthers  2-celied.  Pistils  rudi- 
mentary. Fert.  FL  Calyx  as  in  the  sterile  flowers,  often  remote  from  tbe  rest 
of  the  flower  (therefore  perhaps  to  be  viewed  as  a  pair  of  bractlets).  Corolla 
of  2  or  3  separate  narrow  petals.  Stamens  none.  Ovary  often  stalked,  2-3- 
lobed,  2-3-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell:  style  1  :  stigmas  2  or  3, 
slender.  Pod  membranaceous,  loculicidal.  — Leaves  mostly  smooth,,  loosely  cel- 
lular and  pellucid,  flat  or  concave  above.  Scapes  or  peduncles  terminated  by  a 
single  head,  which  is  involucrate  by  some  outer  empty  uracts.  Flowers,  also 
the  tips  of  the  bracts,  &c.,  usually  white-bearded  or  woolly.  (Na,nie  compounded 
of  epLov,  wool,  and  Kav\6s,  a  stalk,  from  the  wool  at  the  base  of  the  scape  and 
leaves  of  the  original  species.  Excepting  this  and  the  flowers,  our  species  are 
wliolly  glabrous.)  —  The  North  American  species  are  all  stemless,  with  a 
depressed  head,  and  have  the  parts  of  the  flowers  in  twos,  the  stamens  4. 

1.  E.  deoangul^re,  L.  {syn.  Pink.  &c.)  Leaves  obtuse,  varying  from 
linear-lanceolate  to  Hnear-awl-shapcd,  rather  rigid ;  scapes  10-12-«-ibbed  (1°- 
3°  high;  head  hemispherical,  becoming  globular  (2" -7"  wide);  scales  of  the 
involucre  actitish,  straw-color  or  light  brown;  c/;f/j7"( bracts  amotig  the  flowers) 
pointed.  (E.  senJtinum,  Walt.) — Pine-barren  swamps  (New  Jersey  ?)  Virginia, 
and  southward.     July  -  Sept. 

2.  E.  gnaphalodes,  Michx.  Leaves  spreading  (2' -5' long),  grassy-nwl- 
shaped,  rigid,  or  when  submersed  thin  and  pellucid,  tapering  gradually  to  a 
sharp  point,  mostly  shorter  than  the  sheath  of  the  \0-ribbed  scape;  scales  of  the 
involucre  very  obtuse,  turning  lead-color ;  chaff  obtuse.     (E.  decangulare,  L.,  in 


550  CYPERACE.E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

part,  viz.  as  to  pi  Clai/t.     E.  conipressum,  Lam.)  —  Pinc-barrcn  swamps,  New 
Jersey  to  Vi/ginia,  and  soutlnvanl.     Juiie-Aii;^. 

3.  E.  septaugul^re,  Witlierini;.  Lmas  short  (I' -3'  \on<^),  awl-sli(iped, 
pelliiciil,  soft  anil  very  cellular;  saipe  1 -striate,  slender,  2' -6'  high,  or  when 
suliincrscd  beioiiiiii;^  l°-6°  long,  aeeording  to  the  depth  of  the  water;  chuff 
aailish.  (E.  peHuciiluni,  Michx.)  — In  ponds  or  along  their  borders,  from  New 
Jersey  and  Penn.  to  Michigan,  and  northward.  Aug.  —  Head  2" -3"  broad; 
the  bracts,  chaff,  &c.  lead-color,  except  the  white  coarse  beard.  (Eu.  Coast  of 
Ireland,  &c.  only.) 

2.     PiEPALANTHUS,    Mart.     (Sp.  of  Eriocaulox  of  authors.) 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  (often  involute)  lobes  of  the  funnel-form  corolla  of 
the  sterile  flowers,  and  opposite  them,  commonly  3,  and  the  flower  ternary 
throughout.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Eriocaulon.  (Name  from  iramakr),  dust 
or  flonr,  and  av6os,  ftoiver,  from  the  meal-like  down  or  scurf  of  the  heads  and 
flowers  of  many  South  American  species.) 

I.  P.  flavidus,  Kunth.  Tufted,  stemless ;  leaves  bristlc-awl-shapcd 
(1'  long);  scapes  very  slender,  simple,  minutely  pubescent  (6' -12'  high),  5- 
angled ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  pale  straw-color,  those  among  the  flow- 
ers mostly  obsolete ;  perianth  glabrous  ;  sepals  and  petals  of  the  fertile  flowers 
linear-lanceolate,  scarious-white.  (Eriocaulon  flavidum,  Midix.) — Low  pine 
barrens,  S.  Virginia  and  southward. 

3.     LACHNOCAULON,     Kunth.        Hairy  Pipewort. 

Flowers  monoecious,  &c.,  as  in  Eriocaulon.  Calyx  of  3  sepals.  Corolla  none ! 
Ster.  Fl.  Stamens  3 :  filaments  below  coalcscent  into  a  club-shaped  tube  around 
the  rudiments  of  a  pistil,  above  separate  and  elongated  :  anthers  1-celled  !  Fert. 
Fl.  Ovary  3-celled,  surrounded  by  3  tufts  of  hairs  (in  place  of  a  corolla).  Stig- 
mas 3,  two-cleft. —  Leaves  linear-sword-shaped,  tufted.  Scape  slender,  simple, 
bearing  a  single  head,  2-3-angled,  hairy  (whence  the  name  from  "Kdxvos^  wool, 
and  *:avXo9,  stalk). 

1.  L.  Michauxii,  Kunth.  (Eriocaulon  villosum,  Michx.) — Low  pino 
barrens,  Virginia  (Pursh),  and  southward. 


Order  127.     CYPERACE^.     (Sedge  Family.) 

Grass-like  or  rush-lit/;  hrrJis,  irilh  fihrous  roots,  mostbj  solid  .'ttons  (culms), 
closed  sheaths,  and  spiked  chiejli/  3-nndrous  flowers,  one  in  the  axil  of  each 
of  the  glume-like  imbricated  brads  (.scales,  glumes),  destitute  of  ani/  perianth, 
or  u-ilh  hjipofiynous  hrbttles  or  scales  in  its  place ;  the  1-celled  ovarii  irilh  a 
sinf/le  erect  anatropous  ovule,  in  fruit  forming  an  achenium.  Style  2-(;left 
■when  the  fruit  is  flattened  or  lenticular,  or  3-cleil  when  it  is  3-an<iul:ir. 
Embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  the  somewhat  floury  alhmnen.  Stem-li-aves 
when  present  3-rank.ed.  —  A  larj^e,  widely  dlflused  family.  (See  Plates 
1-6.) 


I 


CYPEKACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.)  551 

Tribe  I.     SCIRPINE^.     Flowers  normally  perfect  and  alike,  rarely  some  of  them  with 

stamens  or  pistil  abortive  :  spikes  all  of  one  sort. 
Snbti-ibe  1.     Cyperese.     Scales  of  the  spike  strictly  2-rankRd,  conduplicate  and  keeled 

(in  all  our  species).     Spikes  usually  aggregated  into  clusters,  heads,  umbels,  spikes,  &c. 

#  Flower  destitute  of  any  bristles,  also  of  any  beak  to  the  achenium. 

1.  Cy penis.     Spikes  few- many -tlowercd,  usually  elongated  or  slender. 

2.  Ky  lliiigia.     Spi.ves  1-ttowered  (but  ot  3  or  4  scales),  glomerate  in  a  Eessile  head. 

*  Flower  furnished  with  bristles :  achenium  beaked  by  the  persistent  base  of  the  style. 

3.  Duychiutn.     Spikes  6  -  10-flowered,  slender,  clustered  on  an  axillary  peduncle. 

Subtrlbe  3.  Scirpese.  Scales  of  the  spike  or  head  imbricated  all  round,  convex  or 
open,  all  or  nearly  all  of  them  with  a  perfect  Uower  in  the  axil. 

*  Flower  with  one  or  more  inner  scales  (either  bractlets  or  perianth). 

4.  Fuirena.     Scales  of  the  spike  awned  below  the  apex.     Flower  surrounded  by  3  stalked 

petal-like  scales  alternating  with  3  bristles. 
6.    JLiipocar  pha.     Flower  enclosed  by  2  inner  scales,  one  next  the  axis  and  the  other  next 
the  awnless  .<cale  of  the  spike.     No  bristles. 

6.  Heinicarpba.     Flower  with  a  single  very  minute  inner  and  thin  scale  next  the  axis 

of  the  spike:  no  bristles. 

*  *  Flower  without  inner  scales,  either  wholly  naked  or  with  some  bristles  (perianth). 

■I-  Bristles  generally  pre.«ent. 

7.  Eleocliaris.     Achenium  with  a  tubercle  jointed  on  its  apex,  consisting  of  the  bulbous 

persistent  base  of  the  style,     t'pike  solitary,  terminating  the  leafless  and  bractless  culm. 

8.  Scirpiis.     Achenium  naked  at  the  apex,  or  pointed  with  the  continuous  simple  base  of 

the  style.     Culms  often  leafy  at  the  base  or  apex.     Spikes  one  or  more. 

9.  Eriuphoriiiit.     Achenium,  &c.,  as  in  Stirpus.     Bristles  after  flowering  exceedingly 

lengthened  into  cottony  hairs. 

f-  ■<-  Bristles  always  none. 
6.   Hemicnrpha  will  be  looked  for  here  when  the  minute  inner  scale  is  overlooked. 

10.  Fiiiibrlslylis.     Style  bulbous  at  the  base,  or  constricted  at  the  junction,  deciduous 

from  the  achenium  (with  or  rarely  without  the  jointed  bulb).     Culms  leafy  at  the  base, 
and  bracted  at  the  summit,  bearing  usually  several  jspikes. 

Subtrlbe  3.  Rhyncbosporeae.  Scales  of  the  spike  or  head  imbricated  in  few  or 
several  ranks,  some  of  the  lower  commonly  empty,  and  of  the  upper  subtending  abortive 
or  staminate  flowers.     No  inner  .scales. 

11.  Dicbroineiia.     Spikes  crowded  into  a  leafy -involucrate  head,  laterally  flattened,  the 

scales  more  or  less  conduplicate  and  keeled.    Achenium  crowned  with  a  beak  or  tubercle 
formed  of  the  enlarged  persistent  base  of  the  style.     No  bristles. 

12.  Rbyiicbospora.      Spikes    terete   or  flattish,  the  scales  convex,  and  either  loosely 

enwrapping  or  regularly  imbricated.     Achenium  crowned  with  a  persistent  tubercle 
or  beak,  and  at  the  base  commonly  surrounded  by  bristles. 

13.  Cladiuin.     Spikes  terete,  few-flowered,  the  scales,  &c.  as  in  the  preceding.    Achenium 

destitute  of  tubercle.     No  bristles. 

Tribe  H.  SCI.iERI]VE.^i  Flowers  monoecious;  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  the 
same  or  in  different  clustered  spikes.  Achenium  naked,  bony  or  crustaceous,  supported 
on  a  hardened  disk. 

14.  Scleria.     Spikes  few -flowered:   lower  scales  empty.     No  bristles,  &c. 

Tribe  HI.  CARICINE.^.  Flowers  niona-cious  in  the  same  (androgynous)  or  in  sepa- 
rate spikes,  or  sometimes  ditecious.  Achenium  enclosed  in  a  sac  {pi7ii;i/)tiuiu),  which 
answers  to  a  single  or  a  pair  of  inner  scales  or  bractlets. 

15.  Carex.    No  bristle-form  hooked  appendage  projecting  from  the  sac  which  encloses  the 

achenium. 


•'•>2  CYPKRACK.^C.        (SKDGE    FAMILY.) 

1.     CYPiJRUS,     L.        Galingai.e.     (PI.  1.) 

Spikes  niany-fcw-flowcivil,  hiomIv  flat,  variously  anan^'cd,  mostly  in  clusters 
or  Iieails,  wiiieli  arc  eoininoiily  disposed  iTi  a  siinj)lc  or  eompound  terminal 
undiel.  Scales  2-ranked,  condiiplicate  and  keeled  (tlieir  decurrent  base  below 
often  forniinij  margins  or  winj^s  to  the  hollow  of  the  joint  of  the  axis  next 
below),  deciduous  when  old.  Stamens  1  -3.  No  bristles  or  inner  scales.  St^le 
2-3-cleft,  deciduous.  Aehenium  lenticular  or  trian<Tular,  naked  at  the 
apex.  —  (Tnlms  mostly  triangular,  .simple,  leafy  at  the  base,  and  with^one  or 
more  leaves  at  the  summit,  forming  an  involucre  to  the  umbel.  I'eduncles 
uneijual,  sheathed  at  the  base.  All  flowering  in  late  summer  or  autumn. 
(KvTTetpos,  the  ancient  name.) 

§  1.  PYCKEUS,  Beauv.     Sif/le  2-rlp/l:  aehenium  flaWnrd :  spikes  Jlat,  innuy-flow- 
erid:  vnly  the  lowest  scale  empli/.      (Ours  all  ainiuals.) 

1.  C.  flavescens,  I>.  Stiimp)is  3;  spikes  becoming  linear,  obtuse,  clus- 
tered on  the  2-4  very  short  rays  (peduncles);  scales  obtuse,  sircnc-i/i-liow  ; 
aehenium  shiniiiff,  orbicular.  —  Low  grounds,  mostly  near  the  coast.  —  Culms 
4'- 10' high;  spikes  5" -8"  long.     Involucre  .3-leaved,  very  unequal.     (Ku.) 

2.  C.  diandrus,  Torr.  Stamens  2,  or  som' times  3 ;  spikes  lance-oblong, 
scattered  or  clustered  on  the  2  -  .3  very  short  or  unequal  rays  ;  scales  rather  obtuse, 
jnirple-brouii  on  the  margins  or  nearly  all  over;  aehenium  dull,  oblompobomte : 
otherwise  much  like  the  last.  —  Var.  castXneus,  Torr.  (C.  castaneus,  ZJ/yt/.) 
is  only  a  form  with  browner  scales.  —  Low  grounds  :  common. 

3.  C.  Nuttallii,  Torr.  Slmiiens  2 ;  s])ikes  lance-linear,  acute  and  very 
flat  (i'-  1'  long),  crowded  on  the  i'l^w  very  short  (or  some  of  them  distinct)  rays; 
scaiis  oblorii],  yeltoicish-brown,  rather  loose ;  aehenium  obhnfj-obonute,  very  blunt,  dull. 
—  Saltor  brackish  marshes,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward.  —  Culms 
4' -12' high.  —  C.  minimus?  Nutt.  (C.  Cleaveri,  Torr.)  is  a  depauperate  form 
of  this,  with. a  1 -leaved  involucre,  and  only  one  or  two  spikes! 

4.  C.  flavieomus,  Michx.  Stamens  3;  spikes  linear  (4'' -9"  long), 
spiked  and  crowded  on  the  whole  length  of  the  branches  of  the  several-rayed 
umliel,  spreading  ;  scales  oral,  very  obtuse,  yellowish  and  brownish,  broadly  scarious- 
(whitish-)  margined;  aehenium  obovale,  muc.ronate,  blackish;  culm  stout  (l°-3° 
high);  leaves  of  the  involucre  3-5,  very  long.  —  Low  grounds,  Virginia  and 
southward. 

§2.  PAPYRUS,  Thouars.  Style  S-clefl:  aehenium  triangular:  stamens  3: 
spikes  many-flowered :  the  scarious  lomged  margins  of  the  joints  of  the  axis 
eaily  separating  down  to  the  base  in  the  form  of  a  pair  of  free  scales,  tvhich 
are  persistent  afer  the  proper  scale  falls  away :  otherwise  us  in  §  3.  ( Oars 
annual.) 

5.  C.  erythrorhizos,  Muhl.  Culm  obtusely  triangular  (3'-3°  high); 
umbel  compound,  many-rayed;  involucre  4-.^-leavcd,  very  long;  involucels 
bristle-form  ;  spikes  very  numerous,  crowded  in  oblong  or  cylindrical  nearly 
sessile  heads  or  spikes,  spreading  horizontidly,  linear,  flatfish  (3"-6"long), 
bright  chestnut-colored ;  scales  lanceolate,  mucronulate.  —  Alluvial  banks,  Penn. 
to  Wisconsin  ?  Illinois,  and  common  southward.  —  Koot  fibrous,  red. 


CTPKRACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.)  553 

§3.  CYPERUS  proper.  Style  3-c/e/l:  achenium  triamjnlar :  spilcei*  many-flow- 
e)-(d,Jiat  or  aliuusL  terete;  only  the  lowest  scale  empty ;  the  joints  oj'  the  axis  wing- 
margined  or  naked. 

*  Stamen   only  one:  spilces  short  and  small  (2''-3",  or  becoming  4"- 5"  long),  col- 

lected in  globular  heads,  ovate  or  linear-oblong,  compactly  many-Jiowertd :  the 
scales  merely  ascending  on  the  naked  marginless  axis. 

■\- Low  annuals :  involucre  2  -  3-li  avcd :  heads  few :  scales  pointed. 

6.  C.  infl6xus,  Muhl.  Dwiirf  (l'-5' high)  ;  spikes  oblong  becoming  linear, 
7-13-flowered,  in  1-5  ovate  heads  (either  sessile  and  clustered  or  short-pedun- 
cled) ;  scales  nerved,  tapering  into  a  long  recurved  point ;  achenium  obovate,  obtuse. 
—  Sandy  wet  sliores  :  common.  —  Sweet-scented  in  drying. 

7.  C.  acuminatUS,  Torr.  Slender  (3' -12'  high);  spikes  ovate,  becoming 
oblong,  16  -  SO-fiuwered,  pule;  scales  obscurely  S-nerved,  short-tlpptd ;  achenium 
oblong,  pointed  at  both  ends.  — Low  ground,  Illinois  and  southwestward. 

•4-  -t-  Tall  perennial  (l°- 4°  high)  :  heads  many,  greenish:  scales  pointless. 

8.  C.  virens,  Michx.  Culm  either  sharply  or  obtusely  triangular;  leaves 
and  involucre  very  long,  keeled ;  umbel  compound,  many-rayed;  spikes  ovate 
or  oblong;  achenium  oblong  or  linear ;  scales  acutish,  obscurely  3-nerved.  (C. 
ve'getus,  Torr.)  —  Wet  places,  Virginia  and  southward. 

*  *  Stamens  3  :  spikes  3-10  in  a  cluster  at  the  summit  of  the  culm  or  of  each  ray  of 

an  umbel,  flat,  oblong  or  linear,  the  crowded  scales  ascending,  strongly  keeled, 
ovate,  with  abruptly  sharp-pointed  slightly-spreading  lips:  achenium  broadly 
obovate,  sharply  triangular. 

9.  C.  COmpressus,  L.  Low  annual  (3' -9'  high),  with  a  single  sessile  or 
a  few  umbellate  clusters  of  linear  green  spikes  (of  6"-  10"  long,  15-30-flowered), 
the  axis  naked.  —  Sterile  fields,  Somerset  Co.,  Maryland,  W.  M.  Canby  (also 
adventivc  near  Philadelphia  Navy  Yard),  and  southward. 

10.  C.  dentatUS,  Torr.  Perennial,  witli'running  rootstocks  (6'  - 12'  high) ; 
clusters  several  or  many  in  a  simple  or  twice  or  thrice  compound  umbel ;  spikes 
ovate-oblong  and  rather  few-flowered,  or  when  well-developed  linear  and  15-30- 
flowered  (3" -5"  long);  the  scales  reddish-brown  with  green  back;  joints  of  the 
axis  wing-margined.  —  Sandy  swamps,  Massachusetts  to  Northern  New  York 
(./.  A.  Paine),  and  southward.  ^  Spikes  often  abortive  and  changed  into  leafy 
tufts  as  in  Juncus. 

*  *  *  Stamens  3  :  spikes  narrowly  linear,  flat,  scattered  along  the  upper  part  of  the 

rays  of  an  open  simple  or  somewhat  vompound  umbel :  scales  appressed,  pointless: 
joints  of  the  spike  icing -mar g  i  ned :  perennial  by  slender  running  rootstocks,  which 
bear  small  nut-like  tubeis,  by  which  the  plants  multiply  pestiferously  in  cultivated 
grounds. 

11.  C.  rotlindus,  L.,  var.  H^rdra.  (Nut-Grass.)  Culm  slender 
(^°~H°  li'ti"'0>  longer  than  the  leaves;  umbel  simple  or  slightly  compound, 
about  equalling  the  involucre  ;  the  few  rays  each  bearing  4-9  dark  chestnut-purple 
12-40-flowercd  acxtie  spikes  (5"-9"  long) ;  sc(des  ovate,  closely  appressed,  nervele.'is 
except  on  the  keel.  ( C.  Hydra,  Michx. )  —  Sandy  fields,  Virginia  and  southward  : 
and  adventive  near  Philadelphia,  C.  F.  Parker.     (Eu.) 

G  M     24 


554  CTPEHACE^.        (SKDGE    FAMILY.) 

12.  C.  phymatddes,  IMulil.  Culm  (l°-2^°  high)  cqunllinfr  the  leaves; 
umlwl  often  (oiiipound,  4  -  7-rayc(l,  much  shorter  than  tlic  long  involucre  ;  spikes 
numerous,  li(/Jil  chestnut  or  stniwculw,  ucutish,  12  -  30-tlo\vered  (4"-  7"  long)  ;  scales 
dilong,  nurrowlj/  scnrious-marf/iufd,  nerved,  the  acutish  tips  rather  loose;  achcnium 
oblong.  (C.  repcns,  Ell) — Low  grounds,  along  rivers,  &c.,  Vermont  to 
Wisconsin,  and  common  southward. 

*  «  *  *  Stamens  3  :  spikes  mirrowhj  linear  or  slender-awl-shapcd,  numerous  and 

dmseli/  crowded  or  spiked  on  the  summit  of  the  rays  of  the  open  simple  or  xomi  times 
com/iound  umbel,  spicadinej  or  sometimes  refleied:  scales  erect-appnsscd,  condu- 
plicate  or  kethd,  pointhss:  joints  of  the  axis  of  the  spike  with  scali/-wih(jed  mar- 
gins  partly  embracing  the  acheniiim :  involucre  of  3  to  several  long  leaves :  annuals 
with  fibrous  roots,  or  sometimes  ajiparentli/  nwre  or  less  perennial  from  a  tuberous 
or  bullions  thickened  base :  no  running  rootstocks. 
•*-  S{>ikesfiiit,  becoming  straw-color  (^'-  1'  long) ;  the  scales  strongli/  conduplicate. 

13.  C.  Stl'igbsus,  L.  Culm  mostly  stout  (l°-3<^  high) ;  most  of  the  rays 
of  the  umbel  elongated  ( 1 '  -  5'),  their  sheaths  2-bristled  ;  spikes  10  -  25-flowcrcd, 
scales  oblong-lanccolatc,  several-nerved,  much  longer  than  the  oblong-lineai 
achenium.  —  Damp  or  fertile  soil:  very  common,  especially  southward.  (C, 
stenolepis,  Torr.,  is  of  this  group  and  nearly  related.) 

••-  ■*-  Spikes  slender  and  rather  awl-shaped,  almost  terete,  at  least  when  mature ;  th; 
scabs  less  conduplicate  and  more  appressed  to  the  axis. 

14.  C.  Michauxianus,  Schultcs.  Culm  stout,  mostly  low  (.5' -20'  high)  -, 
rays  of  the  umbel  mostly  all  short  and  crowded  ;  spikes  10  -  20-flowered,  gelluivish- 
brown  at  maturity  (3'' -7"  long),  the  short  joints  of  its  axis  winged  with  very 
broad  scaly  margins  which  embrace  the  ovate  tr'iangular  acJunium  ;  the  scales  ovate, 
ohtusish,  imbriculeig  overlapping.  —  Low  grounds  and  sandy  banks  :  common.  — 
lioot  truly  annual :  stem  seldom  bulbous-thickened  at  the  base. 

15.  C.  Engelmanni,  Stcud.  Resembles  the  foregoing;  but  the  spikes 
more  slender  and  terete,  somewhat  remotely  5-  \bflowered,  the  zigzag  joints  of  the 
axis  slender  and  narrowly  winged,  and  the  oblong  or  oval  broadly  scarious  scales 
propo'tionally  shorter,  so  as  to  expose  a  part  of  the  axis  of  each  joint,  the  siwces- 
sive  sailes  not  reaching  the  base  of  the  one  above  on  the  same  side  ;  achenium  oblong- 
linear,  very  small.  (C.  tenuior,  Engelm.)  —  Low  grounds  and  sandy  banks, 
Virginia  to  Wisconsin  and  southward  :  also  adventive  at  the  Philadelphia  Navy 
Yard. 

*  «  *  *  Jie  Stamens  3:  spikes  loosely  or  somewhat  remotely  %-\2-flowercd,  flattish 

and  greenish,  several  crowded  together  ?n  one  sessile  or  in  a  few  peduncled  heads 
or  dense  clusters;  their  scales  ovate,  convex  on  the  back,  many-nerved,  applitd 
to  and  little  longer  than  the  ovate  or  obovate  and  sharply  triangular  achenium  : 
perennials,  jn-opagating  from  the  hard  clustered  corms  or  bulb-like  tubers  at  the 
base  of  the  culms. 

16.  C.  Sehweinitzii,  Torr.  Culm  rough  on  the  angles  {l°-2°  high); 
leaves  linear ;  umbel  simple,  4  -  8-rayed ;  s/iikes  crowded  along  the  U])pcr  part  of  the 
mostly  elongated  rays,  erect,  loose  (4"-G"  long)  ;  scales  awl-pointed ;  joints  of 
the  axis  narrowly  winged. —  Dry  sandy  shores  and  ridges,  from  Lake  Ontario 
to  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  northwestward.  —  Flowers  rather  large. 


CTPERACK^.        (sedge    FAMILY.)  555 

17.  C.  Gr^yii,  Ton-.  Culm  threadronu,  wiry  (6'- 12'  higli';;  leaves 
almost  bristle-slut [xd,  clmiuielled  ;  uinhd  sinijik,  •l-d-raijed ;  spikes  5-10  in  a  loose 
head,  spreadimj  ;  joints  of  the  axis  winged;  scales  rather  obtuse,  greenisli-chestimt- 
colur.  —  Barren  sands,  Plyniouth,  Mass.,  to  New  Jersey,  near  the  coast. 

18.  C.  filiculmis,  Valil.  Culm  slender,  wiry,  often  reclined  (8' -15' 
hi<>!i);  leiires  liiirar  ( 1 " -2"  wide);  spikes  numerous  and  clustered  in  one  sessile 
dense  head,  or  in  1-7  additional  looser  heads  on  spreading  rai/s  of  an  irregular 
umbel;  Joints  of  the  axis  naked;  scales  blunt,  greenish.  (C.  mariscoides,  Eil.)  — 
Dry  sterile  soil :  common,  especially  southward. 

§4.  MARtSCUS,  Vahl.  Sti/le  3-cleJl:  the  uchenium  triangular:  stamens  3: 
spikes  1  -few-flowered,  narrow  or  awl-shaped,  with  2  lower  scales  short  and 
eniptg,  and  inclined  to  persist  on  the  common  axis  when  the  rest  of  the  spike  dis- 
articulates and  falls,  crowded  in  dense  heads :  otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  penvJ- 
timate  division  o/"  §  ■3.  ( Perennials  with  clustered  small  tubers  at  base  of  the  culms, 
as-  in  the  preceding  division :  spikes  green,  merelg  tawny  with  age. ) 

19.  C.  Laneastriensis,  T.  C.  Porter,  n.  sp.  Culm  (l°-2°  high)  trian- 
gular ;  leaves  rather  broadly  linear;  nmbcl  of  6  -  9  mostly  elongated  rays  ;  spikes 
veiy  numerous  in  short-oblong  or  globular  dense  heads,  soon  reflexed,  3-6- 
flowered,  linear-awlshaped ;  the  joints  of  the  axis  broadly  winged  ;  scales  oblong, 
obtuse,  twice  the  length  of  the  linear-oblong  achenium.  —  Rich  soil,  banks  of  the 
Susquehanna  near  Lancaster,  Penn.,  Prof  Porter.  —  Most  like  the  Southern 
C.  Baldwinii,  Torr. ;  but  twice  the  size;  the  more  numerous  spikes  4" -5"  long, 
more  linear,  less  pointed,  on  a  setaceous-bractcd  axis  of  6"  or  7"  in  length, 
with  longer  scales  and  achenium,  &c. 

20.  C.  OVUlai'is,  Torr.  Culm  sharply  triangular  (6'- 12'  high);  umbel 
1  -6-rayod;  spikes  (50-100)  in  a  globular  Ver^^  dense  head,  2 -4-flowered,  oblong, 
blunt  (li-"-2"  long);  joints  of  the  axis  winged;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  a  little 
longer  than  the  obovate-oblong  achenium.  —  Sandy  dry  soil,  S.  New  York  to 
Illinois  and  southward. 

21.  C.  retrofractus,  Torr.  Culm  and  leaves  usually  minutely  downy 
and  rough  on  the  obtusish  angles  (l°-3°  high);  umbel  many-rayed;  spikes 
slender-awl-shaped,  very  numerous  in  obovate  or  oblong  heads  terminating  the 
elongated  rays,  soon  reflexed,  \-2-flowered  in  the  middle  (3" -5"  long);  scales 
usually  4  or  5,  the  two  lowest  ovate  and  empty,  the  fertile  lanceolate  and  pointed, 
the  uppermost  involute-awl-shaped  ;  achenium  linear.  (Scirpus  retrofractus,  L.) 
—  Sandy  fields,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

2.    KYLLIWGIA,    Rottbiill.        Kyllixgia.     (PI.  1.) 

Spikes  of  3  or  4  two-ranked  scales,  1  -  l-i-flowcrcd  ;  the  2  lower  scales  rhinute 
and  empty,  as  in  Cypcrus,  §  4,  but  style  ofrencr  2-cleft,  and  achenium  lenticular : 
the  spikes  densely  aggregated  in  solitary  or  triple  sessile  heads.  Involucre 
3-ljavcd.     (Named  after  Peter  Kylling,  a  Danish  botanist  of  the  17th  century.) 

1.  K.  ptimila,  Michx.  Head  globular  or  3-lobed,  whitish-green  (about 
4"  broad) ;  spikes  strictly  1-flowered;  upper  scales  ovate,  pointed,  rough  on  the 
keel;  stamens  and  styles  2;  leaves  linear.  —  Low  grounds,  Ohio  to  Illinois 
and  southward.     Aug.  —  Culms  2' -9'  high  :  root  annual. 


556  CYPERACKyF,.       (sedge    FAMILY.) 

3.     DULICHIUM,     Kichard.        Duliciuum.     (PI.  1.) 

Sj)ikos  iiiiiiiy-  (t)  -  1(1-)  (l()\\ci((l,  liiu'ar,  flattened,  sessile  in  2  ranks  on  axillary 
solitary  jieduueles  emeriti ti<;-  from  tiie  .sheaths  of  tlic  leaves:  scales  2-raiiked, 
lanceolate,  decurrent,  forming  Hat  wing-like  margins  on  the  joint  below.  PerU 
:.nth  of  G-9  downwardly  barbed  bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  2-cleft  above. — ■ 
Achenium  flattened,  linear-oblong,  beaked  with  the  long  persistent  style.  —  A 
perennial  herb,  with  a  terete  simple  culm  (l°-2°  high),  jointed  and  leafy  to  the 
summit;  the  leaves  short  and  flat,  linear,  3-ranked.  (The  name  of  a  Greek 
island  ;  its  singular  application  to  an  American  plant  unexplained.) 

1.    D.  spathkeeum,   Pers.  —  liordcrs  of  ponds  :  common.     July- Sept. 

4.  FUIRENA,     Kottbull.         Umbkella-Gk.vss.     (PI.  2.) 

Sj)ikes  many-flowered,  terete,  clustered  or  solitary,  axillary  and  terminal. 
Scales  imbricated  in  many  ranks,  awned  below  the  apex,  all  floriferous.  Peri- 
anth of  3  ovate  or  heart-shaped  petaloid  scales,  mostly  on  claws,  and  usually 
with  as  many  alternating  small  bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  3-cleft.  Achenium 
triangular,  ])ointcd  with  the  persistent  base  of  the  style.  Culms  from  a  peren- 
nial root,  obtusely  triangular.     (Named  for  G.  Fuin-n,  a  Danish  botanist.) 

1.  F.  squarrdsa,  Michx.  Stem  (l°-2°high)  leafy;  leaves  and  sheaths 
hairy;  spikes  ovoid-oblong  (ti  '  long),  clustered  in  heads,  bristly  with  the  spread- 
ing awns  of  the  scales;  perianth-scales  ovate  and  awn-pointed,  the  interposed 
bristles  minute.  —  Var.  pumila,  Torr.,  is  a  dwarf  form,  l'-6'  high,  with 
2-6  spikes;  perianth-scales  ovate-lanceolate  and  oblanceolate.  —  Sandy  wet 
places,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward ;  also  Michigan :  northward 
mostly  the  small  variety.     Aug. 

5.  LI  PO  CARP  HA,     R.  Br.        Lipocarpiia.     (PI.  2.) 

Spikes  terete,  mnny-flow(>ii'd,  in  a  terminal  close  cluster,  which  is  involucrate 
by  leafy  bracts.  Scales  spatulatc,  regularly  imbricated  all  round  in  many  ranks, 
awnless,  deciduous,  a  few  of  the  lowest  empty.  Inner  scales  (bractlets)  2  to 
each  flower,  thin,  one  between  the  scale  of  the  spike  and  the  flower,  one  between 
the  latter  and  the  axis  of  the  spike.  Bristles  or  other  perianth  none.  Stamens 
I  or  2.  Style  2 -3-cleft.  Achenium  flattish  or  triangular,  naked  at  the  tip.  — 
Culms  leafy  at  the  base.  (Name  formed  of  'Klnoi,  fut,  and  Kcipfpos,  chaff,  from 
the  thickne.ss  of  the  inner  scales  of  some  species.) 

1.  L.  maculkta,  Torr.  Annual;  culm  (4' -8' high)  much  longer  than 
the  linear  concave  leaves;  spikes  (1"- 2'' long)  green  and  dark-.spotted ;  inner 
scales  ■delicate  ;  stamen  one ;  achenium  oblong  with  a  contracted  base.  —  Petty's 
Island,  Philadelphia,  Prof.  Leidy,  ^c.     Probably  adventive  from  S.  States. 

6.  HEMICARPHA,     Nees.        IIemicaupiia.     (PI.  2.) 

Spike,  flowers,  &c.  just  as  in  Scirpus,  except  that  there  is  a  minute  trans, 
lucent  scale  (readily  overlooked)  between  the  flower  and  the  axis  of  the  spike. 
Stamen  only  one.  Style  2-clcft.  Bristles  or  other  iK'rinnth  none.  (Name  from 
rifj.1,  half,  and  K(ip<pos.  sham  or  c/iaJJ',  in  allusion  to  the  single  inner  scalelct.) 


I 


CYPERACE.E.        (SEDGK    FAMILY.)  557 

1.  H.  SUbsquarrdsa,  Nccs.  Dwarf  or  minute  annual  (l'-5'  high); 
invohicre  l-lcavud,  as  if  a  continuation  of  tiie  bristle-like  cuhn,  and  usually  with 
another  n)inute  leaf;  spikes  2-3  (barely  2"  long) ;  scales  brown,  tip])ed  with  a 
short  recurved  point.  (Scirpus  subsquarrosus,  Muhl.)  —  Sandy  borders  of 
ponds  and  rivers;  often  growing  with  Cyperus  inflexus.  July-Sc])t. — Var. 
Drummondii  (H.  Drummondii,  Nees.)  is  a  form  with  single  and  paler  or  green- 
ish heads  :  Illinois  and  southward. 

7.    ELEOCHARIS,    R.Br.        SpiKii-Rusii.     (PI.  3.) 

Spike  single,  terminating  the  naked  culm,  many -several-flowered.  Scales 
imbricated  all  round  in  many  (rarely  in  2  or  3)  ranks.  Perianth  of  3  -  12  (com- 
monly 6)  bristles,  usually  rough  or  barbed  downwards,  rarely  obsolete.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  its  bulbous  base  persistent  as  a  tubercle,  which  is 
jointed  with  the  apex  of  the  lenticular  or  triangular  achenium.  —  Leafless, 
chiefly  perennial,  with  tufted  culms  sheathed  at  the  base,  from  matted  or  creep- 
ing rootstocks  :  flowering  in  summer.  (Name  from  eXos,  a  marsh,  and  x^'P"' 
to  de/iglit  in;  being  marsh  plants.) 

§  1.  Spike  terete,  hirdhj  if  at  all  thicker  than  the  spongi/-cel!u!ar  culm ;  the  scales 
Jirmltf  jiersistent :  sti/le  mostly  3-(J(ft :  bristles  of  the  perianth  6  [rarehj  l),Jinn 
or  rigid,  mostly  bailed  downwardly,  and  equalling  or  surpassing  the  triangular  or 
double  convex  achenium. 

*  Spike  linear  or  lanceolate-aid-siiaped,  few-Jlower<d ;  the  scales  {only  3  -  9)  few- 

ranked,  convolute-clasjiing  the  long  flattened  joints  of  the  axis,  lanceolate,  herba- 
ceous (green)  and  several-nerved  on  the  back,  and  with  thin  scniioits  margins. 

1.  E.  Robbinsii,  Oakes.  Flower-bearing  culms  exactly  triangular,  rather 
stout,  erect  (8'- 2°  high),  also  producing  tufts  of  capillary  abortive  stems  or 
fine  leaves,  which  float  in  the  water;  sheath  obliquely  truncate;  achenium  ob- 
long-obovate,  triangular,  minutely  reticulated,  about  half  the  length  of  the 
bristles,  tipped  with  a  flattened  awl-shaped  tubercle.  —  Shallow  water;  from 
Pondicherry  Pond,  New  Hampshire  (Bobbins),  to  New  Jersey  (C.  E.  Smith, 
^~c.),  and  southward.  —  Spike  varying  from  4"  to  10'"  long,  by  scarcely  over  a 
line  wide ;  the  long  scales  rather  remote  and  sheath-like. 

#  *  Spike  cylindrical  and  many-flowe>-ed,  1 '  -  2'  long  ;  the  scales  regulai-ly  imbricated 

in  several  ranks,  flrm-coriaceous  with  a  narrow  scarlous  margin  and  no  midrib, 
pale,  nerveless  or  faintly  striate  :  culms  large  and  stout  (2°  -  4°  high)  :  sheat/is  at 
the  base  of  en  leaf-bearing.     (Limnochloa,  Nees.) 

2.  E.  equisetoldes,  Torr.  Culm  terete,  knotted  as  if  jointed  by  many  cross 
partitions;  achenium  smooth,  with  a  conical-beaked  tubercle. — Shallow  water, 
Rhode  Island  (OIney),  Michigan  (Houghton).  Delaware,  and  southward. 

3.  E.  quadrangulata,  R.  Br.  Culm  continuous  and  sharply  4-angUd ; 
achenium  flnely  reticulated,  with  a  conical  flattened  distinct  tubercle.  —  Shallow 
water,  New  York  (outlet  of  Oneida  Lake,  A.  II.  Curtiss)  to  Michigan  and 
southward :  rare. 

§  2.  Spike  terete  and  turgid-ovate,  very  much  thicker  than  the  slender  culm  ;  the  scalet 
thiri-coriaceous  or  firm-membranaceous  and  persistent,  ovale:  style  3-clefl :  bristles 


558  CTPERACE.-E.       (SF.DGE    FAMILY.) 

of  the  perianth  stont,  downumvdlii  harlifd,  as  long  as  the  striated  and  pitted-rctic- 
itldtcd  triiinfjular  aclienium  arid  its  tubercle;  culms  tufted  from  fibrous  roots, 
about  1°  hitjh. 

4.  E.  tuberculbsa,  Ti.  Br.  Culms  flattish,  striate;  spike  3" -6"  long, 
many-llowcivd  ;  tubcrdv  Jhtttishatp-sh<ifi<d,  as  large  as  the  bodi/ of  the  aclienium. 
■ —  Wet  sandy  soil,  Mass.  along  the  coast  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

5.  E.  simplex,  Torr.  Culms  sharplt/  triangular,  capiilari/,  twisting  when 
dry;  s])ike  2" -3"  long,  fcw-flowercd  ;  conicul-beakcd  tubercle  much  smal'er  tJ.an 
the  achenium.  (E.  ttJrtilis,  Schultcs.) — Eastern  shore  of  Maryland  (W.  M. 
Ca)ibi/),  and  southward. 

§3.  Spike  terete,  much  thicker  than  the  culm,  mnnij-fowrrcd ;  the  scales  imbricated 
in  many  or  more  than  three  ranks,  tliin-membranactous  or  scarious  in  texture,  with 
a  thicker  midrib,  usually  brownish  or  purplish,  sometimes  deciduous  at  maturity. 
(Eleogenus,  Kees.) 

*  Achenium  smooth  and  lentictihir,  and  style  2-clef,  or  in  No.  G  inore  commonly 
3-cli-/l :  culms  slender  or  thread  form,  terete  or  compressed. 

6.  E.  Obtusa,  Schnltes.  Culms  nearly  terete,  tufted  (8'- 14' high)  from 
fibrous  roots  ;  spike  globose-ovoid  and  with  age  oblung,  obtuse,  rarely  becoming  acute 
(dull  brown);  the  scales  very  obtuse  and  numerous  (80- \30),  densely  crowded  in 
many  ranks;  style  3- (rarely  2-)  clef;  achenium  bbovate,  .shining,  tumid- mar- 
gined, about  half  the  length  of  the  6-8  bristles,  crowned  with  a  short  and  very 
broad  fattened  tubercle.  — Muddy  places  :  most  common. 

7.  E.  Olivasea,  Torr.  Culms  flattish,  grooved,  diffusely  tufted  on  slender 
matted  rootstocks  (2'  -4'  high)  ;  spike  ovate,  acutish,  20-30-fo>.cered ;  scales  ovale, 
obtuse,  rather  loosely  imbricated  (puri)le  with  a  green  midrib  and  slightly  scari- 
ous margins)  ;  achenium  obovate,  dull,  abruptly  beaked  with  a  narrow  tubercle, 
shorter  than  the  6-8  bristles.  —  Wet  sandy  soil,  Mass.  to  New  Jersey  near  the 
coast,  and  soiitlnvard  :  also  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  J.  A.  Paine. 

8.  E.  pallistris,  R.  Br.  Culms  nearly  terete,  striate  (l°-2°  high),  from 
running  rootstocks  ;  spike  oblong-lanceolate,  jyointed,  many-flowered ;  scales  ovate- 
oblong,  loosely  imbricated  in  several  ranks,  reddish-brown  with  a  broad  and 
translucent  whitish  margin  and  a  greenish  keel,  the  upper  acutish,  the  lowest 
rounded  and  often  enlarged;  achenium  obovate,  somewhat  shining,  crowned 
with  a  short  ovate  or  ovate-triangular  flattened  tubercle,  shorter  than  the  usually 
4  bristles.  —  Var.  glatcescens  (S.  glauccscens,  Willd. !)  :  culms  slender  or  fili- 
form ;  tubercle  narrower  and  acute,  beak-like,  sometimes  half  the  length  of  the 
achenium.  —  Var.  c.Ilva  (E.  calva.  Ton:):  bristles  wanting;  tubercle  short, 
nearly  as  in  the  true  E.  palustris,  but  rather  narrower  (Watertown,  New  York, 
Dr.  Crawe).  —  Very  common,  either  in  water,  when  it  is  pretty  stont  and  tall; 
or  in  wet  grassy  grounds,  when  it  is  slender  and  lower.     (Ku.) 

9.  E.  COmpressa,  Sullivant.  dims  fit,  striate,  erect  (l°-2°  high); 
sjnke  orate-obhmg,  or  at  length  lanceolate,  20- .'50;/7o)rrm/ (4" -7"  long)  ;  scales 
lanceolate-ovate,  acute,  dark  pnr])le  with  broad  white  pellucid  margins  and  sum- 
mit ;  achenium  olMvate -pear- shaped,  compressed,  crowned  tvlth  a  small  conical  and 
pointed  tubercle;  bristles  I  -4,  very  slender,  fragile,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the 
achenium,  sometimes  none  or  a  single  rudiment.)  —  Wet  places,  N.  New  York 


ctpekacejE.     (skdge  family.)  553 

to  Ohio  and  Illinois.  —  Culms  tufted  on  running  rootstocks,  strikingly  flat, 
often  spirally  twisted  in  drying. 

*  *  Achenlum  triangular  or  turcjid :  sti//e  S-chp. 
t-  Bristles  cqttalliuj  or  sur/)ussiii(j  thi  smooth  ucheniiim,  doivnivurd  ij  barbed,  persistent. 

10.  E.  rostellata,  Torr.  Cidms  flattened  and  striatt-grooucd,  wiry,  erect 
(l°-2|^-°  liigli),  lite  sterile  ones  reclining,  rootini;  and  jiroiiferoiis  from  the  apex 
(l'^-'2°  high),  the  sheath  transversely  truncate;  spike  s/iindle-shaped,  12-20- 
flowcrcd ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse  (light-brown);  achenium  obovate-triangular, 
narrowed  into  the  confluent  pyramidal  tubercle,  which  is  overtopped  by  the 
4-6  bristles. —Marshes,  Ehode  Island  [OIney),  E.  Massachusetts  (  W.  Boott), 
and  Vermont  {Tnrb-nnan)  to  New  Jersey  (Dr.  Allen),  Alexandria,  Virginia  (A. 
IT.  Cnrtiss),  Michigan  and  southward. 

11.  E.  intermedia,  Sclmltes.  Culms  capillary,  iviry,  striate-grooved, 
densely  tufted  from  fibrous  roots,  diffusely  spreading  or  reclining  (6' -12'  long) ; 
spike  oblong-ovate,  aciitish,  loosely  \0 - 20-floivered  (2" -3"  long);  scales  oblong, 
obtuse,  green-keeled,  the  sides  purplish-brown ;  achenium  obovoid  with  a  nar- 
rowed base,  beaked  with  a  slender  conical-awl-shaped  distinct  tubercle,  which 
nearly  equals  the  6  bristles.  (E.  reclinata,  Kuntli.!)  —  Wet  slopes:  conmion 
from  New  York  and  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  northward. 

12.  E.  mieroearpa,  Torr.,  var.  filiculmis,  Torr.  Like  the  preceding, 
but  more  capillary  ami  heads  smaller  (lj"-2"  \o\\g),  sometimes  proliferous,  the 
one  or  more  short  new  culms  from  the  axil  of  its  lowest  scale,  which  persists 
as  an  herbaceous  bract ;  achenium  very  much  smaller,  witli  sharper  angles  and  a 
short  conical  tubercle,  which  is  hardly  equalled  by  the  3-6  slender  bristles. — 
Wet  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 

-t-  -1-   Bristlea  2-4,  slwrter  than  the  achenium,  slender  and  fragile,  or  none. 

13.  E.  tenuis,  Sclmltes.  Culms  almost  capillary,  erect  from  running  root- 
stocks,  4-angular  and  tlattish  (1°  high),  the  sides  concave;  spilce  elliptical,  acut- 
ish,  20- 30-flowered  {3"  long) ;  scales  ovate,  oi/ifsf,  chestnut-purple  with  a  broad 
scarious  margin  and  green  keel ;  achenium  oborate,  roughish-wrinkled,  crowned  with 
a  small  depressed  tubercle,  persistent  after  the  fall  of  the  scales;  bristles  half  the 
length  of  the  achenium,  or  wanting.  (E.  elliptiea,  Kunth.!)  — Wet  meadows 
and  bogs:  common,  early-flowering;  June. 

14.  E.  melanocarpa,  Torr.  Culms  flattened,  grooved,  wiry,  erect  (9'- 
18'  high);  spike  rylindrical-oroid  or  oblong,  thick,  obtuse,  densely  many-flowered 
(■3" -6"  long) ;  scales  closely  many-ranked,  roundish-ovate,  very  obtuse,  brown- 
ish with  broad  scarious  margins ;  achenium  smooth,  ohovate-top-shaped,  obtusely 
triangular,  the  broad  .lumna't  entirely  covered  like  a  lid  by  the  flat  depressed  tubercle, 
which  is  raised  in  the  centre  into  a  short  abrupt  triangular  point ;  bristles  shorter 
than  the  (soon  blackish)  achenium,  often  obsolete. — Wet  sand,  Plymouth, 
Massacbusctrs,  to  Virginia,  and  southward  along  the  const. 

1.5.  E.  tricOStata,  Torr.  Culms  flatfish  (10-2°  liij;h)  ;  spike  soo:i  cyfin- 
driral,  densely  many-flowered  (6" -9"  long,  thickish  ;  scales  ovate,  very  obtuse, 
rusty  brown,  witii  broad  scarious  margins;  achenium  oborate.  ivith  3  promi-nent 
thickened  (tngUs,  minnttly  rom/h-wrinkled,  cronmeA  with  a  short -conical  acuti'  tubercle; 
bristles  none.  —  Quaker  Bridge,  New  Jersey  (Knieskern),  and  southward. 


5G0  CTPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.) 

§  i.  Spike  more  or  less  flattmfd ,  thicker  than  the  slende-r  or  cnpiljanj  culm,fem-many- 
Jlowered ;  the  thin  memhranaceotis  scales  somewhiit  2  ~3-raii/ced :  stifle  S-chft: 
bristles  of  the  perianth  3  -  G,fiar/ilc  or  fuijacious.  Sntull  or  dulicate  species,  dif- 
fering from  the  lust  subdiciaion  chiijlij  in  ihejlaltish  spikes.  (CH.ETOCYi'iiRL'S, 
Nees.) 

*  Acheniitm  tumid,  obscurely  triangular,  many-ribbed  on  the  sides. 

16.  E.  acicularis,  R.  Br.  Culms  finely  capillary  (2'- 8' long),  more  or 
less  4-anj,'ular ;  spike  3  -  9-flowered ;  scales  ovate-oblong,  rather  obtuse  (greenish 
with  purple  sides);  achenium  obovatc-oblong,  with  3-ribbed  angles  and  2-3 
times  as  many  smaller  intermediate  ribs,  also  transversely  striate,  longer  than 
the  3-4  very  fugacious  bristles;  tubercle  conical-triangular.  (S.  trichodes, 
Mulil.,  &c.)  — Muddy  shores  :  common.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Achenium  triangular,  with  smooth  and  even  sides. 

17.  E.  pygmsea,  Torr.  Culms  bristle-like,  flattened  and  grooved  (1'- 2' 
high)  ;  spike  oc/ite,  3  -  S-flowred;  scales  ovate  (greenish),  the  upper  rather  acute  ; 
achenium  ovoid,  acutely  triangular,  smooth  and  shining,  ti[)ped  with  a  minute 
tubercle ;  bristles  mostly  longer  than  the  fruit,  sometimes  wanting.  (S.  pusillus, 
Vuhl?)  —Brackish  marshes  and  brackish  river-banks. 

8.     SCIRPUS,     L.        Bulrush  or  Club-Rush.     (PI.  3.) 

Spikes  several  -  many-flowered,  solitary  or  in  a  terminal  cluster  which  (except 
in  No.  1)  is  subtended  by  a  1  -several-leaved  involucre  (this  when  simple  often 
appearing  like  a  continuation  of  the  culm),  terete,  the  scales  being  regularly 
imbricated  all  round  in  many  or  several  ranks,  or  rarely  somewhat  compressed, 
the  fewer  scales  inclining  to  be  2-ranked.  Flowers  under  all  the  scales,  or  all 
but  one  or  two  of  the  lowest,  all  perfect.  Perianth  of  3-6  (straight  or  rarely 
tortuous)  bristles,  or  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  mostly  3.  Style  2-3-cleft, 
simple,  not  bulbous  at  the  base,  wholly  deciduous,  or  sometimes  leaving  a  tip  or 
point  to  the  lenticular  or  triangular  achenium.  —  Culms  sheathed  at  the  base; 
the  sheaths  usually  leaf-bearing.  Perennials,  except  No.  8-9;  flowering  in 
summer.     (The  Latin  name  of  the  Bulrush.) 

§  1.  SCIRPUS  proper  (including  Isolepis,  which  simply  wants  the  bristles). 
Bristles  when  present  rigid,  not  elongated  and  contorted  or  exserled  after  flowering, 
mostly  barbed  downivards. 
*  Spike  solitary,  few-flowered,  small,  oflen  flatfish:  achenium  triangular,  smooth. 
*-  No  involucral  leaf  or  bract  and  no  leaves  below :  base  of  style  indurated  and  persist- 
ent, but  continuous  with  the  achenium.     (  Transition  to  Eleocharis  and  Blysmus. ) 
1.     S.     paueifldrus,     Lightfoot.       Culms    striate-angled,    very    slender 
(3' -9'  high),  scarcely  tufted,  on  slender  running  rootstocks,  at  the  base  with  a 
short  truncate  sheath ;  scales  of  the  ovate  spike  evidently  2-ranked,  chestnut- 
brown,  pointless,  all  flower-bearing,  the  two  lower  Larger ;  bristles  3-6,  down- 
wardly barbed,  about  the  length  of  the  conspicuously  beak-pointed  triangular 
achenium.     (S.  Tixothryon,  Ehrh.     Blysmus  pauciflorus,  Corar/. )  — Very  wet 
places.  New  York  (Jefferson  Co.,  Dr.  Crnwe,  &  Herkimer  Co.,  ./.  A  Paine)  to 
N.  Illinois  'D     Vaspy),  Michigan,  and  northwestward.     (Eu.) 


i 


CYPEltACK.li.       (SEUGE    FAMILY.)  5tl 

•<-  ■*-  Involucre  a  short  aid-sltaped  hrnct :  culms  tufted  (3'-  12'  hi(jk) ,  Jil [form. 

2.  S.  csespitdsus,  L.  Culms  tcntc,  wiry,  densely  slieathed  at  the  base,  in 
compact  turfy  tufts  ;  the  upper  sheath  bearing  a  vei*y  short  awl-shaped  leaf;  spike 
ovoid,  rusty-color ;  involucral  bract  a  rigid-pointed  scale,  resembling  the  lowest 
proper  scale  of  the  spike  and  scarcely  surpassing  it ;  bristlis  G,  smooth,  longer 
than  the  abruptly  short-pointed  achenium.  —  Alpine  tops  of  the  mountains  of 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  N.  New  York.  On  Roan  Mountain,  N.  Carolina. 
Also,  away  from  mountains,  Bergen  Swamp,  Genesee  Co.,  New  York,  G.  W. 
Clinton,  J.  A.  Paine.     N.  Illinois,  Dr.  Vasei/.     (Eu.) 

3.  S.  Clintdnii,  Gray.  Culms  acutely  triangular,  almost  bristle-like ; 
sheaths  at  the  base  bearing  a  very  slender  almost  bristle-shaped  leaf  shorter  (usu- 
ally very  much  shorter)  than  the  culm;  involucral  bract  awl-shaped,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  chestnut-colored  ovate  spike,  which  has  pointless  scales :  other- 
wise as  the  next.  (S.  planifolius,  var.  brevifolius,  Torr.)  —  Rather  dry  plains. 
New  York,  Jefferson  Co.,  Dr.  Crawe;  near  Buffalo,  G.  W.  Clinton.     June. 

4.  S.  planif61ius,  Muhl.  Culms  triangular,  leafy  at  the  base ;  the  leaves 
linear,  flit,  as  long  as  the  culm,  and  like  it  rough-edged  ;  involucral  bract  a  bristle- 
tipped  scale  usually  overtopping  the  ovate  or  ol>long  chestnut-colored  spike,  the 
green  midrib  of  the  scales  extended  into  sharp  points;  bristles  of  the  perianth  up-- 
icardly  hairy,  as  long  as  the  pointless  achenium.  —  Dry  or  moist  ground.  New 
England  to  W.  New  York  (G.  W.  Clinton),  Penn.,  and  Delaware.     June. 

-t-  1-  -I-  One-leaved  involucre  more  conspicuous,  and  as  if  continuing  the  culm. 

5.  S.  SUbterminalis,  Torr.  Aquatic-  culms  (l°-3°  long,  thickish-fili- 
form)  partly  and  the  shorter  filiform  leaves  wholly  submersed,  cellular ;  the 
filiform  green  bract  6"  -  12"  long,  much  surpassing  the  oblong  spike ;  scales  some- 
what pointed  ;  bristles  6,  bearded  downwards,  rather  shorter  than  the  abruptly- 
pointed  achenium.  —  Slow  streams  and  ponds,  New  Jersey  and  New  England 
to  Michigan  and  westward.  —  Var.  tereestris,  Paine,  Cat.  Less  tall;  stem 
and  leaves  firmer;  fully-fruiting  spike  more  turgid  :  growing  chiefly  emersed,  in 
a  quaking  morass,  Litchfield,  Herkimer  Co.,  New  York, ./.  A.  Paine. 

»  *  Spikes  clustered  (rarely  only  one),  appearing  lateral  from  the  one-leaved  involucre, 
which  7-esembles  the  naked  culm,  seeming  to  be  a  continuation  of  it. 

+-  Culm  sharply  triangular,  stout,  chief y  from  running  rootsloiks :  spikes  many-flow- 
ered, rusty  brown,  closely  sessile  in  one  cluster :  sheaths  at  base  more  or  less  leaf- 
bearing.     (  Very  rarely  a  second  and  smaller  vnvlucral  leaf) 

6.  S.  piingens,  Vahl.  Running  rootstocks  long  and  stout;  culm  sharply 
3-angled  throughout  (l°-4°  high)  with  concave  sides;  leaves  1-3,  elongated 
(4'-  10'  long),  keeled  and  channelled  ;  spikes  1  -6,  capitate,  ovoid,  usually  long 
overtopped  by  the  pointed  involucral  leaf;  scales  ovate,  sparingly  eiliate,  2-cleft 
at  the  apex  and  awl-pointed  from  between  the  acute  lobes  ;  anthers  tipped  ivith  an 
aivl-shapid  minutely  fringed  appendage;  style  2-c.left  (rarely  3-clcft) ;  bristles  2-6, 
shorter  than  the  obovate  plano-convex  and  mucronate  smooth  achenium.  (S. 
triqueter,  MicJix.,  not  of  Z.  S.  Americanus,  Pers.)  —  Borders  of  salt  and  fresh 
ponds  and  streams  :  very  common.     (Eu.) 

7.  S.  Olneyi,  Gray.  Calm  S-wing-angled,  luith  deeply  excavated  sides,  stout 
(2°  -  7°  high),  the  upper  sheath  bearing  a  short  Inangulur  leaf  or  none;  spikes  6  - 12, 


5G2  CYPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.) 

closely  capitate,  ovoid,  obtuse,  overtopjtcd  by  tbc  short  involucral  leaf;  scales 
orbicular,  smooth,  the  inconsiiicuous  nuicTonatc  point  shorter  than  the  scarious 
apex;  aiilheis  with  a  crrij  t,lwrt  and  bluut  jiiiiiiitcli/  luanlHl  tij) ;  style  i-dcjl;  bristles 
6,  scarcely  equalling  the  obovate  i)lano-convcx  anil  nmcronate  acheniuwi. — 
Salt  marshes,  Martha's  Vineyard  (Oa/as),  and  llhodc  Island  (OIncy),  to  Dela- 
ware, and  common  southward. — Cross-section  of  the  stem  stronyly  3-raycd, 
with  the  sides  parallel.  —  Much  nearer  than  the  last  to  the  European  S. 
TRiQci;TER,  which  has  similar  anthers,  and  an  abbreviated  or  almost  abortive 
leaf;  but  its  culm  is  wingless:,  and  the  cluster  of  spikes  compound,  some  of 
them  umbellate-stalked. 

8.  S.  T6rreyi,  Olney.  Eootstocks  slender  if  any  (so  tliat  the  jilant  is 
readily  pulled  up  from  the  mud) ;  culm  'S-aiu/lcd,  with  concave  sides,  rather  slen- 
der (2° -4°  high),  Icajjj  at  the  base;  learfs  2  or  3,  more  than  half  the  leiiyth  of  the 
Ci//«(,  triangular-channelled,  slender;  spilccs  1-4,  oblony  or  spindle-shapcil,  acuip, 
disliiid,  ])ale  chestnut-color,  long  overtopped  by  the  slender  erect  involucral  leaf; 
scales  ovate,  smooth,  entire,  barely  mueronatc;  style  3-cli-fl ;  bristles  longer  than 
the  unequally  triaiu/ular  ol>ovate  very  smooth  and  long-pointed  achenium.  (S.  mucro- 
natus,  Pursh?,  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.) — Borders  of  ponds,  both  brackish  and  fresh, 
New  England  to  Penn.  and  Michigan. 

1-  •>-   Culm  triangular,  tall  and  stout,  from  slender  running  rootslocks :  spil-es  many- 
flour  red  loo'idy  umbellate  or  corymbed,  involurellate-braded. 

9.  S.  Canbyi,  Gray.  Culm  (3° -5°  high)  3angled,  usually  sharply  so 
above,  obtusely  below,  the  sheath  at  the  base  extended  into  a  long  and  slender 
triangular  and  channelled  leaf ;  the  involucral  leaf  similar,  continuing  the 
culm;  spikes  oblong  (4' -6'  long),  single  or  sometimes  proliferously  2  or  3 
together,  nodding  on  the  apex  of  the  5-9  long  filiform  and  flattened  peduncles 
or  rays  of  the  dichotomous  umbel-like  corymb,  or  the  central  one  nearly  sessile ; 
scales  of  the  spike  loosely  imbricated,  oblong-ovate,  acute,  pale,  thin  and  scari- 
ous, with  a  greenish  nerved  back ;  bristles  of  the  perianth  6,  firm,  furnished 
above  with  spreading  hairs  rather  than  barbs,  equalling  the  slender  abrupt  beak 
of  the  obovate-triangular  shining  achenium.  —  In  a  mill-pond,  near  Salisbury, 
Maryland,  A.  Commons,  W.  M.  Canby. — A  remarkal)le  species:  leaf  2° -4° 
long:  involucral  leaf  4' -8'  long:  rays  or  peduncles  l^'-3'  long,  each  sub- 
tended by  a  single  involucellate  leaf  or  bract,  the  lowest  like  that  of  the  involucre 
but  short,  the  uppermost  reduced  to  scale-like  bracts.  Achenium  (Ij",  and  its 
beak  ^"  long. 

•t-  H-  -1—  Culm  terete,  very  fall  and  stout,  from  a  deep  runninn  rnntstnfl\  naked ;  the 
sheaths  at  the  base  bearing  a  short  and  imperfect  leaf  or  none :  spi/ces  numerous 
and  clustered  in  a  one-sided  compound  umbel-like  panicle,  the  principal  7-ays  of 
which  mostly  surpass  the  involucral  kaf:  involucellate  brarts  small,  scale-lilce  and 
rusty-scarious :  scales  of  the  spike  rusty  or  chestnut-brown,  scarious,  icith  a  sah'ent 
midrib  extended  into  a  mucronnte  jioinf. 

10.  ^.  validus,  Vahl.  (Great  Bulrush.)  Culm  30-9°  high,  ^'-1' 
thick  at  base;  s])ikcs  ovate-oblong  (3" -4"  long);  scales  mostly  a  little  downy 
on  the  back  and  ciliate ;  style  2-clcft ;  achenium  pale  and  dull,  obovate  with  a  7)ar- 
rowed  base,  plano-convex,  mueronate-pointed,  usually  overtopped  by  the  4 -H  slender 


CYPERACKVE.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  563 

dowmmrdly  barbed  bristles.  (S.  aciitus,  MitJil.  R.  laciistris,  of  Amcr.  authors  and 
in  former  editions.)  —  C'onimon  cverywiierc  in  still  fresh  water.  —  Aeheninm 
(§"  long,  half  the  size  of  that  of  the  European  S.  lacustris,  also  narrower,  pale, 
not  shining.  —  A  slender  variety  with  narrower  heads,  very  smooth  scales, 
and  shorter  or  fragile  bristles,  was  sparingly  collected  by  liav.  J.  W.  CItkkerinq 
at  Havan<v,  New  York. 

11.  S.  riparius,  I'resl.,  which  largely  takes  the  place  of  the  preceding 
southwestward,  probably  within  our  limits,  is  known  by  the  2-4  rather  shorter 
imd  linear  }ili(muse  scales,  7-ather  than  bnslles,of  the  perianth. 

-^  -^  I-  •*-  Culms  slender  from  an  annual  root,  terete,  plano-convex  or  obtusely  trian- 
gular, naked;  the  sheaths  at  the  base  rarely  extended  into  a  short  leaf:  s/iikes 
few  or  several,  sometimes  solitary,  in  a  sessile  cluster,  much  overtopped  by  the 
involucral  leif:  bristles  of  the  pmanlh  often  few  or  wanting. 

12.  S.  d6bilis,  Pursh.  Culms  obtusely  triangular,  with  somewhat  hol- 
lowed sides,  l°-2°  high,  yellowish-green;  spikes  3-12,  capitate,  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse  (3" -4"  long),  chestnut-brown;  involucral  leaf  often  horizontal  at  matu- 
rity ;  scales  roundish  ;  stamens  3  ;  style  2-3-cleft ;  bristles  6,  stout,  downwardly 
barbed,  equalling  or  two  surpassing  the  obovate  turgidly  plano-convex  (or 
bluntly  3-sided)  abruptly  mucronate-pointed  smoothish  achenium.  (S.  juncoi- 
des,  Roxburgh.)  —  Swamps,  Mass.  to  Virginia  and  southward.     Aug.,  Sept. 

13.  S.  Smithii,  n.  sp.  Culms  terete,  slender,  3'- 12' high,  often  leaf-bear- 
ing from  the  upper  sheath,  dull  green  as  arc  the  1-3  oblong-ovate  acute  spikes ; 
involucral  leaf  always  erect;  scales  oblong-oval;  style  2-cIeft;  bristles  1  or  2 
minute  rudiments  or  none;  achenium  somewhat  lenticular,  smooth,  deciduous 
with  the  scales.  (S.  debilis,  Gray,  Gram  <f-  Cyp.  135.)  —  Wet  shores,  Lake  On- 
tario to  Illinois  and  Delaware  Bay  (in  tidal  mud).  July.  —  Named  for  C.  E. 
Smith,  who  indicated  and  insisted  on  its  distinctions. 

14.  S.  SUpinuS,  L.,  var.  Hallii.  Culms  filiform,  5'- 12'  high;  upper 
sheath  rarely  distinctly  leaf-bearing ;  spikes  1  -  7  in  a  sessile  or  sometimes  gem- 
inately  proliferous  cluster,  ovate-oblong  becoming  cylindrical,  greenish ;  .scales 
ovate,  strongly  keeled,  mucronate-pointed;  stamens  2;  style  2-cleft;  brislbs 
none ;  achenium  obovate-orbicular,  mucronate,  plano-convex,  strongly  wrinkled 
transversely.  (S.  Hallii,  Gray,  addend,  ed.  2.)  —  Wet  shores,  Illinois,  E.  Hall, 
&c.,  and  southwestward.  — In  Texas  occurs  the  normal  S.  supinus,  with  3-cleft 
etyle  and  triangular  achenium,  as  in  Europe,  where  it  sometimes  has  short 
brisiles,  as  in  No.  13.     (Eu.) 

•s  *  *  Spikes  clustered  in  simple  or  mostly  compound  umbellate  or  cymose-panicled 
clusters,  many-floirered,  terete :  inrnhtrre  of  mostly  severed  obvious  and  fat  leaves  : 
culm  tall,  from  tufted  or  running  rootstocks;  triangular,  lenfy,  sedge-like:  style 
mostly  3-cleft. 

•*-  Spikes  large,  G"-  15"  loiiq:  midrib  of  tht,  scales  extended  beyond  the  mostly  lacerate 
or  two-cleft  apex  into  a  distinct  awn. 

15.  S.  maritimus,  L.  (Sea  Chib-Rusii.)  Leaves  flat,  linear,  as  long 
as  the  stout  culm  (l°-3°  high),  those  of  the  involucre  1  -4,  very  unequal; 
spikes  few- several  in  a  sessile  cluster,  and  often  also  with  1  -4  unequal  nays 
bearing  1-7  ovate  or  oblong-cylindrical  (rusty-brown)  spikes;  awns  of  the 


5G4  CYPERACi:.E.     (sedge  family.) 

scales  soon  recurved  ;  achenium  obovateorhicular,  comprPssrd,Jlat  on  one  side,  con- 
vex or  obtuse-o lit/led  on  the  other,  miniiltli/  poniled,  shiiiinp,  longer  than  the  1  -6  un- 
equal and  deciduous  (sometimes  obsolete)  bristles.  —  Var.  macuostacuyos, 
Miclix.  (S.  robustus,  Pursli)  is  a  larger  form,  with  very  thick  oblong-eylindri- 
cal  heads,  becoming  I'-H'  long,  and  the  longer  leaf  of  the  involucre  often 
1°  long.  —  Salt  marshes:  common  on  the  coast,  and  near  salt  springs  in  the 
interior  (W.  New  York,  &c.).     (Eu.) 

16.  S.  fluviatilis,  Gray.  (River  C.)  Leaves  flat,  broadly  linear  (^' or 
more  wide),  tapering  gradually  to  a  point,  the  upper  and  those  of  the  very  long 
involucre  very  much  exceeding  the  com/iouitd  iimhel ;  rays  5-9,  elongated,  recurved- 
spreading,  each  bearing  1-5  ovate  or  oblong-cylindrical  acute  heads ;  achenium 
obovate,  sharply  and  exactly  triangular,  conspicuously  pointed,  opaque,  scarcely  equal- 
ling the  6  rigid  bristles.  (S.  maritimus  var.?  fluviatilis,  Torn,  excl.  syn.)  — 
Borders  of  lakes  and  large  streams,  W.  Vermont  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin  and 
Illinois.  —  Culm  very  stout,  sharply  triangular,  3° -5°  high.  Leaves  roughish 
on  the  margin,  like  the  last;  those  of  the  umbel  3-7,  the  largest  1°  -  2°  long. 
Principal  rays  of  the  umbel  3' -4' long,  sheathed  at  the  base.  Heads  paler 
and  duller  than  in  the  preceding ;  the  scales  less  lacerate,  and  their  awns  less 
recurved  ,  the  fruit  larger  and  very  different. 

■•-  •*-  Spikes  very  numerous,  small,  l'-3'  long;  their  scales  mucronate-pointed  or 
blunt :  umbel-like  cymose  panicle  irregular,  compound  or  decompound :  culm 
2° -5*  high,  unusually  leafy  ;  leaves  broadly  linear,  green  and  rather  soft,  rough 
on  the  edi/es :  bristles  of  the  perianth  very  slender,  o/len  more  or  less  tortuous  and 
naked  below:  —  transition  to  §  Trichophorum. 

17.  S.  sylvaticUS,  L.  S/n'kes  lead-colored,  clustered  3-10  together  at  the 
end  of  the  mus/ly  slender  ultimate  divisions  of  the  open  decompound  panicle,  ovoid 
or  lance-ovate,  2"  long ;  scales  bluntish  ;  bristles  6,  downwardly  barbed  through- 
out, rather  exceeding  the  trianguhir  short-pointed  achenium;  style  3-cIeft. — 
Along  brooks,  E.  Mass.,   W.  Booit,  to  Albany,  N.  Y.,  C.  II.  Peck.     (Eu.) 

18.  S.  microcarpus,  Presl.  Like  No.  17,  but  earlier,  and  with  rather 
smaller  heads,  blunter  scales,  2  stamens,  a  2-cleft  style,  4  bristles,  and  obovate- 
lentieular  achenium.  (S.  lenticularis,  Torr.)  —  Near  Boston,  W.  Boutt,  to  New 
Hampshire,  Oukes,  ^-c,  and  N.  W. 

19.  S.  atrdvirens,  Muhl.  Leaves  somewhat  more  rigid  ;  spikes  dull 
yreiiiish-hrown,  densely  conglomerate  (10-30  together)  into  close  heads,  these  also 
usually  densely  clustered  in  a  less  compound  panicle;  scales  pointed;  bristles 
sparsely  and  strongly  downwardly  barbed  above  the  middle,  naked  below,  nearly 
straight,  as  long  as  the  conspicuously  pointed  and  obovate-oblong  triangular 
achenium.  (S.  sylvaticus,  var.  atrovirens,  Ed.  2.,  — Wet  meadows  and  bogs, 
New  England  to  Kentucky  and  northward  :  common. 

20.  S.  polyph;^llus,  Vahl.  Culm  usually  more  leafy  ;  .<!p?7fs  ;/e//o?t)-ftroit7n, 
ovate,  becoming  cylindrical,  clusterui3-S  together  in  small  heads  on  the  short 
ultimate  divisions  of  the  open  decompound  umbel;  scales  mucronate;  bristles  6, 
usually  twice  bent,  soft-barbed  towards  the  summit  only,  about  twice  the  length  of 
the  achenium.  (S.  c\a\ta.tiis,  Pursh.  S.  briinneus,  Muhl.)  —  Swamps  and 
shady  borders  of  ponds,  W.  New  England  to  Illinois,  and  common  southward 


CYPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.)  565 

§  2.  TEICH6PH0RUM,  Richard.  Bristles  capillary,  naked,  not  bailed,  elm- 
gatincj,  hecomim/  tortuous  and  entangled,  much  longer  than  the  triangular  arheniunt, 
when  old  mostlij  projecting  beyond  the  rusti/-colored  scales  :  cuhn,  leaves,  ^-c.  as  in 
the  preceding  subdivision;  umbel -like  cymose  panicle  decom/iound. 

21.  S.  line^tUS,  Michx.  Culm  triangular,  leafy  (l°-3°  high);  leaves 
linear,  flat,  rather  broad,  ruugh  on  the  margins ;  umbels  terminal  and  some- 
times axillary,  loose,  drooping,  the  terminal  with  a  1-3-leaved  involucre  much 
shorter  than  the  long  and  slender  rays ;  spikes  oblong,  becoming  cylindrical 
(2" -4"  long),  on  thread-like  drooping  pedicels  ;  bristles  at  maturity  scarcely 
exceeding  the  ovate   green-keeled  and  pointed  scales;   achenium  sharp-pointed. 

—  Low  grounds,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  common  southward. 

22,  S.  Eriophorum,  Michx.  (Wool-Grass.)  Culm  nearly  terete,  very 
leafy  (2° -5°  high)  ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  long,  rigid,  those  of  the  involucre 
3-5,  longer  than  the  decompound  cymose-panicled  umbel,  the  rays  at  length  droop- 
ing; spikes  exceedingly  numerous,  ovate,  clustered,  or  the  lateral  ones  pedi- 
celled,  woolly  at  maturity  (l^"-3"  long) ;  the  rusty-colored  bristles  much  longer 
than  the  pointless  scales;  achenium  short-pointed.     (EricJphorum  cyperinum,  L.) 

—  Var.  CYPERiNUS  (S.  cyperinus,  Kunth)  is  the  form  with  nearly  all  tlie  spikes 
conglomerate  in  small  heads.  —  Var.  laxus  (S.  Eriophorum,  A'«''<'^)  has  the 
heads  scattered,  the  lateral  ones  long-pedicelled.  Various  intermediate  forms 
occur ;  and  the  umbel  varies  greatly  m  size.  —  Wet  meadows  and  swamps : 
common  northward  and  southward. 

9.    ERIOPHORUM,    L.        Cotton  Grass.    (PI.  3.) 

Spikes,  scales,  achenium,  &c.  as  in  Scirpus.  Bristles  of  the  perianth  of 
numerous  (in  one  species  few)  flat  and  delicate  capillary  bristles,  which  lengtiien 
greatly  after  flowering,  much  exceeding  the  scales,  and  forming  of  the  capitate 
spike  a  (white  or  reddish)  conspicuous  cotton-like  tuft  in  fruit.  Stamens  1  -3. 
Style  3-cleft.  Perennials.  (Name  composed  of  tpiov,  wool  or  cotton,  and  (l>opa, 
hearing.) 

*  Bristles  of  the  flower  only  6,  crisped,  ivhite ;  spike  single :  small,  involucre  none. 

1.  E.  alpinum,  L.  Culms  slender,  many  in  a  row  from  a  running  root- 
stock  6' -10'  high),  scabrous,  naked;  sheaths  at  the  base  awl-tipped.  —  Cold 
bogs,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     June.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Bristles  very  numerous,  not  crisped,  forming  dense  cottony  heads  in  fruit. 
■*-   Culm  bearing  a  single  spike  :  involucre  none. 

2.  E.  vaginatum,  L.  Culms  in  close  tufts  (1°  high),  leafy  only  at  the 
base,  above  with  2  inflated  leafless  sheaths ;  root-leaves  long  and  thread-form, 
triangular-ciiannelled  ;  scales  of  the  ovate  spike  long-pointed,  lead-color  at 
maturity.  —  Cold  and  high  peat-bogs,  New  England  to  mountains  of  Penn. 
(Prof.  T.  Green),  Wisconsin,  and  northward;  rare.     May,  June.     (Eu.) 

(E.  RUSstoLUM,  Fries,  with  copper-colored  wool,  found  in  New  Brunswick 
by  Bev.  J.  Fowler,  may  be  expected  in  N.  E.  Maine.) 

•<-  -1-   Cidin  leafy,  bearing  several  umbellate-clustered  heads,  invohicrate. 

3.  E.  Virginieum,  L.  Culm  rigid  (2°-4°high);  leaves  very  narrowly 
linear,  elongated,  flat;  spikes  nearly  sessile,  crowded  in  a  dense  cluster  or  head; 


5G6  CYPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.) 

wool  rustj/  or  coppcr<oior,  only  thrice  the  length  of  the  scale;  stamen  1.  —  Bogs 
and  low  meadows :  common.     July,  Aug. 

Var.  Album,  with  the  wool  white.  —  Oswego  and  Jefferson  Counties,  New 
York,  Dr.  Cmwf,  A.  II.  Cii,!iss. 

4.  E.  polystachyon,  h.  Culm  rigid  (1°- 2°  high),  obscurely  triangu- 
lar; Ifdrcn  limiir,Jiat,  orlidn/i/  chuiinellal  bdow,  triangular  at  the  point ;  iinohicre 
2  - 3-k(iced ;  spikes  several  (4-12),  on  nodding  peduncles,  some  of  them  elon- 
gated in  fruit;  acheninm  ohovate;  irool  a7i(/e,  very  str.dght  (1' long  or  more). 

—  Var.  angustifOlium  (E.  angustifulium, /?o//i,  and  of  European  botanists, 
not  of  American,  and  the  original  E.  polystachyon  of  A.)  has  smooth  pcduiules. 

—  Var.  LATiFOLiUM  (E.  latifolium,  Ilujipe,  &  E.  polystachyon,  Toir.,)  has 
rough  peduncles,  and  sometimes  broader  and  flatter  leaves.  —  Both  are  common 
in  bogs,  northward ;  often  with  the  peduncles  obscurely  scabrous,  indicating 
that  the  species  should  be  left  as  Linnaius  founded  it.     June,  July.     (Eu.) 

5.  E.  gracile,  Koch.  Culm  slender  (l°-2°  high),  rather  triangular; 
leaves  slender,  diannelled-triantjidar,  rough  on  the  angles  ;  involucre  short  uud  scale- 
like,  innsllij  \4mced ;  peduncles  rough  or  roughish-pubescent;  achcnium  ellipti- 
cal-linear. (E.  triijuetrum,  Iloppe.  E.  angustifolium,  Torr.)  —  Cold  bogs, 
New  England  to  Illinois,  and  northward.  June -Aug.  —  Spikes  3-7,  small, 
when  mature  the  copious  white  wool  6" -9"  long.  Scales  brownish,  several- 
nerved;  or  in  our  plant,  var.  rAUCiXERVicM,  Engelm.,  mostly  light  chestnut- 
color,  and  about  3-nerved.     (Eu.) 

10.    FIMBRISTYLIS,    Vahl.     (PI.  3.) 

Spikes  several  -  many-flowered,  terete  ;  the  scales  all  florifcrous,  regularly  im- 
bricated in  several  ranks.  Perianth  (bristles,  ie  )  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style 
2-3-cleft,  often  with  a  dilated  or  tumid  base,  which  is  deciduous  (except  in  No. 
4)  from  the  apex  of  the  naked  lenticular  or  triangular  achenium.  Otherwise  as 
in  Scirpus. —  Culms  leafy  at  the  base.  Spikes  in  our  species  umbelled,  and  the 
involucre  2-3-leaved.  (Name  compounded  of  Jimbria,  a  fringe,  and  sti/lus,  tho 
style,  which  is  fringed  with  hairs  in  the  genuine  species.) 
§  1.  FIMBRISTYLIS  proper.     Siijle  2-cleft,Jlat  and  ciliate,  falling  awmj,  base 

and  all,  from  the  lenticular  achenium  ;  scalis  of  the  mani/Jtoivered  spike  closely 

imbricated. 

1.  P.  spadicea,  Vahl.,  var.  castanea.     Culms  (10-2^°  high)  tufted 

from  a  perennial  root,  riipd,  as  are  the  threudform  convohite-channdled  leaves, 
smooth ;  spikes  ovate-oblong  becoming  cylindrical,  dark  chestnut-color  (2" 
thick)  ;  stamens  2  or  3  ;  achenium  veri/  minuteli/  striate  and  obscureli/  reticulated. 
(F.  castanea,  cylindrica,  &c.,  Vahl.)  —  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast,  New  York 
to  Virginia,  and  southward.  July -Sept.  —  Spikes  less  dark-colored  and  scales 
mostly  thinner  thiin  in  the  original  Jamaica  plant. 

2.  P.  laxa,  Vahl.  Culms  slender  (2'- 12' high)  from  an  ('»»!(«/ ^■oo^  H-ertt, 
grooved  and  flatfish  ;  leaves  linear,  fat,  ciliate-dcnticulate,  yhiiicous,  sometimes 
hairy  ;  spikes  ovate,  acute  (3''  long)  ;  stamen  1  ;  achenium  co:iSi>icuously  6  -  S-ribbed 
on  each  side,  and  with  finer  cross  lines.  (F.  Haldwiniana,  Ton-.  F.  brizo~ides, 
Nees,  &,c.)  — Low,  mostly  clayey  soil,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southward.  July- 
Sept. —  Scales  broader  and  less  pointed  than  in  F.  annua. 


CYPEKACK^.        (sedge    FAMILY.)  567 

§  2.    TRICHELOSTYLIS,  Lestib.     Style  ^-clejl  and  the  achenium  triangular: 
otiiciwise  nrarlij  us  in  §  1  :   the  spikes  siiudl  and  fewer-Jli>wered. 

3.  F.  autumnalis,  Koem.  &  Sclmlt.  Annual  (3'- 16'  liijih),  in  tufts; 
culms  Hilt,  .'^kndor,  diffuse  or  irect ;  leaves  flat,  acute  ;  umbel  compound  ;  spikes 
oblonj,^  acute  (\"-2"  long),  single  or  2-3  in  a  cluster;  tbe  scales  ovate-l.ineeo- 
latc,  mucronatc  ;  stamens  1-3.  (Scirpus  autumnalis,  Zy.) — Low  grounds, 
Maine  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug.  -  Oct. 

§  3.    ONCOSTYLIS,  Martins.     Stijle  S-chfl,  slender,  its  thichish  base  mom  tardi/ij 
deciduous  from  the  a/)ex  of  (he  triawjular  achenium. 

4.  F.  capillaris,  Gray.  Low  annual,  densely  tufted  (3' -9' high) ;  culm 
and  loaves  nearly  capillary,  the  latter  short;  umbel  compound  or  panicled  ; 
spikes  (2"  long)  ovoid-oblong;  stamens  2  ;  achenium  minutely  wrinkled,  very 
obtuse.     (Scirpus  capillaris,  L.) — Sandy  fields  :  common.     Aug.,  Sept. 

(F.  co.vGESTA,  Torr.,  a  diminutive  Southern  species,  with  the  2-cleft  style 
not  ciliate,  has  been  detected  in  ballast-sand  at  Camden,  New  Jersey,  opposite 
Philadelphia,  by  C.  F.  Parker:  probably  only  a  waif.) 

11.     DICHROMENA,     Richard.         Diciirojie.na.     (PI.  4.) 

Spikes  aggregated  in  a  terminal  leafy-involucrate  head,  more  or  less  com- 
pressed, few-flowered,  all  but  3  or  4  of  the  flowers  usually  imperfect  or  abortive. 
Scales  imbricated  somewhat  in  2  ranks,  more  or  less  conduplicate  or  boat- 
shaped,  keeled,  white  or  whitish.  Stamens  3.  Style  2-cleft.  Perianth,  bristles, 
&c.,  none.  Achenium  lenticular,  wrinkled  transversely,  crowned  with  the  per- 
sistent and  broad  tuberclcd  base  of  the  style.  —  Culms  leafy,  from  creeping 
perennial  rootstocks  ;  the  leaves  of  the  involucre  mostly  Avhite  at  the  base 
(whence  the  name,  from  his,  double,  and  ^(^pwfia,  color). — Differs  (too  little) 
from  the  ne.xt  genus  in  tlic  involucrate  bracts  and  flattened  spikes. 

1.  D.  leMCOCephala,  Miehx.  Culm  triangular  (l°-2°  high);  leaves 
narrow;  those  of  the  involucre  4-7;  achenium  truncate,  not  margined. — 
Damp  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and  southward.     Aug.,  Sept. 

2.  D.  Jatifolia,  Baldwin.  Culm  stouter,  nearly  terete;  leaves  broadly 
linear,  those  of  the  involucre  8-9,  tapering  from  base  to  apex;  achenium 
round-olx'vate,  laintly  wrinkled,  the  tubercle  decurrent  on  its  edges.  —  S.  Vir- 
ginia ?   and  southward. 

12.     ^HYNCHOSPORA,     Vahl.        Beak-Rcsh.     (PI.  4.) 

Spikes  panicled  or  variously  clustered,  ovate,  globular,  or  spindle-shaped, 
terete,  or  sometimes  flattish ;  but  the  scales  open  or  barely  concave  (not  boat- 
shaped  nor  keeled)  ;  the  lower  ones  commonly  loosely  imbricated  and  empty, 
the  uppermost  often  subtending  imfierfect  flowers.  Perianth  in  the  form  of 
(mostly  6)  bristles,  or  occasionally  wanting.  Achenium  lenticular,  globular, 
or  flat,  crowned  with  a  conspicuous  tubercle  or  beak  consisting  of  the  persistent 
and  indurated  base  or  even  of  the  greater  part  of  the  style.  —  Chiefly  peren- 
nials, with  more  or  less  triangular  and  leafy  culms  ;  the  si)ikes  in  terminal  and 
axillary  clusters  :  flowering  in  summer.  (Name  composed  oi  pvyxos,  a  snout, 
and  anopa,  a  seed,  from  the  beaked  achenium.) 


568  CYPEKACK^.        (SKDGK    FAMILY.) 

§  1.  PSILOCARYA,  Torr.  S/nles  ovate,  lerrle,  the  7iwi,erons  scales  all  alike 
and  regularly  imhricuted;  a  perfect  Jlower  under  each  :  stumcns  mostly  2:  style 
2-cleJl ;  its  Ixise  or  the  ynater  jxirt  of  it  entargin;/  and  luirdetiin;/  to  form  the  liealc 
of  the  lenticular  or  tumid  more  or  less  cross-unnkl(d  aclienium:  bristles  wholly 
wanting  (wlicnce  the  name). 

1.  R.  SCirpoldes.  Annual,  4' -10'  high;  leaves  flat;  spikes  in  broad 
and  open  cvnios,  20- 30-flowcrcd  ;  seales  ohlong-ovate,  acute,  chestnut-colored; 
aclienium  obscurely  wrinkled,  beaked  with  the  sword-shaped  almost  wholly  per- 
sistent style,  and  somewhat  margined.  (Psilocarya  scirpoides,  Torr.  &  Ed.  2.) 
—  Inundated  places,  Khode  Island  and  Plymouth,  Massachusetts. 

(R.  NiTENS  (Scirpus  nitons,  Vahl.  Psilocarya  rhynchosporo'ides,  7o/T.),like 
this,  but  with  a  more  wrinkled  and  short-beaked  aclienium,  takes  its  place  in 
Southern  States.) 

§2.  EUHHYNCHOSPORA.  Spikes  terete  or  biconvex,  few- many-fliHcered; 
some  of  the  lower  scales  almost  always  empty :  stamens  mostly  3  :  style  conspicu- 
ously 2-clefl,  its  base  only  forming  tlw.  tubercle  or  Ixak  of  the  mostly  lenticular 
aclienium  :  bristles  of  the  perianth  usually  present,  and  merely  rough  or  barbed- 
denticulate  {not  plumose). 
*    Achenium  transversely  wrinkled:  bristles  mostly  6,  upwardly  denticulate. 

2.  R.  eym6sa,  Nutt.  Culm  triangular;  leaves  linear  (^' wide) ;  cymes 
corymbose;  the  spdces  crowded  and  clustered;  achenium  round-obovate,  twice  the 
length  ot  the  bristles,  four  times  the  length  of  the  depressed-conical  tubercle.  — 
Low  grounds,  Penn  and  New  Jer-sey  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

3.  E..  Torreyaaa,  Gray.  Culm  nearly  terete,  slender :  leaves  bristleform ; 
cymes  paniclcd,  somewhat  loose,  the  spikes  mostly  pedicellfd ;  achenium  oblong- 
oborale,  longer  than  the  bristles,  thrice  the  length  of  the  broad  compressed- 
conical  tubercle.  —  Swamps;  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  and  southward. 

4.  R.  inexpansa,  Vahl.  Culm  triangular,  slexuhr  ;  leaves  narroioly  linear ; 
spikes  spind.'e-shii/ied,  mosflif  pedicelled,  in  drooping  panicles ;  achenium  d)long,  half 
the  length  of  the  slender  bristles,  twice  the  length  of  the  triangular-subulate 
tubercle.  —  Low  grounds,  Virginia  and  southward. 

*  *  Achenium  smooth  and  even. 
-1-  Bristles  of  the  perianth  6,  long  and  conspicuous,  upwardly  denticulate. 

5.  R.  flisca,  RoMn.  &  Schultes.  Leaves  bristleform,  channelled;  spikes 
ovate-olilong,  few,  clustered  in  1  -3  loose  heads  (dark chestnut-color)  ;  achenium 
oliovate,  half  the  length  of  the  bristles,  equalling  the  triangular-sword-shaped  acute 
tubercle,  which  is  roiigh-sernilate  on  the  i^argins.  —  Low  grounds,  New  Jersey 
to  Maine  and  Lake  Superior:  rare.  —  Culm  6'-  12'  high.     (En.) 

6.  R.  gracilenta,  Gray.  Leaves  narrowly  linear :  spikes  ovoid,  in  2  -  4 
email  clusters,  the  lateral  long-pcd uncled  ;  achenium  ovoid,  rather  shorter  than  the 
bristles,  about  the  length  of  the  flat  awl-shaped  tubercle. — Low  grounds,  S. 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  southward.  —  Culm  very  slender,  l°-2°  high. 

•*-  -I-   Bristles  none  or  1—3  and  minute :  spikes  pale,  \-flow  red. 

7.  R.  pallida,  M.  A.  Curtis.  Culm  (l°-2°  high)  acutely  triangular; 
leaves  and  spikes  as  in  the  next  species,  but  only  a  terminal  dense  cluster, 
which  is  less  white  or  turns  pale  reddish-tawny  ;  achenium  obovatc-lenticular, 


\ 


CYl'KRACK.iS.         (SEDGK    FAMILY.)  'OdO 

tipi)ed  with  a  minute  depressed  and  apiculate  tubercle  ,  the  delicate  bristles  four 
or  five  times  shorter  or  obsolete.  —  Boys  in  pine  barrens  of  New  Jcfrscy  (  W.  M. 
Cauhij,  C.  F.  Parker),  and  in  N.  Carolina. 

H-  t-  -t-  Bristles  long,  denticulate  downwardly,  or  both  icai/s  in  No.  12. 

++  S/)ikes  white  or  whitish,  becoming  tuwntj  icith  aye,  perftctiiKj  onlij  a  single  Jlower  : 

stamens  usualli/  2  :  bristles  9-12,  or  even  20 

8.  R.  ^Iba,  Vahl.  Culm  slender  (1° -2°  high),  triangular  above  ;  leaves 
narrowly  linear  or  almost  bristle-fonn  ;  spikes  lanceolate,  densely  crowded  in  a 
head-like  terminal  corymb  and  usually  one  or  two  lateral  ones  ;  achenium  ob- 
long-obovate  with  a  narrowed  ba^e,  sciU-eeiy  longer  than  the  flattencd-awl- 
shaped  tubercle,  shorter  than  the  bristles.  —  Bogs,  especially  eastward.  (Eu.) 
*+  ■>-<■  Spikes  clustnitt-colortd  or  darker  in  No.  11  and  12,  few  -  several -Jlow{:  red: 

stamens  3  :  bristles  usually  6. 

9.  R.  capillacea,  Torr.  Leaves  bristle-form;  spikes  3-6  in  a  terminal 
cluster,  and  comniouly  1  or  2  on  a  remote  axillary  peduncle,  oblong -lanceolate 
(pale  chestnut-color,  3"  long) ;  achenium  oblong-ovoid,  stipitate,  very  obscurely 
wrinkled,  about  half  the  length  of  the  (6,  rarely  12)  stout  bristles,  and  twice  the 
length  of  the  hiuceolatc-bcaked  tubercle. — Bogs  and  rocky  river-banks,  Penn. 
to  N.  Vermont,  New  York,  and  Michigan.  —  Culm  6' -9'  high,  slender. 

10.  R.  Knieskernii,  Carey.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  short;  spikes  numer- 
ous, crowded  in  4-6  distant  clusters,  oblong-ovate  (scarcely  1"  long);  achenium 
obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  equalling  the  bristles,  twice  the  length  of  the  trian- 
gular flattened  tubercle.  —  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  on  bog  iron  ore  exclu- 
sively {Knieskern),  and  southward:  rare.  —  Culms  6'-  18'  high,  slender. 

11.  R.  glomerata,  Vahl.  leaves  linear,  flat ;  .ipikes  nutnerous  in  distant 
clustei-s  or  heads  (which  are  often  in  pairs  from  the  same  sheath),  ovoid -oblong  ; 
achenium  obovate,  margined,  n.irrowed  at  the  base,  as  long  as  the  lance-awl- 
shaped  flattened  tubercle,  which  equals  the  (always)  downwardly  barbed  bristles. 
—  Low  grounds  :  common,  especially  eastward.  —  Culm  1°  -3°  high.  — A  state 
with  small  panicled  clusters  is  K.  paniculata,  Gray. 

12.  R.  cephalantha,  Torr.  I^eaves  narrowly  linear,  fat,  keeled;  spikes 
very  numerous,  crowded  in  2  or  3  or  more  dense  globular  heads  which  arc  distant 
(and  often  in  pairs),  oblong-lanceolate,  dark  brown;  achenium  orbicular-obovate, 
margined,  narrowed  at  the  base,  about  as  long  as  the  awl-shaped  beak,  hnlf  the 
length  of  the  stout  bristles,  which  are  barbed  downwards  and  sometimes  also  up- 
wards.—  Sandy  swamps,  Long  Island  to  New  Jersey,  and  southward.  -  Culin 
stout,  2° -3°  high:  the  iruit  larger  than  in  the  last,  of  which  it  may  be  only 
a  marked  variety. 

§  3.  CERATOSCIKENUS,  Nces.  Spikes  spindle-shaped  or  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, infntitfatrish,  large,  cymose-panicled,  producing  only  one  perfect  and  1  to  4 
staminate  flowers ;  their  scales  few,  the  lower  mostly  empty :  stamens  3  :  bristles  of 
the  perianth  rigid,  either  short  or  slender,  minutely  scabrous  npivard :  style  simple 
or  barely  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  flUfbrm  and  gradually  thickened  downwards,  in 
fruit  almost  all  of  it  persistent  as  a  very  long,  exserted,  slender-awl-shaped, 
upwardly  roughened  beak,  several  times  longer  than  the  smooth  and  flat  obovate 
achenium:  coarse  jierennials:  spikes  in  flower  4",  in  fruit  including  the  pro- 
L&M— 44 


570  CTPERACE.E.       (SKDGE    FAMILY.) 

jecting  bealc  or  sfi/h  ahout  V  hnj.     (This  long  beak  gives  the  name,  fron» 
Kipas,  a  horn,  anil  (t-j^o'ivos,  a  rush.) 

13.  R.  eorniculkta,  (imy.  (IIohnkd  lUisn.)  Ci/i)ies  decompound,  dif- 
fuse; brisilen  aivl-s/uifH'xl,  stout,  nnequul,  shorter  than  the  achenium.  —  Wet  plares, 
Penn.  to  Illinois,  antl  southward.  —  Culni  3°-6°  high.     Leaves  about  6"  wide. 

14.  R.  macrostichya,  Toir.  Ci/mes  dec-ompouiul,  or  in  tlie  northern 
form  somcuhut  Kim/>l>'.  and  smaller,  and  the  spikes  usually  more  flustered  ;  hn'sllo 
capillari/,  twice  the  length  of  the  oc/ien/ww.  —  Borders  of  ponds,  Massachusetts, 
Khode  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  southward:  rare.  —  Perhaps  it  runs  into  the 
preceding. 

13.  C  LABIUM,  P.  Browne.  Twig-Rush.  (Plate  5.) 
Spikes  ovoid  or  oblong,  of  several  loosely  imbricated  scales ;  the  lower  ones 
empty,  one  or  two  above  bearing  a  staminate  or  innperfect  flower  ;  the  terminal 
flower  perfect  and  fertile.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  2.  Style  2-3-cleft,  deeid- 
uoua.  Achenium  ovoid  or  globular,  somewhat  corky  at  the  summit,  or  pointed, 
without  any  tubercle,  in  which  it  differs  from  Khynchospora.  (Name  from 
KKaboi,  a  twig  or  branch,  perhaps  on  accoutit  of  the  twice  branching  styles  of 
some  species.) 

1-  C.  mariscoides,  Tom  Perennial;  culm  obscnreiy  triangular 
(10_20  high);  leaves  narrow,  channelled,  scarcely  rouiih-mar^ined  ;  cymes 
small;  the  spikes  clustered  in  heads  3-8  together  on  2  to  4  peduncles;  style 
once  3<'left.  — Bogs,  New  England  to  Delaware,  Illinois,  and  northward.    July, 

14.  SCLERIA,  L.  Nt;T-Rrsn.  (PI.  5.) 
Flowers  moncecious  ;  the  fertile  spikes  1-flowered,  usually  intermixed  with 
clusters  of  few-flowered  staminate  spikes.  Scales  loosely  imbricated,  the  lower 
ones  empty.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  3-clefr.  Achenium  globular,  stony,  liony, 
or  enamel-like  in  texture.  Bristles,  &c.  none.  I'crennials,  Avith  triangular 
leafy  culms,  mostly  from  creeping  rootstocks  :  flowering  in  summer:  all  in  low 
ground  or  swamps.     (Name  (T<\r]pla,  hardness,  from  the  indurated  fruit.) 

1.  S.  triglomerata,  Michx.  Culm  (2°-3°  high)  and  broadly  linear 
leaves  rougliish  ;  fascicle*^  of  spikes  few,  terminal  and  axillary,  in  triple  clusters, 
the  lowermost  pedunded  :  nfomens  3  ;  achenium  smooth  and  polished,  on  an  obscure 
crustaceous  ring  or  disk.  —  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  common  southward. 

2.  S.  reticularis,  Midix.  Culms  slender  (l°high);  leaves  narrowly 
linear;  clusters  loose,  axillary  and  terminal,  sessile  or  the  lower  on  short  slen- 
der peduncles  ;  stamens  2  ;  achenium  globular,  regularli/  pitted-reticulated,  not  hairy, 
resting  on  a  double  disk,  each  of  three  greenish  appressed  superposed  calyx-like 
lobes,  the  inner  larger.  —  Eastern  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  and  southward: 
rare  northward. 

3.  S.  laxa,  Torr.  Culms  slender  and  weak  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  linear ; 
clusters  loose,  the  lower  mostly  lonLC-p''dnncled  and  drooping;  achenium  globular, 
irregularli/  pilttd-reticulutid  or  pilted-rugosp,  towards  the  base  minuteli/  hairy  on  the 
somewhat  spiral  wrinkles  :  otherwise  as  in  the  foregoing.  —  E.  Massachusetts  to 
New  Jersev,  Pennsvlvania,  and  southward. 


CYPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.)  571 

4.  S.  paucifl6ra,  Muhl.  Somewhat  downy  or  smoothish  ,  culms  slender 
(9'- 18' lii^li)  ;  Iciivcs  narrowly  linear ;  clusters  few-flowered,  the  lower  lateral 
ones  when  present  pedunclcd  ;  bracts  clliate  ;  stamens  3  ;  arhenuim  (/lohoae,  papil- 
lose-row/Iwned,  white :  the  disk  a  narrow  ring  bearing  3  pairs  of  minute  tubercles. 
—  S.  New  En'^'laiiil  to  W.  New  York  (rare),  am!  more  common  southward. 

5.  S.  vertieill^ta,  Mulil.  Smooth;  culms  simple,  slender  (4'- 12'  high), 
terminnted  by  an  interrupted  spike  of  4-6  rather  distant  sessile  and  small 
clusters  ;  bracts  minute  ;  leaves  linear  ;  st.imens  1  or  2  ;  acheniuiii  roiif/h-wrinkkd 
ivith  short  elevated  ridges,  globular-triangular  ;  the  disk  obsolete.  —  W.  New 
York  and  Penn.  to  Michigan  and  southward:  rare. — Flant  faintly  sweet- 
scented  ;  achenium  small,  'i"  long. 

15.   CAREX,  L.         Sedge.     (PI.  5,  6.) 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  separated  {monoecious),  either  borne  together 
m  the  same  spike  landrdipjnous),  or  in  separate  spikes  on  the  same  stem,  very 
rarely  on  distinct  plants  (dinecions) .  Scales  of  the  spikes  equally  imbricated 
around  the  axis,  eacii  subtending  a  single  staminate  or  pistillate  flower.  Sta- 
mens 3,  rarely  2.  Ovary  enclosed  in  an  iiiflateil  sac  (composed  of  either  one  or 
two  inner  scales  (bractlets)  united  by  their  margins),  forming  a  rounded  or  an- 
gular bladdery  sac  {ppricji/niuin),  whicli  encloses  the  lenticular,  plano-convex,  or 
triangular  achenium, .tipped  with  more  or  less  of  the  persistent  (rarely  jointed) 
base  of  the  style.  Sticrmas  2  or  3,  long,  projecting  from  the  narrow  orifice  of 
the  perigynium. — Perennial  herbs,  chiefly  flowing  in  spring  and  maturing  in 
summer,  frequently  trrowing  in  wet  places,  often  in  dense  tufts.  Culms  trian- 
gular, bearing  the  spikes  in  the  axils  of  green  and  leaf-like  or  scale-like  bract.s, 
and  terminal ;  commonly  with  sheaths  at  the  base  which  enclose  more  or  less  of 
the  stalks  of  the  spikes.  Leaves  grassy,  usually  ronsh  on  the  margins  and  keel. 
.(A  classical  name,  of  obscure  signification  ;  derived  by  some  from  rareo,  to 
want,  the  upper  s|)ikes  being  mostly  sterile  ;  and  Iiy  others  from  Kfipco,  to  cut,  on 
account  of  the  sharp  leaves.) 

Contributed  for  the  first  edition  of  this  work,  ami  revised  for  the  second,  by 
Joiix  C.U5EY,  Esq.;  with  some  present  additions,  from  recent  discoveries,  and 
a  few  alterations,  chiefly  from  the  subsequent  investigations  of  the  late  Dr. 
Fraxcis  Boott,  pu!)l-i!ied  in  his  magnificent  Illustrations  of  the  genus  Carex, 
and  from  notes  furnisHd  by  Wisi   Boott,  Esq. 

.^  -iRIDGED    SYNOPSIS    OF    THE    SECTIONS. 

A.  Spike  solitary  and  terminal,  simple,  dioecious  or  androgynous  :  bracts  small,  colored  and 

scale-like.  —  (This  division,  retained  fnr  the  convenience  of  students,  is  merely  artificial, 
and  combines  species  having  no  real  natural  affinity.)     PSYLLOPIIOR.E,  Loiseleur. 
§  1.  Spike  dioecious,  or  with  a  f^'W  staminate  flowers  ut  its  base.     No.  1-2. 
2    Spike  anf!ro;;ynous,  staminate  at  th'3  summit.     No.  3-0. 

Spike  androgynous,  staminate  at  the  base.     No.  CG  and  13S  may  bo  sought  here. 

B.  Spike  solitary,  single,  androgynous,  staminate  at  the  summit :  bracts  and  scales  of  the  fer- 

tile flowers  green  and  leaf-like.     Stigmas  3.     PIIYLLOSTACHYS,  Torr.  &  Gr.    No.  7-9. 

C.  Spikes  several  or  numerous,  androgynous  (occasionally  dioecious  in  No.  11  and  33),  sessilcs 

forming  compact  or  mors  or  less  interrupted,  sometimes  paniculate,  compound  or  decon^ 
pound  spikes.     Stigmas  2     VIQNEA,  Beauv. 


572  CYPEKACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.) 

i  1.  Spikes  approximate,  with  staminate  and  iiistillate  flowers  variously  situated.     No.  10-12. 

2.  Spikes  pistillate  below,  stamiiiate  at  the  suniinit.     No.  13 -2S. 

3.  Spikes  pistillule  above,  stauiia.ite  ai  the  base.     No.  'Jd-46. 

D«  Stainiuate  and  pistillate  flowers  borne  in  separate  (commonly  more  or  less  stalked)  simple 
spikes  on  tlie  same  uuhn  ;  the  one  or  more  stamiuate  (sterile)  spikes  constantly  upper- 
most, having;  occasioniilly  more  or  less  fertile  flowers  at  base  or  apex;  the  lower  spikes 
all  jiistilliite  (fertile),  or  sometimes  with  staminate  fljwei"s  at  the  base  or  apex.  Siigmas 
3  (or  only  2  in  No.  40,  53,  05,  150,  &i;.).     CAUK.K  proper. 

*  Pcrigynia  with  merely  a  mioute  or  short  point,  scarcely  ever  prolonged  into  a  beak. 

i  1.  Perijrynia  not  inflated  (sli;:;htly  so  in  No.  55,  bo),  snD.Hh,  nerved  or  nerveless,  with  a 
minute  straiffht  point,  trlaucous-j?reen,  becmiiuj,'  whiiish,  or  more  or  less  spotted  or 
tinged  with  purple.  Scales  blackish-purple  or  brown.  Staminate  spikes  1-3,  or  the  ter- 
minal spike  androgynous  and  staminate  at  the  b.ise,  the  rest  all  fertile.     No.  46-64. 

2.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  smooth,  nerved,  obtuse  and  pointless,  or  with  a  straight  or 
oblique  pi.int.  Scales  brown,  becoming  tawny  or  while.  Staminate  spike  solitary  (ex- 
cept sometimes  in  No.  71)  or  andr.)gyuous  and  pistillate  above,  the  rest  all  fertile.  No. 
65-81. 

3.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  hairy  (in  No.  83  smooth  at  maturity),  nerved,  with  a  minute 
straiglit  point.  Terminal  spike  androgynous,  pistillate  at  the  ape.x,  the  rest  all  fertile. 
No.  82.  83. 

4.  Perigynia  not  inflated,  smooth,  regularly  striate,  with  a  short,  entire,  obliqualy  bent  or 
recurv-ed  point,  remaining  green  at  maturity.  Staminate  spike  solitary.  Bracts  green 
and  leaf-like  (e.xcept  in  No.  84).     No.  84  -  91. 

6.  Perigynia  not  inflated,  smooth  or  downy,  not  striate,  with  a  minute,  obliquely  bent, 
white  and  membranaceous  point,  reddish  brown  or  olive-colored  at  maturity.  Terminal 
spike  all  staminate  or  with  2-3  fertile  flowi  rs  at  the  base  ;  the  rest  all  fertile,  or  with  a 
few  sterile  flowers  at  the  apex.  Bracts  reduced  to  colored  deaths,  or  with  a  short  green 
prolongation.     No.  92,  93. 

♦  *  Perigynia  with  a  distinct  beak,  either  short  and  abrupt,  or  more  or  less  prolonaed. 

6.  Perigynia  not  inflated,  hairy,  with  a  rather  abrupt  beak,  terminating  in  a  membrana- 
ceous notched  or  2-toothed  orifice.  Bracts  shi)rt :  culms  mostly  low  and  slender  ;  leaves 
all  radical,  hmg  and  narrow.     Staminate  «pike  solitary.     No.  94-101. 

7.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  hairy  or  smooth,  with  a  short  beak  terminating  in  an  entire 
or  slightly  notched  orifice.  Bracts  long  and  leaf-like  :  culms  tall  and  leafy.  Staminate 
spike  solitary  (in  No.  102  pistillate  at  the  summit):  fertile  spikes  erect  (except  in  No. 
102).     No.  102,  103. 

8.  Perigynia  slightly  inflat?d,  smooth  and  shining,  green,  f"W-nerved  or  n^rvelpss.  with  a 
straisht  tapering  beak  terminating  in  2  sm.ill  membranaceous  teeth.  Staminate  spike 
solitary  (often  androgynous  in  No.  107)  :  ft-rtile  spikes  all  on  slender  and  pedulous 
stalks.     No.  104-110. 

9.  Perigynia  slightly  inflnted.  smioth,  nerved,  with  a  tapering  somewhat  serrulate  beak, 
terminating  in  2  distinct  mem'iranacenu^  teeth  ;  becoming  tawny  or  yellow  at  maturity. 
Staminate  spike  solitary.     No.  Ill-  115. 

10.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  rouirh  or  pubescent,  ranly  smooth,  with  an  abrupt  straight 
bi^ak.    Staminate  spikes  usually  two  or  more.     No.  llG-119. 

11.  Perigynia  moderately  inflated,  smooth  or  pubescent,  conspicuously  many-nerved, ^with 
a  straight  beak  terminating  in  2  rigid  more  or  less  spreading  teeth.  Stajninate  spikes 
1-5.    No.  120-127. 

12.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  smooth,  conspicuously  many-nerved,  with  a  long  tappring  2- 
toothed  beak.     Staminate  spike  solitary      No.  12? -130. 

13.  Pcrigynia  much  infliited,  obovoil  or  obconic,  smooth,  few-nerved,  with  an  extremely  ab- 
rupt,  very  long,  2-tonthed  b?ak,  tawny  or  straw-colored  at  maturity,  horizontally  spread- 
ing or  defl  -xed.  Terminal  spike  staminate,  or  androgynous  and  fertile  at  the  apex. 
No.  137-133. 

14.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  smooth,  shining  and  straw-colored  at  maturity,  with  a  taper, 
ing  and  more  or  less  elongated  2-tootheU  beak.    Staminate  spikes  2-5.    No.  139  - 151. 


CYPERACK^.        (sedge    FAMILY.)  573 

A.     Spike  solilari/,  simple ;  ?7s  scales  or  bracts  small  and  scar  ions  or  colored  (never 
(jrrcn  orfoliacnoiis).     Psyllopwora,  Loiseleur. 
§  1.     Spil,-e'd,'acioiis,  or  the  fertile  merehj  with  a  few  sfaminatejlowers  at  the  base. 

1.  C.  gynocrates,  Yv'"ormskiokl.  Culm  and  bristle-form  radical  leaves 
smootli,  or  ininutely  rough  at  the  top;  sterile  spike  linear;  fertile  spike  ovoid, 
looiuly  flowered  ;  perigynia  oblong,  short-beaked,  with  a  white  membranaceous 
obtusely  2-toothed  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  nerved  throughout,  smooth, 
spreading  horizontally  at  maturity,  longer  than  the  acute  or  acutish  scale  ;  stig- 
mas 2.  —  Swamps,  Wayne  and  Genesee  Co.,  Kew  York  (Sartwell,  &.C.),  Michi- 
gan, and  northward.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  SCirpoidea,  Michx.  Leaves  flat;  spike  narrowly  cylindrical ;  peri- 
gynia ovoid,  with  a  minute  point,  densely  hairy,  dark  purple  at  maturity,  about 
the  length  of  the  pointed  ciliate  scale  ;  stigmas  3.  (C.  Wormskioldiana,  Ilornem. 
C.  Michaiixii,  Schw.)  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  mountains  of  Maine  and  New 
Hampshire,  Willoughby  Mountain,  Vermont  ( Wood),  Drummond's  Island, 
Michigan,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

§  2.  Spike  amlrogtjnous,  stnminate  at  the  summit. 
*  Sli(/mas  2  :  leaves  hri>yllr-form. 

3.  C.  eapit^ta,  L.  Spike  small,  roundish-ovoid;  perigynia  broadly  ellip- 
tical with  a  notched  membranaceous  point,  compressed,  smooth,  spreading, 
longer  than  the  rather  obtuse  scale.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains, 
Kew  Hampshire,  Bobbins,  Oakes.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Stiijmas  3  :  leaves  very  narrow,  shorter  than  the  culm. 

4.  C.  pauoiflbra,  Lightfoot.  Spike  few-flowered ;  sterile  flowers  1  or  2 ; 
perigynia  awl-shaped,  reflexed;  scales  deciduous.  (C.  leucoglochin,  £"/(/•/(.)  — 
Peat-bogs,  from  New  England  and  W.  New  York  northward.     (Eu.) 

5.  C.  polytrichoides,  Muhl.  Culm  capillary  ;  spike  very  small,  few- 
iiowcred ;  perigynia  erect,  alternate,  oblong,  compressed-triangular,  obtuse, 
slightly  nerved,  entire  at  the  apex,  green,  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate  scale. 
(C.  leptalea,  WuU.  C.  microstachya,  Michx.) — Low  grounds  and  bogs: 
very  common. 

*  *  *  Stigmas  3  :  leaves  very  [about  1')  broad,  longer  than  the  naked  culm. 
G.  C.  Fraseriana,  Sims.  Pale  or  glaucous  and  glabrous  ;  leaves  without 
a  liiidrib,  many-nerved,  smooth,  with  minutely  crisped  cartilaginous  margins 
(9' -  18' long),  convolute  below  around  the  base  of  the  scape-like  culm:  spike 
oI)long,  the  fertile  part  becoming  globular ;  perigynia  ovoid,  inflated,  nuicro- 
nately  tipped  with  a  minute  entire  point,  longer  than  the  scarious  oblong  obtuse 
scale ;  often  enclosing  a  short  appendage  at  the  base  of  the  achenium.  —  Rich 
woods,  mount;iins  of  Pennsylvania  ?  Virginia,  and  southward  :  rare,  and  a  most 
remarkable  plant. 

B.  Spike  solitary,  simple,  androgynous,  staminatc  at  the  summit:  bracts  and 
scales  of  the  piatillnte  flowers  g'tcn,  leif-like,  tajjering  from  a  broad  base,  the  lowest 
much  longer  than  the  spike,  the  uppermost  equalling  the  slightly  inflated  peri- 
gynia :  style  jointed  at  the  base :  stigmas  3.  (Leaves  long  and  grassy,  much 
•xceeding  the  short  almost  radical  culms.)     Phyllostachys,  Terr.  &  Gr. 


574  cyPKiiACii.E.      (sEUGn  family.) 

7.  C.  Willden6vii,  Schk.  Slerile  Jloioent  4-8,  c]ose\y  imbricated  ;  pm- 
rjy^iia  C-9,  soiniwhat  alternate,  oIi!o»(),  rouih  on  the.  anrjies  and  tapering  hcuk; 
aelicnium  oblong,  triangular,  iinely  dotted ;  slit/mas  downy.  —  Copses,  Mass.  to 
N.  Virginia  and  westwaiil. 

8.  C.  £:teud61ii,  Kuntli.  Si rrilc  flowers  \0-\:^,x:it\\Qv  loosely  imbricated 
into  a  linear  (a])]Mrciitly  distinct)  spike;  peritjynia  2 -.3,  ruundis/i-ofiocoid,  smooth, 
with  a  lonij  and  ahrnpl  row/h  lieuJc :  acbcnium  roundish,  obscurely  triangular,  very 
minutely  dotted;  sti;/nias  downy.  (C.  Jamesii,  Schw.)  —  Woody  hillsides,  N 
Kew  Vork  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky. 

9.  C.  Baekii,  Boott.  Sterik  flmrers  .3,  inronspinions ;  pn'ifjynin  2-4,  loose, 
(floliosc-ovoid,  with  a  rouiciil  l>'(i/c,  smooth  througliout :  achenium  glohosc-pyriform, 
scarcely  dotted;  stigmas  smooth.  —  Eock}- hillL;,  W.  Massachusetts  (Mount  Tom, 
Prof.  Whitiif-y),  and  N.  Kew  York  to  Ohio,  Lake  Su])crior,  and  northward. — 
Culms  generally  shorter,  and  the  leafy  scales  broader  and  more  conspicuous, 
than  in  the  last  two. 

C.  Spikes  several  or  numerous,  androgynous  (rarely  dioecious),  sessile,  forming  a 
compact  or  more  or  less  interru])ted  sometimes  paniculate-compound  inflores- 
cence :  stigmas  2  :  arhenium  lenticular.     YiG'shx,  Beauv. 

§  I.  Spikes  approximated,  the  staminale  and  pistillate  flowers  variously  situated: 
pcrigynia  plano-convex,  nerved,  with  a  rough  slightly  toothed  beak:  bracts 
light  brown,  resembling  the  scales,  or  with  a  prolonged  point,  shorter  than 
the  (at  maturity)  brown  and  chaffy  spikes.  —  Sicc.Vt.e. 

10.  C.  bromoides,  Sehk.  Sjiihs  4- G,  alternate,  olilong-lanceoJate,  some  of 
the  central  ones  wholly  fertile :  perigynia  erect,  narrow-hmceolate  with  a  tapering 
point,  solid  and  spongy  at  the  base,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  scale ;  style  jointed 
at  the  base.  —  Swamj)*  :  common.  —  Slender,  occasionally  diax-.ious. 

11.  C.  Siceata,  Dew.  Spites  4-8,  ellipsoid,  the  uppermost  and  commonly 
1-3  of  the  lowest  fertile  below,  the  intermediate  ones  fre<pieutly  alt  staminate ;  peri- 
gynia ovate-lanceolate,  compressed,  with  a  long  rather  abrupt  beak,  about  the 
length  of  the  scale  ;  style  minutely  hairy.  (C.  pallida,  C.  A.  Meyer.)  —  Sandy 
plains,  New  England  to  Illinois,  and  northwestward. 

12.  C.  disticha,  Iluds.  Spikes  numerous,  short  and  oroid,  the  upper  or  mid- 
dle ones  frequently  almost  all  staminate,  the  loiver  principally  or  entirely  frtile:  peri- 
gynia ovatc-laneeolate,  the  margins  not  united  to  the  top,  leaving  a  deep  cleft 
on  the  outer  side;  scale  ovate,  pointed,  nearly  the  length  of  the  perigynium. 
(C.  interml'dia,  Good.  C.  Sartwe'llii,  Dew.,  and  former  editions.)  —  Seneca  Co., 
New  York  (SurtwiH)  to  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

§  2.  .9;;//,' s  pistillate  below,  staminate  at  the  s'lmmit. 
*  Perigynia  of  a  thick  and  corky  te.rture,  with  a  short  2-tootlK'd  rouuhly  margined 
beak,  nerved  tow.irds  the  base,  dark  cht-stnut-broum  and  polihrd  at  maturity: 
spikes  decompound,  ))aniculate:  scales  lijiht  brown,  with  white  membrana- 
ceous margins  ;  the  br.icts  at  the  base  resembling  them,  and  with  a  short 
bristly  prolongation.  —  1'ani(.i:l\t.t;. 

13.  C.  teretiliscula.  Good.  Spikes  with  short  apprcsscd  branches, 
crowded  in  a  slen<ler  spiked  jianicle  ;  perigynia  ovate,  unequally  biconvex,  short- 
stalked,  with  3-5  short  nereis  on  the  outer  side  near  the  broad  somewhat  heart-shaped 


CTPEUACE^.      (sedge  family.)  575 

base;  scale  acute,  rather  shorter  than  the  pcrigyniutn ;  acheninm  olMvoid-pi/rtform, 
obtusf'li/  tiiavguhtr.  ( C.  paniculata,  var.  teretiuscuhx,  Wuld.)  —  Swamps,  especially 
nortlnvard.     (Km.) 

Var.  major,  Koch.  S])ikes  more  ]>;iiiicli'd  ;  jjcri-ynia  rather  nnrrower. 
(C.  Ehrhai'tiinia,  I/oppp.  C.  jjrairiea,  Za«'.) — bugs  and  low  grounds,  New 
England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     (Kn.) 

14.  C.  decomposita,  Mulil.  Panicle  large,  with  very  numerous  densely- 
crowded  spikes  on  the  rather  short  spreading  branches ;  })cri(/i/nia  ohomte,  ttn- 
cf/iKil///  biconvex,  sessile,  with  a  short  veri/  uhrujit  hettk,  conspicuoiishf  nerved  on  each 
side,  about  the  length  of  the  ovate  pointed  scale.  (C.  paniculata,  var.  decom- 
posita. Dew.)  —  Swamps,  W.  New  York  (Sartwell)  to  Pennsylvania,  Illinois, 
and  southwestward. 

*  *  Perifji/iiia  small,  compressed,   2-3-ncrvcd,   membranaceous,  with  a  short 

2-toothed  rough  beak,  yellow  or  brown  at  maturity  :  s/nLrs  decompound,  with 
numerous  small  very  deuselij-Jiowered  heads:  scales  of  the  fertile  spikes  tawny, 
with  the  green  keel  prolonged  into  a  rough  jioint :  bracts  sliort  and  resem- 
bling them  at  the  base,  or  often  beconn'ng  gi-een  and  bristle-sliapcd,  and 
much  exceeding  the  culm.  —  Multifi.6rje. 

15.  C.  VUlpinoidea,  Michx.  Spike  oblong  and  dense,  or  more  or  less 
interrupted  (lj'-2^'  long),  of  8- 10  crowded  clusters;  perigynia  ovate  from  a 
broad  base,  with  a  more  or  less  abrupt  beak,  diverging  at  maturity.  (C.  multi- 
flora,  Muhl.  C.  bractebsa  and  C.  polymdrpha,  Schw.  C.  microsjie'rma,  IVuhl.) 
—  Varies  with  the  perigynium  narrower,  and  the  beak  tapering  and  more 
strongly  serrulate.     (C.  setiicea,  Dew.)  — Low  meadows  :  everywhere  common. 

*  *  *  Perigipna  on  short  stalks,  plano-convex,  without  a  margin,  membranaceous, 

with  a  thick  and  sjioiKjy  base  and  a  long  tapering  2-tootiied  rough  beak,  dis- 
tinctly nerved  (only  obscurely  so  in  No.  19  and  20),  widely  spreading  and 
yellow  at  maturity :  spikes  dense,  more  or  less  aggregated,  sometimes  decom- 
pound :  scales  of  the  fertile  spikes  tawny,  with  a  sharp  point:  bracts  bristle- 
shaped,  shorter  than  tlic  thick  and  triangular  culms.  —  Vulpine. 

16.  C.  erus-eorvi,  Shuttleworth.  Spike  very  large,  decompound,  the 
lower  branches  long  and  distinct,  the  upper  shorter  and  aggregated  ;  bracts  oJ).en 
2-toothed  at  the  base ;  perif^ynia.  attenuated  from  an  ovate  dilated  and  truncate  Ixisc  into 
a  very  long  slightly-winged  beak,  much  exceeding  the  scale ;  style  tumid  at  the  base. 
(C.  sica;fbrmis,  Boott.  C.  Halei,  Dew.)  —  Swamps,  Oliio  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southwestward. — A  conspicuous,  very  large  species,  with  spikes  4' -9' long, 
often  somewhat  paniculate,  and  glaucous  Itavcs  6"  wide. 

17.  C.  Stipata,  Muhl.  Spikes  10-15,  aggregated,  or  the  lower  mostly 
distinct  and  sometimes  compound  ;  perigynia  lanceolate,  with  a  loug  beak  tapering 
from  a  truncate  baf^e,  many-nerved,  mwh  errc(diiig  the  scale;  style  slightly  tumid  at 
the  base.  (C.  vulpinoidea,  Torr.,  Cyp.,  not  of  Michx.)  —  Low  grounds:  com- 
mon. —  Culm  flaccid  :  spikes  pale. 

18.  C.  eonjuncta,  Boott.  Resembles  the  preceding;  but  the  spikes 
(6-12)  more  sim]j]e  ;  perigynia  ovate  from  a  snbiordale  flat  (not  coiky-tuinid) 
base,  short-beaked,  fewer-nerved,  longer  and  broader  than  tiie  jjointcd  scale ; 
style  bulbous  at  the  base.     (C.  vulpina  of  former  editions;  —  from  which  it 


076  CYPERACIwK.       (sedge    FAMIL'*.-) 

differs  in  its  flaccid  culm,  transversely  wrinkled  slieaths,  orbicular  aGhcnium, 
&c.)  —  Oliio  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky. 

19.  C.  alopeeoidea,  Tuckcmian.  Head  of  8-12  aggregated  spikes, 
oblong,  dense ;  jierii/ijuia  com/inssf-d,  uerrcli'ss  or  nry  dmcunJi)  mrvetl,  ovate,  from 
a  broad  truncate  or  somewliat  heartshajied  base,  a  little  longer  than  the  scale  ; 
achfiiiiiim  pi/ri/orm ;  base  of  the.  style  not  tumid.  (C.  cephalophora,  var.  maxinui, 
Drtu.)  —  Woods,  W.  New  York  to  Penn.,  Michigan,  &c.  —  Kcscmbles  the  last, 
but  smaller,  with  shorter  and  more  compact  spikes;  easily  distinguished  by  the 
murlji  nerveless  per'iijynla,  and  the  difl^"crcnt  achenium  and  style. 

20.  C.  muricata,  L.  Spikes  4-6,  ovoid,  approximate  but  distinct,  the 
lowermost  sometimes  a  little  remote;  pcrirji/nia  ovate-lancwkUe,  somawhat  com- 
pressed, iitrveltss,  or  very  obscurely  nerved  lotvurds  the  base,  rather  longer  than  the 
scale;  achenium  ovate;  base  of  the  style  not  tumid.  —  Fields,  Massachusetts 
(introduced  ?),  Ohio,  and  Kentucky  :  rare. — Spikes  mostly  looser  than  in  the 
last,  the  perigynia  narrower,  with  a  longer  and  more  tapering  beak.     (Eu.) 

*  *  ^  *  Purij/yiiia  sessile,  plano-convex,  compressed,  more  or  less  margined,  mem- 
branaceous, with  a  rather  short  and  rough  (or  wholly  smooth  in  No.  26) 
2-toothcd  beak,  spreading  and  yreen  at  maturity:  scales  of  the  fertile  spikes 
tawny  or  white  :  bracts  bristle-shaped,  commonly  shorter  than  the  culm.  — 
MuiilenbergiXn-e. 

21.  C.  SparganioldeS,  Muhl.  Spikes  &-l2,  ovoid;  the  upper  ones  a fjcjre- 
gated,  the  lower  distinct  and  more  or  less  distant;  perigynia  broadly-ovate,  nerveless, 
rough  on  the  narrow  margin,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate-pointed  scale; 
achenium  roundish-ovate  ;  style  short,  merely  tumid  at  the  base.  —  Var.  JIINOR, 
Boott,  is  merely  a  reduced  form.  (C.  cephalophora,  var.  Torr.  C.  muricata, 
var.  ccphaloidca,  Deiv.  C.  cejjhaloidea,  Dew.  in  part. )  —  Low  rich  grounds.  — 
A  robust  species,  with  rather  wide  pale-grceu  leaves;  sometimes  with  1-2  short 
branches  of  a  few  spikes  each  at  the  base  of  the  compound  spike  (probably  C. 
divulsa,  Pursh,  not  of  Goodenougli). 

22.  C.  cephaloidea,  Dew.  (in  part),  Boott.  Spikes  5  or  6,  contiguous; 
the  broadly  ovate  pirigynia  icing-margined,  spongy  at  the  base,  shorter  beaked, 
equalling  or  shorter  than  the  cuspidate-tipped  scale;  style  bulbous  at  the  base. — 
New  York?  Illinois  (  Vasey),  —  Much  resembles  and  has  been  confounded  with 
the  small  form  of  the  foregoing. 

23.  C.  cephalophora,  Muhl.  Spikes  .5-6,  small,  and  densely  aggregated 
in  a  short  ovoid  head ;  perigynia  broadly  ovate,  with  3-4  indistinct  nerves  on  the  outer 
side,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate  roughly-pointed  scale ;  achenium  and  style 
as  in  the  last.  (C.  cephaloidea.  Dew.  (in  part.)  —  Var.  angustifAlia,  Boott, 
is  a  narrow-leaved,  smaller  form.  (C.  Leavcnworthii, /)(-«?.) — Woods  and 
fields :  common. 

24.  C.  Muhlenbdrgii,  Schk.  Spikes  3-9,  closely  approximate,  forming 
an  oblong  head  ;  jieriijijiitti  orbit  ular-ovate,  with  a  very  short  beak,  prominently  many- 
yiervedon  both  sides,  about  the  length  of  the  ovate  roughly-pointed  scale;  ache- 
uium  orbicular,  with  a  very  short  buUmts  style.  —  Fields:  rather  common,  especially 
southward.  —  Culms  12' -18'  high,  and  with  the  leaves  pale  and  rigid:  com- 
monly with  a  bract  to  each  spike. 


i 


CYPERACEiE.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  577 

•  Var.  eil6rvis,  Boott.  Scales  sometimes  pointless  ;  prrifjynin  nenrhf  or  wholly 
nerveliss;  sj)ii<cs  often  bnvctless.  —  Hudson  lliver,  New  Yorii,  ./.  A.  Ritisell. — 
Distingnislied  Ironi  C.  cepiuiloiUea  by  its  rigid  culm,  narrower  leaves,  and 
firmer  perijiynium,  spongy  at  the  base. 

25.  C  l*6sea.,  Sclik.  Sj>ikcs  4-8,  the  2  uppermost  fipprn.rinialc,  the  others  <tll 
distinct,  (tiid  the  loirest  ojlen  leinote ;  perigijiiia  ohlun<j  (about  8-10  in  eaeli  spike), 
narrow  at  the  base,  widely  diverging-  at  maturity,  twice  us  Ion;/  as  the  Lioadly 
orate  obtuse  scale.  —  Var.  biixor,  Buott,  has  tiie  4-6  sj)ikes  smaller  and  more 
separated,  the  scales  less  obtuse  and  with  a  rough  mucronate  point ;  perigynia 
more  erect;  "leaves  narrower.  —  Var.  radiAta,  Dew,  is  still  more  slender, 
almost  capillary,  and  has  only  3  or  4  remote  and  3-4-flowered  spikes.  (C. 
negle'eta,  Tnckenn.) — Moist  woods  and  meadows:  common. 

26.  C.  retroflexa,  Midil.  Spikes  3-6, «//  approximate,  the  1-2  lowest  dis- 
tinct but  not  remote;  peric/ynia  (about  5  -  7  in  each  spike)  ovale,  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, smooth  on  the  mairjin  and  beak,  not  much  exceeding  the  ovate-lanceolate  painted 
sc<de,  widely  spreading  or  reflexcd  at  maturity.  (C.  rosea,  var.  retroflexa,  Torr., 
Ci/p.)  —  Copses  and  moist  meadows  :  less  common  than  the  last,  from  which  it 
is  distinguished  by  the  smaller  approximate  spikes,  longer  and  sharper  scales, 
and  especially,  from  every  species  in  this  subsection,  by  the  smooth  perigynium. 
*****  Perigynia  plano-convex,  without  a  beak,  of  a  thick  and  leathery  texture, 

prominently  nerved,  smooth  (except  on  the  angles),  with  a  minute  and  entire 
or  slightly  notched  white  membranaceous  point :  achcnium  conformed  to  the  peri- 
gynium, crowned  with  the  short  thick  style:  bracts  like  the  scales  (brown), 
the  lowest  with  a  prolonged  point :  rootstock  creeping.  —  Chordokhiz^. 

27.  C.  chordorlliza,  Ehrh.  Culms  branching  from  the  long  creeping  root- 
stock  (4'  -  9'  high),  smooth  and  naked  above,  clothed  at  the  base  with  short  ap- 
pressed  leaves  ;  spikes  in  an  ovoid  head ;  perigynia  ovate,  a  little  longer  than  the 
scale.  —  Cold  bogs.  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

28.  C.  tenella,  Schk.  Spikes  2-6,  very  small,  rather  remote,  or  the  upper 
approximate,  with  2  or  3,  rarely  A,  fertile  flowers;  perigynia  ovate,  twice  as  long 
as  the  scale.  (C.  loliacea,  Schk.  suppl.,  not  of  L.  C.  dispe'rma,  Dew.  C.  gra- 
cilis, Ed.  1,  not  of  Ehrh.)  — Cold  swamps.  New  Enghtnd  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin, 
and  northward. — A  slender  species,  6'- 12'  high,  with  long  grassy  leaves, 
growing  in  loose  tufts.     (Eu.) 

§  3.    Spikes  pistillate  above,  staminate  at  the  base. 

*  Spikes  roundish-ovoid,  rather  small,  more  or  less  distant  on  the  zigzng  axis  (closely 

aggregated  in  No.  30)  :  perigynia  plano-convex,  smooth,  pale  greeti,  becoming 
ichitish  or  silvery :  scales  white  and  membranaceous;  the  bracts  resembling 
them,  or  prolonged  and  bristle-shaped.  —  Cankscentes. 
1-  Perigynia  mostly  somewhat  thickened  and  leathery,  distinctly  nerved,  and  with  a 
smooth  or  minntdij  serrulnte  short  point,  entire  or  sli't/htly  notched  at  the  apex. 

29.  C..trisp6rma,  Dew.  Sjiikes  2-3,  very  sni'ill,  ivith  about  ti  frtile  flow 
ers,  remote,  the  lowest  with  a  long  bract :  perigynia  oblong,  with  numerous  slender 
nerves,  longer  than  the  scale.  —  Cold  swamps  and  woods,  especially  on  moun- 
tains. New  England  to  Fenn.,  Michigan,  and  northward.  —  Resembling  the  last, 
but  larger  spikes  and  fruit,  and  weak  spreading  culms,  l°-2°  long. 

OM     2.~) 


578  CTnciiACE^.     (sedge  family.) 

30.  C.  tenuifibra,  AVahl.  Spikes  3,  few-Jfoirered,  closely  approximated ; 
pfrifji/niu  orate-ohluny,  al)Out  the  length  of  tlie  hroadly  ovate  scale.  —  Cold 
swamps,  N.  New  Eiiylaiul  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

31.  C.  candscens,  L.  (in  part).  Tale  or  f/hucous ;  sjiitcs  5-7  (almtt 
\2-'20Ji(ju:eie(I},  (he  iiji/m- (ip/iroxiiiuiled,  the  rest  distinct,  the  lowermost  remote; 
p<ri(/i/iiia  orate,  equalling-  tlie  pointed  scale.  (C.  curta,  Good.  C.  Kichardi, 
Mahx.)  —  Marshes  and  wet  meadows,  common,  especially  northward.     (Ku.) 

Var.  vitilis  is  a  more  slender  and  weak  form,  not  glaucous,  with  smaller 
and  roundish  6- l.'i-flowered  spikes,  the  more  pointed  perigynia  spreading  (and 
often  tawny)  at  maturity:  perhaps  a  good  species.  (Var.  alpi'cola  and  var. 
sphairostachya,  AW.  1.  C.  tenella,  .EA/7i.  C.  Tersoonii,  5/e6er.  C.  vitilis, /'nes. 
C.  Gebhardi,  Hoppe.  C.  sphterostachya  and  C.  Buckleyi,  Dew.)  —  On  moun- 
tains, and  high  northward.     (Eu.) 

32.  C.  Norv^gica,  Schk.  Pale;  stem  1°  or  less  high,  angled;  spikes 
2-5,  rather  approximate,  oblong,  short-bracted,  with  a  lew  staniinate  (lowers 
below  the  numerous  fertile  ones,  or  the  terminal  one  all  staniinate;  perigynia 
oval  or  oblong,  lenticular,  many-nerved,  with  a  short  entire  beak,  equalling  the 
obtuse  scale.  —  Salt  marsh.  Wells,  Maine,  Rec.  J.  Biake.     (Eu.) 

t-  t-  Peiirpjiiia  tliin,  .tponf/i/tliickencd  at  the  base,  scarceli/  nerved,  2-toothed. 

33.  C.  Dewey^na,  Schw.  Spikes  about  4;  the  2  uppermost  approximate, 
the  others  distinct,  the  lowest  long-bracted  ;  perigynia  oblong-lanceolate,  taper- 
ing into  a  rough  serrate-margined  beak,  rather  longer  than  the  sharply  pointed 
or  awncd  scale.  —  Copses,  New  England  and  New  York  to  AVisconsin,  and 
northward. 

*  *  S}iikes  ovoid  or  ohovoid,  more  or  less  clustered ;  periffynia  concave-conver,  com- 
pressed, man/iiied  or  iviiiged,  nerved,  with  a  rough  2-toothcd  beak,  often 
tawny  at  maturity  :  scales  tawn}-  or  white,  awnless  :  bracts  bristlc-shapcd, 
usually  falling  before  the  maturity  of  the  spikes. 
■*-  Spikes  small:  perigynia  usually  (but  not  always)  becoming  spongy-thickened  at  the 
base,  the  margins  rigid.  —  STELLUL.\T.aE. 
++  Spikes  completely  or  incompletely  dicccious. 

34.  C  exllis,  Dew.  Spike  commonly  solitary  and  cylindrical,  dioecious  or 
androgynous  (staniinate)  and  contracted  below,  often  with  1-6  small  atlditional 
fertile  spikes  contiguous  to  the  terminal  larger  one ;  perigynia  orate.-lanceolate, 
plano-convex,  with  a  few  fine  nerves  only  on  the  convex  side,  spreading,  turning 
brownish.,  longer  than  ovate  acute  or  obtuse  scale;  leaves  involute-filiform. — 
Swamps,  E.  New  England  to  New  Jersey,  near  the  coast:  also  borders  of 
mountain  likes,  Es.scx  County,  New  York. 

35.  C.  St6rilis,  Wilkl.  6';)//.vs  4-6,  all  staminate  and  rarely  all  pistillate 
on  some  plants,  many  androgynous,  especially  the  lower  spikes,  all  oblong  or  the 
fertile  roundish ;  perigynia  ovale  from  a  broad  somewhat  heart-shaptd  sharply  mar- 
gined base,  flat,  diverging  or  the  lower  recurved,  very  acutely  2-toothed  at  the 
apex,  about  equalling  the  acute  or  pointed  scale;  leaves  narrow^,  involute,  pale. 
(C.  stellulata,  var.  sterilis,  of  former  ed.)  —  Swamps  and  wet  meadows:  com- 
mon, especially  northward. 


CTPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.)  579 

++  *-*•  Spikes  androgynous. 

36.  C.  Stellul^ta,  L.  Spikes  3  -  5,  the  uppermost  much  contracted  at  the 
base  by  the  numerous  staminate  flowers;  perigynia  ovate  or  slightly  heart- 
sliaped  at  the  base,  which  has  thickish  or  obtuse  margins,  the  apex  more  mi- 
nutuly  tootiied;  scales  rather  blunt  and  considerably  shorter;  leaves  flatter  and 
pale  :  otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  last.  —  Like  Superior  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

Var:  seil'poideS.  Culms  slender  and  weak  (9' -20') ;  leaves  very  narrow; 
spikes  contiguous,  smaller  ;.perig-ynia  with  a  rounded  or  truncate  base,  plano- 
convex, almost  twice  the  length  of  the  obtuse  scale.  (C.  scirpoides,  Sc/ik.)  — 
Wet  places :  common. 

Var.  angUStata,  is  remarkable  for  the  narrow  lanceolate  perigynia  more 
than  twice  the  length  of  the  blunt  scale  and  oblong  achcnium;  otherwise  as  in 
var.  scirpoides.  —  Fairfield,  New  York. 

-t-  t-  Splices  rather  large:  perlgijnla  tldclccned  and  spongi/  on  the  angles,  with  a  more 
or  less  dilated  metnbranac.bous  margin  or  wing.  —  Ovales. 

37.  C.  sychnocepliala,  Carey.  Spikes  denselji  clustered,  forming  a  short 
compound  spiked  head,  subtended  bi/  3  verij  long  and  unequal  persistent  lerify  brads  ; 
perlgjpila  tapering  from  an  abruptly  contracted  ovate  base  into  a  long  slender  beak, 
somewhat  exceeding  the  lanceolate  abruptly  mucronate  scale.  (C.  cyperoidas, 
Dew.,  not  of  Z.)  — JeflFcrson  County  (  Vasey  &  Knleskern)  and  Little  Falls,  New 
York,  Vasey. — Different  in  habit  from  the  rest  of  this  section;  recognized  at 
once  by  the  ovoid  compound  spike,  subtended  by  long  leaty  bracts,  by  which 
the  lower  spikes  ai-e  partly  concealed. 

38.  C.  ai'ida,  Schw.  &  Torr.  ASy^'te  8  -  10,  approximate  (3' long),  oWo»(/- 
cyllndrlcal,  contracted  at  each  end;  perigynia  narrowly  lanceolate  (4-5  Ihies  In 
length),  tapering  into  a  long  beak  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate-lanceolate 
scale ;  achenium  sessile,  narrowly  oblong.  (C.  Muskingumensis,  Schw.)  —  Wet 
meadows,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  —  In  characters  scarcely  distin- 
guished from  the  next,  but  strikingly  different  in  appearance  ;  much  larger,  with 
long,  dry,  and  chafly-looking  spikes. 

39.  C.  seoparia,  Schk.  jSyj/te  5  -  8,  c/u6-s/(«/>ec/,  at  length  ovate,  more  or 
less  approximate,  sometimes  forming  a  dense  head :  perigynia  ell Ipllcal-lanceolate, 
tapering  into  a  long  slender  beak,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  pointed  scale;  achenium 
distinctly  stalked,  exactly  oval.  —  Low  meadows :  everywhere  common.  —  Spikes 
brownish  or  straw-colored  when  ripe.  —  Var.  minor,  Boott.  Spikes  more  rusty, 
smaller,  contiguous;  perigynia  narrowly  lanceolate. — Base  of  Wiiite  ^Nloun- 
tains,  New  Hampshire,  and  northward. 

40.  C.  lagopodioides,  Schk.  Spikes  10-15  or  more,  approximate,  or 
tlij  lower  more  separated;  perigynia  lanceolate,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate- 
oblong  ralhir  pointed  scale;  achenium  narrowly  oval,  on  a  short  stalk  ;  leaves  very 
tapering  to  the  apex ;  their  sheaths  loose,  enlarging  upwards,  sharp-edged. — 
Moist,  rather  shady  places  :  common. 

4L  C.  cristata,  Schw.  Spikes  sma//e/-,  8-12  closely  aggregated,  globular, 
greenish;  perigynia  oblong  or  ovate,  recurved  at  maturity;  scules  olitnse ;  otherwise 
as  in  the  last,  of  which  in  former  editions  it  was  taken  for  a  variety.  —  AVet  or 
moist  ground :  common. 


580  CTPERACK^.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

Var.  mirabilis,  Boott,  has  hroctdly  ovate  pn-iiji/nia  with  a  shorter  beak, 
longer  than  the  acute  scale.  (C.  festiicaeea,  var.  niiraltilis  of  Ibriner  ctlitioiis. 
C.  inirabiiis,  Ikw.) — Ma.ss.  to  Ohio,  &c. 

42.  C.  adUSta,  Boott  (not  of  former  cd.).  Sjiifces  4-10,  pa'e  or  brown, 
gMndar,  o\- thti,  u\)\KV  tlub-sliaped,  the  lower  rtinote  and  sometimes  com]iuiuKl; 
jKriiji/iiia  oval,  ovate,  or  roundish,  gradually  tapering  to  a  beak,  many-nerved,  with 
the  narrow  wing  wider  above  the  middle,  turgid  at  maturity,  equalling  the  scale 
in  length  and  breadth;  achenium  large,  orbicular,  sessile.  (C.  argynintha, 
'J\wkeriii.,  is  a  very  delicate  form  of  this,  found  in  rocky  woods.)  —  Moist  copses, 
ii,e.,  from  Rhode  Island  (OIney)  and  New  Jersey  ( A'/ie/sAre/H),  nortiiward  and 
westward :  rare. 

43.  C.  foenea,  Willd.  Sjjihcs  3-8, /w/e  or  silvery  fjreen,  finally  straw-col- 
ored, mostly  approximate,  ovoid,  generally  acute,  the  uppermost  contracted  or 
club-shaped  at  the  sterile  base ;  jinigynia  oval,  orbicular  or  vbovatf,  short-beaked, 
broadly  winged,  appressed,  transversely  wrinkled,  a  little  longer  tiian  the  ovate 
or  lanceolate  white  scale;  achenium  on  a  short  stalk,  oval.  —  Sandy  and  mostly 
salt  or  brackish  marshes,  &c.,  along  the  coast,  from  New  England  southward. 

Var.?  ferruginea,  referred  liere  by  Dr.  Boott,  with  rusty-colored  acute 
spikes,  and  longer-beaked  perigynia,  generally  acutish  at  base  and  exceeding 
the  acute  or  mucronate  scale  {Ohio,  Sullicant),  connects  this  with  C.  straminea. 

Var.?  sabuldnum,  also  reierred  here  by  Dr.  Boott,  has  2-10  drooping 
rather  remote  spikes,  more  or  less  obovatc  or  club-shaped,  contracted  at  base, 
pale  green  turning  straw-color;  perigynia  broadly  winged  at  base,  slightly  ex- 
ceeding the  pointed  scale :  it  is  C.  adiista  of  former  editions,  not  of  Boott.  — 
Sands  of  the  sea-shore  from  Maine  southward.  —  Leaves  narrow,  often  involute. 

44.  C.  Stl'aminea,  Sciik.  S/iilce3  2-\2,  ])ale  or  tawny,  \arying  from  obo- 
vate-globular  to  club-sha]x'd,  contiguous  or  rather  remote ;  jierir/ynia  orbicular- 
ovate  or  oval,  often  heart-shaped  at  base,  very  fid,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short 
or  tapering  into  a  longer  beak,  winged,  much  wider  and  commonly  longer  than 
the  usually  acute  or  pointed  scale;  achenium  nearly  sessile,  oval. — Open 
grounds  and  borders  of  woods  :  common,  and  very  variable.  The  following  arc 
the  varieties  designated  by  Dr.  Boott.  —  Var.  typica,  with  3-6  roundish  spikes ; 
perigynia  sjjreading,  broadly  winged,  ratiier  longer  and  mueli  broader  than  tho 
scale.  —  Var.  te.nera,  more  slender  and  delicate,  with  3-6  smaller  oval  or  ob' 
ovate  spikes,  more  tawny ;  perigynia  with  a  short  and  broad  beak,  rather  longet 
and  broader  than  the  scale.  (C.  tenera.  Dew.  C.  festueacea,  var.  tenera,  oi 
former  cd.,  in  part.)  —  Var.  apekta.  Spikes  4-8,  tawny,  tapering  at  base, 
drooping;  perigynia  long-beaked,  thrice  the  length  of  the  very  sharp-])ointed 
scale,  loosely  spreading  in  the  spike.  —  Var.  festucXcea.  Spikes  .5-8,  club- 
shaped,  tawny  or  greenish ;  perigynia  abruptly  short-beaked  and  mostly  nar- 
rowly winged,  longer  than  the  acute  or  mucronate  scale ;  plant  tall  and  rather 
rigid.  (C.  festueacea,  Sehk.,  and  former  ed.)  —  Var.  hyalixa,  a  chiefly  West- 
ern form,  approaching  the  next  species,  with  larger  and  thick  pale  spikes,  usu- 
ally 6,  all  tapering  at  base;  perigynia  greenish,  with  a  wide  spongy  wjng,  and 
a  long  beak,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  brown  pointless  scale  ;  rather  tall  and 
stout,  with  broad  leaves.  (C.  straminea,  var.  Crawei,  Boott;  but  probably  by 
dome  mistake  said  to  be  collected  in  Michigan  by  the  late  Dr.  Crawe.    C.  hya- 


CTPERACK^.       (sedge    FAMILY.)  581 

Una,  Boott,  is  a  small  Texan  form  of  it.) — Var.  MeXdii  (Illinois,  Dr.  Mead), 
resembles  the  last,  luit  has  ratlier  smaller  and  i-oiinder  sjjikes,  thinner  wings  to 
the  perigynia,  and  long-tapeiin;;-  or  rough  awn-pointed  scales. 

45.  C.  alata,  Turr.  Sjiih s 'i  -  U),  jKile,  turgkl-ocokl,  conXv^wows,  moslhj  laifje 
(6"-lU"  long);  piiiffjiiia  dildted  orbicidar  or  obovute,  broadii/  icin(/<d,  abruptly 
short-beaked,  either  heart  shaped  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  longer  and  thrice 
broader  than  the  lanceolate  or  ovate  acute  or  rough  awn-pointed  scale  ;  Hchenia 
stipitate.  —  W.  New  York  (.'^arlwcll)  to  Virginia  and  southward. — All  these, 
from  No.  38  to  the  present,  run  together  variously. 

D.  Staminate  and  fHstillale flowers  borne  in  separate  {commonhj  more  or  less  stalked) 
simple  spikes  on  the  same  culm;  the  one  or  more  staminate  (sterile)  spikes  con- 
stantly uppermost,  having  occasionally  more  or  less  fertile  flowers  intermi.xcd; 
the  lower  spikes  all  pistillate  (fertile),  or  sometimes  with  staminate  flowers  at 
their  base  or  apex  :  sfir/mas  3  :  achenium  sharpljj  trimvpdar  (only  usually  2  stigmas 
and  the  achenium  lenticular  in  No.  46 -.56,  6.5,  149,  150).     Carkx  proper. 
§  1.  Perirjijnia  without  a  beak,  or  scaralj/  any,  smooth,  not  inflated  (sligiitly  in  No. 
55,  56),  terniinatimj  in  a  minute,  straight,  entire  or  notched  point,  glancons-'^rcen 
when  young,  becoming  whitish,  often  spotted  or  tinged  with  pur|)lc,  or 
occasionally  nearly  black  at  maturity:  jiislillate  scales  lilarkish-pnrjile  (liarcly 
brown  in  No.  55,  56,  61),  (jiring  a  dark  appearance  to  the  spikes. 
*  Sterile  spikes  1-3,  stalked,  often  with  more  or  less  fertile  flowers:  pistillate 
spikes  3  -  5,  frequent!  11  with  sterile  flowers  at  the  apex :  bract  of  the  lowest  spike 
leaf-like,  mostly  with  dark-colored  expansions  (auricles)  at  the  base,  and 
very  minute  sheaths  or  none.     {-Culm  and  leaves  more  or  less  glaucous.) 
•*-  Stigmas  2  {in  No.  46  and  47*  sometimes  3) :  perigynia.  lenticular.  —  AcisTM, 
*+  Alpine,  saxatile:  pistillate  scales  pointless:  leaves  flat. 
■M-  Scales  awuless,  mostly  olituse. 

46.  C.  rigida,  Good.  Sterile  spike  solitary  ;  the  Jertile  2-4,  cylindrical,  erect, 
rather  loosel//  flowered,  the  lower  on  short  peduncles  ;  lowest  bract  about  the 
length  of  the  culm,  witli  rounded  auricles  ;  stigmas  2  -  3  ;  perigynia  elliptical,  with 
an  entire  scarcely  pointed  apex,  nerveless,  about  as  long  as  the  obtuse  scale ;  culm 
rigid,  nearly  smooth  except  towards  the  top,  about  the  length  of  the  firm  erect 
leaves.     (C.  saxatilis,  Fl.  Dan.,  partly  of  L.)    (Eu.)  — Our  plant  is  the 

Var.?  Bigeldvii  (C.  Blgelovii,  Torr.  C.  Washingtonia,  Dew),  with  3-5 
longer  and  laxer  fertile  spikes,  the  lowest  long-stalked,  spreading,  and  sometimes 
remote;  the  sterile  or  terminal  one  often  fertile  at  the  top;  perigynia  more  or 
less  nerved  :  perhaps  a  distinct  species.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  mountains  of 
New  England,  New  York,  and  high  northward. 

++  ++  ]Vot  alpine,  pahidose:  pistillate  .<icales  awnless,  single-nerved. 
a.    Leaves  with  involule  margins  when  dry ;  their  sheaths  not  flbrillo<e. 

47.  C.  vulgaris,  Fries.  Sterile  spike  1 -3  ;  the  fertile  2- 4,  appro.rimated, 
oblong,  erect,  densely  flowered,  occasionally  staminate  at  the  apex,  the  lowest  on 
a  very  short  stalk ;  lowest  bract  barely  the  length  of  the  culm,  with  small 
blackish  rounded  auricles;  perigynia  ovate-ellipti<(d,  stalked,  nerved  especially  to- 
wards the  base,  with  a  very  short  abrupt  entire  or  minutely  notched  jwint, 
langer  than  the  obtuse  oppressed  black  acale;  culm  slender,  sharply  triangular. 


582  CYPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.) 

nearly  smooth,  except  at  tlic  top.  (C.  acuta,  var.  vulgaris,  Z.  C.  caispitbsa, 
of  authors.) — "Wet  banks,  &c.  Xew  England  to  Wisconsin  anil  northward. — 
Grows  in  small  patches  (not  in  dense  tufts  like  No.  .")0),  and  varies  in  height 
from  3'  to  18',  witli  narrow  leaves  shorter  than  tiie  cuhn.  (ICu.)  The  follow- 
ing may  be  appended. 

47".  C.  limula,  Fries  ?  Fertile  spikes  less  approximate  or  rather  remote ; 
their  bracts  stiriKissiiiij  the  culm  (at  least  the  lowest)  and  with  rougher  margins; 
leaves  longer  and  more  numerous  at  the  base  of  the  rougher  cuhn ;  ixritjijiiia 
nerveless;  stirjiuas  often  3:  otherwise  like  C.  vulgaris.  — E.  New  England,  near 
Boston,  TT'.  JJoutt,  who  rather  doubtfully  identifies  it  with  the  Lapland  plant. 
The  specimens  in  Herb.  Succ.  Norm,  differ  iu  their  flat  leaves,  and  narrower, 
longer,  and  even  pointed  scales.     (Eu.) 

48.  C.  aquatilis,  Waid.  Sterile  spikes  commonly  2-3;  the  frtilc  3-'i, 
cylindrical,  inclining  to  club-shaped,  erect,  densehj-Jlowered,  sessile,  or  the  lower  on 
very  short  stalks ;  bracts  hmj,  1-2  lowest  exceeding  the.  cidm ;  periyijnia  ohovate- 
ellipticul,  stalked,  nerveless,  with  a  very  short  entire  point  al)Out  the  length  of  the 
lanceolate  scale  ;  culm  smooth,  not  much  exceeding  the  pale-green  glaucous 
leaves.  —  Margins  of  lakes  and  rivers.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  north- 
ward.—Robust,  2°-3°  high  ;  the  thick  fertile  spikes  l'-3'  long.     (Eu.) 

b.  Leaves  with  more  or  less  revolule  manjius  when  drij ;  sheaths  at  length  JihriUose, 
i.  e.  iclien  old  splitting  up  or  resolved  more  or  less  into  slaukr  parallel  or  loosely 
reticulated  fibres. 

49.  C.  torta,  Boott.  Sterile  spikes  1 -2,  commonly  l,/('/-^7e  3-4,  p/on9«^t'rf, 
nariowlg-rijlindrical  or  slightly  cltih-sha/ied,  loosely  few-flowered  at  the  base,  occasion- 
ally more  or  less  staminate  at  the  apex,  the  lower  on  smooth  slender  stalks, 
spreading  or  droeiping;  bracts  with  oblong  auricles,  or  very  slightly  sheathing,  the 
lowest  about  tlie  length  of  the  culm,  the  rest  bristle-sh.iped,  shorter  tlian  their 
rcsjjcctivc  spikes ;  perigynia  elliptical,  short-stalked,  tujieriiig  to  a  distinct  point, 
■with  a  minutely  notched  or  jagged  membranaceous  orifice,  very  smooth,  nerve- 
less, the  empty  ti/is  spreading  or  olilirjuely  rceurveel  at  maturity,  scarcely  exceeding 
the  narrow  obtuse  scale;  aclieniuin  broadly  obovatc,  much  shorter  than  the 
perigynium ;  culm  very  smooth,  leaves  siiort,  slightly  rough  on  the  margin  only. 
(C.  acuta,  var.  sparsiflora.  Dew.  ?}  — Kills  and  wet  banks,  N.  New  England,  New 
York,  &e.,  and  along  the  mountains  from  Pcnn.  southward.  —  Well  marked  by 
"Is  smooth  flaccid  culm  (12' -18'  high),  soft  and  short  grassy  leaves,  and  the 
tortuous  empty  apex  of  the  perigynium. 

50.  C.  aperta,  Boott.  Sterile  spikes  1  -  2,  oblong-cylindrical,  acute ; /cr- 
<ile  2-4,  oliloug,  erect,  the  uppermost  approriwnte  anel  sessile;  the  lower  distant  and 
sliort  stalked,  staminate  at  the  apex,  or  often  entirely  fertile ;  lowest  bract  about 
the  length  of  the  culm,  with  oblong  brown  anricles,  or  very  slightly  shcatliing, 
the  upper  bristle-shaped,  shorter  than  the  spikes  ;  perigynia  roundish-ovate,  stalked, 
without  nerves,  covered  with  very  minute  transparent  dots,  and  sometimes  very 
slightly  rough  at  the  apex,  ivith  an  abrupt  very  short  notched  orifice,  broader  and 
much  shorter  than  the  lanceejl ate  pointed  brown  seede ;  culm  shar])ly  triangular,  smooth 
below,  exceeding  the  rough  shar])-pointed  leaves.  —  Wi^  t  meadows,  Khode  Lsland 
and  Mass,  to  Illinois  and  far  westward. — ^  Culm  1°- 2°  high,  with  commonly 


CYPERACK^.       (sedge    FAMILY.)  583 

2  fertile  spikes  9"- 18"  in  length,  appearing  somewhat  bristly  from  the  long  and 
spreading  scale.  Differs  from  the  next  chiefly  in  the  rounder  perigyniuni  and 
nearly  smooth  culm,  and  should  perhaps  bo  referred  to  it. 

51.  C.  Stricta,  Lam.  (not  of  Good.)  Sterile  spikes  1-3;  the  fertile  2  -4, 
ajlindrical,  slender,  usitalli/  barren  ot  the  summit,  sessile,  or  the  lower  on  a  short 
stalk;  lower  bract  with  rounded  or  ohlong  brown  auricles,  seldom  exceeding 
the  culm ;  perigynia  ovate-acuminate  or  elliptical,  nerceless,  or  very  obscurely  few- 
nerved,  often  minutdy  rowjh  on  the  short,  entire,  or  sVkjIuIij  votrheJ  point,  usually 
shorter  and  broader  than  the  narrow  reddish-brown  scale ;  culm  slender,  sharpli/ 
triamjular,  rough,  longer  than  the  narrow  and  rigid  rough  and  glaucous  leaves ; 
their  older  sheaths  with  conspicuous  reticulated  fibres.  (C.  acuta,  il/u/t/.,  &c., 
not  of  L.  C.  Vii-giniana,  Smith  in  Rees,  Cijcl.  C.  acuta,  var.  erecta,  Dew. 
C.  angustata,  Boott.)  —  Var.  STRfcTiOR  has  shorter  and  more  dcnsel}-  flowered 
fertile  spikes,  and  perigynia  equalling  or  somewhat  exceeding  the  scale.  (G. 
stn'ctior,  Dew.)  —  Wet  meadow^s  and  swamps  :  very  common.  —  Grows  in  large 
and  very  compact  tufts:  culms  2°-2j°  high.  Scales  of  the  fertile  spikes  very 
variable  ;  the  lower  commonly  acute,  the  upper  narrower  and  obtuse.  (C.  xero- 
carpa,  .S".  //.  Wright,  in  Dew.  Cat.,  seems  to  be  a  mere  state  of  C.  stricta.) 

52.  C.  lentieulai'is,  Miehx.  Stn-ile  spike  single  and  mostii/  fertile  at  the 
top;  the  fertile  2-5,  erect,  cylindrical  (G"- 12'' long),  sessile,  or  the  lower  short- 
peduncled,  densely-flowered;  bracts  exceeding  the  cn\m ;  periggnia  orate-oral, 
sessile,  more  or  less  nerred,  abruptly  short-pointed,  the  point  entire,  slightly  ex- 
ceeding the  oblong  and  very  obtuse  scale;  culm  (6'  -20'  high)  and  leaves  smooth 
or  nearly  so,  pale.  —  Wet  gravelly  banks  and  shores,  X.  Maine  (./.  Blake,  C. 
E.  Smith),  N.  New  York  {Torreg,  Knieskern,  J.  A.  Paine),  Upper  Michigan 
{Prof.  Porter,  (Jr.),  and  northward. 

*+  ++  4-H-  Paludose  or  maritime:  pistillate  scales  owned  or  pointed  from  the  broad  and 
strong  more  or  less  triple-nerved  centre  or  midrib. 

53.  C.  salina,  Wahl.  Sterile  spikes  2  -  S  ;  the  fertile  2-4,  cglindrical,  erect, 
often  sterile  at  the  apex,  on  more  or  less  included  stalks ;  bracts  long,  with 
rounded  auricles,  the  two  lowest  commonly  exceeding  the  cuhn ;  periggnia  ocate- 
'elliptlcal,  with  a  minute  entire  point,  nerveless,  rather  shorter  than  the  -roughlg-awned 
dark-brown  scale;  culm  (l°-2°  high)  rough  at  the  top,  rather  exceeding  the 
leaves.  —  Salt  nuirshes,  Massachusetts  (Greene,  W.  Boott),  Maine  [G.  L.  Good- 
ale),  and  far  northward.     (Eu.) 

54.  C.  maritima,  Vahl.  Sterile  and  fertile  spikes  each  2-4  (the  latter 
rarely  5  or  6)  (l'-2'  long),  spreading  or  drooping  on  shnder  peduncles :  periggnia 
uearlg  orbicular,  with  a  short  entire  ])oint,  much  shorter  than  the  long-awned  green- 
ish scale;  culm   (l°-2°  high)    and  the  broad  flat  hares   smooth.     (C.  paleacea, 

Wahl.)  —  Salt  marshes,  Cambridge  and  Medford,  Mass.  {Greene,  W.  Boott), 
Wells,  Maine,  (./.  Bloke)  and  northward:  rare.     (Eu.) 

55.  C.  orinlta,  Lam.  Sterile  spikes  1-2,  often  with  fertile  flowers  vari- 
ously intermixed;  the  fertile  3-5,  long-cglindric<il  (2' -3'  long),  densely  JJoioered, 
often  staminatc  at  the  apex,  on  e.rserted  nodding  stalks ;  bracts  very  long,  exceed- 
ing the  culm ;  periggnia  roundish-oborute,  sUffhtlg  inflated,  obscurely  nerved,  with 
a  short  entire  point,  shorter  than  thu  oblong  mostly  notcJied  roughly-serrate  awned 


584  CYPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.) 

h'l/ht'broini  scnJc. ;  rwm  (2°-4°  liigh)  rough  and  shnrpli/  angkd  nho\e,  leafy  below; 
tlic  pale  loaves  (3" -4"  wide),  roii^h  on  the  edges,  their  surface  and  the  s/unt/is 
smooth. — Varies  in  size  (hut  usually  tall) ;  and  with  the  lower  fertile  scales  often 
very  long-awned,  the  fruit  imperfect  and  deformed  (var.  morbida,  Carci/  in 
Sill.  Jour.    C.  paleacea  of  authors).  — Wet  grounds  by  streams  :  common. 

!)G.  C.  gynandra,  Schw.,  Boott.  Shmt/is  rourjk  with  minute  hairiness; 
fertile  spikes  rather  thicker  and  looser,  and  oftcner  staminatc  at  the  apex ;  peri- 
gyuia  iTioro  ovate  or  ohiong  and  elliptical ;  the  scales  longer  and  less  sjjrcading 
but  mostly  shorter-awncd  :  otherwise  as  in  the  jircccding,  — to  which  it  is  very 
nenrly  related.  —  In  similar  situations,  but  less  common,  from  New  England  to 
Penn.  and  Michigan. 

•*-  -^  Sti^mns  3  :  perigynium  obtusely  triangular,  indistinctly  few-nerved,  more 
or  less  compressed  :  pistillate  spikes  on  filiform  drooping  sialics.  —  LiM6siE. 

57.  C.  Barr^ttii,  Schw.  &  Torr.  Sterile  spike  mostly  single,  sometimes  2  or 
even  3,  dark  purple ;  fertile  mostly  2  or  3,  cijlindrical,  commonlij  sluminate  at  the  lop; 
lower  bract  usually  shorter  than  the  culm ;  sheaths  obsolete  or  minute ;  pfiti- 
gynia  oval  or  ocnl-lnnreolate,  obliquely  divergent,  scarcely  notched  at  the  point, 
about  the  length  of  the  ovate  and  blunt  black-purple  scale;  culm  (l°-2°  high) 
sharply  triangular,  nearly  smooth,  longer  than  the  glaucous  flat  leaves;,  the  old 
sheaths  at  base  splitting  into  threads.  (C.  flacca,  of  former  ed.,  and  probably  a 
mere  geographical  variety  of  that  European  species.)  —  Marshes,  New  Jersey 
near  the  coast,  Co'lins,  Knieskern ;  and  Townscnd,  Delaware,  IF.  .1/.  Cttnhy. 

58.  C.  limbsa,  L.  Staminatc  spike  soWtary ;  fertile  \ -2,  uhlong,  10-20- 
flowered,  occasionally  with  staminatc  flowers  at  the  ape.x  ;  bracts  very  narrow,  the 
lowest  shorter  than  the  culm;  perigynia  ovate,  with  a  minute  entire  point,  about 
equal  to  the  ovate  mucronale  dull  or  purplish-brown  scale.  —  Peat-bogs,  New  Eng- 
land to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  Culm  6'- 12' high,  erect, 
sharply  triangular,  longer  than  the  acute  and  rigid  keeled  leaves.     (Eu.) 

59.  C.  rariflbra,  Smith.  Resembles  the  last  (of  which  it  was  thought  to 
be  a  variety),  but  smaller,  4' -9'  high;  culm  obtuse-angled;  leaves  flatter  and 
rather  broader;  pistillate  spikes  wirh  only  5-10  less  crowded  flowers;  pcri- 
gynia  very  short-pointed  or  bluntish,  rather  shorter  than  and  involved  in  the 
broadly-ovate  black-purple  scale. — Mt.  Katahdin,  Maine  (G.  L.  Goodale),  and 
northward.     (Eu.) 

60.  C.  irrigua,  Smith.  Staminatc  spike  solitary;  //(e/;-/-///e  2-4,  orojrf  or 
oblong,  occasionally  staminatc  at  the  apex,  or  with  a  few  sterile  flowers  at  the 
base ;  loiu'sl  bract  as  wide  as  the  leaves,  longer  than  the  culm ;  perigynia  roundish- 
ovate  or  diovnte,  with  an  entire  oriflce,  much  shorter  than  the  tapering  and  slender- 
pointed  dark  purple  scale.  (C.  Magellanica,  Lam.,  according  to  Bootl.  C.  limosa, 
var.  irrigua,  Widil.  C.  paupe'renla,  Mirhr. )  —  Peat-bogs,  New  England  to  Penn., 
Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  Tallcrjhan  No.  58,  growing  in  loose  clumps,  with 
weaker  and  nodding  stems,  often  exceeded  by  the  leaves.     (Eu.) 

♦  *  Uppermost  spike  club-fihnped,  pislillnte  above  and  staminatc  at  th"  base;  the  rest 
all  fertile  or  with  a  few  sterile  flowirs  below :  lowest  bract  leaf-like,  scarcely 
equalling  the  culm,  with  minute  light-brown  auricles  and  no  sheaths  :  culm 
and  leaves  of  a  pale  glaucous-green.  —  Atr\t.e. 


CTPKRACE^.        (SKDGK    FAMILY.)  585 

■t-  Scales  of  lite  spike  deep-colored,  purple  or  dark  hrown. 

61.  C.  Buxbailmii,  Walil.  Spikes  3-4,obovoid  or  oblonij,  (he  uppprmost 
short-stalked  (rarely  altogetlicr  staminatc),  tlte  others  ueurli/  sessile,  the  lowest 
somewhat  remote ;  perigynia  elliptical,  obtusely  triaiiji;ular,  compressed,  ob- 
scurely nerved,  with  a  distinctly  notched  orifice,  scarcely  equalling  the  ovate 
sh.irp-pointed  or  short-awned  (brown-purple)  scale.  (C.  caue'scens,  L.,  in  part.) 
—  Pc.at-bo<;s  :  not  rare.     (Eu.) 

62.  C.  air^ta,  L.  Sjiikes  ^ -a,  ohhng-ovoid,  approximate,  all  on  short  Jiliform 
stalks,  at  lengtli  droopinrj  ;  |ierigynia  ovoid,  with  a  short  notched  point,  about  the 
length  of  the  ovate  acute  or  dark  brown-purple  scale.  — Alpine  summits  of  the 
White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire. — About  12'-  15'  high,  with  rather  rigid 
leaves,  nearly  equalling  the  culm.  Fruit  at  first  pale  straw-color,  often  becom- 
ing dark  purple  or  nearly  black.     Stigmas  sometimes  2.     (Eu.) 

63.  C.  alplna,  Swartz.  Spikes  3-4,  swall,  oral  or  ylohidar,  croivded  into  a 
head  at  the  summit  of  the  slender  naked  culm,  nearly  sessile,  mostly  overtopped 
by  a  foliaccous  bract ;  periijipiia  orbicular  or  obovate,  pointed  ivith  a  small  short 
biak,  minutely  notched  at  the  orifice,  roughish,  longer  than  the  ovate  bluntish 
black-purple  scale.  (C.  Vahlii,  Schk.)  Tsie  Royale,  &c.,  Lake  Superior,  Prof. 
Whitnci/,  C.  G.  Loring,  Jr.,  and  northward.  —  Culms  in  ours  l°-2°  high,  the 
leaves  all  at  the  base:  spikes  2" -4"  long.     (Eu.) 

-1-  H—  Scales  and  spikes  greenish  turning  straw-color. 

64.  C.  Shorticina,  Dew.  Spikes  3-5,  cylindrical,  erect,  more  or  less  dis- 
tant (V-li'  long),  and  the  lowest  rather  remote,  «//  androgynous  and  densely 
jluweral ;  the  terminal  one  about  half  staminate,  the  rest  with  only  a  few  barren 
flowers  at  the  base,  the  lower  on  short  stalks  ;  perigynia  broadly  obovate,  abruptly 
contracted  at  the  base  into  a  short  stalk,  with  an  extremely  minute  entire  jjoint,  little 
longer  than  the  short-pointed  somewhat  obovate  scale.  —  Marshes,  S.  Pennsyl- 
vania to  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Plant  l°-.3°  high  :  leaves  flat,  3"  wide. 

§2.  Perigynia  without  a  beak  (except  in  'No.  G7,  &c.),  smooth,  slightly  inflated, 
bluntly  triangular,  nerved,  with  an  obtuse  and  pointless  nriflce,  or  a  short  (and 
straight  or  ol)lique)  entire  or  notched  point :  bracts  leaf-like,  sheathing:  stami- 
nate .spike  solitary  (except  sometimes  in  No.  71),  or  androgynous  and  pistillate 
above  ;  the  rest  all  fertile. 

*  Staminate  spike  on  an  elevated  stalk  (rarely  short-stalked  or  sessile,  or  with  1-2 
small  ones  at  its  base) :  pistillate  spikes  1  -6,  erect,  the  upper  on  very  short, 
the  lower  on  more*or  less  elongated  cxseited  stalks  (short  and  incliuled  in 
No.  73)  :  bracts  shorter  than  the  culm  (except  in  No.  65  and  72) :  perigynia 
with  an  entire  and  slmight  or  obliquely  bent  point,  glaucous-green  when  young, 
becoming  c  xim-colored  or  yt-lluw  at  iiniturity,  sometimes  spotted  with  purple ; 
pistillate  scales  dark-brown  Avith  white  margins,  fading  to  tawny.  (Leaves 
mostly  radical,  more  or  less  glaucous.)  — Pan/ce^. 

-r-  Stigmas  mosdy  2  :  perigynium  icholly  pointless,  turgid-obovnte. 

65.  C.  atirea,  Nutt.  Fertile  spikes.  3-4,  oblong,  loosely  flowered,  the 
lowest  often  Acry  remote;  perigynia  pcai^aped,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  ovate 
acute  scale  ;  achenium  lenticular.  (C.  pyrifirmis,  Srhiv.)  — Wet  grassy  bank.s, 
vspecially  on  limestone,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  A 


586  CTPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.) 

slender  delicate  species,  4' -8'  high,  with  long  grassy-  leaves,  and  bracts  exceed- 
ing the  culm.     Sterile  spike  often  witli  some  fertile  flowers  at  the  apex. 
1-  t-  Sli(/mas  3  :  perifji/nium  somewhat  pointed  and  3-sidcd. 
■w-  Stainiiiate  spike  (or  the  cluster  in  Xo.  71)  loiKj-stnlhid. 

66.  C.  livida,  Wilkl.  Fertile  spikes  1  -2,  rarely  with  a  tliinl  near  the  base 
of  the  culm,  \0  -  Xh-floicered ;  peri(/i/nin  ovoid-oblonfj ,  ivith  faint  pellucid  nerves, 
tipped  witli  a  straight  obtuse  point,  rather  longer  than  the  ovate  scale.  (C. 
limosa,  var.  livida,  Wuhl.  C.  Grayana,  Dew.) — Peat-bogs  and  wet  pine  bar- 
rens, New  Jersey,  Oneida  Co.,  New  York,  and  high  northward.  —  Rarely  with 
a  single  (sterile)  spike,  or  with  an  additional  fertile  one  on  an  erect  stalk  4' -9' 
long,  from  the  base  of  the  culm.  Plant  very  glaucous,  the  leaves  rigid  and 
finely  tapering.     (Eu.) 

67.  C.  vaginata,  Tausch.  Sterile  spike  with  its  stalk  commonly  bent  to  a 
ri(jht  angle  with  the  culm  at  flowering  time,  afterwards  erect;  fertile  2  or  3, 
remote,  erect,  slendcr-ped  uncled,  loosely  flowered ;  bracts  foliaccous,  short,  with 
dilated  sheaths ;  perigynia  short-ovate  when  mature  and  witli  a  distinct  terete 
beak  orbeuk-like  oUif/ue  point,  cmarginate  at  the  orifice,  exceeding  the  ovate  acute 
scale;  culm  slender  (lo-2°  long),  weak  and  reclining,  naked,  stoloniferous ;  the 
long-creeping  sterile  shoots  bearing  tufts  of  flat  green  leaves  (2"-3"  wide) 
almost  equalling  the  fertile  culms.  (C.  sparsiflora.  Fries.  C.  pha;ostachya, 
Smith.)  —  Moist  banks,  Bergen  swamp,  Genesee  Co.,  New  York  (J.  A.  Paine), 
Lake  Sui)crior  (Robhins  and  Porter),  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

68.  C.  panicea,  L.  Sterilespikealwayserect;  fertile  l -3,  mostly  2,  erect, 
remote,  oblong  or  short-cylindrical,  rather  loosely  flowered,  only  the  lower  slen- 
der-peduncled ;  sheaths  of  the  short  foliaceous  bracts  shorter  and  narrower; 
perifjipna  turgid-ovate  at  maturity,  obscurely  nen'ed,  tipped  with  a  short  bent 
entire  point  (mostly  straw-colored),  longer  than  the  ovate  blunt  scale. — Moist 
grounds,  Massachusetts  to  Delaware  (  W.  M.  Canbij)  :  rare.     (Eu.) 

69.  C.  Me^dii,  Dew.  Differs  from  the  last  only  in  the  denser  fertile  spikes, 
the  sterile  one  sometimes  longer;  and  the periggnia  more  triangular,  less  turgid, 
paler,  less  indistinctly  nerved,  the  scales  pointed;  culms  more  rigid  and  rough- 
ish  :  the  more  slender  forms  closeh'  approach  the  next.  (C.  panicea,  chiefly  of 
former  ed.)  — Wet  prairies,  &c.,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  Wisconsin. 

70.  C.  tetanica,  Schk.  Fertile  spikes  1-3,  commonig  2,  oblong-cglindricaC, 
looselg  floii-ered,  especially  at  the  tapering  liase,  remote ;  periggnia  when  young 
pointed  at  each  end,  at  mnturitij  obovoid,  scarcely  inflated,  with  a  slightly  bent  point, 
longer  than  the  ovate  obtuse  and  often  abruptly  mucronate  or  awn-pointed  scale. 
(C.  oonoidea,  Gray,  Gram.  ^  Cgp.,  not  of  Schk.  C.  Woodii,  Dew.)  —  Margins 
of  lakes  and  rivers,  AV.  Mass.  to  Penn.,  Michigan,  and  southward. 

71.  C.  Crawei,  Dew.  Sterile  spikes  often  1  or  2  small  ones  at  the  base 
of  the  terminal,  wjiicii  is  occasionally  fertile  at  the  apex  ;  fertile  spikes  3-6,  re- 
mote, and  the  lowest  mar  the  root,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  densely  floicered,  and  some- 
times slightly  compound  at  the  buse;  their  short  peduncles  included,  or  the 
lowest  cxserted  ;  perigynia  oroid-ablong,  obscurely  nerved,  with  a  very  small  straight 
or  slightly  recurred  jioint,  longer  than  the  ovate  obtuse  or  acute  or  short-pointed 
scale.      (C.  heterostachva,    Torr.)  —  Wet   places,   S.   Herkimer  and  Jefferson 


CTPERACE.E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  687 

Counties,  New  York,  to  Illinois,  Michi<;an,  and  northwestward.  ^  Viiriablc, 
4'- 12' high;  tlic  taller  forms  resembling  the  next;  but  the  perigynium  is  less 
round  and  with  fewer  and  more  indistinct  nerves,  the  bracts  do  not  exceed  the 
culm,  and  the  staminate  spike  is  long-peduneled. 

++  ++  Staminate  ^pike  nearhj  sessile:  peri(/i/inuin  turgid,  man jj -nerved,  greenish. 

72.  C.  granularis,  Muhl.  Sterile  spike  mostly  shorter  than  the  approx- 
imate uppermost  of  the  3  oi'  4  fertile  ;  these  ci/lindricul,  dense,  tlie  lowest  remote  and 
slender  fiedttncted,  sometimes  from  near  tlie  root;  pcrigynia  globular-ovoid,  con- 
tracted into  a  short  often  slightly  bent  point,  longer  than  the  pointed  scale ; 
plant  pale,  glabrous;  bracts  long,  exceeding  the  culm.  —  Wet  meadows  :  common. 

73.  C.  Torreyi,  Tuckerman.  Sterile  spike  overtopping  the  2  or  3  ovoid 
contiguous  nearly  sessile  fertile  spikes ;  perigynia  obovate,  strongly  nerved,  the  very 
obtu.se  or  retuse  summit  abruptly  tipped  with  a  very  short  cylindraceous  beak- 
like point,  longer  than  the  ovate  mostly  acute  or  pointed  scale;  culm,  leaves, 
and  short  sheathless  bracts  downy.  (C.  abbreviata,  Schw.,  Boott.)  —  Bethlehem, 
Pennsylvania,  Schweinitz,  New  York  ?  and  high  northward.  —  Probably  over- 
looked from  its  close  external  resemblance  to  the  next;  but  it  is  very  distinct. 

*  *  Staminate  spike  sessile,  or  short-stalked  (except  in  No.  75)  :  pistillate  spikes 
2-5,  erect,  all  on  more  or  less  exserted  stalks;  bracts  longer  than  the  cuhn 
(except  in  No.  75)  :  periggnia  very  obtuse,  with  an  abru])t  and  minute  or 
almost  obsolete  point,  gr-een  and  somewhat  pellucid  at  maturitij :  pistillate 
scales  tawny,  fading  to  white.  —  Pallescentes. 

74.  C.  pallescens,  L.  Fertile  spikes  2 -S,  ovoid,  densely  floivered.  approxi- 
mate; perigynia  oboroid-ohlong,  obscurely  nerved,  about  the  length  of  the  scale. — 
Var.  undulXta  is  a  mere  state  with  the  lower  bract  at  the  base  transversely 
wavy-lined.  (C.  undulata,  Kunze.)  —  Meadows,  New  England  to  Penn.  and 
northward.  — Plant  8'-  18'  high  :  culm  and  leaves  slightly  pubescent.     (Eu.) 

75.  C.  COnoidea,  Sehk.  Staminate  spike  on  a  long  stalk;  fertile  2 -3,  oblong, 
closely  flowered,  the  lower  distant ;  perigynia  oblong-conical,  with  impressed  nerves, 
slightly  oblique  at  the  summit,  rather  longer  (or  sometimes  shorter)  than  the 
sharply  pointed  or  awned  scale;  bracts  not  exceeding  the  culm.  (C.  tetanica, 
Schw.  ^  Torr.,  not  of  Schk.)  — Moist  meadows :  rather  common. 

76.  C.  grisea,  Wahl.  Fertile  spikes  3-6,  oblong,  rather  loosely  flowered,  re- 
mote, or  the  2  upper  contiguous  and  the  lowest  distant;  pei-igynia  oblong,  rather 
longer  than  the  broadly  ovate  ahrapUy  strongly  awned  scale  (the  awn  rough- 
hispid  ;  style  bulbous-thickened;  leaves  light  green,  flat,  rather  broad.  (C.  laxi- 
flora,  Schk.,  not  of  Lam.)  —  Moist  grounds  :  rather  common. 

77.  C.  flaccosperma,  Dew.  Diiiers  from  the  preceding  in  having  the 
flaccid  leaves  paler  or  glaucous:  spikes  longer,  cylindriad  (about  1' long),  with 
more  numerous  flowers,  usually  more  distant,  their  bracts  shorter;  perigynia 
larger  (2" -3"  long),  laxer,  turning  brownish,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the 
short-pointed  or  short-awn-pointed  scale;  style  not  thickened.  (C.  grisea,  var. 
miitica,  of  former  cd.  Prof.  Dewey  now  proposes  to  change  the  name  to  xan- 
thosperma,  because  flaccosperma  is  a  hybrid  word  and  "yellow-fruited"  was 
meant.  But  the  fiuit  is  not  yellow,  and  the  original  name  has  been  adopted 
by  Boott  and  Steudel) — Low  grounds,  Penn.  and  New  Jersey,  AT// /es/ter/i  (a 
dubious  form),  and  common  southward. 


588  CTPERACEiE.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

•  *  *  Uppermost  spike  firtife-Jlowered  at  the  apex  (rarely  all  staminatc)  :  pistillate 
spihs  3-5,  oblong  or  cylimlriciil,  loosely  flowered,  distant,  on  exserted  jUi- 
fonn  stalks :  bracts  equalling  or  often  exceeding  the  eulni :  perigynia  oblong, 
with  a  short  and  abrupt  notched  point  (obsolete  in  No.  80),  green  and  mem- 
branaceous at  maturity  :  pistillate  scales  tawny  or  white.  —  GnAcfLLiJiJi. 
t-  Fertile  npi/ces  noddinq  or  pendulous. 

78.  C.  Davisii,  Schw.  &  Torr.  Fertile  spikes  oblong-rijlindiiral,  rather  thick ; 
perigtpiid  somewhat  contracted  at  each  end,  scarcely  longer  than  the  conspicuous/ij 
owned  scale.  (C.  aristata,  Z>e«;.,  not  of  R.  Br.  C.  Torreyana,  Dew.)  —  Wet 
meadows,  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  —  Larger  than  the  next 
(1°-  2°  high),  and  with  stouter  and  longer  sjjikes. 

79.  C.  form6sa,  Dew.  Fertile  spikes  oblong,  short,  all  commonly  with  2  or 
3  barren  flowers  or  empty  scales  at  the  base ;  perigijnia  somewhat  contracted  at 
each  end,  nearli/  twice  »s  long  as  the  pointed  or  cuspidate  scale.  —  Wet  meadows, 
Massaciiusetts  to  W.  New  York. 

80.  C.  gracillima,  Schw.  Fertile  .spikes  linear,  slender;  perlggnia  obtuse 
and  slightlif  oblique  at  the  orijice,  longer  than  the  oblong  awned  or  awnless  scale. 
(C.  digitalis,  Schw.  <^  Torr.,  not  of  Willd.)  —  Wet  meadows,  New  England  to 
Kentucky,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  When  the  uppermost  spike  is  alto- 
gether staminate  this  resembles  C.  arctata ;  but  is  distinguished  by  the  obtuse 
and  sessile  perigynium. 

t-  -1-  Fertile  spikes  marlg  erect,  all  but  the  lowest  short-pednucled or  nearlg  sessile. 

81.  C.  sestivalis,  M.  A.  Curtis.  Spikes  slender,  loosely  flowered;  peri- 
gynia  acutish  at  both  ends,  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate  obtuse  or  mucronate  scale; 
aciieniuiu  somewhat  stifjitate;  sheaths  of  the  lower  leaves  pubescent:  otherwise 
nearly  as  the  last,  but  smaller  (1°-1^°  high).  —  Saddle  Mountain,  W.  Massa- 
chusetts (Dcwi-y),  mountains  of  Penn.,  Virginia,  and  southward. 

§  3.  Periggnia  wilhont  a  beak,  luiiry  (in  No.  83  becoming  smooth  at  maturity), 
slightly  injluted,  bluntly  3-angled,  obtuse,  conspicuously  nerved,  with  a  mi- 
nute abrupt  straight  point :  bracts  narrow,  with  very  short  or  obsolete 
sheaths,  the  lowest  exceeding  the  culm  ;  pistillate  scales  tawny  or  white ; 
spikes  2-4,  e7-ect,  the  uppermost  androgynous,  fertile-flowered  at  the  apex  and 
club-shaped:  the  rest  all  fertile.  —  Virescextes. 

82.  C.  vil'6scens,  Muhl.  Spikes  oblong  or  cylindrical,  on  short  stalks ;  peri- 
gyniu  ovoid,  nearly  entire  at  the  orifice,  rather  longer  than  the  ovate  awned  scale ; 
leaves  and  sheaths  hairy.  (C.  costata,  Schw.)  — Rocky  woods  and  hillsides,  New 
England  to  Michigan,  and  southward. — Culms  rough,  slender,  l°-2°high: 
fei-tile  sjjikes  G"-12"  long. 

83.  C.  triceps,  Michx.  Spikrs  ovoid,  nearly  sessile,  closely  approximate; 
perigynia  broadly  obovoid,  entire  at  the  orifice,  downy  when  young,  smooth  at 
ma?i»-/'^,  rather  longer  than  the  pointed  scale;  sheaths  very  hairy;  leaves  more 
or  less  so.  (C.  hirsuta,  Willd.  C.  virulula,  Schw.  t^-  Torr.,  not  of  Michr.)  — 
Varies  with  the  spikes  rather  longer  and  on  stalks,  and  leaves  nearly  smooth. 
(C.  hirsuta,  var.  pednnculata,  Schw.  <f-  Torr.)  —  Woods  and  meadows:  the 
smoother  form  southward.  —  Culm  12'-  18'  high.     Spikes  6'' - 9"  long. 


CYPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.)  589 

§  4.  Perigynia  without  a  beak,  smooth,  not  inflated,  3-angled,  regularly  striate,  termi- 
natiiK/  in  a  short,  entire,  ruther  obli(/uely  bent  or  recurved  }>oint,  remaining  green  at 
maturity:  pistillate  scales  ineinbranaceous,  mostly  tipped  with  a  rough  point 
or  awn,  brown  or  spotted,  fading-  to  while  :  staminute  spike  solitary :  pisii/late 
spikes  2-5,  more  or  less  remote,  the  lowest  often  near  the  base  of  the  culm. 

«  Sterile  spike  club-shaped  :  yi'rt//e  s/i/te  (erect,  the  uppermost  commonly  near 
the  base  of  the  sterile)  all  on  stalks  principally  included  within  sheatliiiig  bracts, 
except  sometimes  the  lo\vest,  and  shorter  than  t/ie  spikes  or  not  much  exceeiling 
them:  perigynia  ovoid-triquetrous,  narrowed  at  each  end:  culms  numerous, 
diffuse  and  in  fruit  becoming  prostrate :  leaves  all  radical,  very  braid,  finely 
and  closely  nerved  throughout,  with  3  distinct  ribs.  —  PLAXTAGfi\E.ffi. 

84.  C  plantaginea,  Lam.  Fertde  spikes  commonly  4,  oblong,  about  5  -  8- 
flowered ;  bracts  very  short,  dark  purple,  ov  the  lowest  greenish.  (C.  latifolia, 
Schk.)  — Shady  woods,  mostly  on  hillsides  in  rich  soil,  New  England  to  Penn., 
Wisconsin,  and  northward  ;  and  southward  through  the  Allcghanies. 

85.  C.  Carey ^na,  Torr.  Fertile  spikes  2-3,  ovoid  or  oblong,  about  3-5- 
flowered;  bracts  green,  the  upper  equal  to  the  spikes,  the  lower  somewhat 
exceeding  them;  perigynia  large  (2" -2^"  in  length);  leaves  dark  green.  —  In 
similar  situations  witli  the  last,  N.  New  York  to  Penn.  and  Ohio  :  rare. 

86.  C.  platyph^lla,  Carey.  Fertile  spikes  3,  flliform,  loosely  3- 4flowered; 
bracts  as  in  the  last;  jierigynia  small,  culms  slender;  leaves  pale  or  whitish-green. 
—  In  similar  situations  with  No.  84 ;  and  commoner  southward. 

*  *  Sterile  spike  short,  club-shaped,  pedunculate:  fertile  spikes  2-4,  all  on  flh- 

form  exserted  stalks,  with  long  sheathing  bracts  resembling  the  leaves;  the  upper- 
most, as  well  as  the  leaves,  exceeding  the  slender  and  at  length  prostrate 
culms  :  perigynia  as  in  the  last  subsection. — DigitXles. 

87.  C.  retrociirva.  Dew.  Fertile  spikes  ovoid  w  oblong,  compactly  3-8- 
flowered,  on  lung  druopiitg  stalks,  frequently  with  one  or  two  staminate  flowers  at 
their  base  ;  leaves  glaucous,  3-4  lines  wide,  with  3  prominent  nerves.  —  Copses  and 
hillsides.  New  England  to  W.  New  York,  Virginia,  and  southward.  —  Closely 
approaching  the  next;  perhaps  only  a  variety  of  it. 

88.  C.  digitalis,  Willd.  Fertile  spikes  linear-oblong,  loosely  6  -  'i  flowered,  on 
long  stalks,  the  lowest  sometimes  drooping  ;  leaves  and  bracts  narrow,  dark  green  ; 
perigynia  smaller  than  in  the  last.  (C.  oligocarpa,  Schw.  ^-  Torr.,  not  of  Schk. 
C.  Vanvleckii,  Schw.)  —  Copses  and  hillsides  :  not  rare.  —  Slender,  C  -  12'  high, 
growing  in  tufts,  with  numerous  culms  and  long  grassy  leaves. 

#  *  *  Sterile  spike  linear,  either  conspicuously  peduncled  or  smaller  and  nearly 

sessile  in  the  same  speiiics  :  fertile  spikes  2-6,  erect;  the  1-2  uppermost 
commonly  near  the  base  of  the  sterile,  on  an  included  stalk.;  the  re.st  on 
exserted  stalks,  with  long  sheathing  bracts  resentbling  the  leaves;  the  uiSpermost 
exceeding  the  erect  culm :  perigynia  with  obtuse  angles,  about  the  length  of 
the  scale.  —  OligocArp.e. 
+-  Perigynia  distinctly  nerved,  and  with  a  hyaline  oriflce :  style  nearly  even :  scales 
of  the  pistillate  spikes  awnless  or  barely  awn-/ioint.ed. 

89.  C.  laxiflora,  Lam.  Fertile  spikes  slender  and  loosely  several -many- 
flowered  on  a  zigzag  rliacliis,  cyliudrical,  or  sometimes  rather  dense  and  oblong; 


590  CYPERACE.E.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

perifrynia  ovjil-triangular,  narrowed  to  each  end,  the  point  either  strongly  or 
sometimes  siiglitly  recurved.  —  A  most  polymorphous  sjiecies ;  very  eommon 
in  ()i)en  woods,  cojjses,  &e.  The  leading  tbrms  were  collated  by  Dr.  Boott  as 
follows.  —  The  typical  form  taken  by  him  (C.  striiitula,  Mkhr.)  has  the  leaves 
long  and  narrow  (2"-4"  wide),  spikes  ahout  1'  long  and  loosely  flowered  ;  peri- 
gynia  with  a  slightly  recurved  or  almost  straight  point,  their  scale  c,\ee])t  the 
lowest  nearly  pointless ;  sterile  spike  mostly  conspicuous  and  long-pcdundcd. 

—  Var.  STVLOKLE.XA,  Boott.  (C.  stylofle.xa,  Dew.  C.  fusiformis,  C/ia/nwm.) 
Slender,  the  weak  filiform  culms  l°-2^°  long;  fertile  spikes  2-4,  short,  5-10- 
Howered,  the  lowest  on  a  long  setaceous  peduncle ;  bracts  mostly  shorter  than 
the  culm  ;  pcrigynia  more  tapering  or  triangular-fusiform,  the  point  commonly 
recurved.     New  Jersey  {C.  F.  Austin),  renn.   (Piqf.  Por(fr),  and  southward. 

—  Var.  PLANTAGfNEA,  Boott  (var.  patulifolia  of  former  edition.  C.  planta- 
ginea,  Scfik:),  has  the  root-leaves  5"-  7"  broad,  otherwise  as  in  the  typical  form. 

—  Var.  iNTEUMKDiA,  Boott  (C.  anceps,  Willd.,  Schk:),  includes  various  slender, 
narrow-leaved  forms,  with  loosely-flowered  spikes,  but  otherwise  as  the  next. 
— Var.  BLA.NDA  (C.  blanda,  Z>eu;.  C.  laxiflora,  var.  striatula,  Ed.  2),  includes 
narrow-leaved  forms,  6' -18'  high,  with  the  sterile  spike  usually  short  or 
club-shaped  and  nearly  sessile ;  the  fertile  oblong  and  dense,  the  uppermost 
approximate  ;  bracts  much  surpassing  the  culm ;  pcrigynia  obovate  with  a  short 
abruptly  bent  point;  scale  usually  awn-pointed.  —  Var.  latifolia,  Boott,  has 
a  broadly  and  very  sharp-angled  culm,  and  very  broad  leaves  and  bracts 
(8" -15"  wide),  inconspicuous  sterile  spike,  the  fertile  ones  cylindrical  and 
loosely  flowered,  but  the  broad  perigynium  much  longer  than  the  truncate  or 
abruptly  short-pointed  scale. 

•t-  -t-  Pen'(ji/ni(i  denselij  striate,  or  as  if  finely  wrinkled  rather  t/inn  nerved,  of  a  firm 
texture,  obscurely  triangular,  with  a  callous  orifice :  style  thickened  ahore  the  base  : 
scale  ivUh  the  soiwwhat  H-nemed  keel  extended  into  a  stout  roufjh  uwn  or  point, 

90.  C.  oligoearpa,  Schk.  Fertile  spikes  small,  3  -  8-flowered  ;  the 
point  of  the  perigynium  straight  or  slightly  oblique,  not  recurved ;  leaves 
rough  only  on  the  edge;  sheaths  smooth.  (C.  Sartwelliana,  Guy.)  —  Woods, 
W.  New  England  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.  —  Culm  slender,  6'- 12'  long. 

91.  C.  Hitehcockiana,  Dew.  Fertile  spikes  .very  loosely  3- 5-flowered  ; 
apex  of  the  pciigynium  recurved  ;  sheaths  and  upper  side  of  the  Imres  roughly 
pubescent.  —  Woods,  New  England  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.  —  Culml°-2° 
high,  stouter,  and  fruit  larger  than  m  the  last. 

§  .5.  Pirigyniuin  vu'lhout  a  beak,  smooth  or  downy,  not  inflated,  obovoid-triquetrons, 
with  a  minute  obliquely  bent  white  and  membranaceous  point,  reddish-brown 
or  olive-colored  at  maturity :  bracts  reduced  to  colored  sliealhs,  or  with  a  short 
green  prolongation  :  leaves  all  radical,  narrow  or  bristle-shaped.  —  DigitXt.i;. 

92.  C.  eblirnea,  Boott.  Sterile  spike  solitary  ;  tha  fertile  3-4,  erect,  about 
b-floinrfd,  (ij)pro.riiiialid  and  elevated  on  long  stalks  aliove  the  staminale  spike :  the 
lowest  sometimes  a  little  remote;  pcrigynia  obscurely  nerved,  smooth  and  shin- 
ing, rather  longer  than  the  broad  and  obtuse  membranaceous  whitish  scale. 
(C.  alba,  var.  sctifolia,  Dew.)  — Limestone  rocks.  N.  New  England  to  Kentucky, 
aiid  northward.  —  A  delicate  species,  with  very  slender  culms,  4'-  10  high,  and 


CYPEUACEiE.       (sedge    FAMILY.)  591 

bristle-shaped  leaves,  forming  dense  tufts.     The  fertile  spikes  2" -3"  in  length, 
about  1"  broad. 

93.  C.  pedunculita,  Muhl.  S\>ikes3-^,commonlij4,the  uppermost  sterile 
with  2-Sfvriilefloivers  at  the.  hase,  the  rest  fertile  loith  a  few  staminate  flowers  at  the 
apex,  (ill  on  ton;;  stal/cs,  remote,  1  -  2  of  the  lowest  near  tiie  base  of  the  culm ; 
sheaths  with  green  tips  much  shorter  than  the  stalks  ;  perif/ynia  ivith  a  long 
attenuated  hase  and  a  minuttlii  notched  orifice,  someuhat  down//,  especially  on  the 
angles,  about  the  length  of  the  broadly  obovate  abruptly  awned  or  pomted 
dark-purple  scale.  —  Dry  woods  and  hillsides,  E.  New  England  to  Pcnn., 
Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  Culms  4'- 10'  high,  prostrate  at  maturity,  in 
tufts,  partly  concealed  by  the  very  long  and  narrow  grassy  leaves. 

§  6.  Perii/ynia  with  a  strni(jht  or  sliijhtly  bent  more  or  less  abrupt  beak,  hairy,  not  in- 
flated, terminating  in  a  membranaceous  notched  or  2-toothed  orifice :  bracts 
short,  either  green  and  slightly  sheathing  oraurieulate  at  the  base,  or  small 
and  resembling  the  scales  :  scales  dark  brown  or  purple  with  white  margins, 
fading  lighter  or  sometimes  turning  nearly  white  :  staminate  spike  solitary  ; 
the  fertile  2-3,  nearly  sessile  and  erect,  or  the  lower  on  a  long  radical 
peduncle.  (  Culms  mostly  low  and  slender :  leaves  all  rudital,  long  and  narrow.) 
—  Mont.Vn.e. 

94.  C.  umbellata,  Schk.  C«//?ts  ?>e?_ys/io?-f  (l' -3',  rarely  6' high),  in  close 
tufts  ;  staminate  spike  sometimes  with  a  few  pistillate  flowers  ; /trt/Ze  spikes  A- ft, 
ovoid,  few-flowered  ;  the  uppermost  commonly  close  to  the  sterile  spike  and  sessile,  the 
rest  on  stalks  arising  from  the  base  of  the  stem  and  of  about  equal  height,  nearly 
concealed  by  the  long  gras;sy  leaves ;  perigynia  ovoid,  3-angled,  with  a  rather 
long  abrupt  beak,  about  the  length  of  the  ovate  pointed  scale.  —  Kocky  hill- 
sides, New  England  to  Illinois,  and  northward, 

95.  C.  Novse-Anglise,  Schw.  Sterile  sp'ike  sessile,  short  and  usually  in- 
conspicuous ;  fertile  2-4,  greenish-purple,  3  -  8-flowered,  contiguous  and  sessile, 
or  the  lowest  rather  distant  (sometimes  even  radical)  and  more  or  less  pe- 
dunclcd  ;  the  lower  or  all  the  leafy  bracts  exceeding  the  culm  ;  perigynia  globular- 
pear-shaped  with  a  much  attenuated  base  and  a  short  conical  2-tootlied  beak,  mi- 
nutely hairy,  longer  and  broader  than  the  ovate  mucronate-pointed  purple  scale 
(with  green  midrib  and  hyaline  margins);  achenium  apiculate  with  the  very 
short  persistent  base  of  the  style;  culms  very  slender  (4'- 10'  long),  weak, 
soon  reclined  or  procumbent.  —  Saddle  Mountain,  Massachusetts,  Adirondack 
Mountains,  New  York,  and  high  northward.  —  Too  near  C.  pilulifera,  L.,  of 
Europe  and  the  following. 

96.  C.  £j]Iini6nsii,  Dew.  Paler,  and  the  spikes  greenish,  not  purple,  usu- 
ally more  crowded  than  in  the  foregoing,  often  a  long-peduncled  one  from  the 
base;  bracts  short,  rarely  equalling  the  culm;  jierigynia  oval  and  more  3-s'ided, 
hairy,  and  with  a  tongrr  cylindrical  beak;  base  of  the  style  deciduous  by  an 
articulation.  (C.  Novaa-Anglia;,  vai*.  Emmonsii,  Ed.  1.  C.  Davisii,  Dew.,  &c.) 
—  Dry  woody  hills:  not  rare. 

it7.  C.  Pennsylvanica,  Lam.  SUrMe  sp'ike  commonly  on  a  short  stalk; 
fertile  1  -3,  usually  '2,  approximatt,  nearly  sessile,  ovoid,  i-Q-flowered,  the  lowest 
commonly  with  a  colored  scale-like  long-aivned  bract;  perigynia  roundish-ovoid,  with 


592  CYPERACEiE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

a  short  aud  abrupt  minutely-toothed  beak  about  the  length  of  the  ovate  pointed 
chestnut-colored  scale.  (C.  niarginata,  Maid.) — Dry  woods  and  liills  :  common, 
especially  northward. 

98.  C.  viria,  Muhl.  Sterile  spiLe  sessile ;  fertile  2-3,  mostly  3,  distinct,  on 
very  short  stalks,  ovoid,  6 -  lO-Jiouered ;  the  lowest  and  sometimes  the  2  lower 
with  fjreen  leaf -I  dee  bracts;  pen<jyiiia  obocold,  with  an  abrupt  distinctly  toothed  beak, 
about  the  lenj^th  of  the  ovate  pointed  liyht-brown  scale.  (C.  Peimsylvanica,  var. 
Muhlenbcrgii,  Gray,  Gram.  <j-  Cyp.) — Dry  wooded  hills:  common,  especially 
northward.  Closely  rescmljlcs  the  last;  but  has  wider,  shorter,  and  more  rigi.l 
glaucous  leaves;  also  taller  (1°-1.^°)  and  more  erect  than  No.  96,  broader- 
leaved,  and  the  spikes  scattered.     All  these  seem  to  run  together. 

99.  C.  PRECOX,  Jacq.  Sterile  spike  club-shaped :  fertile  2-3,  oblong-ovoid, 
a(/fjre(/nt! d  near  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  sometimes  on  a 
very  short  «talk,  with  a  leaf-like  bract  scarcely  exceeding  the  spike ;  perujynia 
ovoid-trinnijulur,  attenuutid  at  the  base,  with  a  short  beak  and  nearly  entire  orifice, 
about  equal  to  the  ovate  pointed  dark-brown  scale;  achcnium  obovoid,  with  ii 
prominent  ring  at  the  apex  surrounding  the  base  of  the  style ;  culm  3' -6'  high  ; 
leaves  short,  ratlier  rigid.  (C.  verna,  Vdlurs,  Dew.,  not  of  Schk.)  — Rocky  hills, 
Salem  and  Ipswich,  Massachusetts.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

100.  C.  Eichards6nii,  11.  Br.  Sterile  spile  pedunded,  cylindrical;  frtite 
1  or  2,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  approximate,  oblorxj,  longer  than  the  scale-like 
brownish  and  mostly  short-pointed  bracts ;  perigynia  obovoid-triangiilar,  tvith  a 
t(iperh)fj  base,  obtuse,  nearly  biukless,  the  short  point  with  an  almost  entire  orijice, 
rather  shorter  than  the  ovate  acutish  brown  or  chestnut-colored  scale;  culm 
(5'-y'  high)  and  rigid  leaves  rough.  —  Dry  ground,  near  Rochester,  New  York 
(Deu-ry);  prairies  of  Illinois  {Mead);  Wisconsin  {Sart well),  and  northward. — 
A  well-marked  species,  in  aspect  most  like  No.  97. 

101.  C.  pubescens,  Muhl.  Sterile  spike  usually  sessile ;  /er?//e  3-4,  o6- 
lon;/  or  cylindrical,  loosely  fiowered,  somewhat  approximated,  or  the  lowest  a  little 
remote,  on  a  short  stalk,  with  a  narrow  leaf-like  bract  about  the  height  of  the 
culm  ;  fruit  ocoid  and  sharply  triangular,  downy,  attenuated  at  the  base,  tvith  an 
abrupt  slender  beak  nearly  entire  at  the  orijice,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  abrupt- 
ly-pointed white  Scale  ;  culm  and  flaccid  flat  leaves  soft  downy.  —  Moist  woods  and 
meadows.  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  Differs  from  the  other 
species  of  this  section  in  its  greater  size  and  in  aspect,  and  especially  in  the 
sharply  angled  perigynium. 

§  7.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  with  a  short  beak,  terminating  in  an  entire  or  slajlilly 
notched  oriflce;  staminate  spike  solitary,  stalked  (in  No.  102  usually  pistil- 
late at  the  summit)  :  culms  tall  and  leafy.  (Two  quite  unlike  species,  arti- 
ficially combined  merely  for  convenience.)  — Anomaly. 

102.  C.  mili^eea,  Muhl.  Staminale  spike  commonly  fertile  at  the  sum- 
mit;  fertile,  sp'ikes  3,  cylindrical,  ratlier  slcauler,  loosely  flowered  at  the  base,  on 
fliiform  noddiiiq  stidts;  bracts  exceeding  the  culm,  with  short  or  nearly  obsolete 
sheaths;  peritjipiid  ovoid-triangular,  very  smooth  aiul  thm,  with  an  entire  or  \iiy\f 
minutely  notched  orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate  short-awjied  white  scale.  (C. 
prasiua,  Wald.)  —  Hills  aud  wet  meadows.-  rather  common. 


CYl'ERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.)  '      5do 

103.  C.  scabrata,  Schw.  Fertile  sjiikes  4  -  5,  cylindrical,  erect,  rather 
distant,  dense! y  flowered,  the  lower  on  loni,^  stalks  ;  bracts  without  sheaths,  exceed- 
ing the  culm  ;  jierigyida  ovuid,  contracted  at  the  base,  ]jrumini-iil/y  few-nerved, 
rowjh,  spreading  at  maturity,  with  an  ol)liqnely  notched  beak,  longer  than  the 
ovate  slightly  ciliate  brown  scale;  culm  leaves  and  bracts  vt-ry  roiir/h.  —  Wet 
meadows  and  swamps,  E.  New  England  to  Penn.,  Michigan,  and  northward. 

§  8.  Peri;/ynia  slljjhtly  inflated,  3-an(jled,  snwotic  and  shhiinej  (minutely  pubescent 
in  No.  104  and  one  form  of  108),  green,  with  a  straight  tuperiiiij  beali  (short- 
pointed  in  No.  107),  terminating  mostly  in  2  small  membranaceous  teeth: 
lower  bracts  green  and  sheathing:  pistillate  scales  tawny  or  white ;  stami- 
nate  spike  solitary,  stalked  :  pistillate  spikes  3-4,  loosely  flowered,  all  (except 
in  No.  104)  on  filiform  noddhirj  stalks. 

*  Fertile  spikes  mostly  slender,  remote;  perigyma  somewhat  nerved:  bracts  equalling 

or  exceeding  the  culm.  —  Debilks. 

-t-  Leaves  and  sheaths  more  or  less  soft -pubescent :  fertile  snikes  nearly  erect. 

104.  C.  Sullivantii,  Boott.  Fertile  spikes  3 -.5,  commonly  4,  narrowly 
cylindrical,  erect,  rather  dense,  the  upper  approximate,  the  lowest  often  lemote, 
tapering  towards  the  base  and  slightly  compound,  all  on  rough  peduncles; 
bracts  sheathing,  not  exceeding  the  culm;  perigynia  elliptical,  hairy,  slightly 
stalked,  very  obscurely  nerved,  with  an  entire  or  notched  orifice,  rather  longer 
than  the  ovate  ciliate  rough-awned  or  merely  mucronate  white  scale.  —  Woods, 
Columbus,  Ohio,  Sullivant. 

10.5.  C.  Knieskernii,  Dew.  Less  pubescent;  fertile  spikes  2  or  3,  on 
longer  and  somewhat  spreading  peduncles  ;  perigynia  glabrous,  more  evidently 
nerved:  otherwise  like  the  preceding:  too  little  known.  —  Copses,  Oneida  Co., 
New  York,  Dr.  Knieskern,  Dr.  Vasry. 

-1-  -t-   Glabrous  or  nearly  so :  fcrtde  spikes  mostly  nodding  or  sprcadim/,  loose. 

106.  C.  aretata,  Boott.  Fertile  spikes  slender-cylindrical,  narrowed  to- 
wards the  base;  perigynia  ovate,  short-stalked  from  a  blunt  base,  short-beaked, 
longer  than  the  pointed  scale.  (C.  sylvatica.  Dew.,  not  of  Hudson.)  —  Woods 
and  meadows.  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  and  northward. 

107.  C  glabra,  Boott.  Fertile  spikes  oblong  or  short-cylindrical,  rather 
dense  and  the  terminal  one  oftener  partly  fertile ;  perigynia  elliptical-oblong, 
not  stalked,  somewhat  contracted  at  the  base,  and  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  but 
nearly  beakless,  minutely  and  sharply  2-toothed  at  the  orifice,  prominently 
nerved,  almost  twice  the  length  of  the  blunt  brownish-margined  scale.  — Oneida 
Co.,  New  York,  Dr.  Knieskern.  Near  Philadelphia,  C.  E.  Smith.  Probably 
not  rare,  but  confounded  with  the  next:  also  resembling  C.  formosa. 

108.  C.  debilis,  Michx.  Staminate  spike  occasionally  fertile  at  the  apex  j 
fertile  spikes  slender-cylindrical,  with  loose  alternate  flowers  on  a  somewhat 
zigzag  rhachis ;  perigynia  S])indle-shaped  or  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  into  a 
slender  beak  with  a  hyaline  2-lobed  tip,  twice  as  long  as  the  obtuse  and  pointless 
scale.  (C.  te'nuis,  Rudtje.  C.  flexuosa,  Aluhl.)  — Moist  meadows:  rather  com- 
mon, esi)ecially  southward.  —  Perigynium  often  rusty-dotted  :  —  in  var.  ptBERA 
minutely  pubescent  and  ])assing  to  C.  vcnusta,  Dew.  of  the  Southern  States. 
Bear  Meadows,  Centre  Co.,  Penn.,  Prof.  Porter. 

L  &  M— 4.5 


594  CTPEKACEiE.        (SEDGE   FAMILY.) 

»  »  Fertile  spikes  short :  perigynia  nerveless :  bracts  short.  —  Flexiles. 
109.    C.  capill^riS,  L.     Fertile  splices  commonly  3,  minute,  tvith  about  6  alter- 
nate Jloivers  ;  perigynia  oblong-ovoid,  contracted  at  the  base,  tapering  into  a  long  slightly 
serrulate  beak,  with  an  obliiiue  nearly  entire  orifice,  lonj;er  than  tlie  ovate  scale. 

—  Point  de  Tour,  Lake  Michiican ;  alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains, 
New  Hampshire;  and  hijiii  northward. — An  extremely  delicate  species,  4' -6' 
hiyh,  with  spikes  .3"-  6''  long,  ami  a  line  or  less  in  width.     (Eu.) 

HO.  C.  flexilis,  Rud<;e.  iiieril,^  spike  short  and  club-shaped :  fertile  spikes 
oblong  or  soinctimes  with  a  few  stamiuate  flowers  at  the  base  and  becoming 
club-shaped;  the  upper  bracts  short  and  scale-like,  the  lower  bristle-shaped, 
very  slightly  sheathing ;  perigynia  ovoid,  obscurely  nerved,  tapering  into  a 
beak  about  the  length  of  the  ovate  hairy -fringed  scale;  leaves  pale  green  and 
glaucous,  and  with  the  bracts  soft-hairy.  (C.  bicphaniphora.  Gray.)  —  Moist 
and  sliady  places,  Connecticut  (near  Salisbury),  Central  and  Northern  New 
York,  Lake  Superior,  and  Newfoundland  :  rare. 

§  9.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  obtusely  ^-angled,  nerved,  smooth,  tapering  into  a  benk, 
■with  two  mostly  distinct  teeth,  becoming  taiuny  or  yellow  at  maturity :  achenium 
obovate-triquetrous,  contracted  at  the  base ;  staminate  spike  usually  soli- 
tary. —  Flav^. 

*  Perigynia  erect,  slender-beaked:   spikes  remote;    the  staminate  one  usually  long- 

stalked. •  bracts  not  exceeding  the  culm,  and  with  long  sheaths. 

111.  C.  laevigata,  Smith.  Fertile  spikes  3,  cylindrical,  on  exserted  nodding 
stalks;  perigynia  ovoid,  tapering  into  a  2-cleft  beak,  rather  longer  than  the  light- 
brown  or  purplish  pointed  and  aicned  scale;  culm  smooth.     (C.  Greeniana,  Dew.) 

—  Massacliusetts  (Tcwksbary  ?  jB.  Z).  Greene).     Introduced?     (Eu.) 

112.  C.  flilva,  Good.  Fertile  spikes  2  -3,  obloiiq  or  ovo'id,  erect,  the  lowest  on 
an  exserted  stalk ;  perigynia  ovoid,  not  much  exceeding  the  dark-brown  scarcely 
pointed  awnless  scale ;  culm  rough.  (C.  bine'rvis.  Dew.,  not  of  Smith.)  —  Pond  at 
Tewksbury,  Massachusetts,  B.  D.  Greene:  not  since  found.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Perigynia  ascending,  short-beaked :  .ipikes  approximate  or  the  lower  remote ;  the 

staminate  one  sessile  or  nearly  so ;  bracts  much  surpass'mg  the  culm;  the  upper 
nearlij  without  sheaths. 

113.  C.  extensa,  Good.  Fertile  s]iikc's2-4,  oblong,  brown-green,  very 
dense  (5"-  10"  long),  the  ui)]K'r  nearly  sessile,  the  lowest  on  a  short  included 
stalk;  perigynia  ovate,  the  short  conical  beak  sharply  2  toothed,  longer  than 
the  ovate  pointed  purple  scale;  leaves  and  bracts  long  and  narrow,  involute, 
erect,  rigid  ;  culms  tufted,  8'  -  20'  high.  —  Border  of  salt-marshes,  coast  of  Long 
Island,  New  York,  Dr.  T.  F.  Allen.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Piriippiia  spreading  or  rijli'xid,   lonqer  than   the  scale:  spikrs  mostly  approxi- 

mate or  crowded ;  the  slaiiiinale  mostly  sessile  or  .'ihorl-slaUccd,  open  Jerliln  nt  the 
apex  or  middle ;  the  fertile  (2-4)  enct  all  or  all  but  the  lowest  short-stalked  or 
sessile:  bracts  much  exceeding  the  smooth  culm,  their  sheaths  very  short. 

114.  C.  fl^va,  L.  -Ferti/e  s/^/te  2,  )0K(/c?*67t-0i.o«/,  dense,  the  upper  approxi- 
mated, the  lowest  often  remote  on  a  short  exserted  stalk  ;  brads  spreading  or  re- 
flexed ;  perigynia  tapering  horn  an  o^oid  contracted  hiisc  into  a,  slender  i-ecurved 


CYPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.)  595 

beak,  widely  spreading  or  reflcxed  at  maturity. — Wet  meadows,  especially 
northward.  —  Wiiole  plant  of  a  yellowish  hue,  6'- 15'  high,  with  spikes  about 
6"  in  length.     (Eu.) 

115.  C.  OEdei'i,  Ehrh.  Fi^nile  spikes  obloiif/-ocoid,  closely  ai/fjregated,  or  t\vi 
lowest  rather  remote,  on  very  ^hort  stalks,  densely  flowered,  sometimes  stami- 
natc  at  the  ape.\ ;  leaves  and  biacts  luirrvw,  r/qid/j/ ei-ect ;  pcii(/ijiua  oroid,  with  a 
short  and  rather  abrupt  ininutdij  notched  beak,  scarcely  recurved  at  maturity.  (C. 
viridula,  Miclix.,  not  of  Schw.  ^-  Torr.  C.  irregularis,  Schiv.)  —  Wet  rocks  and 
hluffs,  coast  of  New  England  to  Illinois,  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.  — 
Resembles  the  last;  but  the  fertile  spikes  and  perigynia  are  much  smaller,  and 
the  beak  more  abrupt,  shorter,  and  straight.     (Eu.) 

§  10.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  ovoid  or  obtusely  3-angled,  with  an  abrupt 
straight  beak,  nerved,  densely  pubescent  or  rough-puberulent,  the  pubescence 
nearly  concealing  the  nerves,  except  in  No.  119  :  bracts  leaf-like,  with  short 
sheaths :  scales  dark-purple  or  brown. 

*  Perigynia.  densely  pubescent  of  a  thick  or  somewhat  leathery  texture,  ovoid,  with  2 

short  and  diverging  membranaceous  teeth :  bracts  much  exceeding  the  nearly  smooth 
culm :  staminatc  spikes  2  or  3,  the  uppermost  stalked,  the  lower  short  and 
sessilQ  :  fertile  spikes  1-4,  usually  2,  erect,  remote,  sessile  or  on  very  short 
stalks.  —  Laxugin6s.e. 

116.  C.  filifbrmis,  L.  Fertile  spikes  oblong  or  ovoid;  perigynia  very 
short-beaked  and  with  2  sharp  teeth  ;  leaves  and  bracts  narrow  and  involute;  culm 
very  slender  (l^°-3°  high). — Peat-bogs,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin, 
and  northward.     (En.) 

117.  C.  lanugindsa,  Michx.  Fertile  spikes  oblong  or  cylindrical ;  peri- 
gynia more  hispidly  pubescent;  leaves  and  brads  flat,  broader  and  shorter;  culm 
stouter  (l°-2°  high) ;  staminate  spikes  usually  shorter.  (C.  pellita,  Aluhl.)  — 
Swamps  and  wet  meadows.     New  England  to  Kentucky  and  northward. 

*  *  Ferigyn'ia  thin,  downy  like  the  last  or  roughly  granulate,  or  even  smooth,  ovoid, 

the  beak  terminating  in  a  thin  and  scariom  oblique  orifice,  either  entire  or  slightly 
notched;  bracts  rigidly  erect,  shorter  than  the  sharply  triangular  roug4a 
culm.  —  Sc.\Ri6sjE. 

118.  C.  vestita,  Willd.  Sterile  .spikes  1-2,  the  uppermost  cylindrical, 
short-stalked;  fertile  1-2,  approximate,  sessile,  ovoid  or  oblong,  sometimes 
staminate  at  the  apex  ;  perigi/nia  densely  pubescent,  with  a  short  thick  beak,  a  little 
longer  than  the  ovate  pointed  scale;  leaves  flat,  shorter  than  the  stout  and  rigid 
culm.  —  Sandy  soils,  growing  in  tufts.  New  England  to  Penn.  and  southward. 
—  Resembling  the  last  in  external  appearance,  but  readily  distinguished  by  the 
membranaceous  beak  of  the  fruit,  which  is  reddish  at  the  base  and  white  and 
transparent  at  the  oritice  ;  and  the  style  is  twisted  within  the  perigyninm, 

119.  C.  polymorpha,  Muhl.  (in  part.)  Sterile  spikes  1-4,  the  upper- 
most on  a  long  stalk ;  the  lower  short,  often  with  a  few  fertile  flowers  at  the 
base  ;  fi-rfik  spike  solitary  or  rarely  2,  remote,  cylindrical,  sometimes  staminate  at 
the  ai)ex,  erect,  on  partly  exserted  stalks;  perigynia  fl^w-  (5 -10-)  nerved,  very 
minutely  roughened  with  granular  dots^  or  smooth,  abruptly  contracted  into  a,  slender 


596  CYPERACEiE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

cyUndricnl  usually  purplish  beak,  with  a  whitish  hyaline  entire  orifice,  longer  than 

the  ovate  hlunt  pnrpHsh  scale.    (C.  Ilalseyana,  Deic.  ^  Ed.  1.     C.  striata,  Torr. 

N.  Y.  FL,  not  of  Michx.)  — •  Varies  considerably  ;  in  one  form  with  the  fertile 

spikes  filiform,  and  the  flowers  alternate  and  very  distant  on  the  rhaehis. — 

Upland  meadows,  Rhode  Island  and  Mass.  to  Pennsylvania. 

§  1 1.    Pcriijynia  moderately  inflated,  conxpicuously  many-nerved,  smooth  or  puheseent, 

u-ilh  a  slrai(;IU  beak  terminating  in  2  riyid  more  or  less  spreadir.q  teelh :  bracts 

leaf  like,  with  very  short  sheathing  bases,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  cu'ni : 

stamlnate  spikes  1  -  5. 

*  Perigynia  with  a  short  and  thick  beak,  and  short  teeth.  —  Lacijstres. 
+-  Perigynia  hairy,  .sometimes  glahrute,  turgid-ovate. 

120.  C.  striata,  Michx.  (not  of  Ed.  1).  Sterile  spikes  .3,  the  uppermost 
«lender-stalked ;  fertile  spikes  1-2,  oblong,  erect,  remote,  sessile  or  on  short 
stalks  (or  the  lower  rarely  on  a  slender  stalk) ;  perigynia  minutely  hairy  or 
smoothish,  or  rarely  smooth,  rather  thin,  longer  than  the  blunt  or  pointed  scale, 
the  teeth  usually  scariously  lobed  at  the  base  ;  leaves  and  bracts  long  and  nar- 
row, rather  rigid,  involute,  with  slender  or  setaceous  rough  extremities.  (C. 
polymoipha,  Ed.  I.)  —  Wet  places.  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

121.  C.  Houghtbnii,  Torr.  Sterile  spikes  mostly  2  ;  fertile  2-3,  oblong 
or  cylindraceous,  thicker  and  less  distant,  olive-colored;  perigynia  hairy,  thick- 
walled,  longer  than  the  pointed  or  short-awn-tipped  scale;  the  teeth  at  the 
orifice  narrow  and  entire;  leaves  and  bracts  flat,  shorter  and  broader,  and  culm 
lower  (9' -  1.5')  than  in  the  foregoing. — Wisconsin  (Lake  La  Biclie),  Dr. 
Ilouqhton  ;  shore  of  Lake  Ontario.  Prof.  Whitney  ;  Mcdford  above  Bangor, 
Maine,  J.  Blake ;  and  northwestward. 

■1-  -t-  Perigynia  very  smooth,  very  finely  many-nerved. 
122  C.  riparia,  Curtis.  Sterile  spikes  2-5,  the  uppernio>t  stalked;  fer- 
tile spikes  2-3,  oblong-cylindrical,  erect,  remote,  nearly  sessile,  or  the  lowest 
on  a  short  stalk,  large  and  thick  (2'  - 3'  long.  4"  - 6''  wide),  olive-colored  ;  peri- 
gynia lanceolate-conical,  coriaceous,  tipped  with  rather  slender  short  teeth, 
longer  than  the  lance-ovate  awned  scale.  (C.  lacustris,  Wilkl.  and  former  cd.) 
—  Borders  of  streams,  ponds,  and  swamps:  common. —  Very  robust,  3° -5° 
high  :  leaves  3" -5"  wide,  and  sheaths  nodose-reticulated.     (Eu.) 

123.  C.  paludbsa,  Good.  More  slender,  with  spikes  smaller,  leaves  nar- 
rower, perigynia  ovate,  flattened,  and  more  strongly  nerved  than  the  preceding, 
the  orifice  merely  notched,  and  hardly  exceeding  the  awned  scale.  —  Border  of 
a  salt  marsh  at  Dorchester,  Mass.,  W.  Bootl.    (Nat.  from  Eu.  ?) 

*  *  Perigynia  iv'ith  an  elongated  tapering  beak  and  with  long  and  setaceous  or  awn- 
like spreading  or  divergent  teeth.  —  AristXt^. 

•*-  Stamlnate  spikes  2-5  {rarely  w'lth  some  fertile  flowers)  :  fertile  spikes  remote, 
erect,  rather  loose,  the  uppermost  almost  sessile,  without  sheaths,  the  lowest  often 
on  an  exsorted  sometimes  spreading  peduncle :  perigynia  ascending. 

124.  C.  arist^ta,  R.  Br.  Fertile  spikes  2 -4,  cylindrical;  perigynia  ovate- 
lanceolate,  smooth,  tapering  into  a  slender  beak  ti])ped  with  very  slender  at 
length  diverging  awn-like  teeth,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  awned  and 
above  hispid-ciliate  scale ;  culm  smooth  ;  sheaths  and  under  surface  of  the  leaves 


CYPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.)  597 

hairy.  (C.  atherbdes,  Sprenfj.  C.  mirlita,  Dnr.)  — Lake  sliorcs  and  rivrr-banks, 
N.  New  York  to  JMicliigaii,  and  iiortliwestward.  —  Culm  2°  -  0°  liiyli  :  leans 
2"  -3"  wide.  Fertile  spikes  2'-o'  long,  often  loosely  flowered  towards  the  base. 
(En.     C.  orth(jstacliys.) 

125.  C.  trichoeai'pa,  ]\[iihl.  More  .slender;  le.aves  and  bracts  rongh, 
but  not  hairy;  fertile  spikes  2  or  .3,  fewer-flowered;  pcrigynia  more  ovate  and 
with  shorter  and  stouter  teeth,  do\vny-j)ul)escent,  the  scale  short-awned  or  awn- 
less.  (C.  striata,  Ed.  1,  not  of  Michx.)  —  lii  water  or  wet  ground:  eonunon, 
especially  northward. 

Var.  imberbis.     Perigynia  glabrous ;  sheaths  rather  rough.     Penn-Yan, 
New  York,  Sartwell.     Illinois,  Me(td,  E.  Hall,  and  northwestward. 
•I-  -t-  Staminate  spikes  solitary,  loith  a  filiform  bract ;  fertile  3-5,  cylindrical,  densely- 
flowered,  on  lontj  exserted  and  at  len<)t/i  drooping  stalks,  mostly  approximate : 
perigynia  widely  spreading,  reflexed  at  maturity. 

126.  C.  COmbsa,  Boott.  Fertile  spikes  thick  (l'-3'  long,  and  6" -7" 
wide),  the  lowest  sometimes  very  remote;  perigynia  tapering  from  a  stalked  ovoid- 
triangular  base  into  a  long  deeply  2  forked  beak,  the  sharp  elongated  teeth  widely  spread- 
ing or  somewhat  recurved ;  scales  lancetjlate,  with  a  long  bristle-shaped  awn 
shorter  than  the  mature  fruit ;  culm  rough  and  triquetrous.  (C.  furcata,  ^//., 
not  of  Lapeyr.     C.  Pseudo-Cyperus,  Schw.  ij'  Torr.,  Dew.,  Sfc,  in  part,  not  of  Z^.) 

—  Wet  places :  common.  —  A  robust  species  2°  -  3°  high,  formerly  confounded 
with  the  next,  which  it  greatly  resembles ;  but  it  differs  especially  in  the  larger 
fertile  spikes,  longer  beak  of  the  fruit,  and  the  longer,  smooth  and  widely 
spreading  teeth,  giving  to  the  spikes  a  comose  or  bristly  appearance. 

127.  C,  Pseudo-Cyp6rus,  L.  Fertile  spikes  narrower  and  sometimes 
slightly  compound  at  the  i)ase ;  perigijnia  as  in  the  last,  but  with  a  shorter  beak 
and  shorter  less  spreading  teeth ;  scale  about  the  length  of  the  mature  fruit.  —  Bor- 
der of  lakes  and  in  bogs.  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  and  northward.  (Eu.) 
§  12.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  conspicuously  many-nerved,  smooth,  ivith  a  long  tajyer- 

ing  2-toothed  beak :  bracts  leaf-like,  much  exceeding  the  culm  :  scales  tawny 
or  white  :  staminate  spike  stalked,  always  solitary.  —  Lupulin.e. 
*  Bracts  with  very  short  or  obsolete  sheaths. 

128.  C.  hystrieina,  Willd.  Sterile  spike  often  bearing  a  few  fertile  flow- 
ers at  the  base  or  apex;  fertile  sjnkes  2-4,  oblong-cylindrical,  densely  flowered, 
the  u])permost  on  a  very  short  stalk,  the  others  on  long  stalks  and  at  length  nod- 
ding, the  lowest  often  very  remote ;  perigynia  spreading,  tapering  from  an  ovoid 
base  into  a  long  slender /^-a/i;  with  sharp  smooth  teeth,  longer  than  the  awncd  scale. 

—  A  variety  with  shorter  ovoid  spikes,  the  lowest  very  remote  on  a  filiform  stitlk, 
4' -6'  long,  with  rather  smaller  perigynia  not  much  longer  than  the  awn,  is 
C.  Cooleyi,  Diw.  —  Wet  meadows  :  common. — Plant  pale  or  yellowish  green, 
with  fertile  spikes  9''  to  1^'long.  Distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  the 
more  inflated  less  diverging  fruit,  its  beak  longer  and  teeth  shorter ;  and  from 
the  following  by  the  smaller  nodding  spikes  and  many-nerved  periginium, 
with  longer  and  smooth  teeth. 

129.  C.  tentaeulkta,  Muhl.  Fertile  spikes  2-3,  ovoid,  oblong,  or  cylindri- 
cal,  densely  flowered,  approximate  and  diverging  horizontally,  the  uppermost  ses- 


598  CYPERACE^.       (sedge   FAMILY.) 

silc,  the  Imi-cr  on  short  rrscrted  stnHc.t ;  pcrigyni.i  spreading,  tapering  from  an  ovoid 
few-  (about  10-)  nerved  ba^c  into  a  long  slender  Itcuk  with  oblique  orifice  or  short 
minutcf If  serrulate  teeth,  mueh  longer  than  the  lanceolate  awned  scale;  aehenium 
papiiio^e-roiv^hencd.  (C.  rostraa,  Mulil.,  not  of  Mirhx.)  —  Wet  meadows :  very 
comnioji. —  Var.  cuXcilis,  Boott,  is  a  slender  form  with  2  mueh  smaller  fertile 
spikes  (4"-  12"  long,  3"-4"  broad). —  Var.  Altiok,  Boott,  is  tall  (2°  high), 
with  more  scattered  large  fertile  sjiikes,  and  the  more  tapering  beak  of  perigy- 
nium  with  longer  teeth,  perhaps  a  hybrid  with  C.  lupul'ina.  Penn-Yan,  New 
York,  Surticill,  and  Anilierst,  iNIass.,  TiwI.eriiKin. 

130.  C.  intumescens,  Rmlge.  Fertile s/iikcs  l  -3.  ovoid,  looselif  few-  (5-8-) 
flowered,  closehj  a/i/irorimuted,  sessile,  or  the  lower  on  a  veiy  short  cxserted 
peduncle ;  iJerif/'/nia  ereil-spreadiuij,  tapering  from  an  ovoid  J 5 - 20-ncrved  base 
into  a  long  sometimes  rour/h  beak.  (C.  folliculata,  Sclik.,  Michx.,  not  ofZ-.)  — Wet 
meadows  and  swamps :  very  common.  —  Culm  slender,  about  18' high:  fertile 
spikes  usually  contiguous;  perigynia  6" -7" long,  very  ventricose. 

131.  C.  Grayii,  Carey.  /"e/7<7e  s/ul-es  2  (sometimes  single),  c/Wwse,  c?f;!se/y 
(15-30-)y?Gi;re/W,  separate,  on  short  exserttd  peduncles  ;  peri(/i/nia  (8"  long)  spreail- 
vKj  and  dejiixed,  tapering  from  an  ovoid  25-30-ncrved  base  into  a  long  smooth 
and  shininy  beuk.  —  River  bottoms,  Oneida  Co.,  New  York,  to  Ohio  and  Illinois  : 
rather  rare.  —  Culm  robust,  3°  high ;  leaves  broader;  and  flowers  in  July,  a 
month  later  than  the  last. 

*  *  Bracts  all  or  all  but  the  uppermost  conspicuouslif  sheathinrj. 
■*-  Fertile  spikes  approximate,  or  only  the  lowest  one  distant,  erect,  very  large  and 
turgid,  many-flowered:  pcrifjynia  ascending,  long-beaked  from  an  ovate-venlricosa 
base :  sterile  spikes  rarely  2. 

132.  C.  lupulina,  Muhl.  Fertile  spikes  2-4,  cylindraceous  or  oblong 
fl'-2'  long,  1'  thick),  the  lower  on  e.xserted  stalks;  perigynia  (6^" -7"  long) 
often  rnised  on  a  short  stalk-like  base,  smooth  or  with  the  beak  rough  above, 
much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  rough  awn-pointed  scale;  stem  (2°-3°)  and 
long  broadly  linear  leaves  and  bracts  smooth,  the  latter  with  rough  margins 
(3'' - 4"  wide).  (C.  liirida,  Wahl.)  —  Wet  grounds,  common.  —  C.  Canade'nsis, 
and  C.  Bellavilla,  Dew.,  appear  to  be  depauperate  and  attenuated  states  of  this, 
with  more  distant  lax,  and  fewer-flowered  spikes. 

133.  C.  lupuliformis,  Sanwell.  Fertile  spikes  4 -.5,  cylindrical  (2' -3' 
long),  less  approximate;  perigynia  sessile  (7"-8"  long);  aehenium  broader, 
with  mamillated  angles;  scale  more  awned ;  otherwise  as  in  the  foregoing,  of 
which  it  is  probably  a  mere  variety.  (C.  lupurma,  var.  polystaehya,  Schw.  ^ 
Torr.)  —  Swamps,  New  York  to  Delaware,  &c. 

t-  -r-  Firtile  spikes  distant,  fliw  -  several -flowered :  perigynia  lanceolate,  ovate-lanceO' 
late  or  spindle-shaped,  loose  or  widili/ spreading  at  maturity :  staminate  spike  small, 
short-sta'kfd :  obiusely  angular  culms  and  grassy  soft  leaves  smooth. 

134.  C.  folliculata,  L.  Fertile  spikes  3 -4,  remote,  12 -20-flowerfid,  aW  or 
the  lowest  on  cxserted  peduncles,  turning  yellowish  at  maturity;  perigynia  taper- 
tng  ovate-lanceolate  from  a  broadish  base,  short-beaked,  at  length  widely  spread- 
ing, rather  exceeding  the  ovate  white  rough-awned  scale.  (C.  xanthoph5sa, 
Wahl.)  —  Peat-bogs,  New  England  to  Penn.,  and  northward,  and  in  one  form 


CYPERACIwE.        (sedge    FAMILY.)  599 

iouthward. — Plant  2° -4°  high,  of  yellowish  appearance,  with  long  foliaccous 
bracts,  and  leaves  4"  wide. 

135.  C.  rostr^ta,  Michx.  More  slender  and  smaller  than  the  last  (10'- 
15'  high),  strictl}'  erect,  rather  rigid;  leaves  narrow;  fertile  spikes  1-3,  com- 
monly 2 ;  peritpjnia  sccvn-ly  spreadui(j  at  maturity,  lanceolate,  ohtuselij  friamjtilar, 
slender-lwdkeil,  about  t^\'icc  the  length  of  the  brownish  blunt  scute.  —  Cold  bogs, 
mountains  of  N.  New  York,  New  Kngland,  and  northward. 

136.  C.  SUbul^ta,  Michx.  Fertile  spi/ces  3-5,  rerij  remote,  on  included 
peduncles  loosely  few-  (4-S-Jlouvrtd,  commonly  with  a  few  staminatc  flowers  at 
the  apex ;  p<ri<ji/nia  awl-shaped,  rejicxed  at  maturiti/ ;  the  long  slender  beak  deeply 
cleft  or  grooved  down  one  side,  tipped  with  2  awn-like  and  at  length  rigidhj  de- 
flexed  teeth.  ( C.  Collinsii,  Niitt.  C.  Michauxii,  Dew. )  —  Cedar  swamps,  Canada 
(Midtaux)  to  Rhode  Island  {Ohiei/},  and  New  Jersey  near  the  coast:  rare. 

§  13.  Perigijnm  much  inflated,  ohovoid  or  ohconic,  rather  few-nerved,  smooth,  with  a  long 
and  slender  2-toofhed  beak  abruptly  produced  from  the  obtuse  or  at  maturiti/  ecen 
refuse  summit,  tawny-brown  or  straw-colored  at  niaturity,  spreading  horizon- 
tally, or  the  lower  detlcxed,  very  densely  aggregated  in  thic/c  spilces:  these, 
1  —  7  in  number,  are  either  all  androrpjnons,  staminate  at  base,  or  the  terminal 
wholly  staminate,  the  others  sometimes  wholly  pistillate :  leaves  and  bracts  flat, 
the  latter  much  longer  than  the  culm. —  Squakk6s^. 

137.  C.  squarrdsa,  L.  Spikes  of  en  only  one,  commonly  2-5,  globular,  ovoid, 
or  cylindraceous  (G''-7"  thick),  the  terminal  one  with  a  slender-contracted  base 
from  the  numerous  staminate  flowers,  the  others  almost  wholly  fertile,  on  short 
slender  peduncles,  their  bracts  scarcely  sheathing;  perigynia  sparingly  nerved, 
longer  than  and  concealing  the  blunt  or  short-pointed  scales.  (C.  typluna,  Michx.) 
—  Low  grounds,  E.  New  England  to  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Itemarkablc  for 
its  dense,  short  and  thick  spikes,  about  1'  long,  to  which  the  spreading  beaks  of 
the  perigynia  give  a  bristly  appearance. 

138.  C.  Stenolepis,  Torr.  Spikes  5-7,  the  terminal  one  wholly  staminate, 
or  sometimes  fertile  at  the  top  or  throughout ;  the  others  irilh  a  few  staminate 
flowers  at  the  base  or  sometimes  none,  cylindrical  (I'  or  more  long),  the  upper 
approximated,  nearly  sessile  on  the  zigzag  stem,  the  lower  remote  on  exserted 
stalks,  their  bracts  sheathing ;  perigynia  shorter  than  the  long  awn-like  rough 
scales.  (C.  Frankii,  Kuuth.  C  Shortii,  Steud.,  not  of  Torr.)  —  Marshes,  Penn- 
sylvania (Prof  Porter)  and  Virginia  to  Illinois,  and  southwestward.  —  Somewhat 
resetnbling  the  last ;  but  the  spikes  are  narrower  and  more  numerous,  and  of  a 
still  more  bristly  appearance  from  the  projecting  points  of  the  scales. 

§  14.  Perlgijnia  much  infljtted,  smooth  and  shining,  becoming  straw-colored  at  maturity, 
with  a  tapering  more  or  less  elongated  2-toothed  beak:  bracts  leaf-like,  with  very 
short  or  obsolete  sheaths  (conspicuously  sheathing  only  in  No.  139) ;  scales 
brown  or  tawny:  staminate  spikes  2-5,  rarely  1,  stalked. —  Vesic.Vri.e. 
*  Perigynia  conspicuous! y  nerved :  bracts  ns'ial/y  much  exceeding  the  culm. 
•f-  Fertile  spikes  oblong  or  cylindrical,  many-flowered. 

139.  C.  retrorsa,  Schw.  Sterile  s])ikes  1 -.S,  the  uppermost  occasionally 
with  a  few  fertile  flowers,  the  rest  more  or  less  pistillate  at  the  base;  fertile  spikes 
4-5,  oblong-cylindrical,  erect,  the  upper  approximate  and  clustered  on  short  or  in- 


coo  CYPERACKiE.       (sedge    FAMILY.) 

eluded  stalks,  the.  loiirst  remote  on  a  long  cxsertcd  stalk,  and  (with  one  or  more 
of  the  others)  often  bearing:  I  -2  short  branehcs  at  the  base;  i)erii;i/iiia  ciowded, 
spretidim/  uiid  at  length  rejiixed,  sUoiv^ly  Jliv-iierued,  tapering  from  an  ovoid  eon- 
traetcd  base  into  a  conspicnoush)  toothed  beak,  much  loii<ier  than  the  hiiiceohiie  sndc. 
(C.  reversa,  Spreiirj.)  —  Marshy  borders  of  streams,  New  EngUind  to  Penn.,  Wis- 
eonsin,  and  northwestward.  —  Culm  nearly  smooth  (1^°-2.|°  high)  :  leaves  and 
bracts  3" -4"  wide,  miieh  exceeding  the  tiiiek  spikes,  whifh  are  I'-l^'  long. — 
Van  IIAuTii  (C.  Hartii,  Dea:}  is  a  slender  state,  with  fertile  spikes  distant,  the 
lower  long  pediineled.  — Yates  Co.,  New  York,  Dr.  Hurt  \Vri<//it. 

140.  C.  gigantea,  Hudge.  Sterile  spikes  1-5;  sometimes  with  a  few 
fertile  Howers ;  _/ert//e  spikes  S-^,  vjjilndricul,  someidiat  erect,  or  spreading  on 
exscrted  peduncles,  distant  or  the  upper  contiguous,  all  or  most  of  them  stximimite 
at  the  apex ;  peri gi/nia  ascending,  at  length  horizontal,  mang-nerved,  al)ruptly  tapering 
from  a  broadly  or  globular-ovate  ventricosc  base  into  a  long  and  slender  sharply 
2-toothed  beak,  much  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  mostly  awn-pointed  scale  ; 
achenium  broader  than  high,  strongly  triquetrous,  with  concave  faces.  —  Swam])S, 
Delaware  (  IF.  M.  Canhg),  Kentucky  (.SVfwO,  and  southward.  — Allied  to  the 
preceding  and  to  No.  l.'3.3.     Culm  2° -3°  high  :  perigynia  about  G"  long. 

141.  C.  Schweinitzii,  Dew.  Sterile  spikes  commonly  2,  the  lower  often 
pistillate  at  the  base;yert//e  sjii/ces  3-4,  cylindiical,  somctrhat  drooping,  densclg 
flowered,  ofhn  staminate  at  the  apex,  and  occasionally  the  lower  rather  compound 
at  the  base,  on  smooth  nearly  included  stalks;  perigynia  ascending,  oblong-(noid, 
rather  lightly  few-nerved,  tapering  into  a  smooth  short-toothed  beak,  a  little  longer 
than  the  lanctohite  roughlg  long-awned  scale.  —  Wet  swamps.  New  England,  New 
Jersey,  W.  New  York,  and  northward:  not  common.  —  Culm  10'- 15'  high, 
smooth  :  bracts  and  leaves  2'' -3"  wide,  smooth  except  the  margins,  much  ex- 
ceeding the  culm  :  fertile  spikes  (2' -3'  long,  rather  narrow)  and  ihe  whole  jjlant 
turning  straw-color.     Perigynia  2i"-3"  long,  thin. 

142.  C.  Utriculkta,  Boott.  Sterile  spikes  3~i;  fertile  spikes  2-5,  com- 
monlg  3,  rather  distant,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  (sometimes  loose  and  attenuated  at 
the  base),   peduncled,  cylindrical  (l^'-4'  long)   thick,  and  densely  very  many- 

floicered;  perigynia  ovate,  either  vcntricose  and  abruptly  or  inclining  to  elliptical 
and  more  gradually  contracted  into  a  cylindrical  smooth  beak,  longer  than  the 
lanceolate  very  acute  or  awn-pointed  scale :  culm  stout  and  thick,  obtusely  angular, 
spongy  at  base  (2°-3°  high);  leaves  flat  (3'  -4'' broad),  pale,  nodose-reticu- 
lated. (C.  ampullacea,  var.  utrieulata  of  former  ed.)  Swamps,  New  England 
to  Penn.,  Michigan,  and  common  northward.  —  Fruit  sometimes  almost  that 
of  C.  vesicaria,  sometimes  that  of  C.  ami)ullaeea,  into  which  it  merges  north- 
ward :  the  rough  mostly  awn-like  points  of  the  scale  usually  distinguish  it  from 
both  European  species. 

143.  C.  Vaseyi,  Dew.  Differs  from  the  Inst  in  the  shndrr  culm  n-ith  acute 
rouqh  angles;  fertile  spikes  (2  or  3)  looser  and  fewer-flowered;  perigynia  more 
tapering  into  the  lieak,  and  scales  less  pointed  ;  from  C.  vesicaria,  L.  of  Europe 
(of  which  it  is  the  nearest  representative)  in  the  more  pointed  scales  and  fewer- 
nerved  perigynia  tapering  gradually  into  a  longer  beak ;  from  the  next  (into 
which  it  probably  passes)  by  the  \:\r<::Qr  elongaled-orate  perigynia  tapering  into  a 
slender  beak  (the  roughness  of  wliieh,  indicated  by  Dr.  Boott,  is  rarely  obvious, 


CTPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILl.^  601 

the  teeth,  however,  rough-scrrulatc).  (C.  monile.  Dew.  in  1845,  not  of  Tnckerm. 
C.  vcsicaria,  var.  cyliudracea,  Dew.)  — Swamps,  Yates  Co.,  New  York,  Saiiwdl, 
to  Illinois  ■? 

144.  C.  monile,  Tuckerman.  Sterile  spikes  3,  rarely  2  or  4  ; /r77//e  s/</ies 
mostlij  2,  rarely  3  or  solitary,  ci/Undraceous  or  ci/bndrka/.  (l'-2^  long),  mostly 
slender,  slightly  or  the  lower  when  remote  longer-peduneled  ;  perii/i/iuu  (jlohidnr- 
ovate,  very  vcntricose,  shining,  ubrupllj  contracted  into  a  ahort  smooth  beak,  longer 
than  the  ovate-laneeolate  acute  or  scarcely  pointed  scale;  culm  slender  il°-30 
hi"h),  sharply  triangular,  rough  on  the  angles ;  leaves  narrow  (l)arely  2"  wide), 

—  Wet  places,  common,  especially  northward.  —  Perigynui  2"-2^''  long, 
(C.  vcsicaria,  var.  alpi'gena.  Fries,  of  N.  Eu.  appears  to  be  a  form  of  this.) 

145.  C.  Olneyi,  Boott.  Resembles  the  two  preceding  and  C.  vcsicaria ; 
the  fertile  Sjides  denstr  und  thicker,  short-cylindrical  (1-1^' long);  periyynia 
(2i"-3"long)  tunjid-ocutc,  with  the  short  beak  rough-serrate  at  the  apex  and  on 
the  awlshaped  teeth  ;  the  scales  acute  or  bluntish  ;  leaves  ( 1"  -  2''  broad)  rough. 

—  Wet  ground,  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  OIniij. 

146.  C.  Tuckermani,  Boott.  Sterik  spikes  about  2  ;/«V«/e  spikes  2-3, 
commonly  3,  oblonij  or  cyLindr'icul ,  stout,  somewhat  approximate,  on  roiujh  stalks, 
tlie  lowest  often  nodding  ;  peric/ynia  shin'inij,  thin  and  delicate,  much  inflated,  ovate, 
ascending,  tapering  into  a  rather  abrupt  slender  and  cylindrical  smooth  beak, 
much  longer  than  the  ovate  or  lanceolate  acute  or  short-pointed  scale  ;  the  very 
long  narrow  bracts  and  leaves  rough,  much  surpassing  the  rough-angled  culm. 
(C.  bullata  of  authors,  not  of  Schk.  C.  cylindrica  of  former  ed. ;  but  the  cylin- 
drica  of  Schweinitz  belongs  mainly  to  the  next  or  to  some  others,  and  is  too 
much  confused  for  preservation.)  —  Swamps,  W.  New  England  to  Penn.,  Illi- 
nois, and  northward.  —  Differs  from  the  next  in  the  more  numerous  and  longer 
fertile  spikes  (8'' -2'  long),  and  the  larger,  more  inflated  and  membranaceous 
fruit  (4" -5"  long),  with  a  smooth  beak. 

147.  C.  bullkta,  Schk.  Sterile  spikes  2 -ti;  fertile  spikes  most  frequently 
only  one,  sometimes  2,  approximated,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  stout,  sessile  or  on  short 
smooth  stalks ;  perigynm  spreading,  shining,  turgid-ovate,  tapering  into  a  long  cylin- 
drical ro^f//;  6erfA',  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  pointless  scale;  bracts  and 
leaves  narrow,  about  the  length  of  the  smooth  or  roughish  culm.  (C.  cylindrica, 
Schw.,  at  least  in  part,  Tuckerni.,&c.)  —  W(ii  swamps.  New  England  to  Penn. 
and  southward,  chiefly  eastward. 

-t-  -i-  Fertile  spikes  globular  or  oblong,  few  flowered. 

148.  C.  oligOSpdrma,  Michx.  Sterile  spikes  1  -2,  slender;  fertile  spikes 
1  -2,  densely  6-  18-flowered,  the  lower  on  a  very  short  stalk  ;  perigynia  turgid 
ovate  (2^"  long),  tapering  into  a  short  minutely  toothed  beak,  not  much  longer 
than  the  ovate  awnlcss  scale;  culm  Aery  slender ;  leaves  and  bracts  involute. 
(C.  Oakesiiina,  Dew.)  —Wet  borders  of  ponds,  &c.,  E.  Mass.  to  Pennsylvania. 
Wisconsin,  and  northward,  chiefly  in  cold  or  mountainous  regions. 

*  *  Pengynia  nerveless  or  nearly  so    bracts  mostly  .<<horter  than  the.  culm. 
■*-  Perigynia  pointed  with  a  very  short  smooth  beak,  minutely  ^-toothed  at  the  apex: 
stigmas  either  2  or  3  :  fertile  spikes  2  or  .sometimes  one,  dense,  short,  mually 
brown-purple  or.  purplish,  the  upper  almost  sessile,  the  lower  short-peduncled :  ster^ 
G  M     36 


Cf)5  GRAMINEiE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

He  spilrs  I  or  2,  often  soUturij.  (The  two  following  are  very  much  alike ;  and 
one  or  the  other  is  doubtless  C.  miliaris,  Michx.  The  first  is  regarded  by 
Andersson  as  an  extreme  form  of  C.  ampullacea,  the  second  of  C.  vesicaria.) 

149.  C.  rotund^ta,  Wahl.  ?  Leaves  and  bmcls  involute,  smoot\\\^]\  ;  fertile 
spikes  oblong  or  cylindraceoiis,  or  the  U|ipcr  ovate  or  globular ;  perigynia  short- 
ovate,  aliout  the  length  of  the  broiidly  ovate  (obtuse,  or  in  our  specimens  acute 
or  pointed)  scale.  —  Gravel-bars  at  the  outlet  of  Moosehead  Lake,  N.  Maine, 
C.  E.  &  A.  11.  Smith.  —  The  si)ecinicus  are  a  foot  high,  with  one  leaf  on  the 
obtusely  angidar  culm,  and  otdy  the  lowest  spike  leafy-bractcd :  sterile  spiko 
single-  the  fruit  not  fully  formed.     (Eu.) 

150.  C.  piilla,  Good.';  Leaves  and  bracts  flat,  with  a  slender  triangular 
apex,  rough-margined  ;  culm  rather  sharply  triangular  ;  perigynia  inflated- 
ovate,  mostly  longer  than  the  ovate  scale.  (C.  saxatilis,  L.,  but  that  was  in 
part  C.  ngiaa:  the  name  is  ap])r(ipriatc  for  that  hut  not  for  this  species,  and  is 
better  discarded  altogether.)  (Eu.)  —  Var.  ?  mili.\ris.  Culm  more  slender, 
1°  or  more  high  ;  fertile  spikes  paler  (1-3),  ovoid  or  oblong,  in  our  specimens 
staminate  at  the  apex,  each  with  a  very  rough  leafy  bnict,  the  lowest  often  sur- 
passing the  culm.  (C.  miliaris,  Miclix.)  —  Outlet  of  Moosehead  Lake,  with  or 
near  the  preceding,  July  29,  C.  E.  &  A.  H.  Smith;  and  far  northward. 

t-  -t-  Perif/i/nia  ahniptJij  rontracted  into  a  verij  lonrj  and  2-tootlied  htak. 

151.  C.  longirdstris,  Torr.  Sterile  spikes  usually  3,  at  the  summit  of 
a  long  slender  stalk  ;  the  lower  often  bearing  some  fertile  flowers  ;  fertile  spikes 
2-4,  cylindrical,  more  or  less  distant,  on  long  filiform  at  length  droojjing  stalks, 
loosely  flowered ;  perigynia  globose-ovoid,  smooth  and  shining,  abruptly  con- 
tracted into  a  slender  cylindrical  beak,  which  is  longer  than  the  body,  rough  on 
the  margin,  and  2-cleft  at  the  membranaceous  orifice,  a  little  longer  than  the 
lanceolate  light-colored  or  white  scale.  (C.  Sprcngelii,  Z>ei<;.)  —  Shady  rocks, 
N.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 

Okder  128.    GRAMINEiE.     (Grass  Family.) 

(Jroft.ses,  with,  usually  hollow  stems  (culms)  closed  al  the  Joints,  alternate  2- 
ranked  leaves,  their  sheaths  split  or  open  on  the  side  opposite  the  blade ;  the 
hi//)0(/i/nnus  jloirers  md^ncated  rcith  2-rnid:ed  glumes  or  brads:  the  outer 
pair  (glumes  proper)  subtending  the  spikelet  of  one  or  several  flowers; 
the  inner  pair  {palcm  or  palels)  enclosing  each  particular  flower,  which  is 
usually  furnished  with  2  or  3  minute  hypogynous  scales  (sqnamuUc,  Juss., 
lodiculcE,  Beauv.).  Stamens  1-6,  commonly  3  :  anthers  versatile,  2-celle(l, 
the  cells  distinct.  Stylos  mostly  2  or  2-parted :  stigmas  hairy  or  feathery. 
Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  forming  a  seed-like  grain  (car)/opsi.'<)  in  fruit. 
Embryo  small,  on  the  outside  and  at  the  base  of  the  floury  albumen.  — 
Roots  fibrous.  Sheath  of  the  leaves  usually  more  or  less  extended  above 
the  base  of  the  blade  into  a  scarious  appendage  (ligule).  Spikelets  parri^ 
cled  or  spiked.  Inner  (upper)  palet  usually  2-nerved  or  2-keeled,  enclosed 
Or  partly  covered  by  the  outer  (lower)  palet.    Grain  sojlietimes ^ce  from, 


GUAMINE^.        (grass    FAMILY.)  603' 

sometimes  permanently  adherent  to,  the  palets.  —  A  vast  and  most  impor- 
tant family,  as  it  furnishes  the  cereal  grains,  and  the  principal  food  of  cat- 
tle, &c.     (See  Plates  7-14.) 

Tribe  I.  POACEjE.  U.Br.  Spikelefsl -many-flowered,  when  more  than  oiie-flowere* 
centripetal  in  development;  the  lowest  flowers  first  developing,  upptrmost,  if  any.  imper- 
fect or  abortive,  the  re.st  all  alike  in  the  .>-pikelet  (perfect,  or  occasionally  nionoecioua  or  dioe- 
cious) ;  only  in  a  few  exceptional  cases  with  the  lowest  of  the  several  flowers  less  perfect 
than  the  uppor  ("viz.  staminate  only  in  Arrheuatherum  and  Phragmites,  neutral  iu  Uniola, 
Ctenium,  &c.). 

Subtribe  1.  Oryzese.  Spikelets  l-flowered,  in  panicles,  the  flowers  often  monoecious. 
Glumes  abortive  or  wanting !     Inner  palese  3-nerved !     Stamens  1-6. 

1.  Licersia.     Flowers  perfect,  strongly  flattened  contrary  to  the  awnless  conduplicate  palets. 

2.  Zizaiiia.    Flowers  monoecious.  Palets  convex ;  the  lower  one  awned  in  the  fertile  flowers. 

Subtribe  3.  Agrnstidi-fe.  Spikelets  l-flowered,  perfect,  and  occasionally  with  the 
ruiliuient  or  abortive  pedicel  of  a  second  flower  above,  panicled,  or  clustered,  sometimes  so 
contracted  as  to  form  a  sort  of  spike,  but  the  spikelets  are  not  directly  borne  on  the 
common  axis.     Stamens  1-3. 

*  niLEOIDE.E.     Glumes  equal,  strongly  keeled,  laterally  flattened,  boat-shaped,  somewhat 

herbaceous,  as  well  as  the  paleae.     Inflorescence  densely  spiked '. 

3.  Alnpeciiriis.     Glumes  united  at  the  base.    Lower  palet  bearing  an  awn  on  the  back  : 

the  upper  p:ilet  wanting. 

4.  Phlenm.     Glumes  distinct,  sharp-pointed,  much  larger  than  the  two  thin  and  truncate 

awnless  palets 

5.  Crj-psis.     Glumes  distinct,  not  longer  than  the  palets  ;  both  awnless  and  pointless. 

*  *  AG1!0STIDE.E  proper.    Glumes  and  palets  both'membranaceous,  or  the  latter  sometimes 

very  tliin  and  delicate.  Inflorescence  panifled  or  glomerate,  sometimes  rather  .spike-like, 
but  not  contracted  into  a  uniform  cylindrical  spike.  Palets  not  surrounded  by  a  tuft  of 
hairs,  or  only  with  some  very  minute  ones  at  the  base. 

4-  Flower  perfectly  sessile  in  the  glumes :  lower  palet  1-nerved :  awns  none. 

6.  Vllfa.     Fruit  a  caryopsis  (.seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp,  as  in  most  grasses).     Panicle 

spiked  or  contracted. 

7.  Sporobolus.  Fruit  an  utricle  (seed  loose  in  the  thin  pericarp).  Panicle  open  or  close. 
■t-  ■—  Flower  slightly  raised  in  the  glumes  on  a  short  sometimes  stalk-like  base  (rallus) :  lower 

palet  3-5-nerved  ;  and  this  or  the  glumes  awned  or  pointed,  except  in  some  species  of  No.  8. 

8.  Agrostls.     Glumes  equal,  or  the  lower  one  rather  longer,  pointless,  exceeding  the  very 

thin  blunt  palets.     Lower  palet  pointless,  often  awned  on  the  back  ;  the  upper  sometimes 
wanting.     Panicle  open. 

9.  Polyposon.     Glumes  nearly  equal,  long-awned,  much  longer  than  the  palets,  the  lower 

of  which  is  often  short-awned  below  the  apex.     Stamens  3.     Panicle  contracted. 

10.  Ciniin.    Glumes  acute,  the  lower  about  equalling  and  the  upper  slightly  exceeding  the 

similar  palets.     Stamen  1.     Flowers  raised  on  a  distinct  naked  stalk,  beardless  :  lower 
palet  short-awned  or  bristle-pointed  just  below  the  tip  ;  the  upper  l-nerved. 

11.  Muhleiibergin.     Lower  glume  mostly  smaller      Palets  chiefly  hairy-bearded  at  the 

base,  the  tip  of  the  lower  one  mucronate-poinied  or  awned.     Stansens  3. 

12.  Brachy  ely  ti'iim.     Lower  glume  almost  obsolete,  and  the  upper  minute.     Lower  palet 

long-awued  from  the  tip  ;  the  upper  grooved  on  the  back  and  bearing  a  long  and  slender 
naked  pedicel  of  an  .-ibnrtive  second  flower.     Stamens  2. 

*  *  •  CALAM.\GROSTIDE.li;.     Flower  with  a  copious  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  palets : 

otherwise  as  in  the  foregoing  subdivision. 
12.  Caloniagrostis.     Lower  palet  mostly  awned  ou  the  back,  shorter  than  the  glumes. 


G04  GRAMINE^.       (grass    FAMILY.) 

•  »  *  »  STIPK.E.  Paleae  coriaceous,  or  indurated  in  fniit.commonl.v  shorter  than  the  mem- 
hranaieous  glumes,  usually  on  a  rijjid  Ij'i-'-e  or  nUliis ;  the  lower  involute,  terete,  closely 
enclosing  the  upper  and  the  grain,  mostly  1  -3-a\vned  at  the  apex.  Inflorescence  racemose 
or  p micleJ  ;  spirielets  usually  large,  the  flower  deci  Iuouk  from  the  persistent  glumes. 

14.  Oryzopsis.     Awn  simple,  straight,  deciduous  from  the  palet  or  sometimes  wanting. 

15.  Mipii.     Awn  simple,  twisted  below.     Callus  conspicuous,  pointed  at  the  base. 

10.  Atisticla.     Awn  triple.     Upper  palet  small.     Callus  conspicuous,  pointed  at  the  base. 

«  •  •  «  *  Palets  coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  awnless.  Here  the  following  would  be  sought  by 
the  student  who  overlooked  the  p;iir  of  rudimentary  flowers  in  No.  50,  and  was  not  ac- 
quainted with  the  recondite  theoretical  structure  of  No.  57  and  5b. 

56.   Plialnris.     Spikelets  laterally  flattened.     A  rudiment  at  the  base  of  each  palet. 

57-  Milium.     Spikelets  dorsally  flattish,  not  jointed  with  the  l>edii«ls  :  flowers  all  alike. 

58.  A  m  phicarpiiin.  Spikelets  of  two  sorts,  the  fertile  subterranean,  those  of  the  panicle 
separating  by  a  joint  without  ripening  grain. 

Subtribe  3.  Cliioridese.  Spikelets  rarely  l-flowered,  usually  2 -several-flowered,  with 
one  or  more  of  the  upper  flowers  imperfect,  dispo.sed  in  one-sided  spikes  1  Clames  persist- 
ent, the  upper  one  looking  outward.  lUiachis  (axis)  jointless.  Spikes  usually  several  and 
racemed  or  digitate.    Stamens  2  or  3. 

*  Spikelets  strictly  1-flowered. 

50.  Pnspaliim  mishtbe  looked  for  liure,  having  to  all  appearance  merely  1-flowered  spikelets. 

17.  Spariiua.     Spikelets  much  flattened  contrary  to  the  glumes,  imbricated  in  2  ranks  on 

the  triangular  rhachis  of  the  straight  spike. 
«  «  Spikelets  with  one  perfect  and  two  or  more  imperfect  or  neutral  flowers : 
*-  The  perfect  flower  intermediate. 

18.  Ctenitim.     Spikelets  closely  imbricated  on  one  side  of  the  axis  of  a  single  curved  spl  .a. 

4-H-  The  perfect  flower  below  the  one  or  more  neutral  or  rudimentary  ones. 

19.  Boiitelona.     Lower  palet  Scleft  and  pointed  or  3-awned  at  the  apex.     Spikes  dense. 

20.  Gyiiliiopo'jon.     I^ower  palet  and  the  rudiment  1-awned.     Spikes  filiform,  raceme^. 

21.  Cyiiodoii.     Flower  and  the  rudiment  awnless.     Spikes  slender,  digitate., 

»  *  *  Spikelets  several  flowered  ;  more  than  one  of  the  lower  flowers  perfect  and  fertile. 
■f-  Spikes  digitate  at  the  summit  of  the  culm,  den.se. 

22.  Dactylocleniiini.     Glumes  compressed-keeled  ;  outer  one  awued  :  lower  palet  pointed. 

23.  Elcusilie.     Glumes  and  palets  both  awnless  and  blunt. 

■I-  ■>-  Spikes  r.acemed,  slender. 

24.  Leptocliloa.     Spikelets  loosely  s|)ikid.     L:-wer  palet  pointless  or  awned  at  the  tip. 

Subtribe  4.  Fesfiicinere.  Spikelets  several-  (few-many)  flowered,  panirled  ;  the 
uppermost  flower  often  imperfect  or  abortive.  Palets  pointle.ss,  or  the  lower  sometimes 
tipped  with  a  straight  (not  t-.visted  nor  deeply  dorsal)  awn  or  bristle.  Stamens  1-3.  Culms 
sometimes  reed-like,  but  not  woody. 

*  Lowest  flowers  of  the  spikclet  perfect  and  fertile. 

-1-  Gr.iin  free  from  iKe  palets. 

■H-  .Joints  of  the  rhachis  of  the  spikelet  at  the  insertion  of  each  flower,  or  the  whole  rhachis, 

bearded.     Glumes  and  convex  palets  membranaceous. 

25.  Tricuspts.     Spikelets  3- many -flowered.     Lower  paleae  hairy  fringed  on  the  3  nerves, 

one  or  all  of  which  project  into  awns  or  mucronate  tips,  mostly  from  notches  or  clefts. 
2G.  Graphephoruni.     Spikelets  2 -few-flowered.     Glumes  and  palets  awnless  or  pointless. 
++  ++  Rhachis  of  the  spikelet  and  ba^ie  of  the  flower  not  bearded. 
a.  Lower  palet  1-poiuted,  awned  or  acute,  the  nerves  when  present  running  into  the  point. 
37.  Diarrhena.     Glumes  (short)  and  the  rigid-pointed  lower  3-nerved  palet  coriaceous, 
convox-boat-shaped.       Stamens  2        I'ericarp  cartilaginous,   large.       Panicle  loosely 
few-flowered. 


GRAMINE^.       (grass    FAMILY.)  60^ 

28.  Dactylls.     Glumes  (rather  long)  and  lower  palet  awn-pointed,  herbacaous,  compressed- 

keeled.     Pauicle  contracted  in  one-sided  clusters. 

29.  Koeleria.     Glumes  (nearly  as  long  as  the  spikelet)  and  lower  palet  membranaceous, 

keeled,  acute  or  niucronate,  or  rather  blunt.     Panicle  contracted,  spike-like. 
37.  Festuca,  with  grain  sometimes  free,  may  be  looked  for  here. 

b.  Lower  palet  awnless  and  pointles.s,  blunt  (except  one  Glyoeria),  the  nerves  parallel. 
1.  Glumes  extremely  disfiniilar.  Ij -3-iiowered. 

30.  Eatoitia.     Lower  glume  linear  ;  the  upper  broadly  obovate  and  folded  round  the  flowers. 

2.  Glumes  similar  in  shape,  but  often  unequal  in  .«ize. 

31.  MellcB.     Lower  palet  fluttish-convex,  many-nerved,  membranaceous  at  the  top,  harden- 

ing on  the  loose  grain.     Fertile  flowers  1-3,  the  upper  enwrapjiing  deformed  sterile  ones. 

32.  Glycerla.     Lower  p;ilet  convex  or  rounded  on  the  back,  5-7-nerved,  scarioiis  at  the 

tip.     Spikelets  ma.iy-fiowered  ;  the  flowers  deiiduous  at  maturity  by  the  breaking  up  of 
the  rhachis  into  joints. 

33.  Brizopyi-tiin.     Lower  palet  laterally  much  compressed  and  often  keeled,  acute,  rigid, 

rather  coriaceous,  smooth,  faintly  many -nerved.     Spikelets  flat,  spiked-clustered. 
37.  Festuca.     Lower  palet  slightly  if  at  all  laterally  compres.sed,  not  keeled,  only  1  -  5-nerved, 

not  cobwebby,  and  nearly  without  scarious  margins,  acutish  :  otherwise  as  in  I'oa. 
31.  Poa.     Lower  palet  laterally  compressed  and  mostly  keeled,  5-nerved,  membranaceous, 

scarious-margined,  the  margins  or  nerves  below  often  cobwebby  or  pubescent :  the  upper 

palet  not  remaining  after  the  lower  falls.     Spikelets  flattened. 

35.  Eragrostis.     Lower  palet  3-nerved,  keeled,  deciduous,  leaving  the  upper  persistent  on 

the  rhachis.     Spikelets  flat. 

+-  +^  Grain  adherent  to  the  upper  palet. 

36.  Briza.     Lower  palea  rounded,  very  obtuse,  pointless,  many-nerved,  flattened  parallel  to 

the  glumes,  soon  ventricose,  scarious-margined.     Spikelets  somewhat  heart-shaped. 

37.  Festuca.  Lower  palet  convex  on  the  back,  acute,  pointed,  or  awned  at  the  tip,  few-nerved. 

Spikelets  terete  or  flattish.     Styles  terminal. 

38.  Bt-fiiniis.     Lower  palet  convex  or  keeled  on  the  back,  mostly  awned  or  bristle-bearing 

below  the  2-cleft  tip,  5-9-nerved.     Stales  scarcely  terminal. 

*  *  Lowest  flower  of  the  spikelct  neutral  or  staminate. 

39.  Uniola.     Spikelets  very  flat ;  the  one  or  more  lowest  flowers  neutral,  of  a  single  empty 

palet.     Flowers  strongly  compressed-keeled,  crowded,  coriaceous. 

40.  Phraginites.     Spikelets  strongly  silky-bearded  on  the  rhachis,  loosely-flowered,  the 

lowest  flower  stamiuate  or  neutral.     Palets  membranaceous. 

Subtribe  5.     Bnmbnsese.     Culms  woody  and  commonly  arborescent.     Spikelets  and 
flowers  nearly  as  in  the  preceding  i?ubtribe,  awnless. 

41.  Aruiitiiiiaria.     Spikelets  flattened,  loosely  5-  14-flowered,  in  depauperate  panicles. 

Subtribe  G.     Horcleinese.     Spikelets  1 -several-flowered,  sessile  on  opposite  sides  of  a 
zigzag  jointed  rhachis  (which  is  excavated  or  channelled  on  one  side  of  each  joint),  forming 
a  spike.    Glumes  sometimes  abortive  or  wanting.     Otherwise  as  in  Subtribe  4. 
*  Spikelets  single  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis. 

42.  Lepturns.     Spikelets  almost  imtnersed  in  the  excavations  of  the  very  slender  rhachis, 

1-flowered.     The  filiform  spikes  usually  several. 

43.  liolinin .     Spikelets  many-flowered,  placed  edgewise  on  the  rhachis  of  the  solitary  spike  : 

glume  only  one,  external. 

44.  Triticuin.     Spikelets  3- several  flowered,  placed  flatwise  on  the  rhachis  of  the  solitary 

spike:  both  glumes  present,  transverse  (right  and  left). 

*  *  Spikelets  2  or  more  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis  :  spike  solitary. 
-I-  Glumes  anterior,  forming  a  sort  of  involucre  for  the  cluster  of  spikelets. 

45.  Ilordeuni.     Spikelets  1-flowered,  3  at  each  joint,  but  the  two  lateral  usually  sterile. 
16    Elynius.     Spikelets  1- several-flowered,  all  perfect  and  similar. 


600  GRAMINE.^.       (grass    FAMILY.) 


—  ■<-  Glumes  none  or  1-2  awn-like  rudiments  in  their  place. 
4".  Gymnosticituiu.    Spikelets  few-flowered,  somewhat  pedicelled,  1  -  3  at  each  joint. 

Subtribe  7.  Aveiirte.  Spikelets  2  -  several-flowered,  panicled  ;  the  rhachis  or  base  of 
the  flowers  often  villous-bearded.  Glumes  mostly  equalling  or  exceeding  tUe  flowers 
Lower  palet  bearing  a  twisted,  bent,  or  straight  awn  on  its  back  or  below  its  apex ;  the 
upper  palet  2-nerTed.     Stamens  3. 

»  Flowers  all  perfect,  or  the  uppermost  rudimentary. 
48.  Danlhonln.     Spikelets  ."ieveral-Hott'ered.     Lower  palet  firm  and  rigi.l.  rounded  on  the 
back,  scvenilnerved.  the  3  middle  nerves  running  into  the  flattish  twisted  awn  wliich 
proceeds  from  the  cleft  at  the  apex. 
40.  Aveiia.    Spikelets  2 -several-flowered.     Lower  palet  roundish  on  the  back,  and  of  firmer 
texture  than  the  glumes,  several-nerved,  .sharply  2-tootlied  or  2-cleft  at  tbe  tip,  the  bent 
or  twisted  awn  rising  only  from  tlie  midnerve  at  or  below  the  cleft. 
60.  Trlsetum.    Spikelets  2 -several-flowered.    Lower  palet  laterally  compressed  and  keeled, 
sharply  2-toothed  or  2-pointed  at  the  apex,  the  slender  awn  rising  at  or  near  the  cleft, 
from  the  midnerve  only. 
51    Alrn.     Spikelets  small,  2-fiowered,  with  or  without  the  rudiment  of  a  third  flower.  Palets 
thin  or  scarious,  the  lower  awned  from  towards  the  base. 

*  *  One  of  the  flowers  staminate  only. 

52.  A  rrbeiiatlierum.     Lower  flower  staminate  ;  tbe  perfect  one  commonly  awnless  ;  the 

upiJennost  a  rudiment :  otherwise  as  in  Avena. 

53.  Ilolfus.     Lower  flower  perfect,  awnless;  the  upper  staminate  and  awned:  rudiment 

none  :  otherwise  resembling  Aira. 

Tribe  II.  PHALARIDEiE,  Trin.  (not  of  Kunth).  Spikelets  3-nowered  ;  the  upper- 
most or  niiildlo  (terminal)  flower  perfect :  the  two  lower  (one  on  each  side)  imperfect, 
either  staminate,  neutral,  or  reduced  to  an  inconspfcuous  rudiment. 

Subtribe  1.  AnthoxanlliesB.  Lateral  flowers  mostly  awned,  staminate  or  neutral, 
of  1  or  2  palets  ;  the  upper  one  awnless  and  diandrous.     Upper  palet  1-nerved. 

54.  Hierochloa.     Lateral  flowers  staminate  and  triandrous,  of  2  palets. 

55.  Anthoxantbuin.    Lateral  flowers  neutral,  each  of  a  single  awned  and  hairy  palet. 

Subtribe  3.     Plialaridese  proper.    Lateral  flowers  reduced  to  a  small  neutral  rudiment 

or  abortive  pedicel  on  each  side  ol  tiie  fertile  one ;  which  is  awnless  and  triandrous. 
66.  Plialaris.     Glumes  boat  shaped,  keeled,  enclo.-:iug  the  coriaceous  fertile  flower 

Tribe  III.  PANICEiE.  Spikelets  2-flowered  ;  the  lower  flower  always  imperfect,  either 
stJiminate  or  neutral;  in  the  latter  case  usually  reduced  tu  a  single  empty  palet  (placed 
next  the  lower  glume,  if  that  be  present) ;  the  upper  (rermiual)  flower  (placed  next  the 
upper  or  inner  glume)  only  fertile.  Embryo  and  groove  (when  present)  on  the  out<'r  .side 
of  the  grain!  (next  the  lower  palet  of  the  fertile  flower).  (Flowers  polygamous,  or  hemi- 
gamous  (when  the  lower  flower  is  neutral),  or  sometimes  seemingly  simple  and  perfect, 
from  the  suppression  both  of  the  lower  glume  and  of  the  upper  palet  of  the  neutral  flower, 
sometimes  monoecious,  or  rarely  dioecious.     Rarely  both  glumes  are  wanting.) 

Subtribe  1.  Paspaleee,  Griseb.  Glumes  and  sterile  palets  herbaceous  or  membrana- 
ceous :  palets  of  the  fertile  flower  of  firmer  texture,  coriaceous  or  chartaceous,  awuless,  not 
keeled,  more  or  less  flattened  parallel  with  the  glumes. 

»  Spikelets  appearing  a,s  if  simply  l-flowered,  from  the  supprc'^sion  of  the  lower  glume,  the 
.■iingle  neutral  palet  ot  the  sterile  flower  apparently  occupying  its  place,     (.\wnless.) 

57.  Milium.     Spikelets  not  jointed  with  their  pedicels,  all  alike  in  a  terminal  open  panicle. 

58.  Amphicarpuin.     .^pikelets  jointed  with  their  pedicels,  of  2  sorts;  one  in  a  terminal 

panicle  ;  the  other  .subterranean,  on  radical  peduncles. 

59.  Paspaluin.     Sjiikelets  jointed  with  their  short  pedicels,  all  alike,,  plano-convex,  in  one- 

sided .spikes  or  spiked  racemes. 


GRAMINE^..       (grass    FAMILY.)  607 

«  *  Spikelets  manifestly  1 J  -  2-flowered   (polygamous,  the  lower  flower  (itAtninate  or  often 

neutral,  of  one  or  both  palets),  the  lower  glume  being  present. 
60.  Panlcniii.     Spikeiets  not  involucrate,  nor  the  peduncles  biistle-beiiriug.     Lower  glume 

usually  small  or  minute.     Sterile  flower  either  staminate  or  neutral. 
CL  Setaria.    Spikelets  spiked  or  dcnse-panicled,  the  peduncles  continued  into  naked  solitary 

bristles  or  awns  :  otherwise  as  in  I'anicuni. 

62.  Ceiiclirus.     Spikelets  enclosed  1-5  together  in  a  hard  and  spiny  or  bristly  and  globular 

bur-like  involucre. 

Subtribe  'i,  SaccUai-e;«.  Fertile  palets  membr.anaceous  or  scarious,  .always  of  thinner 
and  more  delicate  texture  than  the  (often  indurated)  glumes,  freijueutly  awned  from  the 
tip.  Spikelets  usually  in  pairs  or  threes,  panicled  or  spiked,  some  of  them  entirely  sterile 
or  rudimentary. 

*  Spikelets  monoecious,  imbedded  in  the  separable  joints  of  the  spike. 

63.  Tripsacuni.     Staminate  spikelets  above,  in  pairs  at  each  joint:  pistillate  spikelets  sin- 

gle iu  each  joint :  glumes  indurated. 
#  *  Fertile  spikelets  with  one  perfect  and  one  sterile  (staminate  or  mostly  neutral)  flower: 
Idwer  palet  of  the  perfect  flower  awned. 

64.  Erianthiis.     fioth  spikelets  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis  alike  fertile,  and  iovolucrate 

with  a  silky  tuft :  otherwise  as  in  the  next. 

65.  Aiicli-o|ios[«u».     Spikelets  a  pair  at  each  joint  of  the  plumose-hairy  spikes,  one  of  them 

sessile  and  fertile  ;  the  other  pedicelled  and  sterile  or  rudimentary. 

66.  Sorglium.     Spikelets  in  open  panicles,  2-3  together,  the  lateral  ones  sterile  or  some- 

times reduced  to  mere  pedicels. 

1.    LEERSIA,     Solandcr.        White  Grass.     (PI.  7.) 

Flowers  crowded  in  one-sided  panicled  spikes  or  racemes,  perfect,  but  tliosc  in 
the  open  panicles  usually  sterile  by  the  abortion  of  the  ovary,  those  enclosed  in 
the  sheaths  of  the  leaves  close-fertilized  in  the  bud  and  prolific.  Spikelets 
1 -flowered,  flat,  more  or  less  imbricated  over  each  other,  jointed  with  the  short 
pedicels.  Glumes  wanting.  Palets  chartaceous,  strongly  flattened  laterally 
or  conduplicate,  awnless,  bristly-ciliate  on  the  keels,  closed,  nearly  equal  in 
length,  but  the  lower  much  broader,  enclosing  the  flat  grain.  Stamens  I  -  6. 
Stigmas  feathery,  the  hairs  branching.  —  Perennial  marsh  grasses:  the  flat 
leaves,  sheaths,  &c.,  rough  upwards,  being  clothed  with  very  minute  hooked 
prickles.  (Named  after  John  Daniel  Leers,  a  German  botanist.) 
*  Spikclds  nnrroii'/i/  ohlonrj,  rather  loosfli/  crntvded. 

1.  L.  Virginica,  Willd.  (White  Gr.\ss.)  Panicle  simple;  the  spikehts 
cloaehi  tipnressfd  on  the  slender  branches,  around  whii-h  they  are  partly  cur\e(l 
(1^"  long)  ;  stamens  2  (a  third  imperfect  or  wanting) ;  palets  sparingly  ciliate 
(greenish-white).  —  Wet  woods.     Aug.,  Sept. 

2.  L.  oryzoides,  Swartz.  (Rice  Cut-grass.)  Panicle  dijfnseli/ branched ; 
spik-eletsjidt,  rather  sprmdinq  (2^" -3"  long)  ;  stamens  3;  palets  strongly  bristly- 
ciliate  (whitish). —  Very  wet  places :  common.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

*  «  SpiMets  broadly  oval,  imhricately  coverimj  each  otlur  (2i"-3"  long). 

3.  L.  lenticuliris,  Mich.x.  (Fly-catch  Grass.)  Smoothish  ;  panicle 
simple;  ])alets  very  flat,  strongly  bristly  ciliate  (said  to  close  and  catch  flies) ; 
stamens  2:  otherwise  like  the  preceding. — Low  grounds,  Virginia,  Illinois, 
«nd  southward.  ... 


G08  GRAMINE^.        (grass    FAMILY.) 

2.     ZIZANIA,     Gronov.        Water  or  Indian  Rice.     (PI.  7.) 

Flowers  monoecious;  tlie  staminate  and  pistillate  both  in  1-flowcrcd  spikclcts 
in  the  same  panicle.  Glumes  isanting,  or  rudimentary  and  forming  a  little 
cup.  Palets  herbaceo-membranaccous,  convex,  awnless  in  the  sterile,  the  lower 
one  tipped  with  a  straight  awn  in  the  fertile  spikelets.  Stamens  6.  Stigmas 
pencil-form.  —  Large,  often  reed-like  water-grasses.  Spikelets  jointed  with  the 
club-shaped  pedicels,  very  deciduous.  -(Adojjted  from  Zi^aviov,  the  ancient 
name  of  some  wild  grain.) 

1.  Z.  aquatica,  L.  (Indian  Rice.  Wateii  Oats.)  Annual;  lower 
brunches  of  the  ample  pyramidal  panicle  stamimUe,  spreadimj ;  the  up/ier  end,  pis- 
tilhite;  pedicels  strongly  club-shaped ;  lower  palet  lontj-awni d,  row^h;  styles  dis- 
tinct; grain  linear,  slender.  (Z.  clavulusa,  Michx.)  —  Swampy  borders  of 
streams  and  in  shallow  water :  common,  especially  northwestward.  Aug.  —  ■ 
Culms  3°  -  9°  high.  Leaves  flat,  2"  -  3°  long,  linear-lanceolate.  Grain  6"  long ; 
largely  gatheicd  for  food  by  the  Northwestern  Indians. 

2.  Z.  miliaeea,  Michx.  Perennial ;  panicle  diffuse,  amjjle,  the  slamivdte 
'  and  jiistil  late  flowers  intermixed;  awns  short  ;■  styles  united;  grain  ovate.     Penn.  7 

Ohio,  and  southward.     Aug. — Leaves  involute. 

3.    ALOPECtTRUS,    L.        Foxtail  Grass.     (PI.  7.) 

Spikelets  1 -flowered.  Glumes  boat-shaped,  strongly  compressed  and  keeled, 
nearly  equal,  united  at  the  base,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  lower  palct,  which 
is  awned  on  the  back  below  the  middle:  upper  palet  wanting!  Stamens  3. 
Styles  mostly  united.  Stigmas  long  and  feathered. —  Clusters  contracted  into 
a  cylindrical  and  soft  dense  spike.  Root  perennial.  (Name  from  aXwnrj^^fox, 
and  ovpd,  tail,  the  popular  appellation,  from  the  shape  of  the  spike.) 

1.  A.  PRATENSis,  L.  (Meadow  Foxtail.)  Culm  upright,  smooth  (2° 
high)  ;  palet  eqnallimj  the  acute  (jlinnes;  awn  exserted  more  than  half  its  length, 
twisted;  the  upper  leaf  much  shorter  than  its  inflated  sheath.  —  Meadows  and 
pastures,  eastward.     May.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  A.  GExicuL.lTtis,  L.  (Floating  F.)  Culm  ascending,  bent  at  the 
lower  joints  ;  palet  rather  shorter  than  the  obtuse  glumes,  the  awn  from  near  its  base 
and  projecting  half  its  U-ngfh  beyond  it:  anthers  linear  ;  the  upper  leaf  as  long  as 
its  sheath.  —  Moist  meadows,  eastward.     June -Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  A.  aristuIktUS,  Michx.  (Wild  F.)  Glaucous;  culm  decumbent 
below,  at  length  bent  and  ascending;  peilet  rather  longer  than  the  obtuse  glumes, 
scarcely  exceeded  by  the  awn  which  rises  from  just  below  its  middle;  anthers 
oblong.  (A.  subaristatus,  Pers.)  —  In  water  and  wet  places  :  common.  June- 
Aug.     Spike  more  slender  and  paler  than  in  the  last.     (Eu.) 

4.    PHLEUM,    L.        Cat's-tail  Grass.     (PI.  7.) 

Palets  both  present,  shorter  than  the  mucronate  or  awned  glumes ;  the  lower 
one  truncate,  usually  awnless.  Styles  distinct.  Otherwise  much  as  in  Alope- 
curus.  — Perennials.     Spike  very  dense,  harsh.     (An  ancient  Greek  name.) 

I.  P.  pratense,  L.  (Timothy.  Herd's-Grass  in  New  England  and 
New  York.)     Tall;   spike  cylindrical,  elongated;  glumes  ciliate  on  the  back, 


GIIAMINE^E.        (grass    FAMILY.)  G09 

tipped  with  a  short  bristle.  —  Meadows,   commonly  cultivated  for  har.     (Nat 
from  Ell.) 

2.  P.  alpinuin,  L.  Low;  spike  ovate-oblong ;  glumes  stron,2:ly  ciliatc  on 
the  back,  tipped  with  a  rough  men  about  their  own  leixjth. — Alpine  tops  of  tli» 
White  jMonntains,  New  Hampshire,  and  high  northward.     (En.) 

5.     CRYPSIS,    Ait.        Crypsis.     (PI.  7.) 

Spikclets  1 -flowered,  in  clusters  which  are  crowded  in  a  dense  head  or  short 
spike  bracted  by  the  uppermost  leaves.  Glumes,  palets,  «&.c.  as  in  the  next 
genus,  or  rather  thinner.  —  Low  and  spreading  tufted  annuals,  natives  of  the 
East ;  with  short  leaves,  the  sheaths  of  the  upper  spathaceous.  (Name,  Kpvyjris, 
concealment,  the  spikes  at  first  partly  hidden  by  the  subtending  sheaths.) 

1.  C.  sciicENOiDES,  Lam.  Leaves  rather  rigid,  tapering  to  a  sharp  point; 
heads  or  spikes  oblong,  7'' -20"  long,  thick.     (C.  Virginica,  Nutt.,  excl.  syn.) 

—  Waste  places,  streets  of  Philadelphia  and  vicinity,  also  of  Wilmington,  Dela- 
ware: becoming  very  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

6.    VILFA,     Adans.,  Bcauv.        Rush-Grass.     (PI.  7.) 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  in  a  contracted  or  spiked  panicle.  Glumes  1-ncrved  or 
nerveless,  not  awned  or  pointed,  the  lower  smaller.  Flower  nearly  sessile  in 
the  glumes.  Palets  2,  much  alike,  of  the  same  textui'e  as  the  glumes  (mem- 
branaeeo-chartaceous)  and  usually  longer  than  they,  naked,  awnless  and  mostly 
pointless;  the  lower  1-nerved  (rarely  somewhat  .3-nerved).  Stamens  chiefly  3. 
Stigmas  simply  feathery.     Grain  (caryopsis)  oblong  or  cylindrical,  deciduous. 

—  Culms  wiry  or  rigid.     Leaves  involute,  usually  bearded  at  the  throat;  their 
sheaths  often  enclosing  the  panicles.     (Name  unexplained.) 

1.  V.  aspera,  Beauv.  Root  perennial ;  culms  tufted  (2° -4°  high) ;  lowest 
leaves  very  long,  rigid,  rough  on  the  edges,  tapering  to  a  long  involute  and 
thread  like  point ;  the  upper  short,  involute  ;  sheaths  partly  or  at  first  wholly 
enclosing  the  contracted  panicle  ;  palets  much  lonr/er  than  the  unequal  glumes ; 
grain  oval  or  oblong.  (Agrostis  aspera,  Michx.  A.  clandestma  &  A.  involiita, 
Mnhl.  A.  longifolia,  Torr.)  —  Sandy  fields  and  dry  hills,  especially  southward. 
Sept.  —  Spikelets  2"  -  .3"  long.  Palets  rough  above,  smooth  or  hairy  below,  of 
greatly  varying  proportions  ;  the  uj)per  one  tajjcring  upwards,  acute,  and  one 
half  to  twice  longer  than  the  lower,  or  else  obtuse  and  equalled  or  even  con- 
siderably exceeded  by  the  lower  ! 

2.  V.  vaginaefldra,  Torr.  Root  annual;  culms  slender  (6' -12'  high), 
ascending;  leaves  involute-awl-shaped  (I' -4'  long);  panicles  simple  and 
spiked,  the  lateral  and  often  the  terminal  concealed  in  the  sheaths  ;  palets  some- 
what equal,  acute,  about  the  length  of  the  nearly  equal  glumes ;  only  one  third  longer 
than  the  linear  grain.  (Agrostis  Virginica,  Muhl ,  not  of  L.)  — Barren  and 
sandy  dry  fields  :  common,  especially  southward.     Sept. 

3.  V.  CUSpidata,  Torr.  Root  perennial ;  culms  and  leaves  more  slender 
than  in  the  preceding ;  panicle  exserted,  very  simple  and  narrow  ;  spikelets 
smaller,  tlie  glumes  verg  acute,  and  the  loiver  palet  cuspidate.  —  Borders  of  Maiud 
(on  the  St.  Joini's  River,  G.  L.  Goodale),  and  northwestward. 

.39 


CIO  GRAMINE.E.        (gRASS    FAMILY.) 

4.  V.  "Virginica,  Bcanv.  Root  per-rnnial ;  ctthiis  tufted,  slender  (5'- 12' 
long),  often  prociunbcnt,  branched;  loaves  convolute,  rigid  ;  palcts  rather  shorter 
tlian  the  nearly  equal  acute  glumes.  (Agrostis  Virginica,  Z.)  —  Sandy  sea- 
shore, Virginia  (Ciai/Zoii)  and  southward.  —  Siiikelets  much  smaller  and  more 
numerous  than  in  the  others. 

7.    SPOROBOLUS,     R.  Br.        Dkop-seed  Guass.     (PI.  7.) 

Spikelets  1-  (rarely  2-)  flowered,  in  a  contracted  or  open  panicle.  Flowers 
ncarlv  as  in  Vilfa  ;  the  palets  longer  than  the  unequal  glumes.  Stamens  2-3. 
Grain  a  globular  utricle  (hyaline  or  rarely  coriaceous),  containing  a  loose  seed, 
deciduous  (whence  the  name,  from  (rnopd,  seed,  and  /SaXXw,  to  cast  forth). 

*  Glumes  very  unequal :  panicle  pyramidal,  open :  ours  perennials,  except  No.  3. 

1.  S.  jlinceus,  Kunth.  Leaves  involute,  narrow,  rigid,  the  lowest  elon- 
gated ;  culm  (l°-2°  high)  naked  above,  bearing  a  narrow  loose  panicle;  glumes 
ovate,  rather  obtuse,  the  lower  one  half  as  long  as,  the  upper  etjuallint/,  the  nearly 
equal  pdlets.  (Agrostis  juncea,  jl//c7i.r.  Vilfa  juncea,  Trin.) — Dry  soil,  Penn- 
sylvania to  Wisconsin,  and  (chiefly)  southwai-d.  Aug.  —  Spikelets  l"-2"  long, 
shining. 

2.  S.  h.eter61epis,  Gray.  Leaves  involute-thread-Jbrm,  rigid,  the  lowest  as 
long  as  the  culm  ( 1°  -  2°)  which  is  naked  above ;  panicle  very  loose  ;  (flumes  very 
unequal;  the  lower  awl-shnped  (or  bristle-pointed  from  a  broad  base)  and  some- 
what shorter,  the  upper  ovate-oblong  and  taper-pointed  and  longer,  than  the  equal 
palets.  (Vilfa  heterolepis,  Gray.) — Dry  soil,  Connecticut,  and  New  York  to 
Illinois  and  Wisconsin!  Aug.  —  Plant  exhaling  an  unpleasant  scent  (Sidlicant), 
stouter  than  the  last,  the  spikelets  thrice  larger.  Utricle  spherical  (1"  in  diam- 
eter), shining,  thick  and  coriaceous  ! 

3.  C.  cryptandrus,  Gray.  Leaves  flat,  pale  (2"  wide)  ;  the  pyramidal 
panicle  bursting  from  the  upper  sheath  which  usually  encloses  its  base,  its  spreading 
branches  hairy  in  the  axils  ;  upper  glume  lanceolate,  rather  acute,  twice  the  length  of 
the  lower  one,  as  long  as  the  nearly  equal  palets  ;  sheaths  strongly  bearded  at  the 
throat ;  root  annual  ?  (Agr.  &  Vilfa  cryptandra,  Torr.)  —  Sandy  shores,  coast 
of  New  England,  and  of  the  Great  Lakes.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  Culm  2°  -  3°  high 
Panicle  lead-color:  spikelets  1"  long. 

*  *  Glumes  almost  equal,  short rr  than  the  broad  palets :  panicle  racemose-elongated, 
open,  the  pidirels  capillary :  shiatlis  nabd  at  the  throat :  spikelets  not  iinfequently 
tuoflorci red :  root  perennial.      (CoLPODlUM  ?) 

4.  S.  COmpr6ssus,  Kunth.  Very  smooth, /w/vy  to  the  top:  culms  tufied, 
stout,  very  flat:  sheaths  flattened,  much  longer  than  the  internodes;  leaves  erect, 
narrow,  conduplicate-channelled  ;  glumes  acutish,  about  one  third  shorter  than 
the  obtuse  palets.  (Agrostis  comprcssa,  Torr.  Vilfo,  Trin.) — Bogs  in  the 
pine-l)arrcns  of  New  Jersey.  S?pt. — Forming  strong  tussocks,  l°-2°  high. 
Panicle  8'-  12'  long:  spikelets  1"  long,  purplish. 

.5.  S.  serdtinUS,  Gray.  Smooth  \  odms  i^ry slender,  flattish(^' -\'j'h\(rM), 
few-leaved ;  leaves  very  slender,  channelled  ;  panicle  soon  much  crserted,  the  diffuse 
capillary  branches  scattered  ;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  about  half  the  length  of  the 


GK amines:,      (grass  family.)  61  f 

palcts.  ( Agr.  &  Vilfa  scrotina,  7brr.  V.  tenera,  Trin.  Poa  ?  tmiflofa,  Muld. 
P.  niodesta,  TucJcprm.)  —  Sandy  wet  places,  Maine  to  New  Jersey  and  Michigan. 
Sept.  —  A  very  delicate  grass  ;  the  spikelcts  half  a  line  long. 

8.     AGROSTIS,     L.         Bent-Grass.     (PI.  7.) 

Spikclets  1 -flowered,  in  !in  open  jianiele.  Glumes  somewhat  equal,  or  the 
lower  rather  longer,  usually  longer  than  the  palets,  jiointless.  Palcts  very  thin, 
pointless,  naked;  the  lower  3  -  5-nerved,  frequently  awncd  on  the  back;  the. 
upper  often  minute  or  none.  Stamens  chiefl_v  .3.  Grain  (caryopsis)  free. — 
Culms  usually  tufted,  slender;  root  commonly  iicrcnnial.  (Name  from  ayitus, 
a  Jitld,  the  place  of  growth.) 

§  1.    TRICHODIUM,  Michx. —  Upper  palet  nhoii ice,  minute,  or  none 

1.  A.  el^ta,  Trin.  Culms  firm  or  sfoM<  (2° -3°  high) ;  leaves  flat  (1"- 2" 
wide)  ;  upper  ligules  elongated  (2" -3"  long)  ;  xpikehts  aoicdtd  on  the  branches 
of  the  spread'nui  panicle  above  the  middle  (1^"  long) ;  lower  palct  awnless,  slightly 
shorter  than  the  rather  unequal  glumes  ;  the  npjK'r  wanting.  (A.  Seliweinitzii, 
Trin.?  A.  altissima,  Tiickerm.,  excl.  var.  laxa.  Trich.  elatiim,  Pursh.)  — 
Swamps,  New  Jersey  and  soutliAvard.     October. 

2.  A.  perennans,  Tuekerm.  (Tiux-Gkass.)  C((/;hs  s/e«rfo-,  erect  from 
a  decumbent  base  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  flat  (the  upper  4'- C  long,  l"-2''wide) ; 
panicle  at  length  diffiisoti/  sprt-ading,  pale  green  ;  the  branches  short,  divided  and 
fiower-bearing  from  or  hfloLV  the  middle;  lower  palet  awnless  (rarely  short-awned), 
shorter  than  the  unequal  glumes  ;  the  upper  minute  or  obsolete.  (Cornucopite 
perennans,  Walt.  Trich.  perennans.  Ell.  T.  decumbens,  Michx.  T.  scabrum, 
Midd.  Agr.  andmala,  Willd.) — Damp  shaded  places.  July,  Aug.  —  Spikelcts, 
&c.  as  in  No.  3,  into  which  it  seems  to  vary. 

3.  A.  Scabra,  Willd.  (IIair-Guass.)  Culms  very  slender,  erect  (l°-2° 
high) ;  leaves  short  and  narrow,  tlic  lower  soon  involute  (the  upper  l'-3'  long, 
less  than  1"  wide)  ;  panicle  i-cri/  loose  and  divergent,  purplish,  the  long  capdlary 
branches  fiower-bearing  at  and  near  the  apex;  lower  palet  awnless  or  occasionally 
short-awned  on  the  back,  shorter  than  the  rather  unequal  very  acute  glumes ;  the 
upper  minute  or  obsolete  ;  root  biennial  ?  (A.  laxiflora,  i?/c//arrf.  A.  Michauxii, 
Trin.  partly.  Trich.  laxiflorum,  Michx.  T.  montanum,  Torr.) — Exsiccated 
places  :  common.  June- Aug.  — Remarkable  for  the  long  and  divergent  capil- 
lary branches  of  the  extremely  loose  panicle ;  these  are  whorled,  rough  with 
very  minute  bristles  (under  a  lens),  as  also  the  keel  of  the  glumes.  Spikelcts 
1 '  long. ^  A  variety ?  from  about  the  White  Mountains,  &c.  (var.  montana, 
Tuekerm.),  has  a  more  or  less  exserted  awn,  thus  differing  from  the  T.  monta- 
num, Torr.  (A.  ore(5phila,  Trin.},  which  is  a  dwarfed  form,  growing  in  tufts  in 
hollows  of  rocks,  &c. 

4.  A.  canina,  L.  (Browv  Bext-Grass.)  Culms  8'- 2°  high;  root- 
leaves  involute-bristle-form,  those  of  the  culm  flat  and  broader ;  panicle  loose  ; 
glumes  slightly  unequal,  ovate-lanceolate,  very  acute ;  prdet  ersertlg  awncd  on 
the  back  at  or  below  the  middle ;  spikelcts  brownish  or  purplisli,  rarely  pale  or 
greenish  (1"-!^"  long).  —  Meadows,  sparingly  naturalized  eastward.  A 
mountain    form   with   shorter  and  more  spreading    panicle   (A.   Pickeringii 


G12  GRAMINK^.        (grass    FAMILY.) 

&  A.  connnna,  Tuclerm.,  A.  canina,  var.  alpina,  Oales,  &  Ed.  2.,  and  csscn 
tially  A.  rubra,  L.  ex  WuliL,  and  A.  borcalis,  Hartm.),  is  indij^cnous  on 
mountain-tops,  Maine  to  New  York ;  also,  an  ampler  form  in  the  AIJe<rhanic3 
of  Tennsylvania  (./.  R.  Lowrie),  and  southward  (A.  rupestris,  C/aipman,  &c.). 
July -Aug.     (Eu.) 

§  2.   AGROSTIS  proper.     Upper  palet  manifest,  but  shorter  than  the  lower. 

5.  A.  vulgaris,  With.  (Red-top.  Hkkd's-Grass  of  Penn,  &c.)  Root- 
stocks  creeping  ;  culm  mostly. uprigiit  (l°-2°  high) ;  panicle  oblong,  with  spread- 
ing slightly  rough  short  branches  {purple) ;  leaves  linear,  flat ;  lirjule  very  short, 
truncate ;  lower  palet  nearly  equalling  the  glumes,  chiefly  awnless,  3-nerved  ; 
the  upper  about  one  half  its  length.  (A.  polymtJrpha,  Huds.,  partly.  —  Varies 
with  a  rougher  panicle  (A.  hispida,  WilUi),  and  rarely  with  the  flower  short- 
awncd.  —  Low  meadows;  naturalized  from  Eu.^  and  apparently  also  native 
northward.     (Eu.) 

6.  A.  alba,  L.  (Fiokin  or  White  Bent-Grass.)  Rootstocks  more 
stoloniferous,  and  culms  often  decumbent  at  the  base,  ascending;  ligule  elon- 
gated, oblong  or  linear;  panide  contracted  after  flowering,  cither  greenish,  pur- 
plish or  brownish ;  otherwise  as  in  the  preceding,  and  equally  variable ;  rarely 
with  the  lower  palet  short-awned,  or  even  slender-awned  below  the  tip.  (A. 
stolom'fera,  L.,  |>artly.)  —  Meadows  and  fields,  a  valuable  grass  :  nat,  from  Eu. : 
also  indigenous  on  river-banks,  N.  New  York  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

9.    POLYPOGON,    Desf.        Be.\kd-Gra8S.     (V\.  8.) 

Sjiikelcts  1  -flowered,  in  a  contracted,  mostly  spike-like  panicle.  Glumes  nearly 
equal,  long-awned,  much  longer  than  the  membranaceous  palets,  the  lower  of 
which  is  commonly  short-awned  below  the  apex.  Stamens  3.  Grain  free. 
(Name  composed  of  ttoXu,  much,  and  Trcoycoi/,  beurd ;  from  the  awns.) 

1.  P.  MoxsPKLiEXSis,  Dcsf  Panicle  interrupted  ;  glumes  oblong,  the  awn 
i'roni  a  notch  at  the  summit ;  lower  palet  awned  ;  root  annual.  nani])ton  Beach, 
New  Hampshire  {Nubbins),  Virginia  ?  and  southward.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

10.    CINNA,    L.        Wood  Reed-Grass.     (PI.  8.) 

Spikelcts  1 -flowered,  much  flattened,  crowded  in  an  open  flaccid  panicle. 
Glumes  lanceolate,  acute,  strongly  keeled,  rough-serrulate  on  the  keel ;  the 
lower  rather  smaller,  the  upper  a  little  exceeding  the  p.alets.  Flower  manifestly 
stalked  in  the  glumes,  smooth  and  naked  ;  the  palets  much  like  the  glumes ; 
the  lower  longer  than  the  upper,  short-awned  or  mucronate  on  the  back  below 
the  pointless  apex.  Stamen  one,  opposite  the  1-nerved  upper  palet!  Grain 
linear-oblong,  fiec.  —  A  perennial,  rather  sweet-scented  grass,  with  simple  and 
upright  somewhat  reed-like  culms  (2°-7°  high),  bearing  an  ample  compound 
terminal  panicle,  its  branches  in  fours  or  fives ;  the  broadly  linear-lanceolate 
flat  leaves  (4'' -6"  wide)  with  conspicuous  ligules.  Spikelets  green,  often  pur- 
plish-tinged.    (Name  unexplained.) 

1.  C.  arundin^eea,  L.  —  Moist  woods  and  .shaded  swamps  :  rather  comr 
mon.     July,  Aug.  —  Panicle  6'  -  15'  long,  rather  dense  ;  the  branches  and  pcdi- 


GRAMINE^.       (grass    FAMILY.)  613 

«els  spreading  in  flower,  afterwards  erect.     Spikclets  2^"-3"  long.     Awn  of 
the  palet  either  obsolete  or  nianifost. 

Var.  p6ndula,  Gray.  Panicle  loose  and  more  slender,  the  branches  nearly 
capillary  and  drooping  in  flower;  pedicels  very  rough  ;  glumes  and  palets  thin- 
ner, the  former  less  unequal ;  spikclets  1^"-  2"  long  ;  upper  palet  obtuse.  (C. 
pendula,  Trin.  C.  latifoiia,  Grisel>.  C.  expansa,  Link.  Blyttia  suaveolens, 
Fries.)  —  Deep  damp  woods,  N.  New  England  to  Lake  Superior  and  northward, 
and  on  mountains  southward.' — A  slender  variety  of  the  last,  as  is  shown  by 
intermediate  si)ecimens,  always  monandrous.    (Eu.) 

11.     MUHLENBERGIA,     Schreber.        Drop-seed  G.     (PI.  8.) 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  in  contracted  or  rarely  in  open  panicles.  Glumes  mostly 
acute  or  bristle-pointed,  persistent ;  the  lower  rather  smaller  or  minute.  Flower 
very  short-stalked  or  sessile  in  the  glumes  ;  the  palets  usually  minutely  bearded 
at  the  base,  herbaceous,  deciduous  with  the  enclosed  grain,  often  equal ;  the 
lower  3-nerved,  mucronate  or  awned  at  the  apex.  Stamens  3.  (Dedicated  to 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Ilmmj  Muhlenberg,  a  distinguished  American  botanist  of  the  early 
part  of  this  century. ) 

§  1.     MUHLENBERGIA   proper.      Panicles   contracted  or  fjlomcrate,   terminal 
and  axillary  :  perennials  {in  our  species)  with  branchirirj  rirjid  culms,  from  scu/ij 
creefiing  rootstocks  :  leaves  short  and  narroiv. 
*  Lower  paid  bartljj  mucronate  or  sharp-poinled.     (Sp.  of  Cinna,  Knnth,  Trin.) 

1.  M.  SObolifera,  Trin.  Culms  ascending  (l°-2° high),  rarely  branching; 
the  simple  contracted  jianicle  very  slender  or  filiform ;  glumes  barely  pointed,  almost 
equal,  one  third  shorter  titan  the  equal  palets ;  lower  ])alet  abruptly  short-mucronate. 
(Agrostis  sobolifera,  il/«/(/. )  —  Open  rocky  woods,  Mass.  to  Michigan,  Illinois, 
and  southward.     Aug.  —  Spikelets  less  than  1"  long. 

2.  M.  glomerkta,  Trin.  Culms  upright  (1° -3°  high),  sparingly  branched 
or  simple  ;  panicle  oblong-linear,  contracted  into  an  interrupted  glomerate  spike,  long- 
peduncled,  the  branches  sessile ;  glumes  awned,  nearly  equal,  and  (with  the 
bristle-like  awn)  about  twice  the  length  of  the  imequal  very  acute  palets.  (Agr. 
racemosa,  Michx.  A.  setosa,  Muhl.  Polypogon  racemosus,  Nutt.) — Bogs: 
common,  especially  northward.     Aug.  —  Panicle  2' -3'  long. 

3.  M.  Mexic^na,  Trin.  Culms  ascending,  much  branched  (2° -3°  high); 
panicles  lateral  and  terminal,  often  included  at  the  base,  contracted,  the  branches 
densely  spiked-clustered,  linear  (green  and  purplish);  glumes  awnless,  sharp-pointed, 
unequal,  the  upper  about  the  length  of  the  very  acute  lower  palet.  (Agr. 
Mexicana,  L.  A.  lateriflora,  Michx.)  — Varies  with  more  slender  panicles  (A. 
filif(5rmis,  j1/((A/.) — Low  grounds  :  common.     Aug. 

*  *  Lower  paid  bristle-awned  from  the  tip :  flowers  short-pedicelled. 

4.  M.  Sylv^tiea,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Culms  ascending,  much  branched  and 
diff"usely  spreading  (2° -4°  long);  contracted  panicles  densely  manyflmvered; 
glumes  almost  equal,  brisllc-pointed,  nearly  as  long  as  the  Iowa-  palet,  which  bears  an 
awn  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  spikelet.  (Agr.  difl["usa,  Muhl.)  —  Low  or 
rocky  woods  :  common.     Aug.,  Sept.  —  In  aspect  between  No.  3  and  No.  5. 


G14  GRAMINEJS.        (grass    FAMILY.) 

5.  M.  Willdendvii,  Trin.  Culms  upright  (3°  higli),  slender,  simple  oi 
sparingly  branched;  contracted  panicle  ^lender,  loosdij  flowered ;  (/liiinas  sUt/hdjj 
unequal,  short-pointed,  half  the  length  of  the  lower  paid,  wiiich  bears  an  awn  3-4 
limes  the  length  of  the  sj)ikelet.  (Agrostis  tenuiHora,  Willd.)  —  Kucky  woods: 
rather  common.     Aug. 

6.  M.  diffusa,  Sehrehcr.  (Drop-seed.  Nimble  Will.)  Culms  dif- 
fusely much  branched  (8'- 18' higii) ;  contracted  jumiile^  slender,  rather  loosely 
many-Howered,  terminal  and  lateral;  (jlumes  ertremeli/  minute,  the  lower  obsolete, 
the  upper  truncate;  awn  once  or  twice  longer  than  the  palet.  (Dilep5'rum 
minutiHorum,  Micli.r.)  —  Dry  hills  and  woods,  from  S.  New  England  to  Michi- 
gan, Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug.,  Sept.  —  Spikelcts  only  1"  long. 

§  2.    TRICH6CHL0A,  DC     Panicle  veri/  loose  and  open,  the  long  branches  and 
pedicels  capillarij :  leaves  nairow,  often  convolute-bristleform. 

7.  M.  capillaris,  Kunth.  (IIair-Grass.)  Culm  simple,  upright  (2°  high) 
from  a  fibrous  root ;  panicle  capillary,  expanding  (G'-20'  long,  purple) ;  glumes 
unequal,  one  third  or  half  the  length  of  the  long-awned  palets,  the  lower  mostly 
pointless,  the  upper  more  or  less  bristle-pointed.  —  Sandy  soil,  W.  New  Eng- 
land to  New  Jersey,  Kentucky,  and  southward.  Sept.  —  Pedicels  l'-2'  long, 
scarcely  thicker  than  the  awns,  which  are  about  1'  long. 

12.    BEACHYELYTBUM,    Beauv.     (PI.  8.) 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  with  a  consiiicuous  filiform  pedicel  of  an  abortive  second 
flower  about  half  its  length,  nearly  terete,  few,  in  a  simple  appressed  raccmed 
panicle.  Glumes  unequal,  persistent,  usually  minute,  or  the  lower  one  almost 
obsolete.  Palets  chartaceo-herbaeeous,  involute,  enclosing  the  linear-oblong 
grain,  somewhat  equal,  rough  with  scattered  short  bristles ;  tlic  lower  .5-nervcd, 
extended  into  a  long  straight  awn;  the  upper  2-poin  ted ;  the  awn-like  sterile 
pedicel  partly  lodged  in  the  groove  on  its  back.  Stamens  2  :  anthers  and  stig- 
mas very  long.  —  Perennial,  with  simple  culms  (lO-S*'  high)  from  creej)ing 
rootstoeks,  downy  sheaths,  broad  and  flat  lanceolate  pointed  leaves,  and  spike- 
lets  i'  long  without  the  awn.  (Name  composed  of  ^paxvs,  short,  and  eXvTpof, 
husk,  from  the  minute  glumes.) 

1.  B.  aristatum,  Bcauv.  (Muhlenbcrgia  erecta,  Sclmb.  Dilepyrum 
aristbsum,  Mich.c.) — Rocky  woods  :  common.  June.  —  Var.  ExgelmAnni, 
is  a  Western  form,  with  the  upper  glume  awn-pointed,  nearly  half  the  length  of 
the  palet. 

13.    CALAMAGROSTIS,     Adan,s.    Eeed  Bent-G.     (PI.  8.) 

Spikelcts  1 -flowered,  and  often  with  a  pedicel  or  rudiment  of  a  second  abor- 
tive flower  (rarely  2-flowered),  in  an  open  or  spiked  panicle.  Glumes  keeled  or 
boat-shaped,  often  acute,  commonly  nearly  equal,  and  exceeding  the  flower, 
which  bears  at  the  base  copious  white  bristly  hairs.  Palets  thin  ;  the  lower 
bearing  a  slender  awn  on  the  back  or  below  the  tip,  or  sometimes  awnless ;  the 
upper  mostly  shorter.  Stamens  3.  Grain  free.  —  Perennials,  with  running 
rootstoeks,  and  mostly  tall  and  simple  rigid  culms.  (Name  compounded  of 
KuXap.os,  a  reed,  and  dypuaris,  a  grass.) 


GRAMINEiE.        (GRASS    FAMILY.)  .61v> 

§  1.  DEYEUXIA,  Kunth.  RndinmH  of  a  second  flower  present  in  the  form  of  a 
plumuse  or  hairy  small  pedicel  behind  the  upper  jialel  (  Vfrij  rureli/  more  developed 
and  hacimj  jialcts  or  eoen  stamens)  :  (jltimes  and  pulels  mcmhrunoceous,  or  the  lat- 
ter thin  and  delicate  as  in  Aj;rostis  ;  the  lower  3  -  ft-nerad  and  uwn-hearincj. 

*  Panicle  loose  and  open,  even  ajhrflowerint; :  the  mostlji  purple-timjtd  or  had-colored 

striffose-scahrous  ylunies  not  closinr/  in  fruit:  copious  hairs  surrounding  the  flower 
about  equallinij  the  hyaline  lower  pultt,  not  surpassed  by  those  of  the  rudiment  : 
awn  delicate,  straight. 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  Beauv.  (Blue  Joint-Grass.)  Culm  tall  (3° -5° 
high);  leaves  flat  when  fresh,  glaucous;  panicle  oblong;  f/lumes  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  14"-  U"  long ;  awn  from  near  the  middle  of  the  palet,  not  exceeding  and 
scarcely  stouter  than  the  hairs  around  the  flower.  (Arundo  Canadensis,  Michx. 
C.  Mexicana,  iV((//.)  —  Wet  grounds  :  common  northward.     July. 

2.  C.  Langsdorffli,  Trin.  Spikelcts  larger,  2^" -3"  long;  /y/wmes /awcco- 
late  or  oblong -lanceolate  and  gradually  taper-pointed;  awn  stouter:  otherwise  like 
the  preceding.  —  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Panicle  strict,  its  short  branches  oppressed  or  erect  afler  flowering,  and  the  glumes 

mostly  closed:  lower  palet  less  delicate,  rouyhish,  sometimes  of  us  firm  texture  as 
the  glumes  :  awn  stouter. 

•t-  Leaves  narrow,  inclined  to  be  involute:  awn  straight. 

3.  C  Strieta,  Trin.  Panicle  glomerate  and  lobed,  strict ;  glumes  1|"- 2" 
long,  ovatc-ohlong,  not  acuminate ;  hairs  scarcely  or  little  shorter  than  the 
flower,  and  as  long  as  those  of  the  rudiment ;  awn  from  the  middle  of  the  thin 
palea  or  lower,  and  barely  exceeding  it.  —  Ledges  at  Willoughby  Lake,  Vermont 
(  IF.  Boolt),  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

•f-  •*-  Leaves' broader,  flat:  awn  stouter,  bent,  divergent,  or  twisted  when  dry, 

4.  C.  COnfinis,  Nutt.  Panicle  elongated,  its  rather  slender  branches  spread- 
ing at  flowering-lime,  afterwards  appressed ;  glumes  lance-oblong,  very  acute, 
2"  long,  pale;  hairs  of  the  flower  copious,  ecjiuil,  slightly  or  one  thiixl  shorter  than 
the  thin  lower  palet  and  than  those  of  the  rudiment ;  awn  borne  much  below  the 
middle  of  the  palet,  somewhat  surpassing  it ;  grain  glabrous.     (Arundo  confinis, 

Wilkl.l     C.  inexpansa,  Gray.) — Swamps,  N.  and  W.  New  York  (especially 
Penn  Van,  SartwcU)  and  Pennsylvania.     July.  —  Culm  tall. 

5.  C.  Nuttalliana,  Steud.  Culm  stout  (30-5°  high);  panicle  contracted 
and  spilce-like;  glumes  lanceolate  and  tapering  into  slender  awl-shaped  tips, 
3"  long  ;  luiirs  on  the  lower  side  scanty  and  barely  half  the  length  of  the  firm  and 
keeled  lower  palet,  on  the  other  side  longer  and  equalling  the  copious  tuft  on  the 
summit  of  the  rudiment ;  awn  borne  half-way  between  the  middle  and  the  taper- 
ing tip  of  the  palet,  stout,  not  twisted  ;  grain  bearded  at  the  top.  (C.  Canade'n- 
sis,  Nutt.  C.  coarctata,  Torr.,  and  of  former  ed.) — Moist  grounds,  E.  New 
England  to  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  southward.     Aug. 

6.  C.  Poi'teri,  Gray.  Culm  slender  (2° -4°  high) ;  a  woolly-bearded  ring 
at  the  junction  of  the  broadly  linear  leaves  with  the  sheath;  panicle  long  and 
narrow,  with  the  branches  appressed  ;  glumes  lanceolate,  acute,  pale,  2"  to  2^  ' 
long;  hairs  of  the  flower  and  of  the  short  rudiment  uranfy,  and  both  reaching  about 
to  the  middle  of  the  flower  behind  the  upper  palet,  but  very  short  or  none  at  the 


616  aRAMINE^.       (grass    FAMILY.) 

base  of  the  Jirm-memhranaceous  lower  palet,  wliich  bears  near  its  base  a  twisted  awn 
of  its  own  length.  —  Dry  woods,  Pulpit  Kocks  and  vieinity,  Huntingdon  Co., 
Pennsylvania,  Prof.  T.  V.  Purler. 

7.  C.  PiekeX'ingii,  Gray.  Culm  l°-l^ohigh;  leaces  short ;  panicle  pi/- 
ramidal,  jjurpiisli ;  glumes  ovate-oblong,  bluntisU  or  bluntly  pointed  (l^"-2" 
long) ;  hairs  both  of  tliejluwer  and  of  the  rudiment  virij  short  ami  scanty,  one  lourtli 
or  fifth  the  Icngtii  of  the  flower,  none  behind  the  obtuse  lower  palet,  which 
bears  between  its  middle  and  biise  a  short  and  stout  (straight  or  bent,  not  twisted) 
awn.  —  White  Mountnins,  New  Hampshire,  in  the  al})ine  region  of  Alt.  Wash- 
ington (Dr.  Pirkeriiuj,  &e.) ;  and  a  more  luxuriant  form  with  smaller  spikelets 
at  Echo  Lake,  Franconia,  W.  Buott.     Sept. 

§2.  CiVLAMOViLFA.  Glumes  and  equal  palets  rather  chartaceous,  compressed- 
keeled ;  the.  lower  yUime  shorter  than  the  upper  and  shorter  than  the  palets,  of  which 
the  lower  is  l-iierved  and  entirely  awnless:  the  upper  strongly  '2-lceeUd :  rudiment 
of  second  fower  wantiny :  panicle  open  and  loose. 

8.  C.  brevipilis,  Gray.  Branches  of  the  diffuse  pyramidal  panicle  capil- 
lary (purplish);  glumes  ovate,  mueronate;  the  upper  slightly,  the  lower  nearly 
one  half  shorter  than  the  palets,  which  are  above  twice  the  length  of  the  hairs  and 
bristly-bearded  along  the  hels.  (Arundo  brevipilis,  Torr.)  —  Sandy  swamps,  pine- 
barrens  of  New  Jersey  :  rare.     Sept.  —  Culm  3°  -4°  high  :  leaves  nearly  flat. 

9.  C.  longif61ia,  Hook.  Culm  (l°-4°  high)  stout,  from  thick  running 
rootstocks  ;  leaves  rigid,  elongated,  involute  above  and  tapering  into  a  long  tln-ead- 
like  point;  branches  of  the  pyramidal  panicle  smooth;  glumes  lanceolate,  the  up- 
per as  long  as  the  similar  palets,  the  lower  one  fourth  shorter ;  the  ro/>ious  hairs 
viore  than  half  the  length  of  the  naked  pnlels.  —  Sands,  along  the  upper  Great  Lakes, 
from  Illinois  and  Michigan  northwestward.  Aug.  —  Spikelets  2^"  long. 
Sheaths  clothed  with  deciduous  wool. 

§3.  AMM6PHILA,  Host.  Rudiment  nf  second  flmoer  present  and  pi umo>ten1m'e: 
glumes  nearly  equal  and  rather  longer  than  the  equal  similar  palets,  scarious-char- 
aceous,  lanceolate,  compressed-keeled:  lovw  palet  5-nerved,  slightly  mueronate  or 
obscurely  au-ned  near  the  tip  ;  the  uppei-  2-kepled :  squamulrv  Innreohite,  much  longer 
than  the  ovary :  panicle  spiked-contracted :  spikelets  large  (^'  long). 

10.  C.  aren^ria,  Roth.  (Sea  Sand-Rekd)  Culm  stout  and  rigid 
(2° -.3°  high)  from  firm  running  rootstocks  ;  leaves  long,  soon  involute;  panicle 
contracted  into  a  dense  cylindrical  spike  (.5' -9'  long)  ;  hairs  only  one  third  of 
the  length  of  the  palet.  (Arnndo,  L.  Psamma,  Beanv.) — Sandy  beaches. 
New  Jersey  to  Maine,  and  northward,  and  on  the  Great  Lakes.     Aug.     (Eu.l 

14.     ORYZbPSIS,     Michx.        Mountaix  Rice.     (PI.  8.) 

Spikelets  1-flowcrcd,  nearly  terete.  Glumes  herbaceous  or  thin-memhrana- 
ceous,  several-nerved,  nearly  equal,  commonly  rather  longer  than  the  oblong 
flower,  which  is  deciduous  at  maturity,  and  with  a  \cry  short  obtuse  callus  or 
scar-like  base  Lower  palet  coriaceous,  at  Irngth  involute  so  as  closely  to  enclose 
the  upper  (of  the  same  length)  and  the  oblong  grain;  a  simple  untwisted  and 
deciduous  awn  jointed  on  its  aj)cx.  Stamens  3.  SquamulsB  "J  or  3,  conspicuous. 
Stigmas   plumose.  —  Perennials,  with   rigid   leaves  and  a  Uiirrow  raceme  or 


GRAMINE.E.        (GRASS    FAMILY.)  617 

panicle.     Spikelets  greenish,  ratlier  large.     (Name  comjjoscd  of  opv^a,  rice,  and 
oylns,  likeness,  Ironi  a  fancied  rcscniblance  to  that  grain  ) 

*  Styles  distinct,  short:  culm  leafy  to  the  summit:  leaves  broad  andjlat. 

1.  O.  melanoearpa,  Mulil.  Leaves  lanceokte,  taper-])ointed ;  sheaths 
bearded  in  tlic  tlirout;  panicle  simple  or  sparingly  branched;  awn  thrice  the 
lenyth  of  the  blackish  paltts  (nearly  1'  long).  (Milium  racemosum,  Smith.  Pip- 
tatherum  nigrum,  7wr.) —  Rocky  woods.     Aug.  —  Culm  2° -3°  high. 

*  *  Styles  united  below,  slender:  culms  tufted ,  naked :  leaves  concave  or  involute. 

2.  O.  asperif61ia*,  Michx.  Culms  (9'- 18'  high)  with  sheaths  bearing  a 
mere  rudimentary  blade,  overtopped  by  the  long  and  rigid  linear  leaf  from  the  base  ; 
very  simple  panicle  or  raceme  few-flowered  ;  awn  2-3  times  the  length  of  the  rather 
hairy  whitish  palets.  (Unichre,  Trin.)  —  Hillsides,  &c.,  in  rich  woods:  common 
northward.  May.  —  Leaves  without  keels,  rough-edged,  pale  beneath,  lasting 
through  the  winter.     SquamulaB  lanceolate,  almost  as  long  as  the  inner  palet! 

3.  O.  Canadensis,  Toir.  Culms  slender  (6'  - 15'  high),  the  lowest 
sheaths  leaf-bearing;  leaves  involule-lhread-shaped;  panicle  contracted  (l'-2' 
long),  the  branches  usually  in  pairs;  palets  pubescent,  whitish ;  awn  short  and 
very  deciduous,  or  wanting.  (O.  parviflora,  A^u/^  Stipa  juncea,  il//c/ir.  S.  Can- 
adensis, Po(V.  Milium  pungens,  Torr.  Urachne  brevicaudata,  Trin.)  —  Rocky 
hills  and  dry  plains,  W.  New  England  to  mountains  of  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and 
northward:  rare.     May.  —  Glumes  l"-2"  long,  sometimes  purplish. 

15.      STIPA,      L.      FE.iTlIER-GRASS.      (PI.  8.) 

Spikejcts  1 -flowered,  terete;  the  flower  falling  away  at  maturity  (with  tne 
conspicuous  obconical  bearded  and  often  sharp-pointed  callus)  from  the  mem- 
branaceous glumes.  Lower  palet  coriaceous,  cylindrical-involute  and  closely 
embracing  the  smaller  upper  one  and  the  cylindrical  grain,  having  a  long 
and  twisted  or  tortuous  simple  awn  jointed  with  its  apex.  Stamens  mostly  3. 
Stigmas  plumose.  —  Perennials,  with  narrow  involute  leaves  and  a  loose 
panicle.  (Name  from  (TTvnr)-,  tow,  in  allusion  to  the  flaxen  appearance  of  the 
feathery  awns  of  the  original  species.  In  our  species  the  awn  is  naked.) 
*   Callus  or  base  of  the  flower  short  and  blunt :  glumes  pointless. 

1.  S.  Richardsbnii,  Link.  Culm  (l^°-2°  high)  and  leaves  slender; 
panicle  loose  (4' -.5'  long),  with  slender  few-flowered  branches;  glumes  nearly 
equal,  oblong,  acutish  (2^"  long),  about  equalling  the  pubescent  linear-oblong 
lower  palet,  which  i)ears  a  tortuous  awn  6" -8"  long.  —  Pleasant  Mountain, 
near  Sebago  Lake,  Maine,  C.  J.  Sprague,  and  northwestward.  (Flowers  rather 
smaller  than  in  Richard^son's  plant,  as  described.) 

*  *   Callus  or  base  of  the  flower  pungenti y  pointed,  at  maturity  villous-bearded :  lower 
jiaUt  slender  and  minutely  bem-ded  at  the  tip  :  glumes  taper-pointed. 

2.  S.  aven^cea,  L.  (Black  0.a.t-Grass.)  Culm  slender  (1°- 2°  high)  ; 
leaves  almost  bristle-form  ;  panicle  open  ;  palets  blackish,  nearly  as  long  as  ilw  glnmrs 
(about  4"  long) ;  the  awn  bent  above,  twisted  below  (2'-3'  long).  —  Dry  or  sandy 
woods,  S.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.     July. 

3.  S.  spartea,  Trin.,  not  of  Hook.     (Pokcux'ink  Gkass.)     Culm  rathe. 

L  &  M— 46 


618  GRAMINE^.        (grass    FAMILY.) 

Stout  (UO-3°  hijrh) ;  panicle  contracted;  pakis  linear,  5'-l'  lon;^  (including  the 
long  callus),  pubescent  below,  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  slender  subulate-pointed 
greenish  y/u/Hf-s;  the  twisted  strong  awn  (3^' -7'  long,  pubescent  below,  rough 
above.  (S.  juncea,  Pursh  ?)  —  Plains  and  prairies,  from  Illinois  and  N.  Michi- 
gan northwestward.    May -July. 

16.     ARiSTIDA,    L.        Tkiple-awxed  Gkas.s.     (PI.  8.) 

Glumes  unequal,  often  brittle-pointed.  Lower  palct  tipped  with  three  awns; 
the  upper  much  smaller.  Otherwise  much  as  in  Stip.1.  —  Culms  branching: 
leaves  narrow,  often  involute.  8j)ikelets  in  simple  or  paniclcd  racemes  or  spikes. 
Grain  linear.  (Name  from  arista,  a  beard  or  awn.)  All  grow  in  sterile,  dry 
soil,  and  all  ours  have  the  awns  naked  and  persistent,  and  flower  late. 

*  Aw/is  separate  to  the  base,  not  jointed  ivith  the  palet. 
••-  Axvns  very  uncf/iiid ;  the  much  shorter  or  minute  lateral  ones  erect;  the  elonqated 
middle  one  horizontal  or  turned  dowmvards :  rjluines  equal  or  the  upper  one  longer: 
low  (5'-  18'  hiffh)  and  branchinr/,  mostli/  tufled  annuals. 

■*-*■  Sj'Ikcltts  few  in  hose  simple  spilccs  or  racemrs:  (/liimes  S-H-neri'ed. 

1.  A.  ramosissima,  Engelm.  mss.  Culms  diffusely  much  branched; 
glumes  (9" -10"  long)  rather  shorter  than  the  flower;  middle  awn  1' long, 
soon  abruptly  hooked-recurved,  the  lateral  ones  hardly  2"  long ;  ligule  truncate, 
bearded.  —  Dry  prairies  of  Illinois  {Enf/elmann,  Vasei/)  and  Kentucky  (Michaux). 
—  Var.  UNIARI8TATA,  Avith  lateral  awns  wanting.     Odin,  S.  Illinois,  Vasey. 

■M.  ++  Spikehts  more  numerous :  rjlumes  (.3"-4"  long)  carinately  l-nerved. 

2.  A.  dichotoma,  Michx.  (Poverty  Gkas.s.)  Culms  low,  much 
branched  throughout,  ascending;  spikelets  in  short  narrow  clusters;  glumes 
nearly  equal,  longer  than  the  flower,  fully  equalling  its  minute  lateral  awns,  the 
soon  reflexfd  middle  awn  about  the  length  of  the  })alet.  —  Dry,  sandy  or  gravelly 
fields:  common,  especially  southward. 

3.  A.  gracilis,  Ell.  Culms  slender,  erect  (6'- is' high),  naked  above  and 
terminating  in  a  shmder  raceme-  or  spike-like  virgate  panicle ;  glumes  about 
the  length  of  the  flower,  the  exserted  lateral  awns  i-arying  from  one  third  to  fully 
half  the  length  of  the  horizontally  bent  middle  one;  or  in  var.  ijepaupek.\ta,  from 
one  fifth  to  one  third  its  length.  —  Sandy  soil,  coast  of  Mass.  and  from  Illi- 
nois southward.  —  Middle  awn  6" -9"  long,  in  the  ordinary  forms.  In  the  var. 
which  abounds  on  micaceous  hills  near  Philadelphia  (C  E.  Smith),  the  flowers 
are  much  smaller,  and  awns  shorter;  but  it  passes  into  the  larger  form. 

H-  -1-  Awns  all  divei-ging  and  alike,  or  the  lateral  ones  moderately  shorter. 
++  Glumes  equal  or  the  upp^r  one  longer. 

4.  A.  Strieta,  Michx.  Culms  (2° -3° high)  densely  tufted  from  a /lerennmi 
root,  bearing  a  (1°)  long  spiked  panicle ;  leaves  involutc-thread-form,  long,  rigid, 
sometimes  downy:  awns  about  the  length  of  the  flower  (0")  or  the  lateral  one 
third  shorter. —  Virginia  and  southward. 

5.  A.  oligantha,  Michx.  Culms  (G"- 20"  high)  tufted  from  an  annual? 
root,  bearing  a  loosely  few  flowered  raceme ;  leaves  short,  somewhat  involute  when 
dry;  lower  glume  3-.5-nQi-ved  (nearly  1'  long);  awns  capillary,  l^'-3'  long, 
much  exceeding  the  slender  flower.  —  Virginia  to  Illinois,  and  common  south- 
westward. 


GRAMINE^.       (grass    FAMILY.)  619 

•w-  -w-  Upper  (jhimp  shorter  than  the  lower:  perennials,  simple-stemmed,  2° -4"  hiffh. 

6.  A.  purpurascens,  Toir.  Glabrous;  leaves  rather  involute;  flowers 
in  a  (10'-  18')  long  spiked  panicle;  oivns  much  lomjer  than  the  flower,  the  middle 
one  about  I' long.  (A.  raceinbsa,  MM.  A.  Geyeriana,  Steucl.) — Massachu- 
setts to  Michiyan,  Illinois,  and  southward:  common. 

7.  A.  lan^ta,  Poir.  Tall  and  stout;  leaves  tardily  involute,  ?-ow//(  on  the 
upper  side,  rigid  ;  sheaths  woolly ;  panicle  (P-2°  long)  spike-like  or  more  com- 
pound and  open;  middle  awn  (I'long)  longer  than  tiie  flower.  —  Salisbury, 
Maryland,  ]V.  M.  Canhij,  and  southward. 

*  *  Awns  united  below  into  one,  jointed  with  the  apex  of  ihe.palet :  root  annual. 

8.  A.  tuberculdsa,  Nutt.  Culm  branched  below  (6'- 18' high),  tumid 
at  the  joints;  panicles  rigid,  loose;  the  branches  in  pairs,  one  of  them  short  and 
about  2-flowered,  the  other  elongated  and  several-flowered;  glumes  (I'long,  in- 
cluding their  slender-awned  tips  longer  than  the  palet;  which  is  tipped  with 
the  common  stalk  (about  its  own  length)  of  the  3  equal  divergently-bent  awns 
(l^'-2'  long)  twisting  together  at  the  base.  —  Sandy  soil,  E.  Massachusetts  to 
New  Jersey  ;  also  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  southward. 

17.     SPARTINA,     Schreber.        Cord  or  Marsh  Grass.      (PI.  9.) 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  without  a  rudiment,  very  much  flattened  laterally,  spiked 
in  2  ranks  on  the  outer  side  of  a  triangular  rhachis.  Glumes  strongly  compressed- 
keeled,  acute,  or  bristle-pointed,  mostly  rough-bristly  on  the  keel ;  the  upper  one 
much  larger  and  exceeding  the  pointless  and  awnless  palets,  of  which  the  upper 
is  longest.  Squamulas  none.  Stamens  3.  Styles  long,  more  or  less  united.  — 
Perennials,  with  simple  and  rigid  reed-like  culms,  from  extensively  creeping 
scaly  rootstocks,  racemed  spikes,  very  smooth  sheaths,  and  long  and  tough 
leaves  (whence  the  name,  from  anapTLvr],  a  cord,  such  as  was  made  from  the 
bark  of  the  Spai-iium  or  Broom.) 

*  Spikelets  compaclli/  imbricated,  veil/  rough-hispid  on  the  heels:  spikes  (2' -4'  long) 
more  or  less  peduncted :  culm  and  elongated  leaves  rigid. 

1.  S.  cynosuroides,  Willd.  (Fresh-water  Cord-Grass.)  Ctdm  rather 
slender  (2° -6°  high) ;  leaves  narrow  (2° -4°  long,  ^'  or  less  wide  below),  taper- 
ing to  a  very  slender  point,  keeled,  flat,  but  quickly  involute  in  drying,  smooth 
except  the  margins;  spikes  5-20,  scattered,  spreading ; 'rhachis  rough  on  the 
margins ;  glumes  awn-pointed,  especially  the  upper,  the  loioer  eqwdling  the  lower 
palet,  whose  strong  rough-hispid  midrib  abruptly  terminates  below  the  membra- 
nous apex.  (Trachynotia  cynosuroides,  Michx.  Liinnetis,  Pers.)  —  Banks  of 
rivers  and  lakes,  especially  northward.  Aug.  —  Glumes  strongly  serrulate-hispid 
on  the  keel ;  the  awn  of  the  upper  one  about  4'  long.  Palets  somewhat  unequal. 
—  Certainly  distinct  from  the  next,  to  which,  in  strictness,  the  Linna;an  name 
belongs. 

2.  S.  polyst^chya,  Willd.,  Muhl.  (Salt  Eeep-Grass.j  Culm  tall  and 
stout  (4° -9°  high,  often  1'  in  diameter  near  the  base) ;  leaves:  bivad  (}'  to  I'), 
roughish  underneath,  as  well  as  the  margins;  spikes  20- 50,  Jbnning  a  dense  oblong 
raceme  (purplish) ;  glumes  harelif  mucronate,  the  lower  half  the  length  oj^  the  equal 
palets,  of  which  the  rough-hispid  midrib  of  the  lower  oac  reaches  to  the  apex. 


620  GRAMINE^.       (grass    FAMILY). 

(Trachynotia  polystacliya,  ^fichx.     Dactylis  cynosuroides,  L..'  in  part,  excl. 
var.)  —  Salt  or  hiiukisli  marshes,  within  tide-water,  especially  southward. 

3.  S.  jlincea,  Willd.  (Uusii  Salt-Grass.)  Culms  low  (1° -2°  hii;h)  and 
slender;  leaves  nuirow  and  rush-Uke,  stronrjii/  involnte,  verij  smooth  ;  spikes  1  -5,  on 
very  short  peduncles  ;  the  rhachis  sinooth  ;  yluines  acute,  the  lower  scarcely  half 
the  len},'th  of  the  upper,  not  half  the  length  of  the  lower  palet.  (Dactylis  pa- 
tens, .4  iV.) —  Salt  uiarshcs  and  sea-beaches.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

»  *  Spikelcts  looseli/  hnbriratr-d,  or  somewhat  remote,  and  alternate,  the  keels  onli/  sliqhlli/ 
hairy  or  lonrjliish  under  a  lens:  spikes  sessile  and  erect,  sojl:  leaves,  rhachis,  ^c. 
very  smooth  :  ciilm_  rathei'  succulent. 

4.  S.  Striata,  Roth.  (Salt  Marsh-Grass.)  Culm  l°-4°  high,  leafy 
to  the  top  ;  leaves  soon  convolute,  narrow  ;  spikes  few  (2-4),  the  rhachis  slightly 
projecting  at  the  summit  beyond  the  crowded  or  imbricated  spikelets :  glumes 
acute,  very  unetjual,  the  larger  1 -nerved,  a  little  longer  than  the  palcts.  —  Salt 
marshes,  Pennsylvania,  &c.  {Muhl )  —  Odor  strong  and  rancid.     (Eu.) 

Var.  glabra.  (S.  glabra,  ^l/w///.,  partly.)  Culm  and  leaves  longer ;  spikes 
5-  12  (2' -3'  long)  ;  spikelets  imbricale-crowded. —  Common  on  the  coast. 

Var.  alternifldra.  (S.  alterniHora,  Loisel.  Dactylis  cynosuroides,  var., 
L.)  Spikes  more  slender  (3' -5'  long),  and  the  spikelets  remotish,  barely  over- 
lapping, the  rhachis  continued  into  a  more  conspicuous  bract-like  appendage: 
larger  glume  indistinctly  5-ncrved  (not  so  evidently  as  in  the  European  and 
Tropical  American  plant) :  otherwise  as  in  the  preceding  form,  into  which  it 
passes.  —  Common  with  the  last:  also  Onondaga  Lake,  J.  A.  Paine. 

18.     CTENIUM,     Panzer.        Tootiiachi;-Grass.     (PI.  9.) 

Spikelets  densely  imbricated  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  flat  curved  rhachis 
of  the  solitary  terminal  spike.  Glumes  persistent :  the  lower  one  (interior)  much 
smaller;  the  other  concave  below,  bearing  a  stout  recurved  awn,  like  a  horn,  on 
the  middle  of  the  back.  Flowers  4-6,  all  but  one  neutral ;  the  one  or  two  lower 
consisting  of  empty  awned  palets  :  the  one  or  two  uppermost  of  empty  awnless 
palets  :  the  perfect  flower  intermediate  in  position ;  its  palets  membranaceous, 
the  lower  awned  or  mncronate  below  the  apex  and  densely  ciliate  towards  the 
base,  3-nerved.  Squamulae  2.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plumose.  (Name  Krepioif, 
a  small  ronih,  from  the  pectinate  appearance  of  the  spike.) 

1.  C.  Americanum,  Spreng.  Culm  (3° -4°  high  from  a  perennial  root) 
simple,  pubescent  or  roughish  ;  larger  glume  warty-glandular  outside  and  con- 
spicuously awned.  (Mon<5cera  aromatica.  Ell.)  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  S.  Virginia 
and  southward.  —  Taste  very  pungent. 

19.     BOUTELOITA,     Lagasca  (1805).         MtisicfT-GRASS.     (PI.  9.) 

Spikelets  crowded  and  closely  sessile  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  a  flattened 
rhachis,  comprising  one  pcri'ect  flower  below  and  one  or  more  sterile  (mostly 
neutral)  or  rudimentary  flowers.  Glumes  convex-keeled,  the  lower  one  shorter. 
Perfect  flower  with  the  3-nerved  lower  palet  3-toothed  or  cleft  at  the  apex,  the 
2-nervcd  upper  palet  2-tootlicd ;  the  teeth,  at  least  of  the  former,  pointed  or  sub- 


GRAMINE^.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  621 

ulate-awned.  Stamens  3  :  anthers  orange-colored  or  red.  Rudimentary  flowers 
mostly  1  -Sawned.  Spikes  solitary,  raceined  or  spiked  ;  the  rhacliis  somewhat 
extended  beyond  the  spikelets.  (Named  for  Claudius  Boutdou,  a  Spanish  writer 
upon  floriculture  and  agriculture.) 

§  I.  CHONDROSIUM,  Dcsv.  Spites  pectinate,  of  very  mam/  spikelets,  oblong 
or  linear,  verij  dense,  solitari/  mid  terminal  or  few  in  a  raceme :  sterile  Jiowers 
\  -3  ana  slinrt  pnlicel,  neutral,  consisting  of  1-3  scales  and  awns. 

1.  B.  oligost^ehya,  Torr.  Glabrous,  perennial  (6' -12'  high);  leaves 
very  narrow ;  spikes  1  -  .5,  the  rhachis  glabrous  ;  glumes  and  lower  fertile  pali-t 
sparingly  sofl-liairy  ;  the  lobes  awl-pointed ;  sterile  flower  copiously  oillous-tufted 
at  the  summit  of  the  naked  pedicel,  its  3  awns  equalling  the  larger  glume. 
(Atberopogon,  NuU.)  —  'S.  W.  Wisconsin  and  westward.  —  Glumes  obscurely 
if  at  all  papillose  along  the  keel.  Middle  lobe  of  the  lower  palet  2-cleft  at  the 
tip  Sterile  flowers  often  2,  the  second  mostly  a  large  awnless  scale,  becoming 
liood-like  and  coriaceous.     (Near  B.  gracilis  :  perhaps  B.  juncifolia,  Fjk].) 

2.  B.  hirstlta,  Lagasca.  Tufted,  annual.'  (8'- 20'  high);  leaves  flat, 
lance-linear,  papillose-hairy  or  glabrous;  spikes  1-4;  upper  glume  hispid  with 
strong  bristles  from  dark  ivurtif  glands ;  lower  palet  pubescent,  3clcft  into  awl- 
pointed  lobes  ;  stei-ile  flower  and  its  pedicel  glabrous,  the  3  awns  longer  than  the 
glumes  and  fertile  flower.  (Atheropogon  papillosus,  Engchn.  Chondrosium 
hirtum,  H.  D.  K.)  —  Sandy  plains,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  southwestward. 

§  2.  ATHEROPOGON,  Muhl.  Spikes  short,  numerous  in  a  long  and  virgate 
one-sided  spike  or  raceme,  spreading  or  rcflexed,  each  of  few  (4-12)  spikelets: 
sterile  flowers  neutral,  rudimentary. 

3.  B.  curtipendula,  Gray.  Culms  tufted  from  perennial  rootstocks 
(l°-3°  high)  ;  sheaths  often  haii'y  ;  leaves  narrow;  spikes  ^'  or  less  in  length, 
nearjy  sessile,  30  to  60  in  number  in  a  loose  general  spike  (8'  -  1 5'  long) ;  flowers 
scabrous  ;  the  lower  palet  of  the  fertile  with  3  short  awl-pointed  teeth ;  sterile 
flower  reduced  to  a  single  small  awn,  or  mostly  to  3  aAvns  shorter  than  the  fer- 
tile flower,  and  I  or  2  small  or  minute  scales.  (B.  racemosa,  Lagasca.  Chloris 
curtipendula,  Michx.  Atheropogon  apludioides,  Muhl.  Eutriana  curtipendula, 
Trin.) — Dry  hills  and  plains,  S.  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward. 
July -Sept.  —  Passes  by  transitions  into,  Var.  akistosa,  with  spikes  shorter; 
sterile  flower  of  a  large  saccate  lower  palet,  awned  at  the  2-eleft  tip  and  from  the 
lateral  nerves,  the  middle  awn  exserted,  and  with  a  rudiment  of  an  inner  palet 
(Eutriana  affinis,  ./.  D.  Hook.)  —  Illinois  (Gcyer),  and  .southward. 

20.     GYMNOPOGON,    Beauv.        Naked-beakd  Grass.     (PI.  9.) 

Spikelets  of  one  perfect  flower,  and  the  rudiment  of  a  second  (consisting  of 
an  awn-like  pedicel  mostly  bearing  a  naked  bristle),  sessile  .ind  remotely  alter- 
nate on  long  and  ttliform  rays  or  s])ikes,  which  form  a  crowded  naked  raceme. 
Glumes  lance-awl-.>ihaped,  keeled,  almost  equal,  rather  longer  than  the  some- 
what equal  membranaceous  palcts  ;  of  which  the  lower  is  cylindrical-involute, 
with  the  midrib  produced  from  just  below  the  2-cleft  apex  into  a  straight  and 
slender  bristle-like  awn ;    the  ujjpcr  with  the  abortive  rudiment  at  its  base. 


622  GRAMINEJS.       (grass    FAMILY.) 

Stamens  3.  Rtijrmas  pcnfil-fonn,  purple. — Root  perennial.  Leaves  short  and 
flat,  thickish,  l'-3'  lonJ,^  (Xamc  toniposcd  of  yvfju/us,  naked,  and  Troiycoi/,  a 
beard,  alluding  lo  the  reduction  of  the  uliortivc  flower  to  a  bare  awn.) 

1.  G.  racembsUS,  Beauv.  Culms  clustered  from  a  short  rootstock 
(1°  high),  wiry,  leafy;  leaves  ohlong-lanceolate ;  sjiikes  Jtoiver-lieariii;/  to  the  Ixise 
(.')'- 8'  long),  soon  divergent;  awn  of  the  abortive  flower  shorter  than  its  stalk, 
equalling  the  jKiinted  (/luincs,  not  more  than  lialf  the  length  of  the  awn  of  the 
fertile  flower.  (A'nthopogon  lepturoidcs,  iVu/^)  —  Sandy  pine-barrens,  New 
Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     Aug.,  Sept. 

2.  G.  brevifbliUS,  Trin.  Filiform  S])ikes  long-pcdunded,  i.  e.  flower-bfar- 
ing  only  above  the  middle ;  lower  palct  ciliate  near  the  base,  short-awned  ;  aicn 
of  the  aliortivejlower  obsolete  or  minute ;  gluitieji  acute.  ( Anthojwgon  brevifolius  & 
filifonnis,  Nutt.)  —  Sussex  County,  Delaware,  and  southward. 

21.  CYNODON,     Richard.         Bermuda  or  Scutch-Gr.vss.     (PI.  9.) 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  with  a  mere  naked  short-pedicclled  rudiment  of  a  second 
flower,  imbricatc-spiked  on  one  side  of  a  flattish  rhachis ,  the  spikes  usually 
digitate  at  the  naked  summit  of  the  flowering  culms.  Glumes  keeled,  pointless, 
rather  unequal.  Talets  pointless  and  awnless ;  the  lower  larger,  boat-shaped. 
Stamens  3.  —  Low  difiusely-branched  and  extensively  creeping  perennials,  with 
short  flattish  leaves.     (Name  composed  of  kuwc,  a  dog,  and  68ovs,  a  tooth.) 

1.  C.  D.icTYLON,  Pers.  Spikes  3  -.") ;  palets  smooth,  longer  than  the  blunt 
rudiment.  —  Penn.  and  southward  ;  troublesome  in  light  soil.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

22.  DACTYLOCTENIUM,     Willd.        Egyptian   Grass.     (PI.  9.) 

Spikelets  several-flowei-ed,  with  the  uppermost  flower  imperfect,  crowded  on 
o'<"  side  of  a  flattened  rhachis,  forming  dense  pectinate  spikes,  2-5  in  number, 
digitate  at  the  summit  of  the  culm.  Glumes  compressed  laterally  and  keeled, 
membranaceous,  the  upper  (exterior)  one  awn-pointed.  Lower  palet  strongly 
keeled  and  boat-shaped,  pointed.  Stamens  3.  Pericarp  a  thin  utricle,  con- 
taining a  loose  globular  and  rough-wrinkled  seed.  —  Root  annual.  Culms  dif- 
fu.se,  often  creeping  at  the  base.  (Name  compounded  of  baKTvKos,  Jlmjer,  and 
KTfviov.1  a  little  comb,  alluding  to  the  digitate  and  pectinate  spikes.) 

1.  D.  ^EGYPTiAtTM,  Willd.  Spikes  4 -.5;  leaves  ciliate  at  the  base, 
(Chloris  mucronktii,  J//'7/.r.)  —  Cultivated  fields  and  yards,  Virginia,  Illinoi.Sv 
and  southward.     (Adv.  from  Afr.  !) 

23.     ELEUSINE,     Gartn.        Crab-Grass.     Yard-Grass.     (PI.  9.) 

Spikelets  2-6-flowered,  with  a  terminal  naked  rudiment,  closely  imbricatc- 
spiked  on  one  side  of  a  flattish  rhachis  ;  the  spikes  digitate.  GliimCs  membra- 
naceous, pointless,  shorter  than  the  flowers.  Palets  awnless  and  pointless  ;  the 
lower  ovate,  keeled,  larger  than  the  upper.  Stamens  3.  Pericarp  (utricle) 
containing  a  loose  oval  and  wrinkled  seed.  —  Low  annuals,  with  flat  leaves, 
and  (lowers  much  as  in  I'oa.  (Name  from  'EXtvaiv,  the  town  where  Ceres,  the 
goddess  of  harvests,  was  worshijjped.) 


GRAMINE^.       (GKASS    FAMILY.)  623 

1.  E.  Indica, 'Grertn.  (Dog's-tail  or  Wire  Grass.)  Culms  ascending, 
flattened;  spikes  2-5  (about  2'  long,  greenish).  —  Yards,  &c.,  chiefly  soutli- 
ward.     (Nat.  from  Ind.  ?) 

24.    LEPTOCHLOA,     Beauv.         (Oxydkxi.v,  Nuti.)     (PI.  9.) 

Spikelcts  3  -  many-flowered  (the  uppermost  flower  imperfect),  loosely  spiked 
on  one  side  of  a  long  filiform  riiachis  :  the  s])ikes  racemed.  Glumes  membra- 
naceous, keeled,  often  awl-jjointed,  the  upper  one  somewhat  larger.  Lower 
palet  3-nervcd,  with  the  lateral  nerves  next  the  ciliate  or  hairy  margins  awn- 
less,  or  bristle-awned  at  the  entire  or  2-toothed  tip,  larger  than  the  ujipcr. 
Stamens  2  or  3.  Seed  sometimes  loose  in  the  pericarp.  —  Ours  annuals. 
Leaves  flat.  (Name  composed  of  Aenrds,  slender,  and  x^"'''  .'/''«sn,  from  the 
long  attenuated  spikes.) 

§1.    LEPTOCHLOA  proper.     Lower  palet  awnless  or  simply  awned. 

1.  L.  mueronata,  Kuuth.  Sheaths  hairy;  spikes  numerous  (20-40, 
2' -4'  in  length),  in  a  long  panicle-like  raceme  ;  spikelcts  small ;  glumes  more 
or  less  mucronate,  nearly  equalling  or  exceeding  the  3-4  awnless  flowers. — 
Fields,  Virginia  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     August. 

§2.    DIPLACHNE,  Beauv.     Lower  palet  hrislle-nioiud  frotii  the  2-tootlicd  apex ; 
the  marfp'iial  nerves  often  excurrent  into  lateral  teeth  or  fwints. 

2.  L.  fascicularis,  Gray.  Smooth ;  leaves  longer  than  the  geniculate- 
decumbent  and  branching  culms,  the  upper  sheathing  the  base  of  the  crowded 
panicle-like  raceme,  which  is  composed  of  many  strict  spikes  (3'-  5'  long) ;  spike- 
lets  slightly  pcdicelled,  7  -  II -flowered,  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  glumes; 
palets  hairy-margined  towards  the  base ;  the  lower  one  with  2  small  lateral 
teeth  and  a  short  awn  in  the  cleft  of  the  apex.  (Festuca  fa.scicularis.  Lam. 
F.  polystachya,  Michx.  Diplachne  fa.scicularis,  Beauv.,  Torr.)  —  Brackish 
meadows,  from  Rhode  Island  southward  along  the  coast,  and  from  Illinois 
southward  on  the  Mississippi.  Aug. -Sept.  —  Makes  a  direct  transition  to  the 
next  genus. 

25.    TRICtrSPIS,    Beauv.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikelcts  3- 12-flowcred,  somewhat  terete;  the  terminal  flower  abortive. 
Glumes  unequal.  Rhachis  of  the  spikelct  bearded  below  each  flower.  Palets 
membranaceous  or  somewhat  chartaccous ;  the  lower  much  larger  than  the  2- 
toothed  upper  one,  convex,  2-3-toothcd  or  cleft  at  the  apex,  conspicuously 
hairy-bearded  or  villous  on  the  3  strong  nerves,  of  which  the  lateral  are  mar- 
ginal or  nearly  so  and  usually  excurrent,  as  is  the  mid  nerve  especially,  into  a 
short  cusj)  or  awn.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  dark  purple,  plumose.  Grain  ob- 
long, nearly  gibbous. —  Leaves  taper-pointed:  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat 
Panicle  simple  or  compound  ;  the  spikelcts  often  racemose,  purplish.  (Name 
from  the  Latin  tricuspis,  three-pointed,  alluding  to  the  lower  palet.) 
§  1.  TRICLTSPIS  proper.  (Windsoria,  iV««.)  Glumes  shorter  than  the  crowded 
flowers  :  lower  pnlet  S-cuspidate  bi/  the  projection  of  the  nerves,  and  usually  with 
intamediaie  membranaceous  teeth ;  the.  upper  palet  naked. 


G24  GRAMINE^.        (GRASS    FA.MILY.) 

1.  T.  seslerioides,  Torr.  (Tai.l  Red-top.)  Pcrcnniul  ;  cxilm  upright 
(3°-5°Iii<;h),  very  smooth,  as  are  the  flat  loaves  ;  panicle  large  and  compound, 
the  rigid  capillary  branches  spreading,  naked  below  ;  spikelets  very  numerous, 
5  -  7-flowercd,  shining,  purple  (4"  Ion-);  tbc  llowcrs  hairy  toward  the  base. 
(Poa  flava,  Zy. .'  V.  se.slerioides,  .il//r// r.  V.  iniin([iietida,  /'mslt.  Windsoria, 
poaiformis,  Nittt.  Uralcpis  cUprea,  Kmii/i.)  —  Dry  or  sandy  fields,  S.  Kew  York 
to  Illinois  and  .southward.  Aug.  —  A  showy  grass,  with  the  spreading  panicle 
sometimes  1°  wide.  I'oiiits  of  the  lower  palet  almost  equal,  scarcely  e.xceedmg 
the  intermediate  teeth,  thus  appearing  5-toothed. 

§2.  TRIPLASIS,  Beauv.  (Diploeea,  Rif.  Uniiepis,  Niitt.)  Glumes  much 
shorter  than  the.  somewhat  remote  flowers :  loth  palet s  stronc/lij  frinr/c-heardcd ;  the 
lower  2-cleft  at  the  summit,  its  mid-nerve  produced  into  an  awn  between  the  trun- 
cate or  awn-poinled  divisions. 

2.  T.  purpurea,  Gray.  (Sand-Grass.)  Culms  many  in  a  tuft  from  the 
same  annual  root,  ascending  (6' -12'  high),  with  numerous  bearded  joints; 
leaves  involute-awl-shaped,  mostly  short;  panicles  very  simple,  bearing  few  2- 
5-flowered  spikelets,  the  terminal  one  usually  cxserted,  the  axillary  ones  included 
in  the  commonly  hairy  sheaths;  ciioii  much  shorter  than  the  palet,  seldom  ercced- 
imj  its  eroded-truncate  or  obtuse  hitei-al  lobes.  (Aira  purpurea,  W<dt.  Di])locea 
harhata,  7?ri/!  Uralcpis  pnrjnirea  and  U.  aristulata,  iV(/«. )  —  In  sand,  Massa- 
chusetts to  Virginia  along  the  coast,  and  southward :  also  Lake  Erie,  near 
Bulfldo,  G.  W.  Clinton.     Aug.,  Sept.  ^  Plant  acid  to  the  taste. 

(T.  CORNUTA  (Uralepis  cornuta.  Ell.,  and  Triplasis  Americana,  Beauv.!) 
may  perhaps  extend  north  to  the  borders  of  Virginia.) 

26.    GRAPHEPHORUM,    Desv.    <Dup6ntia,  R.  Br.)  (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  2  -  5-fiowered,  rather  terete.  Glumes  membranaceous,  mostly  nearly 
equalling  the  remote  flowers.  A  cluster  of  villous  hairs  at  the  base  of  each 
flower.  Palets  thin  and  membranaceous  or  scarious ;  the  lower  one  convex, 
scarcely  keeled,  faintly  nerved,  entire,  pointless  and  awnless.  Stamens  3.  Stig- 
mas plumose.  Ovary  glabrous.  —  Perennial  and  northern  or  arctic  gras.ses, 
with  linear  flat  leaves,  their  sheaths  closed  at  the  base,  the  spikelets  in  a  loose 
panicle.  (Genus  allied  to  the  Avcneaj,  but  awnless  ;  natncd  from  ypacfils,  a  pen- 
cil, and  (pepco,  to  bear,  from  the  tufts  of  hair  at  the  base  of  the  flowers.) 

1.  G.  melieoides,  Beauv.  Culm  1°- 2°  high;  leaves  roughish  ;  panicle 
open ;  glumes  unequal,  lanceolate,  their  midrib  and  the  pedicels  rough ;  joints 
of  the  rhachis  unilaterally  bearded  between  the  2-4  flowers.  Grand  Detour, 
Upper  Michigan,  Prof.  Porter,  Shore  of  Moosehead  Lake,  Maine,  C.  E.  Smith, 
and  northward  :  rare.  —  Var.  m.\jor,  Gray  (Dupontia  Cooleyi,  of  former  ed.), 
is  a  luxuriant  form,  2° -3°  iiigh,  with  ampler  panicle;  found  on  the  borders 
of  a  swamp,  Washington,  Macomb  County,  Michigan,  by  Dr.  Conleip     Aug. 

27.    DIARRHENA,     Raf        Diakuuena.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  several-flowered,  smooth  and  shining,  one  or  two  of  the  uppermost 
flowers  sterile.  Glumes  ovate,  much  shorter  than  the  flowers,  coriaceous  ;  the 
lower  one  much  smaller.     Lower" palet  ovate,  convex  on  the  back,  rigidly  cori- 


GRAMINE^.       (GRASS   FAMILY.)  625 

aceous,  its  3  nerves  terminating  in  a  strong  and  abrupt  cuspidate  or  awl-shaped 
tip.  Siniamulaj  ovate,  ciliate.  Stamens  2.  Grain  very  large,  obliquely  ovoid, 
ol)tusely  pointed,  rather  longer  than  the  palets,  the  cartilaginous  shining  peri- 
carp not  adherent  to  the  seed.  —  A  nearly  smooth  perennial,  with  running  root- 
stocks,  producing  simple  culms  (-20-3°  high)  with  long  linear-lanceolate  flat 
leaves  towards  the  base,  naked  above,  bearing  a  few  short-pedicelled  spikelets 
(2" -3"  long)  in  a  very  simple  panicle.  (Name  composed  of  8is,  two,  and 
appr)v,  man,  from  the  two  stamens.) 

1.  D.  Americana,  Beauv.  (Festuca  diandra,  Michx.)  —  Shaded  river- 
banks  and  woods,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  southward.     Aug. 

28.     DACTYLIS,    L.        Orchard  Grass.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  several-flowered,  crowded  in  one-sided  clusters,  forming  a  branching 
r<ense  panicle.  Glumes  and  lower  palet  herbaceous,  keeled,  awn-pointed,  rough- 
/iliatc  on  the  keel ;  the  5  nerves  of  the  latter  converging  into  the  awn-like  point ; 
the  upper  glume  commonly  smaller  and  thinner.  Stamens  3.  Grain  lance- 
oblong,  acute,  free. — Perennials:  leaves  keeled.  (Name  haKTvKls,  a  Jimjvr's 
'irmdlh,  apparently  in  allusion  to  the  size  of  the  clusters.) 

1.  D.  glomerXta,  L.  Rough,  rather  glaucous  (3°  high) ;  leaves  broadly 
linear;  branches  of  the  panicle  naked  at  the  base;  spikelets  3-4-flowered. — 
Fields  and  yards,  especially  in  shade.  A  variety  with  downy  spikelets,  Med- 
ford,  Mass.,  W.  Boott.    June.  —  Good  for  hay.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

29.    KCELERIA,    Pcrs.        Kosleria.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  3-7-flowered,  crowded  in  a  dense  and  narrow  spike-like  panicle. 
Glumes  and  lower  palet  membranaceous,  compi'essed-keeled,  obscurely  3-ner\'ed, 
barely  acute,  or  the  latter  often  mucronate  or  bristle-pointed  ;  the  former  mod- 
erately unequal,  nearly  as  long  as  the  spikelet.  Stamens  3.  Grain  free.  — 
Tufted  Grasses  (allied  to  Dactylis  and  Poa),  with  simple  upright  culms;  the 
sheaths  often  downy.  (Named  for  Prof.  G.  L.  Kiihler,  or  Koeler,  an  early  writer 
on  Grasses.) 

1.  K.  crist^ta,  Pers.  Panicle  narrowly  spiked,  interrupted  or  lobed  at 
the  base;  spikelets  2- 4-flowered ;  lower  palet  acute  or  mucronate;  leaves  flat, 
the  lower  sparingly  hairy  or  ciliate.  —  Var.  grAcilis,  with  a  long  and  narrow 
spike,  the  flowers  usually  barely  acute.  (K.  ni'tida,  Nutt.)  —  Dry  hills,  Penn. 
to  ininois,  thence  northward  and  westward.     (Eu.) 

30.    EATONIA,    Raf.        (Reboulea,  A't/nf/!.)     (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  usually  2-flowercd,  and  with  an  abortive  rudiment  or  pedicel, 
numerous,  in  a  contracted  or  slender  panicle,  very  smooth.  Glumes  somewhat 
equal  in  length,  but  very  dissimilar,  a  little  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  the  lower 
narrowly  linear,  keeled,  1-ncrved;  the  upper  broadly  obovate,  folded  round  the 
flowers,  3-nerved  on  the  back,  not  keeled,  scarious-margined.  Lower  palet  ob- 
long, obtuse,  compressed-boat-shaped,  naked,  chartaceous  ;  the  upper  very  thin 
and  hyaline.  Stamens  3.  Grain  linear-oblong,  not  grooved.  — Perennial,  slen- 
GM    27 


626  GRAMINEJE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

der  {grasses,  with  simple  iukI  tufto<l  culms,  and  often  sparsely  downy  sheaths, 
flat  lower  leaves,  and  .small  greenish  (or  rarely  purplish-tinged)  spikclets. 
(Named  for  Prof.  Amos  Juiloii,  author  of  a  popular  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the 
United  States,  wliieh  wiui  for  a  long  time  the  only  general  work  available  for 
students  in  this  country,  and  of  other  popular  treatises.) 

1.  E.  obtUS^ta,  Gray.  Panicle  dense  and  contacted,  somewhat  intcrriif)ted, 
rarely  slender ;  the  spikelets  crowded  on  the  short  erect  branches ;  upper  ylume 
rounded-ohotate,  truncate-oUuse,  longh  on  the  back  ;  flowers  lance-oblong.  (Aira 
obtusata,  Mklix.  A.  truncata,  Muhl.  Koelcria  truncata,  Torr.  K.  paniculata, 
Nutt.  Reboulea  gracilis,  yv»«</i,  in  part.  11.  obtusata,  AW.  1.  Eatonia  purpu- 
niscens,  Raf.?) — Dry  soil,  N.  reunsylvania  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward. 
June,  July. 

2.  E.  Pennsylv^nica,  Gray.  Panicle  Ion(/ and  slender,  hose,  the  rnccmosc 
branches  somewliat  elongated ;  upper  (/lume  obtuse  or  bluntly  somewhat  pointed  ; 
the  2  (rarely  3)  flowers  lanceolate.  ( Kalcria  Pennsylvanlca,  Z>C  Aira  mollis, 
Muld.  Reboulea  Tennsylvanica,  Ed.  1.)  —  Varies,  with  a  fuller  panicle,  6'-  8' 
long,  with  the  aspect  of  Cinna  (var.  major,  Torr.) ;  and,  rarely,  with  the  lower 
palet  minutely  mucronatc-pointcd  !  — IMoist  woods  and  meadows  :  common. 

31.    MELICA,    L.        Melic-Grass.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikclets  2  -  5-flowercd  ;  the  1  -  3  upper  flowers  imperfect  and  dissimilar,  con- 
volute around  each  other,  and  enwrapped  by  the  upper  fertile  flower.  Glumes 
usually  large,  scarious-niargined,  convex,  obtuse  ;  the  upper  7  -  9-nerved.  Palets 
papery-membranaceous,  dry  and  sometimes  indurating  with  age  ;  the  lower 
rounded  or  flattish  on  the  back,  7  -  many-nerved,  scarious  at  the  entire  blunt 
summit.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  branchcd-plumose.  —  Perennials  with  soft  and 
flat  leaves.  Panicle  simple  or  sparingly  branched  ;  the  rather  large  spikelets 
racemose-one  sided.     (An  old  name,  from  /xe'Xi,  honey.) 

1.  M.  mtltica,  Walt.  Panicle  simple  or  branched ;  glumes  unequal,  the 
larger  almost  equalling  the  spikelet  ;  fertile  flowers  2  ;  lower  palet  naked, 
glabrous  minutely  scabrous  on  the  nerves.  (M.  glabra,  M/c/i.t.  M.  speciosa, 
Muhi.) — Var.  gi.Xbra  (M.  glabra,  Pursh)  has  the  jjanicle  often  few-flowered 
and  rather  simple,  the  lower  palet  very  blunt.  —  Var.  diffusa  (M.  difi'usa, 
Pursh)  is  taller,  2i°-4°  high,  with  a  more  compound  and  many-flowered  pani- 
cle ;  the  lower  palet  commonly  more  scabrous  and  its  tip  narrower.  —  Rich  soil, 
S.  E.  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.    June. 

32.     GLYCERIA,     R.  Br.,  Trin.        Manna-Grass.     (P1.  10.) 

Spikelets  terete  or  flattish,  several  -  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  mostly  early 
deciduous  by  the  breaking  up  of  the  rhachis  into  joints,  leaving  the  short  and 
uneijual  1  -3-nervcd  membranaceous  glumes  behind.  Palets  naked,  of  a  rather 
firm  texture,  nearly  equal ;  the  lower  rounded  on  the  back,  scarious  (and  some- 
times obscurely  toothed)  at  the  blunt  or  rarely  acute  summit,  glabrous.  5  -  7- 
nerved,  the  nerves  parallel  and  separate.  Stamens  3,  or  in  the  first  section 
commonly  2.  Stigmas  plumose,  mostly  conipouiul.  Ovary  smooth.  Grain 
oblong,  free.  —  Perennial,  smooth  marsh-grasses,  mostly  with  creeping  bases  or 


GRAMINEJ2.       ( GRASS    FAMILY.)  627 

rootstocks  ;  the  spikclcts  paniclcd.     (Name  from  yXvKfpus,  sweet,  in  allusion  to 
the  taste  of  the  grain.) 

§  1.  GLYCERIA  proper.  Tjower  palet  conspicuously  nerved:  styles  present: 
plumes  of  the  stlcjma  branched  or  toothed:  grain  grooved  on  the  inner  side: 
Itavesflut,  the  sheaths  nearly  entire. 

*  Spilcelets  ovate,  oblong,  or  linear-olilong,  1"  -.3"  in  length, 
-t-  At  length  nodding  in  an  open  panicle,  JiuUish  laterally  but  turgid. 

1.  G.  Canadensis,  Trin.  (Rattlesnake-Gka.s.s. )  Panicle  ohlong- 
pyraniidal,  at  length  (lroo])ing  ;  spikelets  ovate,  at  length  very  broad  and  tu- 
mid, Briza-like,  2"  long,  pale,  with  purplish  glumes  ;  lower  palet  acute  or  blunt- 
pointed,  firm,  with  not  very  prominent  nerves,  longer  than  the  rounded  upper 
one;  culm  stout,  2° -3°  high;  leaves  long,  roughish.  (Briza  Canadensis, 
il7/t7(x,)— Bogs  and  wet  places  :  common  from  Penn.  northward.     July. 

H-  ■^  Erect  in  a  narrow  contracted  panicle,  somewhat  flattened  and  turgid. 

2.  G.  Obtusa,  Trin.  Panicle  narrowly  oblong,  dense  ;  (3' -5' long);  spike- 
lets  6- 7-flowered  ;  2" -3'  long;  lower  palet  obtuse;  culm  stout,  l°-2°high, 
very  leafy;  leaves  long,  smooth.  (Poa  obtusa,  Muhl.)  —  Bogs,  E.  New  Eng- 
land to  Pcnn.,  near  the  coast. 

3.  G.  elongata,  Trin.  Panicle  narrowly  racemose,  elongated  (1°  long), 
recurving  ;  the  branches  and  3  -  4-tiowered  spikelets  appressed ;  lower  palet  ob- 
tuse ;  leaves  very  long  (1°  or  more),  rough.  (Poa  elongata,  Ton:)  —  Wet 
woods.  New  England  to  Michigan,  and  northward.     July -Aug. 

1-  t-  1-  Dijl'itse:  lower  palet  truncate-obtuse,  prominently  7 -nerved ;  upper  2-toothed. 

4.  G.  nervata,  Trin.  (Fowl-Mkadow  Grass,  in  part.)  Branches  of 
the  loose  panicle  capillary,  at  length  drooping,  the  very  numerous  small  spikelets 
ovate-ohlong,  S-7-tiowcred;  leaves  rather  long.  (Poa  nervata,  Willd.  P.  stri- 
ata, Michx.      P.  parviflbra,  Pursh.)  —  Moist  meadows  :  very  common.      June. 

—  Culm  erect,  l°-3°  high.     Spikelets  l"-2"  long,  commonly  purplish. 

^.  G.  pallida,  Trin.  Branches  of  the  rather  simple  panicle  slender,  erect- 
spreading,  rough  ;  the  spikelets  usually  few,  somewhat  appressed,  oblong-linear,  5-9- 
flowered  (pale,  2'' -3"  long)  ;  lower  palet  minutely  5-toothed ;  the  upper  lanceolate, 
conspicuously  2-toothcd  ;  leaves  short,  sharp-pointed,  pale.  (Windsbria  pallida 
&  Poa  dentiita,  7'orr.)  —  Shallow  water  :  common,  especially  northward.    July. 

—  Culms  slender,  l°-3°  long,  ascending  from  a  creeping  base. 

6.  G.  aquatica,  Smith.  (Reed  Meadow-Grass.)  Panicle  much  branched, 
ample  (8'-  1.5'  long) ;  the  numerous  branches  ascending,  spreading  with  age:  spikelets 
oblong  or  linear-oblong,  .5  -  9-floweretr  (usually  purpli-h,  2" -3"  long) ;  lower  i ml et 
entire;  leaves  large  (l°-2°  long,  J' to  ^'wide.  —  Wet  grounds  :  common  north- 
ward.    July. — Culm  stout,  upright,  3° -5°  high.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Spikelets  linear  (^'-l'  long),  pale,  appressed  on  the  branches  of  the  long  and 
narrow  racemose  panicle,  terete  except  during  anthesis:  palets  minutely  roughish, 
the  upper  2  loot lird :  squamuUe  unilateral  or  united :  ligule  long:  culm  flattened 
(1°-.')°  high),  ascending  from  a  rooting  base.      (Glyceria,  R.  Br.) 

7.  G.  fltlitans,  R.Br.  Sjjikclets  7- 13-flowered  ;  lower  paid  oblong,  obtuse, 
or  the  scarious  tip  acutish,  entire  or  obscurely  3  lobed,  usually  rather  longer 


628  GRAMlNEiE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

than  the  I)lunt  upper  one.  (G.  plicata,  Fries.)  —  Shallow  water  ;  common. 
June- Aug.  —  Leaves  sliort  and  ratlicr  broad,  very  sniootii.  I'ankle  1°  long: 
the  simple  branches  appresscd,  finally  spreading  below.     (Va\.) 

8.  G.  aeutifl6ra,  Torr.  Spikclets  5  -  12-flowercd,  few  and  scattered; 
lower  pellet  ulilumj-lanviolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the.  low/  tapering  jioint  of  the  Ujiper 
one.  —  Wet  places,  Penn.  to  Maine  :  rather  rare.  June.  —  Resembles  the  last ; 
but  the  erect  leaves  smaller,  the  separate  flowers  twice  the  length  (4"  long),  and 
less  nerved. 

§2.  HKLEOCHLOA,  Fries.  (Sdcrwhloa,  ^c/.  1.)  Loicer  jmlrt  inconspicu- 
ously or  olisoletely  b-nerv<d :  stigmas  nearly  sessile  and  simply  plumose :  grain 
hardly  grooved :  saline  species:  panicle  contracted  with  age. 

9.  G.  maritima,  Wahl.  (Sii.\  Spear-Grass.)  Sterile  shoots  procumbent, 
runner-like  ;  flowering  culms  erect  ( 1°  -  1^°  liigh)  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  solitary 
or  in  /xiirs;  spikekts  oblong  or  linear,  4-8-flowered;  lower  palet  rounded  at  the 
summit,  slightly  pubescent  towards  the  base;  leaves  somewhat  involute;  ligulc 
elongated.     (Poa  maritima, //«t/s.)  —  Sea  coast :  not  rare.     (Eu.) 

10.  G.  distans,  Wahl.  Culms  geniculate  at  the  base,  ascending,  destitute 
of  running  shoots;  brunches  of  the  /lanicle  .3  -  .5  in  a  half  whorl,  spreading  ;  spike- 
lets  3  -6-flowcred  ;  lower  palet  truncate-obtuse  ;  leaves  mostly  flat ;  ligule  short. 
(P.  fasciculata,  Torr.) —  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast.  —  Too  like  the  last.     (Eu.) 

32.     BRIZOPYRUM,     Link.        Spike-Grass.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikelcts  and  numerous  flowers  compressed,  crowded  in  a  densely  spiked  or 
capitate  panicle.  Glumes  herbaceous  or  membranaceous  ;  the  lower  faintly 
many-nerved.  Lower  palet  rather  coriaceous,  laterally  much  flattened,  indis- 
tinctly many-nerved,  acute.  Ovary  stalked.  —  Flowers  dioecious,  pretty  large. 
Leaves  crowded  on  the  culms,  involute,  commonly  rigid.  (Name  compounded 
of  Briza,  the  Qiuiking  Grass,  and  nvpos,  wluat.) 

1.  B.  spieatum,  Hook.  Culms  tufted  from  creeping  rootstocks  (9'- 18' 
high)  ;  spike  oblong,  flattened  (1'  long) ;  spikelets  ovate  or  oblong,  .5  -  10-flow- 
ered ;  flowers  smooth  and  naked;  grain  pointed.  (Uniola  spicata,  Z^.  Poa 
Michauxii,  Kunth.)  —  Salt  marshes  and  shores.  Aug.  —  Pistillate  flowers  more 
rigid  and  almost  keeled,  with  very  long  plumose  stigmas ;  the  sterile  smaller 
and  somewhat  rounded  on  the  back. 

34.     POA,     L.        Meadow-Grass.     Spear-Grass.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  laterally  compressed,  several-  (2  -  10-)  flowered, 
in  an  open  panicle.  Glumes  mostly  shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  the  lower  smaller. 
Lower  ])alct  mcnibranaceo-herbaceous,  with  a  delicate  scarious  jnargin,  com- 
pressed-keeled, pointless,  ."i-ncrvcd  (the  intermediate  nerves  more  obscure  or 
obsolete),  the  principal  nerves  commonly  clothed  at  and  towards  the  base  with 
soft  hairs :  upper  palet  membranaceous,  2-toothed :  base  of  the  flower  often 
cobwebby.  Stamens  2  or  .3.  Stigmas  simply  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free.  — 
Culms  tufted,  from  perennial  roots,  except  No.  1.  Leaves  smooth,  usually  flat 
and  soft.     (Iloa,  an  ancient  Greek  name  for  grass  or  fodder.) 


GRAMINE^.       (grass    FAMILY.)  629 

*  Low  and  spreading  (^' -&' hicih)  from  an  annual  or  biennial  root ,  flaccid :  branches 

of  the  short  panicle  single  or  in  pairs. 

1.  P.  annua,  L.  (Low  Spkar-Grass.)  Culms  flattened ;  panicle  often 
1-sided;  spikelcts  crowded,  very  short-pedicellcd,  3-7-flo\vercd.  —  Cultivated 
and  waste  grounds,  everywhere :  but  doubtful  if  indigenous.   April  -  Oct.     ( Eu. ) 

*  *  Low;   the  culms   (6' -20'  long)  geniculate-ascending  from  a  running  rootstoik, 

rigid,  verg  much  flattened :  panicle  simple  and  ronlrnctid. 

2.  P.  compressa,  L.  (Wike-Grass.)  Pale,  as  if  glaucous;  leaves 
short;  panicle  dense  and  narrow,  somewhat  one-sided  (l'-3'  long),  the  sliort 
branches  mostly  in  pairs;  spikelets  almost  sessile,  3- 10-Howered,  flat.  —  Dry, 
mostly  sterile  soil,  in  waste  places ;  rarely  in  woods :  probably  introduced  with 
other  and  more  valuable  grasses:  apparently  indigenous  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Low  alpine  or  alpestrine  species,  erect,  in  perennial  tufls. 

■»-  Soft  and  flaccid,  smooth  or  nearlg  so,  even  to  the  branches  of  the  panicle:  leaves 

short  and  flat,  short-pointed ;  ligule  elongated. 

3.  P.  alpiua,  L.  Culms  rather  stout  (8'- 14' high) ;  leaves  broadly  linear, 
especially  those  of  the  culm  (1^'- 2' long,  1^" -3"  wide);  panicle  short  and 
broad;  spikelets  broadly  ovate,  3 - 9-flowcred  (about  3"  long);  lower  palet  vil- 
lous on  the  midrib  and  margins.  —  Isle  Royale,  Lake  Superior,  C.  G.  Loring, 
Jr.,  Prof.  Porter,^.  Mtxinc'i  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

4.  P.  l^xa,  HiBuke.  Culms  slender  (4'- 9'  high);  leaves  narrow ;  panicle 
somewhat  raceme-like,  ))an-ow,  often  one-sided  and  nodding;  spikelets  2-4-flow- 
ered,  one  half  smaller. — Alpine  mountain-tops  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and 
N.  New  York,  and  high  northward.     (Eu.) 

■1-  ■*-  More  strict  and  rigid,  roughish,  especially  the  panicle:  ligule  short. 

5.  P.  csesia,  Smith.  Culms  6' -20°  high;  leaves  narrow,  short,  soon  in- 
volute ;  branches  of  the  panicle  2-5  together,  very  scabrous ;  spikelets  purplish 
(or  sometimes  pale),  2-5-flowered;  glumes  ovate-lanceolate  and  taner-pniuted ; 
flowers  lanceolate,  somewhat  webby  at  the  base;  the  lower  palet  villous  on  the 
keel  and  margins  below  the  middle,  its  nerves  obscure.  (P.  aspera,  d'audin.) 
—  N.  Wisconsin,  /.  A.  Lapham;  a  form  with  loose  open  panicle  (P.  nemoriilis, 
Ed.  2).  —  Var.  STRfcxiOR,  is  6' -12'  high,  with  a  contracted  grayish-purple 
panicle,  of  smaller  flowers.  N.  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  C.  G.  Loring,  Jr.,  es- 
pecially Isle  Koyale,  Prof.  Whitney,  &c.,  and  northward.     (En.) 

*  *  *  *  Taller  (l°-3°),  meadow  or  woodland  grasses :  panicle  open. 
-t-  Spikelets  mostly  very  numerous  and  crowded  on  the  rather  short  rough  branches 
(usually  in  fives)  of  the  oblong  or  jiyramidal  panicle,  green,  or  sometimes  violet- 
tinged:  flowers  acute,  crowded,  more  or  less  webbed  at  base. 

6.  P.  serotina,  Ehrhart.  (Falsk  K ED  top.  Fowl  Meadow-Grass.) 
Culms  tufted  without  running  rootstocks ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  soft  and 
smooth;  ligules  elongated;  spikelets  2  -  4-  (rarely  5-)  flowered  (l"-2"  long),  a// 
short-pedicelted  in  an  elongated  panicle,  often  tinged  with  dull  purple;  flowers 
and  glumes  narrow;  lower  palet  very  obscurely  nerved.  (P.  nemorklis,  Pursh. 
P.  crocata,  Michx.)  —  Wet  meadows  and  low  banks  of  streams:  common,  csi>e- 
cially  northward.     July,  Aug. — A  good  grass  for  moist  meadows.     (Eu.J 


630  GRAMINEiE.        (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

7.  P.  prat6nsis,  L.  (Green  or  Common  Meadow-Grass.  Kentuckt 
Blue-Guass.)  Culms  sending  oft" copious  running  roolstorks  from  the  base,  and 
tlie  slu'utlis  smooth ;  ligide  short  and  limit ;  panicle  short-pviivmidal ;  spikeltts  3  -  5- 
flowered,  crowdid,  and  most  of  tliem  atiuost  aesslli:  on  the  branches,  ovate  lanceo- 
late or  ovate  ;  loiter  pulet  5-nerred,  lunry  along  the  margins  as  well  as  the  keel.  — 
Common  in  dry  soil:  imported  for  pastures  and  meadows.  Indigenous  in 
mountain  regions  from  X.  Penn.  northward.     May  -July.     (Eu.) 

8.  P.  trivi.VliS;  L.  (lloLGHisii  Meadow-Gkass.)  Culms  erect  from  a 
somewhat  decumbent  base,  but  no  distinct  running  rootstocks ;  sheaths  andlences 
more  or  less  rough;  lignle  oblong,  acute;  panicle  longer  or  with  the  branches  more 
distant ;  spikelets  mostly  3-flowered,  broader  upwards ;  lower  palet  prominentti/ 
b-nerved,  naked  at  the  margins:  otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  preceding.  —  Moist 
meadows,  &c.,  July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

-t-  •»-  Spikelets  fewer  and  more  scattered,  on  slender  pedicels:  plants  soft  and  smooth, 

flowering  early.      (No  running  rontstocks,  except  in  No.  13.) 
■*^  Spikelets  small  (l"-2"  long),  pale  green,  rather  loosely  2 -  A-floiccrcd :  flowers 

oblong,  obtuse :  lower  palet  scarcely  scariuus-tipped :  culm-leaves  lunce-lincar,  acute, 

1'  -3'  long. 

9.  P.  sylvdstris,  Gray.  Culm  flatfish,  erect ;  branches  of  the  oblong-pyram- 
idal panicle  short,  numerous,  in  fives  or  more  ;  lower  palet  villous  on  the  keelflir 
its  whole  length,  and  on  the  margins  below  the  middle,  sparingly  webbed  at  the  base. 
—  Rocky  woods  and  meadows,  W.  New  York,  Penn.  and  Virginia  to  Wisconsin, 
Kentucky,  and  southward.     June. 

10.  P.  d^bilis,  Torr.  Culms  terete,  weak ;  branches  of  the  small  panicle 
few  and  slender  (the  lower  H'-2'  long  to  the  few  spikelets),  in  pairs  and  threes; 
flowers  very  obtuse,  smo  -th  and  glabrous,  except  a  sparing  web  at  their  base.  — 
Rocky  woodlands,  Rhode  Island  and  N.  New  York  to  Wisconsin.     May. 

ft-  ++  Spikelets  2"  long,  light  green:  oblong-lanceolate  flowers  and  both  glumes  acute. 

11.  P.  alsbdes,  Gray.  Leaves  rather  narrowly  linear,  acute,  the  upper- 
most ('2|'-4'  long)  often  sheathing  the  base  of  the  narrow  and  loose  panicle,  the 
capillary  branches  of  which  are  appressed  when  young,  and  mostly  in  threes  or 
fours ;  lower  palet  very  obscurely  nerved,  villous  on  the  keel  below,  and  with  a 
narrow  cobwebby  tuft  at  its  base,  otherwise  glabrous.  (P.  ncmoralis,  Torr.  ^ 
Ed.  1  :  but  wholly  different  from  the  European  species  of  that  name.)  —  Woods, 
on  hillsides.  New  England  to  Penn.  and  Wisconsin.     May,  June. 

++++++  Spdcclets  larger  [y  -  4"  long) ,  pale  green,  rarely  purple-tingrd,  flw  and 
scattered  at  the  extremity  of  the  long  and  capillary  branches  (mostly  in  pairs  or 
threes)  of  the  very  diffuse  panicle:  flowers  3-6,  loose,  oblong  and  obtuse,  us  is 
the  larger  glume:  lower  pabt  couspicnnusly  sctirious  at  the  ape.r,  villous  beloiv  the 
middle  on  the  keel  and  margins:  culms flatlish,  smooth. 

12.  P.  flexuosa,  Muhl.  (not  of  Wahl.)  Culms  l°-S°  high,  tufted;  its 
leaves  all  linear  (2' -5'  long)  and  gradually  taper-pointed;  panicle  very  effuse  (its 
branches  2' -4'  long  to  the  4-6-flowered  spikelets  or  first  ramification);  lower 
palet  promin/nily  nerved,  no  web  at  the  base.  (P.  autumnalis,  Muhl.  in  Ell.  P. 
campyle,  Schult.) — Dry  woods,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  .southward.  Feb. - 
May.  —  Wrongly  confounded  with  the  last,  but  near  it.     P.  autumnalis  is  an 


GRAMINE^.        (GRASS    FAMILY.)  63.1 

inappropriate  name,  and  there  is  now  no  obstacle  to  restoring  to  this  species 
tlic  earlier  and  unobjcctionahlc  (but  not  descriptive)  name  of  P.  flcxtiosa. 

13.  P.  brevifblia,  Muhl.  Culms  1°-1^°  liigh  from  runnimj  rootsiocks, 
2  -  3-leaved,  the  upper  leaocs  very  short  (i'  -  2'  long),  lanceolate,  all  abrupt! ij  cuspidale- 
tipptd;  branches  of  the  short  panicle  mostly  in  pairs ;  spikclcts  3  -  4-llowered ; 
lower  pal et  rather  obscurely  nerved,  cobwebby  at  the  base.  (P.  piingens,  Nutt.,  excl. 
syn.  Ell.  P.  cuspidata,  Barton.  The  older  and  more  appropriate  name  is  lierc 
restored.) — Rocky  or  hill}-  woodlands,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  sparingly 
westward.     April,  May.  —  Culm  scai-eely  surpassing  the  long  root-leaves. 

35.    ERAGROSTIS,    Bcauv.        Eragrostis.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikclets  2-70-flowered,  nearly  as  in  Poa,  except  that  the  lower  palet  is  but 
3-  (rarely  1-)  nerved,  not  webby -haired  at  the  base,  and  deciduous;  and  the  up- 
per one  persistent  on  the  rhachis  after  the  rest  of  the  flower  has  fallen.  —  Culms 
often  branching.  Leaves  linear,  frequently  involute,  and  the  ligule  or  throat 
of  the  sheath  bearded  with  long  villous  hairs.  Panicle  various.  (An  early 
name,  pi'obably  from  tpa.  earth,  and  Aijroslis,  in  allusion  to  the  procumbent 
habit  of  the  original  species.) 

*  Prostrate  and  creeping,  much-branched:   root  annual:   spikelets  flat,  imperfectly 

dioecious,  clustered,  almost  sessile,  in  the  more  fertile  plant  almost  capitate. 

1.  E.  r^ptans,  Nees.  Spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  10-30-flowered;  flow- 
ers lance-ovate,  acute;  leaves  short,  almost  awl-shaped.     (Poa  reptans,  Michx.) 

—  Gravelly  river-borders:  common.     Aug. — Flower-branches  2' -5'  high. 

*  *  Diffusely  spreading,  or  the  flowering  culms  ascending,  low  (6'-  1.5'  high)  :  spike- 

lets  large,  denselyflowered,  flat,  forming  a  narrow  crowded  panicle. 

2.  E.  POyKoiDES,  Bcauv.  Lowcr  sheaths  often  hairy ;  leaves  flat,  smooth  ; 
spikelets  short-pcdicelled,  lance-linear  or  oblong-linear,  8-20-flowered,  lead-col- 
ond  (2" -.5"  long);  flowers  ovate,  obtuse,  the  lateral  nerves  evident.  (Poa 
Eragrostis,//.)      Sandy  waste  places,  eastward  :  scarce.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

Var.  megastAchya.  Sheaths  mostly  glabrous;  spikelets  larger  (3'' -10" 
long),  becoming  linear,  whitish  when  old,  10- 50-flowered.  (E.  megastachya. 
Link.     Briza  Eragrostis,  L.)  —  Similar  situations,  and  more  common.     Aug. 

—  Emits  a  sharp,  unpleasant  odor.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  *  Erect,  or  in  No.  3-5  diffusely  spreading  avd  ascending:  panicle  open,  its 

branches  cnjiiUary ;  the  spikelets  proportionally  small,  sometimes  minute.     (Num- 
ber of  flowers  in  the  spikeht  very  varittble,  according  to  age,  ^-c. ) 
•f-  Culms  slender,  branching  and  dfcumbent  or  spreading  at  the  base,  from  an  annual 
root:  leaves  narrow,  flat,  sofl :  branches  of  the  narrow  panicle  rather  short  and 
thicklyfloioered,  not  bearded  in  the  axils,  except  sometimes  the  lowest  sparingly. 

3.  E.  PII.6SA,  Beauv.  Panicle  elongated-oblong,  with  rather  erect  branches 
(except  at  flowering-time) ;  spikelets  5-  12-flowered  (2"-4"  long,  purplish-lead- 
color),  becoming  linear,  about  equalling  their  pedicels;  glumes  (small)  and  lower 
palet  obtuse,  the  latter  broadly  ovate,  \-nerved  (lateral  nerves  obsolete).  (P.  pilo- 
sa,  L.  P.  Linkii,  Kunth.)  —  Randy  or  gravelly  waste  places,  S.  New  England 
to  Illinois,  and  southward.     A  ig  —Plant  G'-  12'  high.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


G32  GK AMINES.        (gKASS    FAMILY.) 

4.  E.  Frankii,  Meyer.  Much  branched,  diffuse  (3' -8' high)  ;  panicle 
ovate-oblong,  rather  dense,  spreading;  siii/cclets  2  -  ^-/lowered  (l"-l.i"  long), 
on  slender  pedicels;  glumes  very  acute;  loicer  palet  ovate,  acute,  rather  obscurely 
3-nerved.  (E.  crythrugona,  Nees,  from  the  joints  of  the  culm  being  mostly 
reddish.) — Low  or  sandy  ground,  S.  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois,  and  south- 
westwurd.     Aug. 

5.  E.  Purshii,  (Bcrnh.  ?)  Schrader.  Sparingly  branched  at  the  decumbent 
base,  then  erect  (i°-2°-high)  ;  panicle  elongated,  the  branches  widely  spread- 
ing, very  loose  ;  spikelets  5  - 1  S-Jlowered,  oblong-lanceolate,  at  length  linear 
(2"-4^"  long),  mostlij  much  shorter  than  their  capillurij  pedicels ;  ylumes  and  lower 
palet  ovate  and  acute,  or  the  latter  acutish,  3-nerved.  ( I'oa  tenella  1  Pursh.  P. 
Caroliniana,  Sprenrj.  P.  pectinacca  of  authors,  not  of  Michx.)  —  Sandy  or 
sterile  open  grounds,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

-t-  t-  Culms  simple  or  branching  only  at  the  very  base,  firm,  erect  from  an  annual  or 
perennial  root,  mostly  forming  thick  tufls :  leaves  very  long :  panicle  very  large, 
compound,  often  longer  than  the  culm,  with  tlongnted  and  loDsely-fiowered  branches, 
their  axils  often  bearded.     (Doubtful perennials,  or  No.  7  annual.) 

6.  E.  tenuis,  Gray.  Pajiiclevirgately  elongated  (l°- 2^°  long),  \cry  \oose, 
the  spreading  branches  bearded  in  some  of  the  lower  axils,  their  remote  divisions 
and  long  diverging  pedicels  capillary  ;  spiliclets  2-6-  (sometimes  7  -  12  )  flowered, 
pale  or  greenish  ;  glumes  lanceolate  or  awl-shaped,  very  acute  (l^"-2"  long),  mem- 
branaceous, as  are  the  oblong-lanceolate  acute  flowers ;  lower  palet  distinctly  3-nerved  ; 
the  upper  ciliate-scabrous.  ( Poa  tenuis.  Ell.  P.  capillaris,  Michx.  P.  trichbdes, 
Nutt.  E.  Geyeri,  Steud.)  —  Sandy  soil,  Illinois,  Virginia?  and  southward. 
Aug. -Oct. — Leaves  rather  rigid,  1^-2°  long,  glabrous  or  sparingly  hairy: 
the  sheaths  hairy  or  glabrous ;  the  throat  strongly  bearded.  Flowers  much 
larger  than  in  the  next,  fully  1|"  long. 

7.  E.  capillaris,  Nees.  Panicle  widely  expanding,  usually  much  longer 
than  the  culm,  its  spreading  branches  (mostly  naked  in  the  axils)  and  long  di- 
verging  pedicels  capillary;  spikelets  rather  terete,  very  small,  2-4-flowcrcd,  green- 
ish or  purplish;  glumes  and  flowers  ovate,  acute  (less  than  1"  long) ;  lower  palet 
obscurely  3-nerved,  scarcely  keeled;  the  upper  rough-ciliate.  (Poa  capillaris,  L. 
P.  hirsuta,  Michx.)  —  Sandy  dry  soil  and  fields  :  common,  especially  southward. 
Aug.,  Sept.  —  Leaves  and  sheaths  very  hairy,  or  nearly  glabrous ;  the  former 
about  1°  long,  not  rigid.     Panicle  l°-2°  long,  soon  diffuse. 

8.  E.  pectinkcea.  Gray.  Panicle  widely  diffuse,  its  rigid  divergent  main 
branches  beaidtd  in  the  axils ;  the  capillary  pedicels  more  or  less  oppressed  on  the 
secondary  branches;  spikelets  flat,  5- 1.5-flowcrcd,  becoming  linear,  purple  or 
purplish  ;  glumes  and  flowers  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acutish  ;  lower  ;)o/d  strongly 
3-nervcd;  the  upper  hirsute-ciliate.  (Poa  pectinacca,  Michx.,  ex  char.  P.  hirsuta, 
of  Amer.  authors.  E.  Unionis  &  cogniita  Steud.  ?)  —Leaves  long,  rigid,  mostly 
hairy,  the  sheaths  especially  so.  — Var.  spkctAbilis.  Leaves  and  sheaths  mostly 
glabrous;  branches  of  the  panicle  (the  lower  reflexed  with  age)  and  pedicels 
shorter ;  si)ikelets  rather  larger.  (E.  spectabilis,  Ed.  1 .  Poa  spectabilis,  Pursh.) 
—  Sandy  dry  ground,  from  E.  Mass.  near  the  coast,  and  from  Ohio  and  Illinois 
southward.  Aug.- Oct. —Plant  1° -3°  high.  Spikelets  2" - 3"  long,  1"  wide, 
closely  flowered. 


graminkjE.      (grass  family.)  633 

36.     BRIZA,    L.         QuAKixG  Grass.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikclcts  nifiny-flowcrcd,  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  flattish-tumid ;  the  flowers 
closely  imbricated.  Glumes  roundish,  unequal  (purple).  Lower  palet  round- 
ish and  entire,  flattened  parallel  with  the  glumes,  vcntricosc  on  the  back,  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base,  papery-mcmbranaceous  and  becoming  dry,  scarious-mar- 
gined,  obscurely  many-nerved ;  the  upper  palet  much  smaller,  ovate,  flat.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Stigmas  branched-plumose.  Grain  flattened  parallel  with  the  palets, 
adhering  to  the  upper  one.  — Leaves  flat.  Panicle  loose,  diff'usc,  with  the  large 
and  showy  spikclcts  often  drooping  on  delicate  pedicels  (whence  the  name,  an 
ancient  Greek  appellation  for  some  kind  of  grain,  from  /S/ai^a),  to  shinibcr  (Linn.), 
or  ^pi6a>,  to  brnd  downwards.) 

1.  B.  Mi;DiA,  L.  Panicle  erect,  the  branches  spreading;  spikclcts  5-9- 
flowered  (3"  long)  ;  glumes  shorter  than  the  lower  flowers;  root  perennial. — 
Pastures:  sparingly  eastward.     June.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

37.     FESTUCA,     L.        Fescue-Grass.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikclcts  3-many-flowcrcd,  paniclcd  or  racemose;  the  flowers  not  wcbby  at 
the  base.  Glumes  unequal,  mostly  keeled.  Palets  chartaccous  or  almost  coria- 
ceous, roundish  (not  keeled)  on  the  back,  more  or  less  3-5-nerved,  acute, 
pointed,  or  often  bristle-awncd  from  the  tip,  rarely  blunt;  the  upper  mostly  ad- 
hering at  maturity  to  the  enclosed  grain.  Stamens  1  -3.  —  Flowers,  and  often 
the  leaves,  rather  dry  and  harsh.     (An  ancient  Latin  name.) 

*  Flowers  awl-shaped,  bristle-pointed  or  aicned  from  the  tip :  jiunicle  contracted. 
■f-  Annuals  or  biennials,  slender,  5'-  18'  ]ii()h :  leaves  convo'ute-briistle-furm. 

1.  P.  Myijrus,  L.  Panicle  spike-like,  one-sided ;  spikelets  about  5-flowered ; 
glumes  very  unequal ;  nwn  much  longer  than  the  palet,  fully  G"  in  length ;  stamen  I. 
—  Dry  fields,  New  Jersey,  S.  Penn.,  and  southward.     July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  P.  tenella,  Wilkl.  Panicle  spike-like,  one-sided,  or  more  compound 
and  open  ;  spikelets  7- 13-flowered  ;  aivn  l"-3"  loncj,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the 
palet :  stamens  2.  —  Dry,  sterile  soil,  especially  southward.     June,  July. 

-1-  -4-  Perennial,  tufted,  6'  -  24'  high :  stamens  3. 

3.  P.  ovina,  L.  (Sheep's  Fescue.)  Panicle  somewhat  one-sided,  short, 
usually  more  or  less  compound,  open  in  flowering ;  spikelets  3  -  8-flowered ;  awn 
not  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  flower,  often  much  shorter  or  almost  want- 
ing.—  Indigenous  in  Northern  New  England,  Lake  Superior,  and  northward: 
naturalized  fartlier  south  as  a  pasture  grass.  June.  —  Varies  greatly.  —  Var. 
vivfpARA  (which  with  us  has  running  rootstocks),  a  state  with  the  spikelets 
partially  converted  into  leafy  shoots,  is  found  on  the  alpine  summits  of  the 
White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  and  high  northward.  —  Var.  duriuscula, 
(F.  duriuscula,  />. )  is  a  tall  form,  with  spikelets  rather  larger,  usually  in  a  more 
compound  panicle ;  culm-leaves  often  flat  or  less  convolute,  and  the  lower  with 
their  sheaths  either  smooth  or  hairy.  New  England  to  Virginia;  nat.,  and  in- 
digenous northward.  —  Var.  KfjimA  (F.  rubra,  L.)  has  running  rootstocks  and 
forms  looser  tufts ;  the  leaves  often  reddish  and  pubescent  above.  Naturalized 
eastward:  wild.  Lake  Superior,  Dr.  Rubbins,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 


G34  GRAMINE^.        (GIJ.VSS    FAMILY.) 

»  *  Flowers  oblong  or  lanceolate,  awnless  or  nearly  so  (iA."-4"  lonrj) :  ffrain  ofccn 
free!     (Root  perennial :  culms  mostlij  tall :  leaves  Jlat.) 

4.  P.  el.\tior,  L.  (Talleu  or  Meadow  Fescue.)  Panicle  narrow, 
contracted  before  and  after  (lowering,  erect,  with  short  branches ;  spikelcts  ci-owded, 
5  -  10-flowcrcd  ;  the /lowers  rather  remote,  obloarj-lanceolate ;  lower  palct  5-ncrved, 
scarious-maryincd,  blunt,  acute,  or  rarely  with  a  distinct  but  very  short  awn.  — 
The  type  id  large,  3° -4°  high  ;  sj)ikelcts  about  C"  long,  in  an  ample  and  com- 
pound panicle.  Rich  grass-land.  —  Yar.  I'Katexsis  (F.  pratensis, /7'/f/.s-.)  is 
lower  (l°-3°  high),  with  a  simpler  or  close  panicle,  of  smaller  or  narrower 
spikelcts;  and  abounds  in  grass-lands.     June -Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

T).  P.  nutans,  Willd.  Pattide  of  several  long  and  slendir  spreading'ln-anches, 
mostly  in  ])airs,  drooping  when  old,  rough,  naked  below,  bearing  near  their  ex- 
tremity a  few  ovate  3 -5-flowered  spikelcts  (3"  long)  on  pretty  long  pedicels; 
Jlowers  ovate-oblong,  rather  obtuse,  close  together,  coriaceous,  smooth,  very  obscurely 
5-nervcd.  —  Rocky  woods  and  copses.  July.  —  Culm  2°  -  4°  high,  naked  above  : 
leaves  broadly  linear,  taper-pointed,  dark  green,  often  rather  hairy. 

38.     BROMUS,     L.        Brome-Grass.     (PI.  lo.) 

Spikelcts  5  -  many-flowcrcd,  paniclcd.  Glumes  unequal,  membranaceous  ;  the 
lower  I  -  5-,  the  upper  3  -  9-nerved.  Lower  palet  either  convex  on  the  back  or 
comprcsscd-kceled,  5  -  9-nerved,  awned  or  bristle-pointed  from  below  the  mostly 
2-ck'ft  tip  :  upper  palet  at  length  adhering  to  the  groove  of  the  oblong  or  linear 
grain.  Stamens  3.  Styles  attached  below  the  apex  of  the  ovary. — Coarse 
Grasses,  with  large  spikelcts,  at  length  drooping,  on  pedicels  thickened  at  the 
apex.  (An  ancient  name  for  the  Oat,  from  ^p6fxos,/ood.) 
§  1.  Lower  palet  convex  on  the  back ;  the  Jlowers  imbricated  over  one  another  before 

expansion  :  lower  glume  3  -  5-nerved,  the  upper  5  -  9-nerved. 

*  Annuals  or  biennials,  weeds  of  cultivation,  introduced  into  grain-fields,  or  rarehj  in 

waste  grounds,  probably  all  derived  from  the  European  B.  arvensis,  L. 

1.  B.  secAlinus,  L.  (Cheat  or  Chess.)  Panicle  spreading,  even  in  fruit, 
the  drooping  peduncles  little  branched ;  spikelcts  oblong-ovate,  turgid,  smooth,  of 
8- 10  rather  distant  flowers;  lower  palet  rather  longer  than  the  up])er,  short- 
awned  or  awnless;  sheaths  nearly  glabrous.  —  Too  common  in  wheat-fields. 
June,  July.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  B.  eacem6sus,  L.  (Upright  Chess.)  Panicle  erect,  simple,  rather 
narrow,  contracted  in  fruit ;  flowers  closer,  more  imbricated ;  lower  palet  decidedly 
exceeding  the  upper,  bearing  an  awn  of  its  own  lengtli ;  culm  more  slender  ;  sheatlis 
sometimes  hairy  :  otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  last,  for  which  it  is  often  mistaken 
in  this  country.     (Adv.  from  Eu.)      • 

3.  B.  MOLLIS,  L.  (Soft  Chess.)  Panicle  erect,  closely  confrrtcled  in  fruit ; 
spikelets  conical-ovate,  somewhat  flattened ;  the  flowers  closely  imbricated,  downy 
(as  also  the  leaves,  &c.) ;  lower  palet  acute,  long-awned.  —  Wheat-fields,  New  York 
to  Virginia :  scarce.     June.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

«  *  Perennial:  indigenous,      (fjowcr  glume  strongly  ^-nerved,  the  upper  b-nerved. 

4.  B.  K^lmii,  Gray.  (Wild  Chess.)  Panicle  simple,  small  (3' -4' long) ; 
spikelets  drooping  on  capillary  peduncles,  closely  7  -  12-flowered,  densely  silky 


GRAMIXK^.        (grass    FAMILY.)  635 

all  over ;  awn  only  one  tliinl  the  lcn<rth  of  the  lance-oblong  flower ;  lower  palet 
7  -  9-ncrvccl,  much  longer  and  Iar;^cr  than  the  nppcr;  culm  slender  (15° -3° 
hi,^■h) ;  leaves  and  sheaths  conspicuously  ov  sparingly  liairy.  (B.  ciliiitus,  Muhl. 
B.  piirgans,  Toir.  Fl.  N.  Y.) — Dry  ground:  common  northward.  June,  Jidy. 
• —  This  is  in  the  herbarium  of  Linnasus  under  the  name  of  B.  ciliatns,  but  is 
not  the  plant  he  described  ;  lliencc  has  arisen  much  confusion. 

§  2.  SCHED6N0RUS,  Beauv.,  Tries.  Lower  palet  somewhat  com-ex,  hut  keeled 
on  the  back  and  laterally  more  or  less  compressed,  at  least  above:  JJowers  soon 
separalinf]  from  each  other:  lower  c/lume  \-nervcd,  the  upper  3-nerred,  or  with  an 
obscure  additional  pair. 

*  Perennial,  lull  (.3° -.5°  hi'/h)  :  Jlowers  oblong  or  lanceolate. 

5.  B.  eiliatus,  L.  Panicle  compound,  very  loose,  the  elongated  branches 
at  length  divergent,  drooping  ;  spikelets  7  -  12-flowered  ;  lower  palet  tipped  with 
an  awn  half  to  three  fourths  its  length,  silky  with  apprcssed  hairs  near  the 
margins,  at  least  below  (or  rarely  naked),  smooth  or  smoothish  on  the  back 
(B.  Canadensis,  Michx.  B.  jndiesccns,  Muhl.);  —  or,  in  var.  ruEGANS  (B. 
purgans,  Z. .'),  clothed  all  over  with  short  and  fine  apprcssed  hairs.  —  Rivcf- 
banks  and  moist  woodlands  :  common.  July,  Aug.  —  Culm  and  large  leaves 
(.j''-G''  wide)  smooth  or  somewhat  hairy;  the  sheaths  in  the  larger  forms  often 
liairy  or  densely  downy  near  the  top.  Variable,  comprising  several  forms,  in- 
cluding both  the  Linna:an  species ;  for  which  the  present  name  is  preferable  to 
the  inapplicable  purgans,  taken  from  Feuille'c's  South  American  species. 

6.  B.  ASPEK,  L.  Culm  slender  and  panicle  smaller ;  spikelets  5  -  9-flowered ; 
lower  palet  linear-lanceolate,  scarcely  keeled,  hairy  near  the  margins,  rather 
longer  than  the  awn ;  sheaths  and  lower  leaves  hairy  or  downy.  —  Bethel, 
Maine,  in  fields  along  the  river-bank,  W.  Boott.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Annual  or  biennial  (10' -30'  high)  :  flowers  slender. 

7.  B.  STEEiLis,  L.  Panicle  open;  spikelets  of  5-9  rather  distant  and  7- 
nerved  ronghish  linear-awl-shaped  long-awned  flowers  (awn  1'  long);  leaves 
rather  downy.  —  Waste  places  and  river-banks,  E.  Massachusetts,  New  York, 
and  Pennsylvania :  rare.     June.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

39.     UNIOLA,     L.         Spike-Grass.     (PI.  11.) 

Spikelets  closely  many-flowered,  very  flat  and  2-edged ;  one  or  more  of  the 
lowest  flowers  sterile  (neutral)  and  consisting  of  a  single  palet.  Glumes  lance- 
olate, compressed-keeled.  Lower  palet  coriaceo-membranaceous,  strongly  lat- 
erally compressed  and  keeled,  striate-nerved,  usually  acute  or  pointed,  entire, 
enclosing  the  much  smaller  compressed  2-keeled  upper  one  and  the  free  laterally 
flattened  smooth  grain.  Stamen  1  (or  in  U.  paniculata  3).  — Upright  smooth 
perennials,  growing  in  tufts  from  strong  creeping  rootstocks,  with  broad  /taves 
and  large  spikelets  in  an  open  or  spiked  panicle.  (Ancient  name  of  some  plant, 
a  diminutive  of  unio,  unity.) 

*  Spikelets  large  (i'-2'  long),  ovate  or  ohlong,  9  - 30- flowered :  panicle  open. 

1.  TJ.  paniculata,  L.  Zeacts  )Knro(r,  when  dry  convolute;  spikelets:  ovate, 
alurt-pedicelled ;  flowers  glabrous,  bluntish,  several  of  the  lower  sterile;  the  fer- 


C36  GUAMINE^.        (grass    FAMILY.) 

tile  with  .3  Ptamcns;  culm  and  panicle  elongated  (4°-8°  liigh).  —  Sand-hills 
on  the  sca-sliore,  S.  Virginia  and  southward. 

2.  U.  latifdlia,  Miciix.  Liana  hroad  and  flat  (nearly  I'widc);  spikeUts 
at  \(;n<zth  oliloiiff,  huii</iiif/  on  lonrj  jxdicels ;  flowers  acute,  ciliatc  on  the  keel,  all 
but  the  lowest  pcrf.^'ct  and  monandrous.  —  Shaded  rich  hillsides,  S.  Pennsylvania 
to  Illinois  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Culm  2° -4°  high:  panicle  loose. 

*  *  Spiheltts  small :  panicle  contracted  and  wand-like:  perfect  Jiowers  lonrj-pointed. 

3.  U.  gracilis,  Michx.  Spikvbts  shorl-pcdicellcd  (2"-3"  long),  broadly 
wedge-shaped,  acute  at  the  base,  4  -  8-Jlowered ;  the  flowers  ovate  and  diver- 
gently beaked,  long,  the  lowest  one  neutral.  —  Sandy  soil,  from  Long  Island  to 
Virginia,  near  the  coast,  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Culm  3°  high,  slender. 

40.     PHRAGMITES,     Trin.         Reed.     (PI.  11.) 

Spikelets  3-7-flowered;  the  flowers  rather  distant,  silky- villous  at  their  base, 
and  witli  a  conspicuous  silky-bearded  rhachis,  all  perfect  and  3-androus,  except 
>he  lowest,  which  is  cither  neutral  or  with  1-3  stamens,  and  naked.  Glumes 
membranaceous,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  lanceolate,  keeled,  sharp-pointed,  very 
imequal.  Palets  membranaceous,  slender ;  the  lower  narrowly  awl-shaped, 
thrice  the  length  of  the  upper.  Squamula?  2,  large.  Styles  long.  Grain  free. 
—  Tall  and  stout  perennials,  with  numerous  broad  leaves,  and  a  large  terminal 
panicle.     ((^/juy/xtVfr,  (jrowinrj  in  hedges,  which  this  aquatic  Grass  does  nqt.) 

1.  P.  communis,  Trin.  Panicle  loose,  nodding;  spikelets  3-5-flow- 
ered;  flowers  equalling  the  wool.  (Arundo,  L.) — Edges  of  ponds.  Sept. — 
Looks  like  Broom-Corn  at  a  distance,  5°-  12°  high  :  leaves  2'  wide.     (Eu.) 

41.    ARUNDINARIA,    Michx.        Cane.     (PI.  11.) 

Spikelets  flattened,  5  -  14-flowered;  the  flowers  somewhat  separated  on  the 
jointed  rhachis.  Glumes  very  small,  membranaceous,  the  upper  one  larger. 
Palets  herbaceous  or  somewhat  membranaceous ;  the  lower  convex  on  the  back, 
many-nerved,  tapering  into  a  mucronate  point  or  bristle.  Squamula;  3,  longer 
than  the  ovary.  Stamens  3.  Grain  ot)long,  free.  —  Arborescent  or  shrubby 
Grasses,  simple  or  with  fascicled  branches,  and  with  large  spikelets  in  panicles 
or  racemes ;  the  flowers  polygamous.     (Name  from  arundo,  a  reed.) 

1.  A.  macrosperma,  Michx.  (Large  Cane  )  Culms  arborescent, 
10° -20°  high,  rigid,  simple  the  first  year,  branching  the  second,  afterwards  at 
indefinite  periods  fruiting,  and  soon  after  decaying ;  leaves  lanceolate  ( I '  -  2' 
wide),  smoothish;  panicle  lateral,  composed  of  few  simple  racemes;  spikelets 
purple,  erect;  lower  palet  lance-ovate,  pubescent,  fringed  (8"  long).  Chapman, 
under  A.  gigantea.  —  Ri^er-banks,  S.  Virginia?  Kentucky?  and  southward, 
forming  cancbrakes. 

2.  A.  tecta,  Muhl.  (Small  Cane.)  Culms  slender,  2°-  10°  high,  branch- 
ing ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  (9"-  1'  wide),  roughish,  the  sheaths  bearded  at  the 
throat ;  spikelets  solitary  or  in  a  simple  raceme  at  the  summit  of  the  branches, 
or  frequently  on  leafless  radical  culms;  lower  palet  (6"  long)  ovate-lanceolate, 
smooth,  fringed  on  the  margins.  Chapman.  (Arundo  tecta,  Walt.)  —  Swamps 
and  moist  soil,  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southward.     April. 


GRAMINE^.        (grass    FAMILY.)  637 

42.    LEPTURUS,    R.  Br.        Lepturus.      (n.  11.) 

Spikclets  solitary  on  each  joint  of  the  filiform  rhachis,  and  partly  immersed 
in  the  excavation,  1  -2-flowcred.  Glumes  \-'2,  including  the  2  thin  pointless 
palcts.  Stamens  3.  Grain  free,  oblong-linear,  cylindrical.  —  Low  and  branch- 
ing, often  procumbent  Grasses,  chiefly  annuals,  with  narrow  leaves  and  slender 
spikes  (whence  the  name,  from  Xenros,  slender,  and  ovpd,  tail.) 

1.  L.  paniculktus,  Nutt.  Stem  slender  (6' -20'  long),  naked  and 
curved  above,  bearing  3-9  racemosely  disposed  thread-like  and  triangular 
spikes;  glumes  2,  transverse.  —  Open  grounds  and  salt  licks,  Illinois  (.l/caJ), 
jind  westward.     Aug. 

43.    LOLIUM,     L.        Darnel.     (PI.  11.) 

Spikelets  many-flowered,  solitary  on  each  joint  of  the  continuous  rhachis, 
placed  edgewise;  the  glume,  except  in  the  terminal  spikelet,  only  one  (the  up- 
per) and  external: — otherwise  nearly  as  in  Triticum.     (Ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  L.  PERENNE,  L.  (Common  Darnel,  Rat- or  Rye-Grass.)  Root  peren- 
nial, (jlume  shorter  than  the  spikelet ;  flowers  8-15,  awnless  or  sometimes  short- 
awned.  —  Fields  and  lots  :  eastward!  June.  —  A  pretty  good  pasture-grass. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  L.  TEMULENTUM,  L.  (Bearded  Darnel.)  Root  annual ;  culm  taller, 
glume  fuUij  equalling  the  .5  -  7-flowered  spikelet ;  awn  lonyer  than  the  flower  (^'  long). 
—  Grain-fields:  rare.  —  Grain  noxious;  almost  the  only  instance  of  the  kind 
among  Grasses.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

44.     TRITICUM,    L.        Wheat.      (PI.  11.) 

Spikelets  3 -several-flowered,  single  at  each  joint,  and  placed  with  the  side 
against  the  rhachis.  Glumes  transverse  (i.  e.  right  and  left),  nearly  equal  and 
opposite,  herbaceous,  nerved.  Lower  i)alet  very  like  the  glumes,  convex  on  the 
back,  pointed  or  awned  from  the  tip:  the  upper  flattened,  bristly-ciliate  on  the 
nerves,  free,  or  adherent  to  the  groove  of  the  grain.  Stamens  3.  (The  classical 
name,  probably  from  tritus,  beaten,  because  the  grain  is  threshed  out  of  tho 
spikes.)  —  The  true  species  are  annuals,  with  the  glumes  ovate-oblong,  turgid 
and  boat-shaped,  as  in  common  Wheat  (T.  vulgXre).  Others  are  perennial, 
with  nearly  lanceolate  glumes,  and  2-ninked  spikes,  never  furnishing  bread-corn 
(§  Agropyron,  Ga^rtn.) ;  to  which  the  following  belong.  Flowering  in  summer. 
*  Multiplying  by  long  running  rootstocks :  awn  shorter  than  the  flower  or  none. 

1.  T.  r6pens,  L.  (Couch-,  Quitch,  or  Quick-Grass.)  Spikelets  4-8- 
flowered,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  glumes  5  -  7-nerved  ;  rhachis  glabrous,  but  rough 
on  the  edges ;  awns  when  present  straight ;  leaves  flat  and  often  roughish  or 
pubescent  above.  —  Nat.  in  cultivated  grounds,  fields,  &c.,  and  very  troublesome; 
indigenous  northwestward.  —  Varies  greatly.  A  tall  form,  rather  bright  green 
(Var.  nemorXle,  Andersson)  bears  awns  nearly  as  long  as  the  palct.  A  lower 
form  is  glaucous  and  mostly  awnless  or  nearly  so.  A  maritime  form  (nearly 
Var.  intermedium.  Fries,  and  approaching  T.  laxum.  Fries,  and  T.  aeutum, 
DC),  collected  by  Prof.  Tuckerman  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  is  glaucous,  rigid,  with 


638  GRAMINEiE.         (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

at  length  jomcwhat  involute  leaves,  crowded  spikclcts,  blunt  an<l  riyid  glumc.s, 
and  pointless  or  mucronate-tipped  palets ;  the  rhaehis  not  disarticulating-  as  in 
T.  junccum,  L.     (Eu.) 

2.  T.  dasyst^2hyum,  Gray.  Perhaps  a  remarkable  variety  of  the  last, 
but  the  glaucous  leaves  are  narrow  and  often  involute,  and  the  5  -  9-flowcred 
spihelets  dinselij  (lowriij-hairi/  all  over.  (T.  rejiens,  var.  dasystachyuni,  Hook.)  — 
Sandy  shores  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Sujjerior,  and  northward.     Aug. 

»  *  iS'o  obvious  running  rootstocks,  glabrous,  or  the  flat  and  roughish  leaves  soinetimes 
Jtairi/  above:  glumes  as  well  as  flowers  moslty  owned  or  aun-pointed . 

3.  T.  violaceum,  Horncmann.  Spike  dense,  strict  and  rigid,  usually  tinged 
with  violet  or  jiurple, ;  spikelets  .3  -  5-flo\vered ;  glumes  conspicitotisli/  ^-nerved; 
mens  straight,  varying  from  half  to  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  palet.  (T. 
Richardsbnii,  Schrader.  T.  pauciflorum,  Sr.hweinitz.)  —  Mountains  of  Penn. 
{Porter)  ;  in  the  alpine  region  of  the  "White  Mountains  (Tuekemmn),  Wiscon- 
sin (Dipliain),  and  northward.  —  Intennediaie  in  character  between  tlie  last  and 
the  next.     (Eu.) 

4.  T.  caninum,  L.  (Awned  Wiieat-Gr.a.ss.)  ,  Spike  usually  more  or  less 
nodding,  at  least  in  fruit,  rather  dense  (.y-C  long);  spikelets  3-5-flowcred; 
glumes  S-H-nerved ;  awns  mostli/  somtwhul  bent  or  sprmding,  fully  twice  the  length  of 
the  palet.  —  Sparingly  naturalized  in  cult,  ground  and  meadows.  Indigenous 
along  our  northern  borders,  in  a  slender  form,  which  approaches  the  northwest- 
ern T.  divergens,  Necs,  or  T.  wgilopoides,  Turczaninow,  which  has  narrow  and 
convolute  leaves,  S-T-nerved  glumes,  and  widely  diverging  awns.     (Eu.) 

45.    HORDEUM,    L.        B.vrley.     (D.  U.) 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  with  an  awl-shaped  rudiment  on  the  inner  side,  three  at 
each  joint  of  the  rhaehis  ;  but  the  lateral  ones  usually  imperfect  or  abortive,  and 
short-stalked.  Glumes  side  by  side  in  front  of  the  spikelets,  6  in  number,  form- 
ing a  kind  of  involucre,  slender  and  awn-pointed  or  bristle-form.  Palets  herba- 
ceous, the  lower  (anterior)  convex,  long-awned  from  the  apex.  Stamens  3. 
Grain  oblong,  commonly  adhering  to  the  palets.  Si)ike  often  separating  into 
joints.  Ours  are  annuals  or  biennials,  or  scarcely  perennial.  (The  ancient 
Latin  name.) 

1.  H.  jub^tum,  L.  (SQriRREL-T.\.iL  Grass.)  Low;  lateral  flowers 
abortive,  on  a  short  pedicel,  short-awned  ;  the  perfect  flower  bearing  a  capillary 
awn  (2'  long)  about  the  length  of  the  similar  capillary  glumes,  all  spreading.  — 
Sandy  sea-shore,  upper  Great  Lakes,  and  westward.     June. 

2.  H.  pratense,  Huds.  Low  (6'- 18' high)  ;  lateral  flowers  imperfect  or 
neutral,  awnlcss  or  merely  pointed ;  perfect  flower  with  awn  as  long  as  tliose  of 
the  glumes  (3"- 6") ;  spike  linear,  l'-2'  long.  (IL  pnsillum,  Xult.  and  former 
ed.)  — Plains,  especially  in  saline  soil,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  westward  :  also  spar- 
ingly introduced,  Virginia  and  southward  along  the  coast.    'May,  June.     (Eu.) 

46.     ELYMUS,     L.        Ly.me-Grass.     Wild  Rve.     (PI.  11.) 

Spikelets  2-4  at  each  joint  of  the  rhaehis,  all  fertile  and  alike,  sessile,  each 
1  -  "-flowered.     Glumes  conspicuous,  nearly  side  by  side  in  front  of  the  spikelets. 


GRAMINE^.       (grass    FAMILY.)  639 

2  for  each  spikclet,  forming  an  involucre  to  the  cluster.  Palets  coriaceous;  the 
lower  rounded  on  the  back,  acute  or  awncd  at  the  apex.  Grain  adherent  to  the 
involving-  jialets  (whence  the  name,  an  ancient  one  for  some  grain,  from  eXuca, 
to  roll  tip). 

*  Glumes  and  flowers  ^/irm  or  rujid,  both  or  only  the  latter  awned:  spikelets  1-5- 

Jlowered:  perennials,  luith  slender  culms  and  rather  harsh  and  broad  Jlat  leaves. 

■*-  Sfiilce  lanje  and  stout. 

1.  E.  Virginicus,  L.  Sjiike  riijidty  Hj)rii;ht,  dense  (2' -3'  long,  6"  thick), 
on  a  sliort  peduncle  muidhj  included  in  tite  sluath ;  spikelets  2-3  together,  2-3- 
flowered,  smooth,  ratlicr  short-awned,  about  the  length  of  the  thickened  strongly- 
nerved  and  bristle-pointed  lanceolate  glumes.  —  River-banks:  common.  Aug.—' 
Culm  stout,  2° -3°  high. 

2.  E.  Canadensis,  L.  Spike  soon  nodding  (5' -9'  long),  on  an  cxserted 
peduncle;  spikelets  mostly  in  pairs,  of  3 -.5  long-awned  rough  or  rough-hairy 
flowers  ;  the  awl-shapid  glumes  tipped  with  shorter  awns.  (E.  Philadelphicus,  L. .') 
—  Var.  GLAUCiF(')Lius  (E.  glaucifolius,  Muhl.)  is  pale  or  glaucous  throughout, 
the  flowers  with  more  spreading  awns  (1^'  long).  — River-banks  :  common. 

H-  Sptihe  more  slender,  as  also  the  culm. 

3.  E.  SibiricUS,  L.  Glabrous;  spike  ivand-like  (2'-  G'  long,  about  3"  thick)  . 
often  somewhat  nodding ;  spikelets  in  pairs,  3  -  6-flowercd ;  glumes  linear-lanceo- 
late, 3  -  5-nervcd,  short-awned,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  which  arc  rather  short-awnod. 

■ — South  shore  of  Lake  Superior  (Porter),  and  northwestward.     (Eu.) 

4.  E.  StriatuS,  Willd.  More  or  less  pubescent;  spike  dense  and  thickisk 
(2'  -  4'  long),  upright  or  sligiitly  nodding^  spilvclets  mostly  in  pairs,  1  -2-  (or 
rarely  3-)  flowered,  minutely  bristly-hairy;  glumes  awl-shaped,  bristle-awned,  1-3- 
nerved,  about  thrice  the  length  of  the  flowers  exclusive  of  the  capillary  awn  (which 
is  I'  long).  —  Var.  villusus  (E.  villosus,  Mnhl.!)  has  very  hairy  flowers  and 
glumes,  and  villous  sheaths.  —  Rocky  woods  and  banks.  July,  Aug.  —  Palets 
only  3"  long. 

*  *  Glumes  and  palets  awnless  and  sofl  in  texture:  reed-like  perennials. 

5.  E.  mollis,  Trin.  (not  of  R.  Br.)  Culm  (3°  high)  velvety  at  top  ;  spike 
thick,  erect  (8'  long) ;  spikelets  2  or  3  at  each  joint,  5-8-flowered;  the  lanceo- 
late pointed  5-7-nerved  glumes  (1' long)  and  the  pointed  ])alets  soft-villous ; 
rhachis  of  the  spikelets  separating  into  joints.  —  Shore  of  the  Great  Lakes, 
Maine,  and  northward.     (Near  E.  arenarius.) 

47.    GYMNOSTICHUM,    Schrcb.      Bottlk-brdsh  Gkass.    (PI.  11.) 

Spikelets  2-3  or  sometimes  solitary  on  each  joint  of  the  rhachis,  raised  on  a 
very  short  callous  pedicel,  loosely  2 -4-flowercd  (when  solitary  flatwise  on  the 
rhachis.)  Glumes  none!  or  small,  awn-like,  and  deciduous  (whence  the  name, 
from  yvfivos,  nuked,  and  arixos,  7'ank).     Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Elymus. 

1.  G.  Hystrix,  Sehrel),  Spike  loose  (3' -6' long);  the  spreading  spike- 
lets 2-3  together,  early  deciduous;  flowers  smoothish  or  often  rough-hairy, 
tipped  with  an  awn  thrice  their  length  (1'  long)  ;  leaves  and  sheaths  smoothish; 
culm  3° -4°  high;  root  perennial.  (Elymus  Ilystrix,  Z.)  —  iloist  woodlands. 
July,  Aug. 


640  GRAMINE^.        (grass    FAMILY.) 

48.     DANTHONIA,     DC.         Wild  Oat-Grass.     (PI.  12.) 

Lower  palct  (oblong  or  ovate,  roundcd-cylindraccous,  7-9-nen'ed)  hearing 
between  the  sharp-pointed  or  awn-like  teeth  of  tlie  tij)  an  awn  composed  of  the 
3  middle  nerves,  which  is  flattish  and  spirally  twisting  at  the  base :  otherwise 
nearly  as  in  Avena.  Glumes  longer  than  the  imbricated  flowers.  Ours  peren- 
nials, l°--J°  high,  with  narrow  and  soon  involute  leaves,  hairy  sheaths  bearded 
at  the  throat,  and  a  small  simple  panicle  or  raceme  of  about  7-flowcred  spikelets. 
(Named  for  Dnnlhuine,  a  French  botanist.) 

1.  D.  spicata,  Beauv.  Culms  tufted,  low;  leaves  short,  very  narrow; 
spikelets  few,  3" -5"  long  ;  lower  jicdet  loosili/  hniri/,  its  teeth  short  and  pointless.  — 
Dry  ami  sterile  or  rocky  soil.     June -Aug. 

2.  D.  serieea,  Nuit.  Taller  and  not  tufted  (1°- 3°  high);  leaves  larger ; 
spikelets  more  numerous  and  i)anicled,  6" -9"  long;  lower palet  very  sUky-viilous, 
tipped  with  slender  awn-pointed  teeth.  — Dry  or  moist  sandy  soil,  Southern  Massa- 
chusetts {Dr.  liobbins),  New  Jersey  {C.  E.  Smith,  C.  F.  Parker),  and  southward: 
rare.     June. 

49.    AVENA,    L.        O.vx.     (n.  12.) 

Spikelets  2  -  many-flowered,  panicled  ;  the  flowers  herbaceo-ehartaceons,  o^ 
becoming  harder,  of  firmer  texture  than  the  large  and  mostly  unequal  glumes; 
the  uppermost  impei-feet.  Lower  palet  rounded  on  the  back,  mostly  5-11- 
nerved,  bearing  a  long  usually  bent  or  twisted  awn  on  the  back  or  below  the 
acutely  2-cleft  tip  proceeding  from  the  midnervc  only.  Stamens  3.  Grain  ob- 
long-linear, grooved  on  one  side,  usually  hairy  at  least  at  the  top,  free,  but  in- 
vested by  the  upper  palet.  (The  classical  Latin  name.) — The  Common'  Oat 
(A.  SATiVA,  L.)  represents  the  large-flowered  annual  species  of  the  Old  World. 
The  following  arc  smaller-flowered,  indigenous  perennials. 

L  A.  striata,  Michx.  Glubrous  and  smooth  throughout,  slender  (\^-2° 
high);  leaves  narrow;  ligulc  short,  truncate;  panicle  simple,  loose;  spikelets 
(6"  long)  on  capillary  pedicels,  3-6-flowered,  much  exceeding  the  searious- 
margined  purple  acute  glumes;  the  loiccr  ylnme  1-,  uppir  ^-nerved;  rhaehis 
smooth  ;  Jlowirs  short-hmrded at  the  hose;  lower  palet  7-nerved,  much  longer  than 
the  ciliate-fringed  upper  one  (4"  long),  mostly  shorter  than  its  soon  bent  or 
divergent  awn,  which  rises  just  below  the  tapering  very  sharply  cuspidate 
2-cleft  tip.  (Trisetum  purpuraseens.  Ton:)  —  Rocky,  shaded  hills,  N.  New 
England,  New  York,  and  northwestward.     June. 

2.  A.  Smithii,  T.  C.  Porter,  n.  sp.  Taller  (21°- 4^°  high),  rather  stout ; 
leaves  broadly  linear  (.T'-G"  wide)  and  taper-pointed,  flat,  and  with  the  sheaths 
and  culm  rdrorseli/  scuhroiis;  ligule  elongated,  acute;  panicle  larger  (C'-12' 
long),  the  few  branches  at  length  .spreading;  glumes  slightly  ptirplish,  scabrous 
on  the  nerres,  of  which  there  are  3  in  the  lower  and  5  in  the  upper;  rhachis  :ni- 
nutely  his])id;  flowers  (3 -.5)  not  luiiri/-tiifled  at  the  base;  awn  one  third  or  half 
the  length  of  the  7-nerved  palet,  straight.  — Isle  lloyalc,  Keweenaw  Point,  Lake 
Sujierior,  Lol>bins.  Woods  near  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  C.  E.  Smith,  for  whom  the 
species  is  named.  April,  May.  —  To  be  compared  with  the  Siberian  A.  eallosa, 
Turczaninow,  which  was  referred  to  A.  striata  bv  Trinius. 


GUAMINK^.       (GKASS    FAMILY.)  G41 

50.     TRISETUM,     Persoon.        Trisetum.     (PI.  12.) 

Spikclets  2-sevcral-flowcrcd,  often  in  a  contracted  panicle;  the  lower  palet 
compressed-keeled,  of  about  the  same  membranaceous  texture  as  the  glumes, 
bearing  a  bent  or  flexuous  (rarely  twisted)  awn  below  the  sharply  2-toothed  or 
2-pointed  apex  (whence  the  name,  from  tris,  three,  and  sda,  a  bristle)  :  other- 
wise nearly  as  in  Avena.     Ours  are  perennials. 

1.  T.  SUbspic^tum,  Beauv.,  var.  moUe.  MinuU'lj)  sofl-dowmj ;  panicle 
ch'iuie,  muck  conlrartKl,  ob\on<r  or  linear  (2' -3' long);  glumes  about  the  length 
of  the  2-3  smooth  flowers ;  awn  diverging,  much  cxsertcd.  (Avena  mollis, 
Mic/ix.) — Mountains  and  rocky  river-banks,  N.  New  England  to  Wisconsin, 
and  northward.     July.  —  About  1°  high:  leaves  flat,  short.     (Eu.) 

2.  T.  palustre,  Torr.  Smooth;  ^)«n/c/e  rather  long  and  narrow  (5' long), 
IcMse,  the  branches  capillary;  spikcleta  Jiat  (3"  long)  ;  glumes  shorter  than  the 
two  smooth  lanceolate  flowers,  of  which  the  upper  is  on  a  slightly  naked  joint  of 
the  rhachis,  and  bears  a  slender  spreading  or  bent  awn  next  the  short  2-pointcd 
tip,  while  the  luioer  one  is  cominonlij  aivnless  or  only  mncronate-pointed.  (Avena 
palustris,  Michx.  Aira  pallens,  Muhl.)  — Low  grounds,  Southern  New  York  to 
Illinois,  and  southward.  June.  —  Culm  slender,  2°  -  3°  high  :  leaves  flat,  short. 
Spikelcts  yellowish-white,  tinged  with  green. 

51.     AIRA,     L.        Hair-Grass.     (PI.  12.) 

Spikclets  small,  in  an  open  diffuse  panicle,  of  2  perfect  flowers  and  often  with 
the  pedicel  or  rudiment  of  a  third,  all  usually  shorter  than  the  nicmbraiuiccons 
keeled  glumes,  and  hairy  at  the  base  ;  the  upper  remotish.  Lower  palet  thin 
and  scarious,  2-cleft  or  else  truncate  and  mostly  denticulate  or  eroded  at  the 
summit,  bearing  a  slender  bent  or  straight  awn  on  its  back,  commonly  near 
its  base.  Stamens  3.  Styles  plumose  to  the  base.  Ovary  glabrous.  Grain 
oblong.     (An  ancient  Greek  name  for  Darnel.) 

§  1.  DESCHAMPSIA,  Beauv.  Lower  palet  dtUcalehj  3-5-nervfd,  eroded  or 
toothnl  at  the  truncate  summit ;  the  awn  at.tachtd  mostlij  a  little  uhove  the  base: 
grain  not  grooved,  free:  glumes  about  equalling  the  flowers:  root  jxrcnnial. 

1.  A.  flexuosa,  L.  (Commox  ILvir-Grass.)  Culms  slender,  nearly 
naked  (l°-2°  high)  above  the  small  tufts  of  involute  brislle-form  rool-leav(S  (]'- 
6'  long) ;  branches  of  the  small  spreading  panicle  capillary  ;  au}n  longer  than  the 
palet,  at  length  bent  and  twisted.  —  Dry  places  :  common.     June.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  CSespitdsa,  L.  Culm  tufted  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  flat.  Urn  or; 
panicle  pyramidal  or  oblong  (6'  long);  awn  straight,  harelg  eqtialling  the  jxilit. 
—  Shores  of  lakes  and  streams  :  common  northward.     June,  July.     (Eu.) 

§2.  AIROPSIS,  Desv.  Spikelets  very  small,  of  2  closdg  approximate  flowers,  and 
with  no  rudiment  of  a  third:  lower  palet  offlrmer  texture,  obscurely  nerved,  acutely 
2-clefl  at  the  apex:  grain  qroovcd,  adnate :  low  annuals,  with  short  and  setaceous 
leaves. 

3.  A.  PR^KCOX,  L.  Culms  tufted,  3' -4'  high;  branches  of  the  small  and 
dense  panicle  appressed ;  awn  from  below  the  middle  of  the  flower.  (Avena 
prtecox,  BeauB.)  —  Sandy  flelds.  New  Jersey  to  Virginia :  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

L  &  M— 47 


642  GRAMINE^.        (grass    FAMILV). 

4.  A.  CARYOPH  VLLEA,  L.  Culms  5'-  10'  liiyli,  bearing;  a  reri;  dijfitsp panicle 
of  purplish  and  at  Icn^tli  si/ven/  srurious  spikekts.  —  Dry  lickls,  >;aiuiickit :  also 
Kewcabtle,  Delaware,   IF.  ^1/.  Caiiby.     (Nut.  from  Eu.) 

§3.  VAIILODEA,  Fries.  Glumes  boal-shuped,  longer  than  the  ^flowers:  lower 
paltt  almost  coriaceous,  nerveless,  its  triinratt-obtuse  tip  mostly  entire ;  the  awn 
borne  (it  or  aliore  till-  mulillf  :  (/niin  r;ii/ui('(l,jhtllinh,/ne:  alpine  perennial. 

5.  A.  atropurptirea,  Wnhl.  ('iilms  8'-15'  high,  weak;  leaves  flat, 
lather  wide;  paiiielc  of  lew  spreading  hranelies  ;  awn  stout,  twice  the  length  of 
the  palet.  —  Alpine  tops  of  the  White  Mountains,  and  those  of  Northern  New 
York.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

52.    ARRHENATHERUM,    Bcauv.      Oat-Grass.     (PI.  12.) 

Spikelets  opcn-paniclcd,  aflowercd,  witli  the  rudiment  of  a  third  flower;  the 
middle  flower  perfect,  it.s  lower  palet  harely  bristle-pointed  from  near  the  tip; 
the  lowest  flower  staminatc  only,  bearing  a  long  bent  awn  below  the  midillc  of 
the  back  (whence  the  name,  irom  (ipprjv,  mnsciiline,  and  adi)j),  awn)  : — otlur- 
•wise  as  in  Avcna,  of  which  it  is  only  a  peculiar  modification. 

1.  A.  avenXceum,  Beauv.  Root  perennial;  euhn  2° -4°  high:  leaves 
broad,  flat;  panicle  elongated;  glumes  scarious,  very  unequal.  (Avenaelatior, 
L.) — Meadows  and  lots:  absurdly  called  Grass  of  the  Andes.  May -July. 
(Xat.  from  Eu.) 

53.     HOLCUS,     L.  (partly).         Meadow  Sokt-Grass.     (PI.  1.3.) 

Spikelets  crowded  in  an  ojicn  panicle,  2-flowered,  jointed  with  the  pedicels', 
the  boat-shaped  membranaceous  glumes  enclosing  and  much  exceeding  the  rc- 
motish  flowers.  Lower  flower  perfect,  its  papery  or  thin-coriaceous  lower  palet 
awnless  and  ])ointless;  the  ujjpcr  (lower  staminatc,  otherwise  similar,  but  bear- 
ing a  stout  bent  awn  below  the  apex.  Stamens  3.  Styles  plumose  to  the  base. 
Grain  free.     (An  ancient  name,  from  6\k6s,  atiractire,  of  obscure  application.) 

1.  H.  lan.Vtis,  L.  (Velvet-Grass.)  Perennial,  soft-downy  and  ].alc; 
panicle  oblong;  uppci"  glume  mucronate-awned  under  the  apc.\  ;  awn  of  the 
staminatc  flower  curved.  —  ]\Ioist  meadows.     June.     (Xat.  from  lui.) 

54.     HIEROCHLOA,     Gmdiu.        IIolv  C;ua.ss.     (PL  l.-,.) 

Spikelets  3-flowered,  opcn-paniclcd ;  the  flowers  all  with  2  ])alcts ;  the  two 
lower  (lateral)  flowers  stauiinatc  only,  .3-androus,  sessile,  often  awncd  on  the 
middle  of  the  liack  or  ucar  tlictij);  llic  ujjijcnnost  (middle)  one  perfect,  sliort- 
pedicclled,  .scarcely  as  long  as  the  others,  2-androus,  awnless.  Glumes  ccjualling 
or  exceeding  the  spikclet,  scarious  :  ])alets  chartaceous.  —  Perennials  :  leaves 
flat.  (Name  com]>osed  of  upoi,  samd,  and  X'^<'">  fj''"""  •'  these  sweet-scented 
Grasses  being  strcM'u  before  the  clnirch-doors  on  saintti'  days,  in  the  Xor'.h  of 
Europe.) 

1.  H.  borealis,  Tlocm.  &  Schultcs.  (Vami.i.a  or  Sexeca  Grass.)  Pan- 
icle somewhat  one-sided,  pyramidal  (i'-."/  long)  ;  ))C(luncles  smooth  ;  stauiiuate 
flowers  with  the  lower  jjalet  nuicrouate  or  bristle-pointed  at  or  near  the   tip; 


GRAMINE^.        (grass    FAMILY.)  643 

rootstock  creeping.  (Holcus  odoratus,  L.)  —  Moist  meadows,  chiefly  northward 
near  the  coast  and  along  the  Great  Lakes.  May.  —  Culm  l°-2°  high,  with 
short,  lanceolate  leaves.  Spikelets  chestnut-color ;  the  staminate  flowers  strongly 
hairy-fringed  on  the  margins,  and  the  tortile  one  at  the  tip.     (Ku.) 

2.  H.  alpina,  Kocm.  &  Scluiltes.  Panicle  contracted  (l'-2'  long);  one 
of  the  staininatc  flowers  barely  pointed  or  short-awned  near  the  tip,  the  othei 
long-awned  from  below  the  middle  ;  lowest  leaves  very  narrow. — Alpine  moun- 
tain-tops. New  England,  New  York,  and  northward.     July.     (Eu.) 

55.     ANTHOXANTHUM,    L.         Sweet  Veunal-Grass.     (PI.  13.) 

Spikelcts  spiked-panicled,  really  3-flowercd ;  but  the  lateral  flowers  neutral, 
consisting  merely  of  one  palet  which  is  hairy  on  the  outside  and  awned  on  the 
back :  the  central  (terminal)  flower  perfect,  small,  of  2  awnless  chartaceous 
palets,  2-androus.  Glumes  very  thin,  acute,  keeled ;  the  upper  about  as  long 
as  the  flowers,  twice  the  length  of  the  lower.  Squamula;  none.  Grain  ovate, 
adherent.     (Name  compounded  oi  "ivBos, flower,  and  livdcov,  offloweis.     L.) 

1.  A.  odorXtu.m,  L.  Spikelcts  (brownish  or  tinged  with  green)  spreading 
at  flowering-time ;  one  of  the  neutral  flowers  bearing  a  bent  awn  from  near  its 
base,  the  other  short-awned  below  the  tip.  —  Meadows,  pastures,  &c.  Perennial  : 
very  sweet-scented  in  drying.     May -July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

56.     PHALARIS,     L.         Canary-Grass.     (PL  13.) 

Spikelcts  crowded  in  a  clustered  or  spiked  panicle,  with  2  neutral  mere  rudi- 
ments (a  scale  or  a  pedicel)  in  place  of  lateral  flowers,  one  on  each  side,  at  the 
base  of  the  perfect  one,  which  is  flattish,  awnless,  of  2  shining  palets,  shorter 
than  the  equal  boat-shaped  and  keeled  glumes,  finally  coriaceous  or  cartilagi- 
nous, and  closely  enclosing  the  flattened  free  and  smooth  grain.  —  Stamens  3.  — 
Leaves  broad,  mostly  flat.  (The  ancient  name,  from  (f>a\6s,  shinbvj,  alluding 
either  to  the  palets  or  the  grain.) 

§  1.  PHALARIS  proper.     Panicle  i-ery  dense,  spikc-lilc:  glumes  icing-keeled. 

1.  P.  Canariensis,  L.     (Canary-Grass.)      Annual,  l°-2°  high;  spike 
oval;  rudimentary  flower  a  small  lanceolate   scale.  —  "Waste  places  and  road- 
sides, IMassachusctts  to  Pennsylvania :  rare.     July- Sept.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 
§2.  DiGRAPIIIS,  Trill.     Panicle  hmncJud,  the  daslers  ojirn  in  cnthesis :  f/luincs 

not  icinged  on  the  back. 

2.  P.  arundinkcea,  L.  '(Keed  C.)  Perennial,  2° -4°  high;  Ic.-xves  flat 
(3" -5"  wide;  glumes  open  at  flowering,  3-ncrved,  thrice  the  length  of  the  fertile 
flower;  rudimentary  flowers  reduced  to  a  minute  hairy  scale  or  pedicel.  —  AVet 
grounds  :  common,  especially  northward.  June,  July.  —  Var.  rfcxA,  the  leaves 
striped  with  white,  is  tlio  familiar  PiIIU!0\-Grass  of  llie  gardens.     (Eu.) 

57      MILIUM,        !iriLLKT-GuAss.     (PI.  13.) 

Spikelcts  diil'usely  panickd,  nut  jointed  with  their  jK'dicels,  apparently  con- 
sisting of  2  equal  membranaceous  convex  and  awnless  glumes,  including  a  single 
s.oriaceous  awnless  flower:  but  theoretically  the  lower  glume  U  wanting,  while 


644  GRAMINE.E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

an  empty  sinp:le  palct  of  the  lower  (neutral)  flower,  resembling  the  upper  glume, 
fulfils  its  orticc,  and  stands  o])posite  the  narrow  upper  palet  of  the  terete  fertile 
flower.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  branehed-iilumose.  Grain  not  grooved,  enclosed 
in  the  palets,  all  deciduous  together.  (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Millet 
(which  however  belongs  to  a  different  genus),  probably  from  mille,  a  thousand, 
because  of  its  fertility.)  ^ 

1.  M.  effiisum,  L.  Smooth  perennial,  3°-G°  high;  leaves  broad  and 
flat,  thin;  panicle  spreading  (6' -9'  long);  flower  ovoid-oblong.  —  Cold  and 
damp  woods.  New  England  to  Illinois  and  northward.     June.     (Eu.) 

58.    AMPHICARPUM,     Kimth.     (PI.  13.) 

Spikelets  jointed  with  the  apex  of  the  pedicels,  apparently  1 -flowered,  of  two 
kinds;  one  kind  in  a  terminal  panicle,  like  tiiosc  of  Milium,  except  that  the 
rudiment  of  the  lowest  glume  is  ordinarily  discernible,  and  deciduous  from  the 
joint  without  ripening  fruit,  although  the  flower  is  perfect :  the  other  kind  soli- 
tary at  the  extremity  of  slender  runner-like  radical  peduncles  (which  are  more 
or  less  sheathed  towards  the  base),  much  larger  than  the  others,  perfect  and 
fertile,  subterranean,  fertilized  in  the  bud ;  the  enwrapping  glume  and  similar 
empty  palet  many-nerved.  Flower  oblong  or  ovoid,  pointed.  Stamens  3  (small 
in  the  radical  flowers).  Stigmas  plumose,  deep  purple.  Grain  not  grooved,  in 
the  radical  flowers  very  large,  the  embryo  next  the  lower  palet.  Neutral  pakt 
somewhat  exceeding  the  glume  and  the  fertile  flower.  (Name  from  aficjiiKupiros, 
douhlj  frult-hear'nKj. ) 

1.  A.  Purshii,  Kunth.  Annual  or  biennial?  erect,  l°-4°  liigh ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  copious  on  the  lower  part  of  the  culm,  hispid,  especially  on  the 
sheaths;  panicle  strict,  naked  ;■  grain  ovoid  or  oblong  (2" -3"  long),  terete. 
(Milium  amphicarpon,  Purslt.)  —  Moist  sandy  pine-barrens,  New  Jersey,  and 
in  the  Southern  States.     Sept. 

59.    PASPALUM,    L.        Paspalum.     (PI.  13.) 

Spikelets  spiked  or  somewhat  racemed  in  2-4  rows  on  one  side  of  a  flattened 
or  filiform  continuous  rhachis,  jointed  with  their  very  short  pedicels,  plano- 
convex, awnless,  apparently  only  one-flowered,  as  in  Milium ;  but,  on  the  other 
liand,  differing  from  Panicum  merely  in  the  want  of  the  lower  glume  ;  which, 
however,  is  occasionally  present  in  some  species,  as  a  small  scale.  Glume  and 
empty  palet  few-nerved.  Flower  coriaceous,  ipostly  orbicular  or  ovate,  flat  on 
the  inner  side,  convex  on  the  outer.  Stamens  3.  (Said  to  have  been  a  Greek 
name  for  Millet.) 
*  Spikes  with  a  (1")  Iroad  and  thin  membranaceous  or  folinceous  and  keeled  rhachis, 

the  incurved  viargins  partJij  enclosing  the  small  tuo-roived  spikelets.     (Smooth, 

aquatic,  or  nearhj  so,  decumbent  or  Jloating .) 
1.  P.  fillitans,  Kunth.  Annual;  haves  lanceolate,  Jlat  (3"- 8")  broad; 
spikes  numerous  in  a  raceme.;  the  rhachis  somewhat  projecting  beyond  the  minute 
and  slightly  pubescent  spikelets  into  a  taperitig  point,  scabrous  on  the  back. 
(Ccresia  fluitaus,  Ell.) — Kivcr-swamps,  Virginia,  S.  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  south- 
ward.    Sept.,  Oct. 


GRAMINKyE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  645 

2.  P.  'Walterianum,  Schultes.  Perennial ;  leaves  linear,  short ;  spikes 
3-7,  the  lowest  i)artl}-  ineliuled  in  the  sheath  of  the  uppermost  leaf,  the  rhaciiis 
blunt;  spikclets  glabrous.  (1'.  vaginktuni,  ^//.) — Low  or  wet  grounds,  New 
Jersey  (Cape  May,  Auttall),  Delaware  (Tatnall,  Canby),  and  southward. 

*  *  Sjiikes  with  n  narrow  loiiKjIess  rhnehls :  perennials,  or  moslli/  so. 
■<-  Spikc/cis  verij  obtuse,  orbicuLtr  :  s/>i/ces  one  terminal  and  often  1-5  lateial. 

3.  P.  set^eeum,  Michx.  Culm  ascending-  or  decumbent  (1°- 2°  long), 
slender;  leaves  (2"  wide,  flat)  and  sheaths  clothed  with  soft  spreading  hairs; 
spikes  lerji  slender  (2' -4'  long),  smooth,  mostli/  solitunj  on  a  long  peduncle,  and 
usnnllij  one  from  the  sheaths  of  each  of  the  upper  Icanes  on  short  peduncles  or  included; 
spikelels  (i"  wide)  narrowly  2-rowed.  (Also  P.  debile  and  P.  ciliatifolium,  Michx.) 
—  Sandy  fields  :  common  from  E.  Mass.  to  Illinois,  southward.     Aug. 

4.  P.  Iseve,  Michx.  Culm  upright,  rather  stout  (l°-5o  high)  ;  the  pretty 
large  and  long  leaves  with  their  flattened  sheaths  smooth  or  somewhat  hairy; 
spikes  2-6,  the  lateral  ones  somewhat  approximated  near  the  summit  of  an  elon- 
gated naked  peduncle,  STpreading  (2' -4' long),  smooth,  except  a  bearded  tuft  at 
their  base;  spikelets  broadly  2-rowed  (over  1"  wide).  —  Moist  soil,  S.  New  Eng- 
land to  Kentucky,  and  southward.  Aug.  —  Either  glabrous  or  sometimes  th« 
lower  sheaths,  &c.  very  hairy.  As  here  received  this  perhaps  comprises  two  or 
more  species. 

-I-  -1-  Spikelets  acute:  spikes  always  a  pair  at  the  summit  of  the  naked  peduncle. 

5.  P.  distichum,  L.  (Joint-Gisass.)  Nearly  glabrous,  rather  glaucous ; 
culms  ascending  (about  1°  high)  from  a  long  creeping  base;  leaves  linear-lan- 
ceolate (2' -3'  long);  spikes  short  and  closely-flowered  (9" -2'  long),  one  short- 
peduncled,  the  other  sessile ;  rhaciiis  flat  on  the  back  ;  spikelets  orate,  slightly  pointed 
(barely  I  ^"  long).  —  Wet  fields,  Virginia  and  southward.     July-  Sept. 

6.  P.  Digitaria,  Poir.  Culms  ascending  ( 1  °  -  2|-°  high )  from  a  creeping 
base;  leaves  lanceolate  (3'- 6' long,  4" -6"  wide) ;  sp/fos  s/e«f/er,  rather  sparsely 
flowered  (l'-4'  long),  both  sessile  at  the  apex  of  the  slender  peduncle;  spikelets 
ovate-lanceolate  (2"  long).    (Milium  paspalbdes,  Ell.)  — Virginia  and  southward. 

60.     PANICUM,     L.        Panic-Grass.     (PI.  13.) 

Spikelets  panicled,  racemed,  or  sometimes  spiked,  not  involucrate,  1  J-  2-flow- 
ered.  Glumes  2,  but  the  lower  one  usually  short  or  minute  (rarely  even  want- 
ing), membranaceo-herbaceous  ;  the  upper  as  long  as  the  fertile  flower.  Lower 
flower  either  neutral  or  staminatc,  of  one  palct  which  closely  resembles  the  upper 
glume,  and  sometimes  with  a  second  thin  one.  Upper  flower  perfect,  closed, 
coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  usually  flattish  parallel  with  the  glumes,  awnless 
(except  in  §3),  enclosing  the  free  and  grooveless  grain.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas 
plumose,  usually  purple.  (An  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Italian  Millet,  P. 
Italicum  (now  Setaria  Italicn),  thought  to  come  from panis,  bread;  some  species 
furnishing  a  kind  of  bread-corn.) 

§  1.  DIGIT AEIA,  Scop.  Spikelits  crowded  2-3  together  in  simple  nnd  mostly 
\-sidid  clustered  spikes  or  spike-like  racemes,  ivholly  aionless  and  pointless:  lowp.t 
flower  neutral,  of  a  single  palet :  loivei-  glume  minute,  sometimes  obsolete  ot  jc*nt- 
ing:  root  annual:  plant  often  purplish. 


64G  GRAMINE.E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

*  Spikes  erect :  the  rharliis  Jiliform  and  nearly  terete. 

1.  P.  fillfdrme,  L.  Culms  very  slender  (lo-2°  hiyli),  upright;  lower 
sheaths  liuiry  ;  sjiiLxs -2  -  8,  alternate,  approximated,  filiform;  spikelets  oblong, 
acute  (^"  long) ;  lower  glume  almost  wanting.  — Dry  sandy  soil,  Massachusetts 
to  New  Jersey  along  the  coast,  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug. 

*  *  Sjiike.i  spreadiii;/ ;  the  rhachis  Jlut  and  thin. 

2.  P.  Gi-\niaiM,  Gaudin.  Culms  spreading,  prostrate,  or  sometimes  erect 
(5'-  12'  long),  gl;ibrous;  sj>i/ces  2-6,  ividelij  divenjing,  ne.irly  digitate;  spikelets 
ovoid  (about  I''  long) ;  upper  r/lume  equalling  thejloiver,  the  lower  one  almost  want- 
ing. —  Cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places  :  common,  especially  southward :  in 
some  places  appearing  as  if  indigenous.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Nat.  from  En.) 

3.  P.  s.vnguinXle,  L.  (Common  Crab- or  Finger-Gr.\ss.)  Culms  erect 
or  spreading  (1°  -  2°  high) ;  leaves  and  sheaths  glabrous  or  hairy  ;  spi/as  4  -  15, 
spreading,  digitate  ;  spikelets  oblong  ( 1  h"  long) ;  upper  glume  lialfthe  length  of  the 
flowtr,  the  lower  one  small.  —  Cultivated  and  waste  grounds.  Aug.  -  Oct.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

§  2.  PANICUM  proper.     Sj)ikelets  scattered,  in  panicks,  awnless. 
*  Panicle  elongated  and  racemose,  wand-like  or  pyramidal ;  the  numerous  and  usually 

pointed  spilcclets  short-pedicelled,  excepting  No.  7  and  8. 

•«-  Sterile  ^flower  neutral  and  of  2  pal ets,  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  lower  glume: 

spikelets  small  (1"  or  H"  long)  :  root  perennial. 

4.  P.  aneeps,  Michx.  Culms  fat,  upright  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  rather 
broadly  linear  (l°-2  long,  4'' -.5"  wide),  smooth  ;  panicle  contracted-pyramidal ; 
spikelets  ovat^-lanceolate,  pointed,  a  little  curved  ;  upper  glume  .5  -  7 -nerved;  neutral 
flower  one  third  longer  than  the  perfect  one.  —  Wet  sandy  soil,  New  Jersey  and 
Penn.  to  Virginia,  and  southward.  Aug.  —  Too  near  the  next :  spikelets  and 
branches  of  the  panicle  longer.  * 

.5.  P.  agrostoides,  Spreng.  Culms  flattened,  upright  (2°  high)  ;  leaves 
long,  and  with  tlic  sheaths  smooth ;  panicles  terminal  and  often  lateral,  pyram- 
idal (4' -8'  long) ;  the  spikelets  racemose,  crowded  and  one-sided  on  the  spread- 
ing branches,  ovate-oblong,  acute  (purplish)  ;  upper  glume  b-nerved,  longer  than  the 
neutral  flower  which  exceeds  the  perfect  one ;  perfect  flower  bearded  at  the  apex. 
(P.  agrostidiforme,  Lam.  ?  P.  niultiflorum,  Potr.)  —  Wet  meadows  and  shores, 
E.  Massachusetts  and  New  York  (Oneida  Lake,  ^1.  //.  Curtiss)  to  Illinois,  and 
common  southward.     Aug. 

-t-  •<-  Sterile  flower  neutad  and  <f  a  single  ]>aJef,  much  lunger  than  the  lower  glume; 
spikelets  ^"-1|"  long;  annuals  crept  No.  8:  leaves  flat;  shea' Its  flattened. 

++  Gliilirons  and  smooth  throughout;  spikelets  croud- d,  appressed,  short -pedicelled. 

6.  P.  proliierum,  Lam.  Culms  usually  thickish  and  rather  succulent, 
branched,  geniculate  and  ascending  from  a  procumbent  base  ;  sheaths  flattened  ; 
ligulc  ciliate ;  panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  compound,  pyramidal,  the  slender 
primary  branches  at  length  spreading ;  spikelets  p:ile  green,  rarely  purplish ; 
lower  glume  broad,  J  to  \  the  length  of  the  upper ;  neutral  flower  little  longer 
than  the  perfect  one.  —Marshy  river-banks  and  shores,  especially  when  brack- 
ish, but  also  in  the  interior,  from  jNIass.  and  Illinois  southward.     Aug. 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  647 

*+  **  Hispid  or  hairy  on  the  sheaths,  at  least  the  lower :  spil:?rkts  mostly  scattered  on 
slender  or  cn/tillari/  pedicels  in  an  ample,  loose,  at  length  very  effuse  panicle: 
culms  mostly  hninctud  from  the  base,  erect  or  ascendiruj  (10'  -  20'  high). 

7.  P.  eapillare,  L.  (OLD-wixcit  Grass.)  All  the  sheaths  and  usually 
the  leaves  copiously  hairy  or  hispid ;  panicle  mostly  very  compound,  the  branches 
divaricate  when  old ;  spikelcts  varying  from  ovoid  to  narrowly  oblong,  pointed ; 
lower  (flume  half  the  length  of  the  neutral  pukt  wlnah  is  longer  than  the  elliptical 
obtuse  perfect  fower.  —  Sandy  soil  and  cultivated  fields  everywhere.  Aug.  -  Oct. 
—  Varies  extremely  in  size  and  appearance  :  in  depauperate  forms  the  spikelcts 
only  i|",  in  the  larger  forms  I5"  in  length. 

8.  P.  autumnale,  Bosc !  Root  perennial  ?  lower  sheaths  and  margins 
of  the  small  narrow  leaves  more  or  less  hairy,  otherwise  glabrous,  except  some 
bristly  hairs  in  the  main  axils  of  the  very  effuse  capillary  panicle,  its  much  elongated 
divisions  sparingly  branched,  or  even  simple  and  terminated  with  solitary  spindle- 
shaped  spikelets;  lower  glume  minute;  perfect  flower  lanceolate-oblong  and  pointed, 
nearly  equalling  the  lance-oblong  obtusish  upper  glume  and  the  neutral  palet. 
(P.  nudum,  Wall.  ?  P.  dichotomiflorum,  Michx.  P.  divergens,  Muhl.,  not  of 
H.B.K.  P.  fragile,  A'i(w^/i. )  — Sand-hills,  Mason  County,  Illinois  (Mead,  E. 
Hall),  and  soutliAvard. 

H-  1-  1-  Sterile  flower  slaminate,  of  2  palets :  low^r  glume  more  lh(in  half  the  length 
of  the  upper :  spikelets  large  (2"  -  2^"  long),  ovate,  pointed,  as  are  the  glumes,  ^-c.  : 
perennials,  glabrous,  icith  tall  or  stout  and  rigid  upright  culms. 

9.  P.  virgatum,  L.  Tall  (3° -5°  high);  leaves  very  long,  flat ;  ligule 
silky-bearded;  branches  of  the  compound  loose  and  large  panicle  (9' -2°  long)  at 
length  spreading  or  drooping ;  sj)ikelets  scattered^  usuall}'  purplish.  —  Moist  sandy 
soil :  common,  especially  southward.     Aug. 

10.  P.  am^l'Um,  Ell.  Culms  (1^°  high)  sheathed  to  the  top;  leaves  in- 
volute, glaucous,  coriaceous,  the  uppermost  exceeding  the  contracted  panicle,  the  simple 
racemose  branches  of  which  are  appressed  ;  spikelets  pale.  —  Sandy  shores,  Con- 
necticut {Barratt,  Bobbins),  Virginia,  and  southward.     Aug.,  Sept. 

*  *  Panicle  loosely  spreading  or  diffuse,  short  or  small:  perennials. 

-«-  Lower  (sterile)  flower  neutral,  or  in  No.  \.\,and  sometimes  in  No.  14,  staminate, 

formed  of  2  palets,  the  tipper  one  scarious  and  sometimes  small  and  inconspicuous. 

++  Culm-leaves  broadly  lanceolate  or  wider,  with  9-  \  5  principal  nerves. 

11.  P.  latifblium,  L.  Culm  (l°-2°  high)  smooth;  the  joints  and  the 
orifice  of  the  throat  or  margins  of  the  otherwise  smooth  sheaths  often  bearded  icith 
sofl  woolly  hairs;  leaves  broadly  oblong-lanceolate  from  a  heart-clasping  base  (often  1' 
wide),  taper-pointed,  11  -l.i-nerved,  smooth,  or  sparingly  downy-hairy;  panicle 
more  or  less  exserted  (2' -3'  long),  usually  long-peduncled,  the  branches  spread- 
ing ;  spikelets  obovate,  \^"  long,  downy;  lower  glume  ovate,  not  half  the  length 
of  the  many-nerved  upper  one;  sterile  flower  often  (not  always)  with  3  stamens. 
(P.  Walteri,  Po;V.)  —  Moist  thickets  :  common.     June -Aug. 

12.  P.  clandestinum,  L.  Culm  rigid  (l°-3°  high),  very  leafy  to  the 
top,  at  Icngtli  producing  appressed  branches,  the  joints  naked;  sheaths  rough 
with  papilUe  bearing  very  sllfl'and  spreading  bristly  hairs;  leaves  ol)lpng-lanceolate 
from  a  heart-clasping  base,  very  taper-pointed ;  lateral  and  usually  also  the  ter- 


648  GKAMINK^.        (grass    FAMILY.) 

minal  panicle  more  or  less  encJosfd  in  the  sheaths,  or  with  the  terminal  one  at  length 
long-pcdiirclcd  (P.  pedimciilatnm,  Torr.)  :  —  otherwise  resemblin<,'  No.  11  ;  l>ut 
the  sinkdfts  more  oroid,  often  smooth  ;  the  lower  flower  (always  ?)  neutral.  —  Low 
thitkets  ami  river-hanks:  common.     June  -  Se])t. 

13.  P.  microearpon,  Muhl.  Culm  and  sheaths  as  in  No.  11  ;  the  hroadly 
lanceolate  leaves  nearly  similar,  hut  lonf^er  in  proportion  and  less  pointed,  not 
dilated  at  the  rounded  hristly-eiliate  base,  very  roufj^h-margined,  the  u])per  sur- 
face rou<;hish  ;  panicle  soon  exserted  on  a  slender  peduncle,  very  many-flowered, 
narrowly  ohlonj^  (3' -7'  lonjj) ;  spikclets  only  ahout  ^"  long,  ovoid,  smooth  or 
smoothish  ;  lower  glume  orbicular  and  very  small.  (P.  multiflorum.  Ell.  ?  not 
of  P<iir.) — Dry  or  moist  thickets,  Pennsylvania  and  Michigan  to  Illinois,  and 
southward.     July -Sept. 

14.  P.  xanthophysum,  Gray.  Culmsimple,  or  at  length  branched  near 
the  base  (9' -15'  high)  ;  ahcaths  hairij ;  leaves  lanceolate,  ueri/  acute  (4' -C  long  by 
^'  wide),  7int  dilated  at  the  ciliate-hearded  claspinej  base,  smooth  except  the  margins, 
stromjlji  9-\l-nerred:  panicle  lonej-ped uncled,  rej-ij  simple,  the  appressed  branches 
hearing  a  few  ronndish-olmmte  spilcelets  (about  Ij"  long);  lower  glume  ovate, 
acutish,  one  tl)ird  or  half  the  length  of  the  9-ncrved  upper  one.  —  Dry  sandy 
soil,  Maine  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward  :  rare.  June.  — Plant  yellowish-green  : 
spikelets  minutely  doAvny :  sterile  flower  sometimes  staminate. 

\^.  P.  viscidum,  Ell.  Culms  upright  or  ascending,  at  length  much 
branched,  leafy  to  the  top,  denseli/  velvet y-downy  all  over,  as  also  the  sheaths,  Avith 
reflexed  soft  and  often  clammy  hairs,  except  a  ring  below  each  joint;  leaves 
likewise  velvety,  lanceolate  (|'  wide),  1 1  -  13-nervcd;  panicle  spreading,  the  lat- 
eral ones  included;  spikelets  ohovate  1 "  or  1  j" /on^,  downj- ;  the  roundish  lower 
glume  scarcely  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  7-nerved  upper  one. — Damp  soil. 
New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     Aug. 

16.  P.  paueifldrum,  Ell.l  Cm/7«s  upright,  at  length  much  branched  and 
reclining  (\°-2°\on^),rou(]hish;  leaves  lanceolate  (^' -h'  long  by  ^'-i'widc), 
rather  faintly  9-nerved,  hairy  or  smooth,  frinr/ed  on  the  whole  margin  or  next  tlie 
hase  with  long  and  stiff  spreading  hairs,  the  sheaths  bristly  throughout  with  similar 
hairs  ;  panicle  open,  nearly  simple,  bearing  few  tumid-obovatc  hairy  or  smoothish 
spikelets  about  1^"  long ;  lower  glume  roundish,  ahout  half  or  a  quarter  of  the 
length  of  the  upper  one.  —  Wet  meadows  and  copses,  E.  Massachusetts  to  Wis- 
consin, and  southward.  June,  July. — Distinguished  by  its  much  larger  spike- 
lets, more  nerved  leaves,  and  coarser  aspect,  from  any  form  of  the  next.  It  has 
probably  been  described  under  several  names,  some  of  them  earlier  than  Elliott's. 

++  ++  J^enves  linear  or  lavceolnle,  with  few  or  indistinct  jirimary  nrrres. 

17.  P.  dich6tOinum,  L. !  Culms  (8'- 20' high)  at  iirst  mostly  simple, 
hearing  a  more  or  less  exserted  spreading  compound  panicle  (I' -3'  long),  and 
lanceolate  flat  leaves  (those  tufted  at  the  root  usually  ovate-lanceolate  and  very 
short,  thickish)  ;  hut  commonly  branching  later  in  the  season,  the  branches  often 
clustered,  and  hearing  nearly  simple  and  included  small  panicles  ;  spikelets  ^''  to 
about  1"  long;  oblong-obovate,  downy  or  smooth;  lower  glume  roundish,  one  third 
or  a  quarter  th^  length  of  the  5  - 1 -nerved  upper  one.  —  Founded  on  an  autumnal 
state  of  the  species,  much  forked  and  with  densely  clustered  lateral  branchlets 


GRAMINE^.        (grass    FAMILY.)  649 

and  panicles.  (P.  nodiflorum,  Lam.) — Exhibits  an  interminable  diversity  of 
forms ;  of  which  a  shaggy-hairy  and  larger-flowered  variety  is  P.  pubescens, 
Lam. ;  and  one  with  smaller  spikclcts  is  P.  laxiflorum,  7>/m. ;  while  the  varied 
smooth  or  smoothish  states  with  shining  leaves  are  P.  nitidum,  Lam.,  and  (the 
more  slender  forms)  P.  barbulatiim  and  P.  ramiilosum,  Michx..  tfr.  Some  of 
these  may  be  good  species.  —  Dry  or  low  grounds:  common.     June- Aug. 

18.  P.  depauper^tum,  Muhl.  Culms  simple  or  branched  from  the 
base,  forming  close  tufts  (6'-  12'  high),  terminated  by  a  simple  and  fciv-flowered 
contracted  panicle,  ofhn  much  overlopptd  by  the  narrowly  linear  and  elonr/ated  (4'  -  7') 
tipper  leaves ;  s/>ik-eJ£ts  3 ''  -  1  j"  Ion;/,  oval-obovate,  commonly  pointed  when  young ; 
the  ovate  lower  (/liime  one  third  the  length  of  the  7  -  9-nerved  upper  one.  (P.  strictum, 
Pursh.  P.  rectum,  liaw.  <j-  Schiilt.)  —  Varies,  with  the  leaves  involute,  at  least 
when  dry  (P.  invollitum,  Torr.),  and  with  the  sheaths  either  beset  with  long 
hairs  or  nearly  smooth :  the  panicle  either  partly  included,  or  on  a  long  and 
slender  peduncle. — Dry  woods  and  hills:  rather  common.     June. 

-i-  •<-  Lower  sterile  Jlower  of  a  sinyte  palet,  and  neutral.  _ 

19.  P.  verrucdsum,  Muhl.  Smooth;  culms  branching  and  spreading, 
rery  slender  (I°-2°  long),  naked  above;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  (2" -3"  wide), 
shining ;  branches  of  the  diffuse  panicle  capillary,  few-flowered ;  spikelets  warty- 
rouf]hened  (dark  green),  oval,  acute,  %"  long;  the  lower  glume  one  fourth  the 
length  of  the  obscurely  nerved  upper  one.  —  Sandy  swamps.  New  England  to 
Virginia,  near  the  coast,  and  southward.     Aug. 

§  3.  ECHIN6CHL0A,  Bcauv.  Spikelets  imhricated-spiked  on  the  branches  of 
the  simple  or  compound  raceme  or  panicky  usually  rough  with  apprexsed  stiff  hairs  : 
lower  palet  of  the  sterile  flower  awl-pointed  or  owned. 

20.  p.  Crls-gAlli,  L.  (Barnyard-Grass.)  Root  annual ;  culms  stout, 
branching  from  the  base  (l°-4°  high);  leaves  lanceolate  (V  or  more  wide), 
rough-margined,  otherwise  with  the  sheaths  smooth;  spikes  alternate  (l'-3' 
long),  crowded  in  a  dense  panicle;  glumes  ovate,  abruptly  pointed  ;  lower  palet 
of  the  neutral  flower  bearing  a  rough  awn  of  variable  length.  —  Varies  greatly ; 
sometimes  awnless  or  nearly  so ;  sometimes  lomj-awned,  especially  so  in  the  var. 
iifsPiDUM  (P.  hispidum,  Muhl.,  P.  longisetum,  Torr.),  a  very  large  and  coarse 
form  of  the  species  with  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves  very  bristly.  —  Moist,  chiefly 
manured  soil :  the  variety  in  ditches,  especially  of  brackish  water;  possibly  in- 
digenous.    Aug. -Oct.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

61.     SETAE.IA,     Beauv.        Bristly  Fox-tail  Grass.     (PI.  13.) 

Spikelets  altogether  as  in  Panicum  proper,  and  awnless,  but  with  the  short 
peduncles  produced  beyond  them  into  solitary  or  clustered  bristles  resembling 
awns  (but  not  forming  an  involucre).  Inflorescence  a  dense  spiked  panicle,  or 
apparently  a  cylindrical  spike.  —  Annuals,  in  cultivated  or  manured  grounds, 
with  linear  or  lanceolate  flat  leaves  :  properly  to  be  regarded  as  merely  a  sub- 
genus of  Panicum.     (Name  from  seta,  a  bristle.) 

*  Bristles  single  or  in  pairs,  roughened  or  barbed  downwards. 

1.  S.  verticillXta,  Beauv.  Spike  cylindrical  (2' -3'  long,  pale  green), 
composed  of  apparently  whorlcd  short  clusters ;  bristles  short,  adhesive.  (Pan- 
icum verticillatum,  L.)  — Near  dwellings.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

GM    28 


650  GRAMINE^.        (grass    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Bristtes  in  clusters,  roughened  or  barbed  upwards. 

2.  S.  GLAt'CA,  Bcaiiv.  (Foxtail.)  Si>ike  ci/lindn'cal,  dense,  tarniij  yellow 
(2'  -  4'  long) ;  bristles  6-11  in  a  cluster,  much  longer  than  the  spikelets  ;  perfect 
Jlower  transi-erselji  wrinllcd.  —  Very  common,  in  stubble,  &c.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  S.  vfRinis,  Bcauv.  (Green-  Foxtail.  Bottle-Grass.)  Spike  nearly 
cylindriiul,  more  or  less  coiii]>ound,  rjiren ;  brisths  fir,  longer  than  the  spikelets  ; 
perfect  lluw<r  striate  leitf/l/iwise  and  dotted.  —  Cultivated  grounds.     (Adv.  from  Imi.  ) 

4.  S.  ItAmcv,  Kunth.  SpiLe  compound,  interrupted  at  the  base,  thick,  nod- 
ding {G'  -9'  \ong,  j/ellowish  or  purplish)  ;  bristles'!  or  3  in  a  cluster,  ohhcr  much 
longer  or  else  shorter  than  the  spikelets.  (S.  Gcrmanica,  Beauv.)  —  Sometimes 
cultivated  under  the  name  of  Millet,  or  Bengal  Grass  :  rarely  spontaneous. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

62.  CENCHRUS,     L.        Hedgehog-  or  Bur-Grass.     (PI.  14.) 

Sj)ikelets  as  in  Panicum,  awnless,  but  enclosed  1  to  5  together  in  a  globular 
and  bristly  x>r  spiny  involucre,  ■which  becomes  coriaceous  and  forms  a  deciduous 
hard  and  rigid  bur :  the  involucres  sessile  in  a  terminal  spike.  Stylcsunited 
below.     (An  ancient  Greek  name  of  Setaria  Italica.) 

1.  C.  tribuloides,  L.  Culmsbranched  and  ascending  (1°- 2°  high)  from 
an  annual  root;  leaves  flat;  spike  oblong,  of  8-20  spherical  heads;  involucre 
prickly  all  over  with  sjireading  and  barbed  .short  spines,  more  or  less  downy, 
enclosing  2  or  3  spikelets.  —  Sandy  soil,  on  the  coast,  the  Great  Lakes,  and  the 
larger  rivers.     Aug.  —  A  vile  weed. 

63.  TRIPSACUM,    L.        Gama-Grass.     Sesame-Gkass.     (PI.  14.) 

Spikelets  monoicious,  in  jointed  spikes,  which  arc  staminate  above  and  fertile 
below.  Staminate  spikelets  2,  sessile  at  each  triangular  joint  of  the  narrow 
rhachis,  forming  a  1-sidcd  and  2-ranked  spike  longer  than  the  joints,  both  alike, 
2-flowored  :  glumes  coriaceous,  the  lower  (outer)  one  nerved,  the  inner  one  boat- 
shaped  :  palcts  very  thin  and  membranaceous,  awnless  :  anthers  (turning  orange 
or  reddi.sh-brown)  opening  by  2  pores  at  the  apex.  Pistillate  spikelets  single 
and  deeply  imbedded  in  each  oblong  joint  of  the  cartilaginous  thickened  rhachis, 
occupying  a  boat-shaped  recess  which  is  closed  by  the  polished  and  cartilaginous 
ovate  outer  glume,  the  inner  glume  much  thinner  and  pointed,  2-flowered ;  the 
lower  flower  neutral,  palets  very  thin  and  scarious,  pointless.  Styles  united : 
stigmas  very  long  (purple),  hispid.  Grain  ovoid,  free.  Culms  stout  and  tall, 
solid,  from  very  thick  creeping  rootstocks.  Leaves  broad  and  flat.  Spikes-ax- 
illary and  terminal,  separating  spontaneously  into  joints  at  maturity.  (Name 
from  rpt/3co,  to  rub,  perhaps  in  allusion  to  the  polished  fertile  spike.) 

1.  T.  dactyloldes,  L.  Spikes  (4' -8'  long)  2-3  together  at  the  summit 
(when  their  contiguous  sides  are  more  or  less  flattened),  and  al.so  solitary  i'rom 
Bomc  of  the  upper  sheaths  (when  the  fertile  part  is  cylindrical) ;  sometimes,  var. 
MOxosT.VciiYUM,  the  terminal  spike  also  solitary. — Moist  soil,  from  Connecti- 
cut to  Pennsylvania,  near  the  coast,  and  from  Illinois  southward.  Aug.  —  Culm 
4° -7°  high  :  the  leaves  like  those  of  Indian  Corn.  —  This  is  one  of  our  largest 
and  most  remarkable  Grasses :  .sometimes  used  for  fodder  at  the  South,  where 
better  is  not  to  i>c  had. 


GKAJIINE.E.        (grass    FAMILY.)  651 

64.     ERIAISTTHUS,     Michx.       Woolly  Beard-Grass.     (PI.  U.) 

Spikelets  spiked  in  ]iuirs  uiioii  each  juiiit  of  the  slender  rliaehis  ;  one  of  them 
sessile,  the  other  pedieelled  ;  otherwise  lioth  alike ;  with  the  lower  flower  neutral, 
of  one  menibranaeeous  palet;  the  upper  perfeet,  of  2  hyaline  palets,  whieh  are 
thinner  and  shorter  than  tlie  nearly  ecjual  membranaceous  glumes,  the  lower 
palet  awncd  from  the  tip.  Stamens  I  -  3.  Grain  free.  —  Tall  and  stout  reetl-like 
perennials,  with  the  spikes  crowded  in  a  panicle,  and  clothed  with  long  silky 
hairs,  especially  in  a  tuft  around  the  base  of  each  spikelet  (whence  the  name, 
from  epiov,  wool,  and  nvdosijloicer). 

1.  E.  alopecuroides,  Kll.  Culm  (4°-G0  high)  woolly-bearded  at  the 
joints;  punide  contmciid ;  the  ailkij  Iiniis  loiiytr  than  the  sj)iL-ckts,  shorter  than  the 
awn ;  stamens  2.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  from  New  Jersey  and  Illinois  southward  : 
rare.     Sept.,  Oct. 

2.  E.  brevibarbis,  Michx.  Culm  (2° -5°  high),  somewhat  bearded  at 
the  uj>per  joints ;  punic/e  rather  open;  silky  hairs  shorter  than  the  spikelets. — 
Low  grounds,  Virginia  and  southward. 

65.     ANDROPOGON,     L.         Beard-Grass.      (PI.  U.) 

Spikelets  in  p;iirs  upon  each  j(jiut  of  the  slender  rhachis,  spiked  or  racemcd; 
one  of  them  pedieelled  and  sterile,  often  a  mere  vestige;  the  other  sessile,  with 
the  lower  flower  neutral  and  of  a  single  palet ;  the  upper  perfect  and  fertile,  of  2 
thin  and  hyaline  palets  shorter  than  the  herbaceous  or  chartaceous  glumes,  the 
lower  awned  from  the  tip.  Stamens  1-3.  Grain  free.  —  Coarse,  mostly  rigid 
perennials,  mostly  in  sterile  or  sandy  soil ;  with  lateral  or  terminal  spikes  com- 
monly-clustered or  digitate;  the  rhachis  hairy  or  plumose-bearded,  and  often 
the  sterile  or  staminate  flowers  also  (whence  the  name,  composed  of  di'ijp,  av8pos, 
man,  and  TTcoywi/,  Ixard). 
*  Sjiikcs  diijitate,  thick-inh,  short -bearded,  the  sterile  spikelet  staminate:  stamens  3. 

1.  A.  furcatUS,  Muhl.  Tall,  3° -4°  high,  rigid,  the  naked  summit  of  the 
culm  (and  usually  some  lateral  branches)  terminated  by  2  -  5  rigid  spikes  ;  spike- 
lets approximated,  apprcssed  ;  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  fertile  spikelet,  on  the 
rhachis  and  on  the  stout  pedicel  of  the  awnless  staminate  spikelet  short  and 
rather  sparse;  awn  of  fertile  flower  long  and  bent;  leaves  flat,  roughish,  the 
lower  ones  long.  —  Common  in  dry  sterile  soil.     Aug.  -  Oct. 

*  *  Spikes  with  slender  often  zigzag  rhachis,  silki/-riUoHS, 

■*-  Single  and  scattered  along  the.  branches,  with  the  silhg  hairs  shorter  than  thefiowirs  : 

sterile  spikelet  conspicuous  but  most!//  neutral;  thefirtile  triandrous. 

2.  A.  seoparius,  Michx.  Culms  slender  (l°-3°  high),  with  numerous 
paniculate  blanches;  lower  sheaths  and  narrow  leaves  hairy;  spikes  slender, 
scattered,  mostly  peduncled  (l'-2'  long),  very  loose,  often  purplish,  silky  with 
lax  dull-white  hairs  ;  sterile  S])ikelet  awn-pointed  or  awnless ;  the  fertile  about 
half  the  length  of  its  twisted  or  bent  awn.  —  Dry  ground.     July  -  Sept. 

•*-  -1-  In  pairs  or  clustered ;  the  coju'ous  sofi-siikg  hairs  much  longer  than  the  flowers: 
sterile  spikelet  a  small  neutral  rudiment  (in  No.  3),  or  altogether  leant ing  on  the 
summit  of  the  veri/  plunmse-hairi/  jxdicel :  fertile,  flower  monandrous,  its  awn 
capilluri/ :  leaves  narrow,  the.  lower  or  their  sheaths  often  rather  hairj. 


652  GRAMINE^,       (gKASS    FAMILY.) 

3.  A.  argenteus,  Ell.  Culms  rather  slender  (l°-.3°  high) ;  spikes  in 
pairs  (rarely  in  fours)  on  short  mostly  exserted  and  loosehj  paniculate  peduncles, 
densely Jlowered  (I' -2'  long),  very  sil/ci/  ii-ilh  Ion;/  brif/ht  whilehairs.  (A.  argyrii'iis, 
Scluilles.  A.  Elli(ittii,  Cliapm.)  —  Delaware  (  W.  M.  Caubij),  Virginia,  near  the 
coast,  and  southward.     Sept.,  Get. 

4.  A.  Virgiuicus,  L.  Culm  fiattish  helow,  slender  (2°-3°  high),  .s/wr- 
inglij  shoii-branr/icil  ulmrc,  sheaths  smooth  ;  siilkis  2  or  3  toyttlur  in  distant  oppressed 
clusters,  shortir  than  their  sfieat/iin;/  bracts,  weak  (1'  long),  the  spikclets  loose  on  the 
iiliCorm  rhachis,  the  soft  hairs  dull  while.  (A.  vaginatus,  Ell.,  a  form  with  larger 
and  inflated  sheaths.)  —  Sandy  soil,  E.  Massaehusetts  to  Virginia,  Illinois,  and 
southward.     Sept.,  Oct. 

5.  A.  macrourus,  Michx.  Culm  stout  (2° -3°  high),  Imshij-hram-hcd  al 
tlie  summit,  loaded  with  very  numerous  spikes  forming  thick  leafy  clusters;  sheaths 
rough,  the  uppermost  hairy;  flowers  nearly  as  in  the  preceding;  the  sterile 
spikelet  of  each  pair  wholly  wanting,  its  pedicel  slender  and  very  plumose. — 
Low  and  sandy  grounds.  New  York  to  Virginia,  near  the  coast,  and  southward. 
Sept.,  Oct. 

66.     SORGHUM,     Pcrs.        Croo.m  Corn.     (PI.  14.) 

Spikclets  2-3  together  on  the  ramifications  of  an  open  ])aniclc,  the  lateral 
ones  sterile  or  often  reduced  merely  to  their  jjcdicels ;  only  the  middle  or  ter- 
minal one  fertile,  its  glumes  coriaceous  or  indurated,  sometimes  awnless  :  other 
wise  nearly  as  in  Andropogon.  Stamens  3.  (The  Asiatic  name  of  S.  vulgare 
the  Indian  Millet,  to  which  species  belongs  Guixea-Corx,  Broom-Corn 
the  Sweet  Sorghum,  and  other  cultivated  races.) 

1.  S.  ntltans,  Gray.  (Indian  Grass.  Wood-Grass.)  Root  perennial 
culm  simple  (3° -5°  high),  terete;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  glaucous;  sheaths 
smooth  ;  panicle  narrowly  oblong,  crowded  or  loose  (C  -  12'  long) ;  the  perfect 
spikclets  at  length  drooping  (yellowish  or  russet-hrown  and  shining),  clothed, 
especially  towards  the  base,  with  fawn-colored  hairs,  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the 
twisted  awn  ;  the  sterile  spikclets  small  and  imperfect,  deciduous,  or  reduced  to 
a  mere  plumose-hairy  pedicel.  (Andropogon  nutans,  Z.) — Dry  soil :  common, 
especially  southward,  wlicre  it  runs  into  several  marked  varieties  or  perhaps 
species  (S.  avenaccnm,  nutans,  and  secundum,  Chapman).     Aug. -Oct. 


EQUISETACKiE.       (HORSETAIL    FAMILY.)  653 


SERIES     II. 

CRYPTOGAMOUS    or    FLOWERLESS    PLANTS. 

Vegetables  destitute  of  proper  flowers  (i.  e.  no  stam'ens 
and  pistils),  producing,  in  place  of  seeds,  minute  bodies  of 
homogeneous  structure  (called  spores'),  iu  which  there  is 
no  embryo,  or  plantlet  anterior  to  germination. 

Class  III.     ACROGENS. 

Cryptogamous  plants  with  a  distinct  axis  (stem  and 
branches),  growing  from  the  apex  only,  containing  woody 
fibre  and  vessels  (especially  ducts),  and  usually  with  some 
kind  of  foliage. 

Order  129.     EQUISETACE.E.     (Horsetail  Family.) 

Leafless  plants,  willi  rush-like  hollow  and  jointed  stems,  arising  from  run- 
ning roolstocks,  terminated  by  the  fructification  in  the  form  of  n  cone  or  spike, 
■which  is  composed  of  shield-shaped  stalked  scales  bearing  the  spore-cases 
underneath.  —  Comprises  solely  the  genus 

1.     EQITISETUM,     L.       Horsetail.     Scouring  Rush.     (PI.  15.) 

Spore-cases  (sporangia,  theca)  6  or  7,  adhering  to  the  under  side  of  the  angled 
shield-shaped  scales  of  the  spike,  1-celled,  opening  down  the  inner  side  and  dis- 
charging the  numerons  loose  spores.  To  the  hase  of  each  spore  are  attached  4 
thread-like  and  club-shaped  elastic  filaments,  which  roll  up  closely  around  the 
spore  when  moist,  and  uncoil  when  dry.  —  Stems  mostly  from  running  root- 
stocks,  striate-groovcd  (in  many  the  hard  cuticle  abounding  in  silex),  hollow,  and 
also  with  an  outer  circle  of  smaller  air-cavities  corresponding  witli  the  grooves; 
the  joints  closed  and  solid,  each  bearing  instead  of  leaves  a  sheath,  which  sur- 
rounds the  hase  of  the  intemode  above,  and  is  split  into  teeth  corresponding  in 
number  and  position  with  the  principal  ridges  of  the  stem  :  the  stomata  in  the 
grooves.  Branches,  when  present,  in  whorls  from  the  base  of  the  sheath,  like 
the  stem,  but  without  the  central  air-cavity.  (The  ancient  name,  from  cquus, 
horse,  and  seta,  bristle. ) 


654  EQCISETACE^.       (hOKSETAIL    FAMILY.) 

§  1.  Annual-stemmed,  not  surviving  the  winter.     (Stomata  sc.itti-.red.) 

*  Fruiting  in  spring  from  sojl  and  rather  succulent  /lule  or  brownish  fertile  stems,  the 

sterile  stems  or  branches  appearing  later,  herbaceous  and  v<rij  dijfercnt. 
■*-  Fertile  stems  remaining  simple,  soon  perishing ;  the  sterile  pioducing  copious  branches. 

1.  E.  Telmatdia,  Ehrh.  (Great  Horsetail.)  Stems  stout  (as  thick 
as  the  (iiiyer) ;  the  she-aths  of  the  fertile  ones  (I'-l^'  lon>^)  enlarging  upwards, 
(k'ii)ly  20 - 30-tootiicd  ;  sterile  stem  white,  20  - 30-furrowed  ;  its  branches  simple, 
rou<i:h,  usually  4-anglcd  and  again  grooved  on  the  angles.  (E.  ehiirneum,  Roih., 
Schreber,  and  Ed.  2.  E.  fluvia'tile,  Smith.)  —  Shore  of  the  upper  Great  Lakes, 
and  northwestward:  rare.  April,  May.  —  Fertile  stems  10'- 15',  the  sterile 
2° -5°  high.      (Eu.) 

2.  E.  arvense,  L  (Co.-mmo\  II.)  Fertile  stems  (4'- 10' high)  with 
loo.sc  and  usually  distant  about  8-12toothed  sheaths;  the  sterile  slender  (at 
length  l°-2°  high),  10-  l4-furrowcd,  producing  long  and  simple  or  sparingly 
branched  4-angular  branches  ;  their  teeth  4,  herbaceous,  lanceolate.  —  Moist, 
especially  gravelly  soil :  very  common.  March  -  May.  —  Uootstocks  occasionally 
bearing  copious  little  tubers  like  small  peas  (Illinois,  S.  A.  Collier).  —  The  var. 
SEROTiNUM,  Meyer,  an  accidental  state,  in  which  the  sterile  plant  produces  a 
spike  of  fruit  fi-om  its  summit,  is  found  in  New  Jersey  by  C.  F.  Austin. 

•1-  •♦-  Fertile  stems  when  older  producing  herbaceous  3-sided  branches,  and  lasting 
through  the  summer,  except  the  naked  top  which  perishes  after  fruclijication. 

3.  E.  pratense,  Ehrh.  Sterile  and  finally  also  the  fertile  stems  producing 
simple  straight  branches;  sheaths  of  the  stem  with  ovate-lanceolate  short  teeth, 
those  of  the  branches  3-toothed :  stems  more  slender  and  the  branches  shorter 
than  in  the  last.  (E.  urabro.sum,  Willd.  E.  Drummdndii, //ooA.) — Michigan 
[Cuoleij,  <jr.),  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     April,  May.     (Eu.) 

4.  E.  sylv^ticum,  L.  Sterile  and  fertile  stems  (about  12-furrowed)  pro- 
ducing com/JOKHC?  racc/Herf /jrancAcs;  sheaths  loose,  with  8-14  rather  blunt  teeth, 
those  of  the  branches  bearing  4  or  .=>,  of  the  branchlcts  3,  lance-pointed  divergent 
teeth.  —  Wet  shady  places  :  common  northward.     M.ay.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Fruiting  in  summer ;  the  stems  all  of  one  kind,  or  the  fertile  contemporaneous  with 

and  like  the  sterile,  equally  herbaceous,  producing  mostig  simple  branches,  or  some- 
times nenrlg  naked. 

5.  E.  palustl'e,  L.  Stems  (lO'-lS'high)  slender,  i'er//£/ee/)///.'J-9-<7raoiW, 
the  grooves  separated  by  nari'ow  wing-like  ridges,  roughish,  the  lance-awl-shaped 
teeth  whitish-margined  ;  branches  rather  few  in  a  whorl.  — Wet  places,  Niagara 
River  (C  IF.  C//"ton),  Wisconsin  (C.  F.  yl«s//;0,  and  northward.     June.     (Eu.) 

6.  E.  Iim6sum,  L.  Stems  (2° -3°  high)  sliglitlg  many -furrowed,  smooth, 
usually  producing  u])right  branches  after  fructification;  sheaths  appressed,  with 
10-22  (commonly  about  18)  dark-brown  and  acute  rigid  short  teeth.  (E.  uli- 
ginbsum,  Mnhl.)  —  In  shallow  water  :  rather  common.  —  Air-cavities  none  under 
the  grooves,  but  small  ones  under  the  ridges.     June,  July.     (Eu.) 

(E.  littou.Vle,  Kiihlewein,  a  species  of  N.  Europe  which  stands  between 
No.  5  and  No.  6,  is  said  by  Milde  to  grow  in  Canada,  on  the  authority  of  a 
•pecimen  in  l»erb.  Hook.,  and  may  be  looked  for  northward.) 


FiLiCES.     (ferns.)  655 

§  2.  Evergreen  or  perennial-stemmed,  surviving  the  winter,  mostli/  roitfjk  {the  ciifide 
aboimdimj  in  silex]  :  fruiting  in  summer :  spike  tipped  with  a  rigid  litilc  jxjiid. 
(Stoiniita  in  rcqnlar  rows,  in  our  species  I -rowed  on  aiich  side  oftlie  groure.) 

*  Stems  tall  and  stout  (1^°  -4°  or  even  6°  high),  simple  or  casu(d/i/  bramhed,  evenly 
Viang-  (15-40-)  groorcd :  sheatlis  appressed.  [Probabig  all  forms  of  the  Com- 
mon Scoiiriui^  Rush.) 

7.  E.  Isevigatum,  Brimn.  Stems  H°-4°  liij^li,  sometimes  with  numer- 
ous branches ;  the  ridges  convex,  obtuse,  smooth  or  minutelg  rougldsh  with  minute 
tubercles ;  sheaths  elongated,  with  a  narrow  bUxciv  limb  and  about  22  linHir-uwl- 
shaptd  caducous  tuth,  \ -keeled  below.  —  Dryisii  chiy  soil,  Illinois  and  southward. 

8.  E.  robustum,  Braun.  Stems  3°  -  6°  high;  the  ridgen  narrow,  rough 
with  one  line  of  tubercles:  sheaths  sitort,  with  a  black  girdle  ahove  the  base,  rarely 
with  a  black  limb,  and  about  40  deciduous  ^-keeled  teeth  with  ocate-awl -shaped 
points.  —  River-banks,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  — Passes  by  var.  affine, 
Engclm.  (smaller,  with  20-25  awl-pointed  more  persistent  teeth)  into  the  next. 

9.  E.  hyemale,  L.  (Scouring-Rush.  Shave-Grass.)  Stems  I^°-4° 
high;  the  ndgcs  roughened  by  2  more  or  less  distinct  lines  of  tubercles;  sheaths 
elongated,  with  a  black  girdle  above  the  base  and  a  black  limb,  of  about  20  (17- 
26)  narrowlg  linear  teeth,  l-keeled  utthe  base  and  with  awl-shaped  deciduous  points. — 
"Wet  banks  :  common  northward.     Used  for  scouring.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Stems  slender,  in  tufts,  5-  \0-grooved:  sheaths  looser. 

10.  E.  variegatum,  Schleicher.  Stems  ascending  {G' -  \8'  long),  usually 
simple  from  a  branched  base,  5  -  lO-groovcd ;  sheaths  green  variegated  with 
black  above ;  the  5  -  10-teeth  tipped  with  a  deciduous  bristle.  —  Shores  or  river- 
banks.  New  Hampshire  (Bellows  Falls,  Careg)  and  Niagara  to  Wisconsin  and' 
northward:  rare.     (Eu.) 

11.  E.  SCirpoides,  Michx.  Stems  verg  numerous  in  a  tuf,  filiform  (3'- 6' 
high),  flexuous  and  curving,  mostlg  tjgrooved,  with  acute  ridges;  the  sheaths 
^-toothed,  the  bristle-jjointed  teeth  more  persistent ;  central  air-cavity  wanting. — 
Wooded  hillsides.  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Michigan,  and  northward. 
(Eu.) 

Ordkr  1.30.     riLICES.     (Feun-s.) 

Leafg  plants,  with  the  leaves  (fronds)  usuallg  raised  on  a  sicdk  or  petiole 
(stipe),  rising  from  a  root,  or  mostlg  from  a  prostrate  or  assurgent  or  even 
erect  I'oolstock,  separatelg  rolled  up  (circinate)  in  the  hud  (except  in  Sub- 
order IV.)  and  bearing  on  the  under  .surface,  commonly  on  the  veins  or  along 
the  margins,  the  simple  fructification,  -which  con.sist.^i.  of  1-celled  spore-cases 
(sporangia),  opening  in  various  ways,  and  discharging  the  numerous  mi- 
nute spores.  (Antherldia  and  pistillidia  formed  and  fertilization  efFected 
on  the  seeding  plantlet  !)  —  Of  the  eight  well-marked  Suborders,  into 
which  the  Ferns  are  divided,  four  are  represented  in  the  Northern  United 
States. 

The  whole  order  has  been  elaborated  for  this  edition  by  Prof.  D.a.niel 
C.  Eaton,  of  Yale  Colleo;e. 


656  FiLicEs.     (fi:rns.) 

Suborder  I.     POLYPODIACE.E.     The  True  Ferns. 

Sporangia  collected  in  dots,  lines  or  variously  shaped  clusters  (^.sori  or 
frnit-(lots)  on  the  back  or  margins  of"  tlie  frond  or  its  divisions,  stalked, 
cellular-reticulated,  tlie  stalk  running  into  a  vertical  incomplete  many- 
jointed  ring,  wiiich  by  straightening  at  maturity  ruptures  tlie  sporangium 
transversely  on  the  inner  side,  discharging  the  spores.  Fruit-dots  often 
covered  (at  least  when  young)  by  a  membrane  called  the  indusium  (or  less 
properly  the  involucre),  growing  either  from  the  back  or  the  margin  of  the 
frond.     (Plates  15-18.) 

Tribe  I.  POLYPODIEiE.  Fructification  on  the  back  of  the  frond,  in  roundish  or 
elongated  fruit-dots  (sori)  placed  on  the  veins  or  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  vvitliout  indusium 
of  any  kind.  Stipes  articulated  to  the  rootstoek,  leaving  a  distinct  scar  when  separated. 
Veins  free  (not  reticulated)  in  our  fpecies. 

1.  Pulypuiliuin.     Sori  round,  in  one  or  more  rows  each  side  of  the  midrib  or  of  the  seg- 

uieuts  of  the  frond. 

Tribe  H.     PTERIDE.*].     Fructification  marginal  or  intramarginal,  provided  with  a, 
general  indusium  formed  of  the  (either  altered  or  unchanged)  margin  of  the  frond.     Stipes 
not  articulated  lo  the  rootstoek.     Veins  free  in  all  our  species. 
*  Sporangia  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  borne  on  a  reflexed  portion  of  the  margin  of  the  frond. 

2.  Adiantum.     Midrib  of  the  pinnules  near  the  lower  margin  or  none.     Stipe  black  and 

polished. 

*  «  Sporangia  borne  on  a  continuous  marginal  vein-like  receptacle,  which  connects  the  apices 

of  the  veins,  and  is  covered  by  a  delicate  whitish  indusium  formed  of  the  reflexed  margin 
of  the  pinnule. 
'3.  Pitris.     Midrib  of  the  pinnules  central.    Stipe  light-colored. 

•  ♦  *  Sporangia  at  or  near  the  ends  of  the  unconnected  veins,  borne  on  the  under  surface  of 

the  frond  :  indusium  various. 

4.  Cbeilaiilhes.    Sori  mitmte,  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  indusium  continuous  or  interrupted. 

Fronds  mostly  chaffy,  woolly  or  pulverulent. 

5.  Pell  tea.     Sori  on  the  upper  part  of  the  veins,  distinct,  or  mostly  forming  a  confluent  sub- 

marginal  band  of  sporangia.     Indusium  membranaceous,  continuous,  rarely  altogether 
wanting.     Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  not  very  unlike  :  stipes  dark-colored  :  fronds  smooth. 

6.  Allosorus.     Sori  roundish  or  elongated  and  extending  far  down  the  free  veins,  at  first 

covered  by  the  reflexed  herbaceous  margin  of  the  segment,  at  length  exposed  and  conflu- 
ent.   Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  very  different :  stipes  light-colored :  fronds  smooth. 

Tribe  III.  ASPLENIEjE.  Sori  more  or  less  elongated,  occupying  one  or  both  sides 
(but  not  the  back)  of  the  veins,  covered  by  a  special  indusium  which  is  attached  by  one 
fide  to  the  fertile  vein,  and  is  free  on  the  other.     Stipes  not  articulated. 

*  Sort  linear  or  oblong,  borne  on  cross  veins  parallel  to  the  midrib. 

7.  Woort  wardia.     Sori  forming  a  chain-like  row  each  side  of  the  midrib  or  central  vein. 

Veins  reticulated. 

*  *  Sori  linear  or  oblong,  borne  on  veins  oblique  to  the  midrib. 

8.  Asplenium.     Sori  on  the  upper  side  of  the  fertile  veinlet,  rarely  on  both  sides  of  a  vein- 

let.     A'eins  free  in  all  our  species. 

9.  ScoIopeii(Irliiin.     Sori  linear,  confluent  in  pairs,  each  pair  appearing  like  a  single  sorus 

with  a  double  indusium  opening  down  the  middle.     Veins  free. 
•  •  Sori  borne  partly  on  veins  parallel  to  the  midrib,  partly  on  veins  oblique  to  the  midrib. 

10.  Camptoaorns.     Sori  oblong  or  linear,  the  outer  ones  oft<iu  approximating  in  pairs. 

Veins  reticulated. 


FiLiCEs.     (ferns.)  657 


Tribe  IV.  ASPIDIE.^.  Sori  round  or  roundish,  on  the  back  or  rarely  at  the  apex  of 
the  fertile  vein,  provided  with  a  special  iudusiuiu,  rarely  naked.  Stipes  not  articulated  to 
the  rootstock. 

*  Indusium  obsolete  or  none. 

11.  Pliegoi>terl8.     Sori  round,  rather  small.     A'eins  free  in  our  species. 

*  #  Indusium  evident,  round  or  roundish,  covering  the  sporangia,  at  least  when  young.    Sterile 

and  fertile  fronds  not  very  unlike.     Veins  free  in  our  species. 

12.  Aspidiuni.     Indu.<ium  flat,  orbicular  or  round-reniform,  fixed  by  the  centre,  opening  all 

round  the  niiirgin. 

13.  Cystoptei-is.     Indu.'^ium  convex,  fixed  by  a  broad  base  partly  under  the  sorus,  com- 

monly retlexed  as  the  sporangia  ripen. 

*  *  *  Indusium  obscure,  irregularly  semicircular.     Fertile  fronds  much  contracted  and  very 

unlike  the  sterile  ones. 

14.  Striitliiopteris.     Fertile  frond  simply  pinnate.     Sterile  frond  with  free  veins. 

15.  Oiioclea.     Fertile  frond  twice  pinnate.     Sterile  frond  with  reticulated  veins. 

*  *  *  *  Indusium  roundish  or  stellate,  placed  beneath  the  sporangia,  sometimes  enclosing  them 

and  then  bursting  open  from  the  top. 

16.  AVooflsia.     Indusium  very  delicate,  cleft  into  irregular  lobes,  or  divided  into  a  ciliate 

fringe.     Veins  free. 

Tribe  V.  DAVAIiLIE.^^^.  Sori  roundish  or  transversely  elongated,  borne  at  the  ends 
of  the  veins  or  on  marginal  cross-veinlets,  with  an  indusium  attached  at  the  base  or  base 
and  sides  and  opening  towards  the  margin  f  f  the  segment. 

17.  Dicksoiiln.     Sori  marginal,  very  small,  the  indusium  cup-shaped,  .somewhat  2-Talved, 

the  under  portion  confluent  with  a  lobule  of  the  frond.     A'eins  free. 

Suborder  II.     SCHIZiEACE^. 

Sporangia  ovate,  sessile,  having  a  complete  transverse  articulated  ring 
at  the  apex,  and  opening  by  a  longitudinal  slit.     (PI.  1 9.) 

18.  Schizsca.     Sporangia  naked,  fixed  in  a  double  row  to  the  midrib  of  the  narrow  fertile 

segments.     Sterile  fronds  rigid,  simple  or  dichotomously  branched. 

19.  Lygodium.     Sporangia  borne  in  a  double  row  on  narrow  fertile  segments,  each  spo- 

rangium seated  on  a  separate  veinlet,  and  provided  with  a  special  scale-like  indusium. 
Fronds  leafy,  climbing. 

Suborder  III.     OSITIUNDACE^. 

Sporangia  naked,  globose,  mostly  pcdicelled,  reticulated,  with  no  ring  or 
mere  traces  of  one  around  the  apex,  opening  into  two  valves  by  a  longitudinal 
slit.     (PI.  19.) 

£0.  Osmuixla.     Fertile  pinnte  or  fronds  very  much  contracted,  bearing  the  abundant  and 
larjie  sporangia  upon  the  margins  of  the  very  narrow  segments.     Veins  free. 

Suborder  IV.     OPIHOGLOSSACE.^. 

Sporangia  spiked,  destitute  of  a  ring,  naked,  coriaceous  and  opaque,, 
not  reticulated,  opening  by  a  transverse  slit  into  two  valves,  discharging 
very  copious  powdery  spores.  Fronds  straight,  never  rolled  up  in  the 
bud!     (n.  10.) 

21.  Botrycbium.     Sporangia  in  pinnate  or  compound  spikes,  distinct.     Veins  free. 

22.  Ophloglossum.     Sporangia  cohering  in  a  simple  spike.     Veins  reticulated. 

42 


658  FiLiCEs.     (ferns.) 

1.  POLYPODIUM,    L.    PoLYroDY.      (PI.  15  ) 

Fruit-dots  round,  naked,  arranged  on  the  back  of  the  frond  in  one  or  more 
rows  each  side  of  tlie  midrih  or  central  vein,  or  irrejiularly  scattered,  each  hornc 
in  our  species  on  the  end  of  a  free  veinlet.  Hootstoeks  creeping,  hranclicd,  often 
covered  witli  ehafty  scales,  bearing  scattered  roundish  knobs,  to  which  tiic  stipes 
arc  attached  by  a  distinct  articulation.  (Name  fruni  ttoXu,  many,  and  novs,  /hot, 
alluding  to  the  branching  rootstoek.) 

1 .  P.  VUlgare,  L.  Fronds  evergreen,  oblong,  smooth  both  sides,  4'  -  10'  high, 
simply  and  deeply  pinnatifid ;  the  divisions  linear-oblong,  obtuse  or  somewhat 
acute,  remotely  and  obscurely  toothed;  veins  once  or  twice  forked ;/r«(7-(/o^s 
lunje,  midwaij  Itcttcecu  the  midrib  and  ihe  man/in.  —  Rocks:  common.    July.   (Eu.) 

2.  P.  inc^num,  Swartz.  Fronds  evergreen  and  coriaceous,  oblong,  2'  - 
6'  high,  f/rai/ish  and  very  scurfy  underneath  with  peltate  scales,  simply  pinnatifid ; 
the  divisions  oblong-linear,  obtuse  ;  fruit-dots  rather  small,  near  the  num/in  ;  veins 
forking,  free  in  the  N.  American  plant !  —  Rocks  and  trunks  of  trees,  Virginia 
and  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug. 

2.  ADIANTUM,     L.        Maidenhair.     (PI.  16.) 

Fruit-dots  marginal,  sliort ;  borne  on  the  under  side  of  a  transversely  oblong, 
crescent-shaped  or  roundish,  more  or  less  altered  margin  or  summit  of  a  lobe  or 
tooth  of  the  frond  reflexed  to  form  an  indusium :  the  sporangia  attached  to  the 
approximated  tips  of  the  free  forking  veins.  — Main  rib  (costa)  of  the  pinnules 
none,  or  at  the  lower  margin.  Stipes  black  and  polished.  (The  ancient  name, 
from  a  privative  and  diaiu<o,  meaning  unwetted,  the  smooth  foliage  repelling 
rain-drops. ) 

1.  A.  ped^tum,  L.  Frond  forked  at  the  summit  of  the  upright  slender 
stalk  (9'-  15'  high),  the  recurved  branches  bearing  on  one  side  several  slender 
spreading  divisions,  which  bear  numerous  triangular-oblong  and  oblique  sliort- 
stalked  pinnules ;  these  are  as  if  halved,  being  entire  on  the  lower  margin,  fiom 
which  the  veins  all  proceed,  and  cleft  and  fruit-bearing  on  the  other.  —  Rich, 
moist  woods.     July.  — A  delicate  and  most  graceful  Fern. 

3.  PTERIS,     L.        Brake  or  Bracken.     (PI.  1G.) 

Sporangia  in  a  continuous  slender  line  of  fructification,  occnp3'ing  the  entire 
margins  of  the  fertile  frond,  and  covered  by  its  rcfle.>ced  narrow  edge,  which 
forms  a  continuous  membranaceous  indusium,  attached  to  an  uninterrupted 
transverse  vein-like  receptacle  which  connects  the  tips  of  the-forked  and  free 
veins. — Fronds  once  to  thrice  pinnate  or  decompound.  (The  ancient  Greek 
name  of  Ferns,  from  Trrtpov,  a  wing,  on  account  of  the  prevalent  pinnate  or 
feathery  fronds.) 

1.  P.  aquilina,  L.  (Commov  Brake.)  Frond  dull  green  (2° -3°  wide), 
tcrnate  at  the  summit  of  an  erect  stout  stalk  (l°-2°  hi,:;h),  the  widely  spreading 
branches  twice  jjinnate  ;  pinnules  oblong-lanceolate  ;  the  upper  undivided  ;  the 
lower  more  or  less  pinnatifid,  with  oblong  obtuse  lobes,  margined  all  round  with 
the  indusium. — Thickets  and  hills  ;  common.     Aug.     (Eu.) 


FiLTCEs.     (ferns.)  659 

4.    CHEILANTHES,     Swartz.        Lip-Fern.      (PI.  16.) 

Sporangia  borne  on  tho  tliickcnuU  ends  of  free  vcink'ts,  forming  small  and 
roundish  distinct  or  nearly  contiguous  marginal  fruit-dots,  covered  by  a  mostly 
whitisli  and  membranaceous,  sometimes  herbaceous,  common  indusium,  formed 
of  the  reflexed  margin  of  separate  lobes  or  of  the  whole  pinnule.  —  Low,  mostly 
with  2-3-pinnatc  and  hairy  or  chatty  fronds,  the  sterile  and  fertile  nearly  alike, 
the  divisions  not  halved,  the  principal  vein  central.  Some  species  with  con- 
tinuous indusium  connect  this  genus  very  closely  with  the  next.  (Name  com- 
posed of  ;(fiXor,  a  Up,  and  tivOoi,  flower,  from  the  shape  of  the  involucre.) 

1.  C.  vestita,  Swartz.  Fronds  (6' -  15' high),  lanceolate-oblong,  hirsute, 
as  are  the  brown  and  shining  stipes,  with  straiylitiali  jiroininent/i/  articulated  rusti/ 
hairs,  twice  pinnate;  pinnae  rather  distant,  triangular-ovate;  pinnules  oblong, 
crowded  (2" -4"  long),  more  or  less  incised,  the  ends  of  the  roundish  or  ohlontjlohs 
refli-xed  and  formin<j  separate  herbaceous  involucres,  which  are  pushed  back  by  the  . 
ripened  sporangia.  (Nephrbdium  lanbsum,  Michx. !)  —  Clefts  of  rocks.  Island 
of  New  York  (  W.  W.  Denslow),  and  New  Jersey  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

2.  C.  tomentosa,  Link.  Fronds  (12'  -  20'  high)  lanceolate-oblong,  densely 
tomentose  with  slender  and  entamjled  ichitish  ohscunlij  articulated  hairs,  thrice  pin- 
nate ;  primary  and  secondary  pinnas  oblong  or  ovate-oblong  ;  pinnules  distinct, 
minute  (^"-1"  long),  roundish-obovatc,  sessile  or  adnate-decurrent,  the  upper 
surface  less  wooll)',  the.  reflexed  narrow  margin  fi)rmin(j  a  continuous  somewhat  mem- 
branaceous involucre.  —  Mountains  of  Virginia  7  and  Kentucky ;  thence  westward 
and  southward.  —  Stipe  and  rhachis  rather  stout,  brown,  covered  with  narrow 
chaffy  scales  and  whitish  hairs. 

3.  C,  lanugin6sa,  Nutt.  (in  herb.  Hook.  &  Sp.  Fil.  1851).  Stipes  slen- 
der, at  lirst  hairy,  black  or  brown,  shining  ;  fronds  (3' -6'  high)  ovate-lanceolate, 
woolly  with  soft  ichitish  distlnctli/  articulated  flattened  haiis,  becoming  smoother 
above,  twice  or  thrice  pinnate;  pinnaj  (5"- 6"  long)  ovate,  the  lowest  distant, 
the  others  contiguous;  pinnules  en  natelij  pinnatifld,  or  mostly  divided  into  minute 
and  roundish  densely  crowded  segments  (i"-!"  long),  the  herbaceous  niarfln  re- 
curved flyrming  an  almost  continuous  involucre.  ( C.  vestita,  Hook.  C.  lanosa,  Eaton, 
Moore,  excl.  syn.  C-  gracilis,  Mettenins,  1859.  Myridpteris  gracilis.  Fe'e. )  —  In 
dense  tufts,  on  dry  rocks  and  cliffs,  Wisconsin  (7".  J.  Hale],  Iowa  ( Vasey),  Mis- 
souri (Nuttull,  Engelmann),  thence  westward  and  southward. 

5.     PELLJEA,    Link.        Clifi-Bk.vkk.      (PI.  15.) 

Sporangia  in  roundish  or  elongated  clusters  on  the  upper  part  of  the  free 
veins,  distinct  or  confluent  laterally  so  as  to  imitate  the  marginal  continuous 
line  of  fructification  of  Ptcris,  commonly  covered  by  a  broad  membranaceous  and 
continuous  (rarely  interrupted)  general  indusium,  wliicii  consists  of  the  reflexed 
and  altered  margin  of  the  fertile  pinnule  or  division.  Small  Ferns,  with  1  - 
3-pinnate  fronds,  the  fertile  ones  with  narrower  divisions  than  the  sterile,  but 
otherwise  similar.  Stipes  generally  dark-colored,  smooth  and  shining.  (Name 
from  TreXXdf,  dnskfi,  alluding  to  the  stipe.) 

1.  P.  gracilis,  Hook.  Fronds  smooth  (3'-6' high),  f/e//c«^e/y  membrana- 
ceous and  slender,  of  few  pinnas,  the  lower  ones  once  "or  twice  pinnately  parted 


660  FiLiCKs.     (ferns.) 

into  3-5  (Iccurrcnt  divisions,  tliosc  of  the  fertile  frond  oblong  or  lincar-oldon.L:, 
entire  or  sparinj^ly  ineised  ;  of  tlie  sterile  ovate  or  ohovate,  ercnatc  or  incised  ; 
veins  of  the  fertile  fronds  mostly  only  once  forked.  (Pteris  gracilis,  Michr. 
Allosorus  gracilis,  Prcsl,  and  former  ed.  —  Shaded  calcareons  roeks,  Vermont 
and  Northern  and  Central  New  York,  to  Wisconsin  and  northward :  rare. 
July.  —  Rootstock  very  slender,  creeping  :  sti^3s  polished,  brownish,  darker  and 
sparingly  eluitTv  at  the  base. 

2.  P.  atropurpurea,  Link.  Smooth,  except  some  bristly-chaffy  hairs  on 
the  midribs  and  especially  on  the  darlc-purple  and  polished  stalk  and  rhachis,  C- 
1 5'  high  ]  frond  coriaceous,  pale,  once  or  below  twice  pinnate ;  the  divisions  broadly 
linear  or  oblong,  or  the  sterile  sometimes  oval,  chiefly  entire,  somewhat  heart- 
shaped  or  else  truncate  at  the  stalked  base;  veins  about  twice  forked.  (Pteris 
atropurpurea,  L.  Allosorus  atropurpureus,  Kunzp,  and  former  ed.)  —  Dry  cal- 
careous rocks  :  not  common,  but  of  wide  range.  July.  —  Kootstoek  short  and 
'stout:  stipes  clustered. 

6.     ALLOSORUS,     Bemhardi,  Link.         Rock-Buake. 

Fruit-dots  roundish  or  elongated  and  extending  far  down  on  the  free  forking 
veins.  True  involucre  or  indusium  none,  the  herbaceous  margins  of  the  fertile 
segments  at  first  reflexed  and  meeting  at  the  midrib,  at  length  opening  out  flat 
and  exposing  the  confluent  sporangia.  —  Low,  with  smooth,  2  -  3-pinnate  fronds, 
the  fertile  ones  taller  than  the  sterile,  and  with  much  narrower  divisions.  (Name 
from  (iXKoSi  various,  and  (rcojios,  a  luap.) 

1 .  A.  acrostichoides,  Sprengcl.  Stipes  densely  tufted,  straw-colored ; 
fronds  2 -.3-pinnate  (G'-IO'  Iiigh)  ;  fertile  segments  stalked,  linear  or  linear- 
oblong  (3" -5"  long),  the  sporangia  in  lines  extending  down  the  veins  almost 
to  the  midrib,  confluent  when  ripe  and  covering  the  under  surface  of  the  now 
fully  opened  segments;  sterile  fronds  on  nuich  shorter  stipes,  with  ovate  or 
obovate  decurrent  and  crcnately  toothed  or  incised  segments.  ( Cryptogriinmio 
acrostichoides,  R.  Br.)  —  Isle  Royale,  Lake  Superior,  thence  westward  and 
northward.  —  Very  near  A.  crispns  of  Eu. 

7.     WOODWARDIA,     Smith.         CuAiN-FEnN.     (PI.  16.) 

Fruit-dots  oblong  or  linear,  arranged  in  one  or  more  chain-like  rows  on  trans- 
verse  anastomosing  veinlets  parallel  and  near  to  the  midrib.  Indusium  fixed  by 
its  outer  margin  to  the  fruitful  veinlet,  free  and  opening  on  the  side  next  the 
midrib.  Veins  more  or  less  reticulated,  free  towards  the  margin  of  the  frond. 
—  Large  Ferns,  with  pinnatifid  or  pinnate  fronds.  (Named  for  Thomas  J. 
IVoodivard,  an  English  botanist.) 

§  1.  ANCHISTEA,  Presl.  Sterile  and  fcrlile  fronds  alike:  i-eins  forming  onlj  one 
roiv  of  meshes  (areoles). 
1.  W.  Virginioa,  Smith.  Fronds  (2° -3°  high)  pinnate,  with  numerous 
lanceolate  pinnatifid  pinnae;  segments  oblong ;  veins  forming  a  row  of  narrow 
areoles  along  the  midrib  both  of  the  pinna;  and  of  the  lobes,  the  outer  veinlets 
free  ;  fruit-dots  oblong,  one  to  each  areole,  confluent  when  ripe.  —  Wet  swamps, 
Maine  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     July. 


riLiCKS.     (ferns.)  GGl 

§  2.  LOPtlXSEEIA,  Prcsl.  Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  unlike. :  veins  of  the  sterile 
fronds  forming  many  rows  ofwcshes. 
2.  W.  angUStifdlia,  Smith.  Fronds  pinnatifid;  sterile  ones  (12'- 18' 
higli)  with  hmccohitc  sernihitc  divisions  united  Ity  a  broad  wing;  fertile  fronds 
taller,  with  narrowly  linear  almost  disconneetcd  divisions,  the  areolcs  and  fruit- 
dots  (4"-5"lon^^)  in  a  single  row  each  side  of  the  secondary  niidrihs.  (W. 
onocleoules,  Wiild.  W.  arcolhta,  Moore.) — Bogs,  Massachusetts,  near  the 
coast,  to  Virginia,  and  southward :  rare.     Aug.,  Sept. 

8.    ASPLENIUM,     L.        Spleenwort.     (PI.  17.) 

Fruit-dots  oblong  or  linear,  oblique,  separate;  the  straight,  or  rarely  ci-.rvcd, 
indusiuni  fixed  lengthwise  by  one  edge  to  the  upper  (inner)  side  of  the  fertile 
vein:  —  in  some  species  a  part  of  the  fruit-dots  are  double;  the  fertile  vein 
bearing  two  indusia  placed  back  to  back.  Veins  free  in  all  our  species.  (Xamcd, 
from  a  privative  and  a-rr\j]v,  the  spleen,  for  supposed  remedial  properties.) 

§  1.  ASPLENIUM  proper.     Indusiuni  straight  or  sliijhtli/  curved,  attached  to  the 

upper  side  of  the  vein,  rurelij  douhle. 

*  Indusiuni  flat,  orflattish,  thin.      (Fronds  evergreen.) 

•f-  Fronds  pinnutely  lohd  or  parted,  or  simphj  pinnate. 

1.  A.  pinnatifidum,  Nutt.  F;o«rfs  (3'- C  long)  lanceolate, p/nna^^r/,  or 
pinnate  bilow,  tapering  above  into  a  slender  prolongation,  "  the  apex  sometimes  root- 
ing "  ;  lolies  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  or  the  lowest  pair  long-acuminate  ;  fruit-dots  ii'reg- 
ular,  those  next  the  midrib  often  double,  even  the  slender  prolongation  fertile. 
—  Cliffs  on  the  Schuylkill  and  Wissahickon,  near  Philadelphia,  and  southward 
along  the  Alleghanies ;  also  sparingly  westward  :  rare.  July.  —  Resembles  the 
Walking-Leaf  (Camptosorus),  but  the  veins  are  free.  Stipes  brownish,  becoming 
green  higher  up,  and  so  passing  into  the  broad  pale-gn en  midrib. 

2.  A.  ebenoides,  R.  R.  Scott.  Fronds  (4' -9' long)  broadly  lanceolate, 
pinnatifld,  below  pinnate,  the  apex  prolonged  and  slender ;  divisions  lanceolate  from  a 
broad  base,  the  lower  ones  shorter,  often  jirolifero.us,  as  is  the  apex  of  the  frond ; 
fruit-dots  much  as  in  the  last;  stipes  black  and  polished,  as  is  the  lower  part  of  the 
midrib,  esperiallg  beneath.  —  Limestone  cliffs  on  the  Schuylkill,  near  Philadelphia, 
Jt.  R.  Scott,  F.  Bourguin,  Sfc. :  very  scarce,  growing  with  Camptosorus  and  As- 
plenium  ebcneum,  of  which  Rev.  M.  G.  Berkeley  ( Journ  Royal  llorticult.  Soc. 
July,  1866)  considers  it  a  probable  hybrid. 

3.  A.  Trichomanes,  L.  Fronds  (3'  -  8'  long)  in  dense  spreading  tufts, 
linear  in  outline,  pinnate  ;  pinnce  numerous,  roundish-oblong  or  oval  (3" -4"  long), 
unequal-sided,  obliquely  wedge-truncate  at  the  base,  attached  by  a  narrow  point, 
the  midvein  forking  and  evanescent ;  the  thread-like  stipe  and  rhachis  purple- 
brown  and  shining.  (A.  melanocaulon,  Willd.)  —  Shaded  cliffs:  common. 
July.    (Eu.)    A.  viride,  Iluds.,  occurs  m  Canada,  perhaps  in  N.  New  England. 

4.  A.  ebcneum,  Ait.  Fronds  upright  (8'  -  16'  high)  pinnate,  hince-lincar  in 
outline;  pinnte  (V-  1'  long)  many,  lanceolate,  or  the  lower  oblong,  slightly  scythe- 
shaped,  finely  serrate,  sessile,  the  dilated  ba.se  auricled  on  the  upper  or  botli  sides ; 
fruit-dots  numerous  on  both  sides  of  the  elongated  midvein;  stipe  and  rhachi.s 
blackish-purple  and  shining.  —  Rocky,  open  woods  :  rather  common. 


6G2  FTLicics.     (fkrxs.) 

■<-  *-  Fronds  nnre.  or  i trier  plnnalr :  plunoi  indeed. 

5.  A.  montanum,  WilUl.  Fromh  (2' -5'  hv^h),  orate-lanccolate,  pinnate; 
the  ovate  piniHV  n-l-p<irt,d  (or  the  \\\i\k\-  hardy  cleft)  and  cut-toolhxl ;  fruit-dots 
very  short,  tlie  hasal  ones  sometimes  doiihle.  —  Cliffs  in  the  Alleghanies,  Penn- 
sylvania (Mr.  Lid,  Prof.  Porter),  to  Virginia  and  southward.  July.  —  Khaehis 
green,  hroail  and  flat :  stijie  hrown  at  the  hasc. 

6.  A.  Ruta-mur^ria,  L.  Fnmds  (-2' -  A' \ow<^)  ovate  in  outline,  2-3-])in- 
nate  bf/oiv,  sinijilj  pinnate  (d'ove ;  the  few  dii:isio7is  7-homliic-wtd^;c-sha/tLd,  toothed  or 
ihcised at  the  apex:  veins  forking,  diverging  from  the  hasc;  fruit-dots  few,  elon- 
gated, soon  confluent,  — Limestone  cliffs,  Vermont  to  Michigan,  Virginia,  and 
southward  along  the  mountains  :  scarce.     July.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Indusiian  sli(jhthj  curved,  stron(jIi/  convex,  thickish :  fruit-dots  vcrij  numerous  and 

crowded.      (Fronds  tall,  simply  pinnate,  decaijini)  in  autumn.) 

7.  A.  angUStifdlium,  Miehx.  Fronds  (2° -:i°h\Q\\)ihm,  si mph/ pinnate; 
pln/ifn  numerous,  short-stalked,  lincar-hmceolate,  acuminate,  entire  or  crenulatc 
(.•J' -4'  long),  those  (f  the  fertile  frond  narrower, ■  fruit-dots  linear,  20-40  each  side 
the  midvcin.  —  Rich  woods,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward 
along  the  mountains.     Sept. 

*  *  *  Lower  fruit-dots  sint/le,  those  ton-ards   the  ends  rf  jiinme  double :  indusium 
straiijlit,  slii/htl/j  convex,  thinniish.      (Fronds  tall  and  ample,  de.c<iijing  in  autumn.) 

8.  A.  thelypteroides,  Miehx.  Fronds  (2° -3°  high)  pinnate;  pinntB 
deeply  pinnatijid,  linear-lanceolate  (.T-5'  long);  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  mi- 
nutely toothed,  crowded,  each  bearing  3-G  paiis  of  ohlony  fruit-dots. — Rich 
woods:  not  rare.     July- Sept. 

§2.   ATIIYRIUM,  Roth.     Indusium  ch  Urate,  curved,  of  en  crossing  the  vein,  and 
attached  to  both  sides  of  it,  thus  beeowint/  reniform,  or  shaped  like  a  horseshoe. 

9.  A.  Filix-fosmina,  Bernh.  Fronds  (l°-3°  high)  ovate-oblong  or 
broadly  lanceolate,  twice  pinnate;  pinnre  lanceolate,  numerous ;  pinnules  con- 
fluent on  the  secondary  rhachis  by  a  narrow  margin,  oblong  and  doubly  serrate, 
or  elongated  and  pinnatcly  incised  with  cut-toothed  segments;  fruit-dots  short, 
variously  curved,  at  length  confluent.  (Aspidium  Filix-fo-Mnina  &  A.  asplcni- 
o'ldes,  Swaiiz.) — A  narrow  form  is  Aspidum  angiistum,  Willd.  —  Moist 
woods:  common,  and  very  variable.     July.     (Eu.) 

9.    SCOLOPENDRIUM,     Smith.       Hart's-Toxgue.    (PI.  17.) 

Fruit-dots  linear,  elongated,  almost  at  right  angles  to  the  midrib,  contiguous 
by  twos,  one  on  the  upper  side  of  one  veinlet,  and  the  next  on  the  lower  side  of 
the  next  sujK'rior  veinlet,  thus  appearing  to  have  a  double  indusium  opening 
along  the  middle.  (The  ancient  Greek  mime,  so  called  because  the  numerous 
parallel  lines  of  fruit  resemble  the  feet  of  the  centipede,  or  Srolopcndra.) 

1.  S.  vulgare,  Smith.  Frond  oblong-lanceolate  from  an  auricled-heart- 
shajjcd  base,  entire  or  wavy-margiucd  (7'- 18' long,  l'-2'  wide),  bright  green. 
(S.  oflicinaruin.  Swart;,  a  later  'lanic.)  —  Shaded  ravines  and  under  limestone 
cliffs,  Chittenango  Falls,  and  near  Jamesville,  &c.,  Onondaga  Co.,  New  York, 
Pursh,  \V.  Cooper,  Lewis  Foote,  J.  A.  Paine:  also  in  Canada  West.  (For  a  full 
account  of  stations,  see  Silliman's  Journal  for  May  and  September,  1866.     (Eu.) 


FiLiCEs.     (ferns.)  663 

10.     CAMPTOSORUS,     Link.        Walking-Leaf.     (PI.  17.) 

Fruit-clots  oblong  or  linear,  as  in  Aspleniuni,  but  irregularly  scattered  on 
either  side  of  the  reticulated  veins  of  the  simple  frond,  those  next  the  midrib  single, 
the  outer  ones  inclined  to  approximate  in  pairs  (so  that  their  two  indusia  open  face 
to  fivee),  or  to  become  continent  at  their  ends,  thus  forming  crooked  lines  (whence 
tlie  name,  from  Kafxnros,  bent,  and  (rcopor,  {or fruit-dot.) 

1.  C.  rhizophyllus,  Link.  (Asplenium  rhizopliyllum,  L.  Antigram- 
nia,  ./.  Smith,  Turr.  Also  C.  rumicifulins,  Link.)  —  Siiadcd  calcareous  rocks, 
W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward  :  rare  or  local.  July.  —  Fronds 
evergreen,  growing  in  tufts,  spreading  or  procumbent  (4' -9'  long),  lanceolate 
from  an  anricled-hcart-shaped  or  often  hastate  base,  tapering  above  into  a  slender 
prolongation  like  a  runner,  which  often  roots  at  the  apex  and  gives  rise  to  new 
fronds,  and  these  in  turn  to  others ;  hence  the  popular  name.  —  A  singular  form 
is  found  at  Mount  Joy,  Pcnn.,  by  Mr.  Staujj'er,  having  roundish  fruit-dots  and 
inconspicuous  veins. 

11.     PHEGOPTERIS,     Fee.      (Sp.  of  Polypodium,  L.)    Beech-Ferx. 

Fruit-dots  small,  round,  naked  (no  indusium),  borne  on  the  back  of  the  veins 
below  the  apex.  Stipe  continuous  with  the  rootstock.  —  Our  species  have  free 
veins  and  bright-green  membranaceous  fronds,  decaying  in  early  autumn. 
(Name  composed  of  cprjyof,  an  oak  or  beech,  and  wrt pis,  fern.) 

*  Froiuh  tiuicp.  pinnaf.ijid:  pinna:  all  sessile,  adnate  to  the  wincjed  rliachis. 

1.  P.  polypodioides,  Fc'e.  Fronds  triangulaf, /oh/zc/-  than  broad  (4' -9' 
long),  hairy  on  the  veins,  especially  beneath;  pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  the  lowest 
pair  deftexed  and  standincj  forwards ;  their  divisions  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  the 
basal  ones  decurrent  and  adnate  to  the  main  rhachis ;  fruit-dots  all  near  the 
margin.  (Ph.  vulgaris,  Mtttenius.  Polypodium  Phegopteris,  L.,  and  iormer 
ed.  P.  conne'ctile,  Michx.) — Damp  woods:  common  northward.  July. — 
Kootstock  slender,  creeping,  bearing  a  few  distant  slender  stalks,  rather  longer 
than  the  fronds.     (En.) 

2.  P.  hexagonoptera,  Fee.  Fronds  triangular,  usnalli/  broader  than  long 
(7'- 12'  broad),  slightly  pubescent  and  often  finely  glandular  beneath;  pinnce 
lanceolate;  upper  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  toothed  or  entire,  those  of  the  veri/ 
large  lowest  pinnce  elongated  and  pinnatelij  lolicd,  basal  ones  very  much  decurrent 
and  forming  a  continuous  many-angled  wing  along  the  main  rhachis  ;  fruit-dots 
near  the  margin ;  some  also  between  the  sinus  and  the  midrib.  (Polypodium 
hexagonopterum,  Michx. )  —  Rather  open  woods  :  common,  especially  southward. 
July.  —  Larger  and  broader  than  the  last,  which  it  often  closely  resembles. 

*  *  Fronds  ternate,  the  three  divisions  pet iolid :  rhachis  loingless. 

3.  P.  Dryopteris,  Fc'e.  Fronds  smooth,  broadly  triangular  (4'  -  6'  wide) ; 
the  3  triangular  ])rimary  divisions  widely  spreading,  1  -2-pinnate;  segments  ob- 
long, obtuse,  entire  or  toothed  ;  fruit-dots  near  the  margin.  (Polypodium  Dry- 
optei-is,  Z.) — Pocky  woods  :  common  northward.  July.  (Eu.)  (P.  c'alcare.\, 
which  is  more  rigid,  and  minutely  glandular-mealy,  especially  on  the  rliachis 
and  midrib,  is  to  be  bought  for  northward.) 


6G4  FiLiCES.     (ferns.) 

12.     ASPIDIUM,     Swartz.         Shield-Fkun.      Wood-Fern.      (PI.  18.) 

Fruit-dots  round,  borne  on  the  liack  or  ranly  at  tlic  apex  of  the  veins.  Indu- 
slum  loverinj^  the  .sporauiu^ia,  flat  or  tiattish,  scarious,  orbieuhir  and  peltate  at 
the  centre,  or  round-kidney-shaped  and  fixed  either  centrally  or  by  the  sinus, 
oj)eninf;  all  round  the  margin.  Stipe  continuous  (not  articulated)  with  the 
rootstock. — Our  species  Inivc  free  veins,  and  1-3-pinnate  fronds.  (Name, 
danidiof,  a  small  shield,  from  the  shape  of  the  indusium.) 

§  1.  DRY6PTERIS,  Adanson.     (Nephrodium,  Z?!c/i.,  in  part,  7/ooi.     Lastrea, 
Bory.)     Indusium  round-kidnnj-shapeil,  or  orbicular  with  a  narrow  sinus. 

*  Veins  simple  or  simply  forked  and  straiyht :  fronds  annual,  dtcaying  in  autumn,  Vie 

stalks  and  slender  creeping  rootstocks  nearly  naked.       ( Thelypteris,  Schort. ) 

1.  A.  Th£l;^pteris,  Swartz.  Fronds  pinnate,  lanceolate  in  outline;  pin- 
luc  lioiizoiital  or  sliy;ht]y  recurved,  linear-lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  lowest 
paira  scarcely  smaller ;  lobes  oblong,  entire,  obtuse  or  appearing  acute  when  in 
fruit  from  the  strongly  nvolute  margins ;  veins  mostly  forked,  bearing  the  (soon 
confluent)  fruit  dots  near  their  middle;  indusium  minute,  smooth  and  naked. 
(rolyi)odium  'I'lielypteris,  L.) — Marshes:  common.  Aug.  —  Stalk  1°  long 
or  more,  usually  longer  than  the  frond,  which  is  of  thicker  texture  than  the 
next,  and  slightly  downy.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  Noveboracense,  Swartz.  Fronds  pinnate,  lanceolate  in  outline, 
tapering  both  ways  from  the  middle ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  the  lowest  2  or  more  jiairs 
gradually  shorter  and  difexed ;  lobes  flat,  oblong,  basal  ones  often  enlarged  and 
incised ;  veins  simple,  or  forked  in  the  basal  lobes  ;  fruit-dots  distinct,  near  the 
margin;  indusium  minute,  the  margin  glandulifcrous.  (Polypodium  Nov- 
eboracense, L.  A.  thelypterokles,  Swaiiz.)  —  Swamps  and  moist  thickets: 
common.  July.  —  Frond  pale-green,  delicate  and  membranaceous,  hairy  be- 
neath along  the  midribs  and  veins. 

*  *   Veins,  at  least  the  lowest  ones,  more  than  once  forked  or  somewhat  pinnatily 

branching;  the  fruit-bearing  veinlets  of  en  obscure  or  vanishing  above  the  fruit- 
dot:  fronds,  at  least  the  sterile  ones,  ojlen  remaining  green  through  the  winter: 
stalks  and  apex  of  the  thickened  rootstock  scaly  or  chaffy,  and  often  the  main 
rhachis  also. 
•*-  Fronds  small,  pinnate:  pinna-  pinnatifid :  indusia  very  large,  persistent. 

3.  A.  fragrans,  Swartz.  Fronds  (4' -12' high)  glandular  and  aromatic, 
narrowly  lanceolate,  with  linear-oblong  pinnately-partcd  pinnrc ;  their  crowded 
divisions  (2"  long)  oblong,  obtuse,  toothed  or  nearly  entire,  nearly  covered  be- 
neath with  th2  very  large  thin  iinbricatcfl  indusia,  which  are  orbicular  with  a 
narrow  sinus,  the  margin  sparingly  glandulifcrous  and  often  ragged.  —  Falls  of 
the  St.  Croix,  Wisconsin,  Dr.  Parry  :  Wisconsin  River,  iMpliam,  Berlin  Falls, 
N.  Hampshire,  //.  Willey,  Mt.  Kineo,  Maine,  C.  E.  Smith,  and  northward.  — 
Rootstock  stout,  nearly  erect,  densely  chaffy,  as  are  the  crowded  stipes  and  rhachis. 
-t-  !»-  Large  (l°-2i°  high),  the  fronds  mostly  twice  pinnate  with  variously  toothed 

and  incised  pliinnlis  :  indusia  rather  small,  shrivelled  in  age,  or  deciduous. 

4.  A.  spinulbsum,  Swartz.  Stipes  with  a  few /)a/e-/»ow/!(/ec/(/«(;i(.v.sa;/M,- 
frond  ovate-lanceolate,  twice  pinnate  ;  pinme  oblique  to  the  rhachis,  elongated-Irian- 


FiLiCEs.     (ferns.)  GG5 

gular^  the  lower  pairs  broadly  triangular;  pinnules  set  obliquely  on  the  midribs, 
eoiinected  by  a  vei'v  narrow  wing-,  oblong,  acute,  ineisely  serrate  or  jjinnatilid 
with  s])inulosely-toothed  lobes ;  iinlusium  smooth  and  without  iiiarijiual  (jknids. 
(A.  spiuulosum, genuinum,  Milde.  Lastrea  spinulosa,  PresL,  Moore.)  —  In  damp 
woods,  Penu  Yan,  New  York,  Sarlwtll ;  Vermont,  Frost;  and  probably  north- 
ward.    July. —  The  eouiniou  European  type,  rare  in  North  Amcriea.     (Eu.) 

Var.  intermedium.  S-ales  of  the  stipe  few,  brown  with  a  darker  centre; 
frond  broadly  oblony-ovate,  twice  or  often  thrice  pinnate ;  pinnK  spreading,  ob- 
long-lanceolate, the  lower  ones  uncijually  triangular-ovate ;  pinnules  crowded, 
ovate-oblong,  spreading,  pinnately  divided ;  the  oblong  lobes  spinulosc-toothed 
at  the  apex  ;  margin  of  the  indusiuin  denticulate  and  besit  with  niiim'.e  stalkeil  g/ondx. 
(A.  intermedium,  WUld.     Dryopteris  intermedia,  £(/.  I.)  —  Woods,  everywhere. 

Var.  dilatatum.  Scales  of  the  stipe  large,  brown  with  a  dark  centre ;  frond 
broader,  ovule  or  triaiigidar-ocate  in  outline,  oftenest  thrice  pinnate ;  pinnules  lance- 
oblong,  the  lowest  ones  often  much  elongated;  indusium  (in  the  North  American 
plant)  smooth  and  naked.     (A.  dilatatum,  Swarlz.     A.  campyldptcrum, /viwre.) 

—  A  dwarf  state,  fruiting  when  only  5'  -  8'  high,  answers  to  var.  dumetorum.  — 
N.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  chiefly  in  mountain  woods,  and  northward.   (Eu.) 

Var.  Boottii.  Scales  of  the  stipe  pale-brown  ;  fond  elungaled-oblong  or  elun- 
gated-lanceolate  in  outline;  ])in)iulcs  broadly  oblong,  very  obtuse,  the  lower  pin- 
iiatifid,  the  upper  and  smaller  merely  serrate;  indusium  minuleli/  glandular. 
(A.  Boottii,  7'uckerm.  Dryopteris  rigida,  Ed.  1;  not  A.  rigidum,  Swartz.)  — 
E.  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut  to  New  York,  and  northward.  —  The  least 
dissected  form,  identical  with  A.  cristatum,  var.  uliginosum,  of  Milde,  and  inter- 
mediate in  appearance  between  A.  spinulosura  and  A.  cristatum,  but  passing 
into  the  former. 
H-  •!-■»-  Large  (2° -4°  high)  :  fronds  once  pinnate,  and  the  jnnna'  deeply  pinnntijjd, 

or  nearig  twice  pinnate:  fruit-dots  not  verg  near  the  margin;  the  indusia  large, 

thinni.^h  and  fat,  persistent. 
.5.  A.  cristatum,  Swartz.  Frond  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate  in  outline  (1°- 
2°  long) ;  pinnce  short  (2' -3'  long),  triangular-oblong,  or  the  lowest  nearly  trian- 
gular-ovate, from  a  somewhat  heart-shaped  base,  acute,  deeply  pinnatifid ;  the 
divisions  (6-10  pairs)  oblong,  very  obtuse,  finely  serrate  or  cut-toothed,  the  lowest 
jiinnatifid-lobed  ;//•«/< -(/o/s  as  near  the  midvein  as  the  margin ;  indusium  round-reni- 
forni,  the  sinus  mostly  shallow,  smooth  and  naked.     (A.  Lancastrie'nse,  Spreng.) 

—  Swamps,  &c. :  common.  July.  —  Stipes  and  the  stout  creeping  rootJstock 
bearing  broad  and  deciduous  chaffy  scales.     (Eu.) 

Var.  Clintonianura.  Frond  in  everg  wag  much  larger  (2|^°-4°  long)  ; 
pbnm  oblong-lanceolate,  broadest  at  base  (4' -6' long,  1' -2' broad),  deeply  pin- 
natifid ;  the  divisions  (8-lG  pairs)  crowded  or  distant,  Unear-ohlong,  obtuse, 
obscurely  serrate  or  cut-toothed,  the  basal  ones  sometimes  jjinnately  lobed ; 
veins  pinnately  forking,  the  lowest  anterior  veinlets  bearing  the  fruit-dots  near  the 
midvein ;  indusium  orbicular  with  a  shallow  sinus,  smooth  and  naked.  —  Swampy 
woods,  New  England  to  New  Jersey,  New  York  (  G.  W.  Clinton,  &c.),  and  west- 
ward. July.  —  Rootstock  stout,  creeping,  chaffy  (like  the  stipes)  with  large 
bright-brown  scales.  A  showy  Fern,  unlike  any  European  form  of  A.  crista- 
tum, and  often  mistaken  for  A.  Goldianum. 
L  &  M— 48 


CG6  riLiCES.     (kkrxs.) 

fi.  A.  Goldi^um,  Hook.  Frond  In-omlli/ uvatr,  or  the  krtWc  ovatc-oWong 
in  outline  (2°  ~ :i°  long) ;  pitnue  (C'-9'lony)  olilong-lanccolatc,  broadest  in  the 
vtiddir,  jiinnately  parted  ;  the  divisions  (about  20  pairs)  olilonr/-liiiear,  sl.i(/litlij  sci/the- 
s/ia/ted  (9"  -  1  f)"  lonj^),  serrate  with  appressed  teeth  ;  veins  ])innately  forking  and 
hcarin<^  thafruit-dots  veri/  mar  the  midrcin  ;  inthisiiim  very  lar<;c,  oibieuhir  with 
a  deep  narrow  sinus,  smooth  and  without  marginal  ghmds.  —  Rieh  and  moist 
woods,  from  Connecticut  to  Kentucky,  and  northward.  July.  — A  stately  Fern, 
often  4°  high,  the  fronds  growing  in  a  circle  from  a  stout  ascending  chaffy  root- 
stock,  and  decaying  in  autumn.  Indusium  with  the  sides  of  the  sinus  often 
overlapping,  thus  appearing  to  be  round  and  entire  as  in  Polystiehum. 

■»-•<-  -1-  -I-  Large  (l°-3°  high)  :  stipes  very  chajjy  at  the  base :  fronds  twice  pinnate, 
but  the  vpper  pinnules  confluent,  some  of  the  lower  pinnatifid-toolhed :  fruit-dots 
rather  large:  the  indusium  convex,  without  inarginal glands,  persistent. 

7.  A.  Filix-mas,  Swartz.  Frond  lanceolate  in  outline  (l°-3°  high); 
pinna;  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  from  base  to  apex;  pinnules  oblong,  very  ob- 
tuse, serrate  at  the  apex,  and  obscurely  so  at  the  sides,  the  basal  ones  inciac'y 
lobed,  distinct,  the  upper  confluent;  fruit-dots  nearer  the  midvein  than  the 
margin,  and  usually  confined  to  the  lower  half  of  each  fertile  pinnule.  —  Rocky 
Avoods,  Keweenaw  Peninsula,  Lake  Sui)erior,  Dr.  Rohhins,  and  westward.  — 
Frond  thickish  but  not  surviving  the  winter.     (Eu.) 

8.  A.  marginale,  Swartz.  Frond  evergreen,  smooth,  thickish  and  almost 
coriaceous,  ovate-oblong  in  outline  (l°-2°  long);  pinna;  lanceolate,  broadest 
above  the  base ;  pinnules  oblong  or  oblong-scythe-shaped,  crowded,  obtuse,  en- 
tire or  crenately-toothcd ;  fruit-dots  close  to  the  margin.  —  Rocky  hillsides  in 
rich  woods  :  common,  especially  northward.     Aug. 

§  2.    POLYSTICHUM,    Roth.      (Aspidium,  Hook.)     Indusium  orbicular  and 
entire,  peltate,  fxed  bij  the  ileprcssed  centre :  fronds  rigid  and  coriaceous,  evergreen, 
very  chaffy  on  the  rhachis,  tj-c. ;  pinnte  or  pinnules  auricled  at  the  base  on  the 
upper  side,  crowded,  the  teeth  or  lobes  bristle-tipped. 
*  Fronds  simply  pinnate. 

9.  A.  acrostiehoides,  Swaitz.  Frond  lanceolate  ( 1°  -  2l°  high),  stalked,- 
jn'nme  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  scythe-shaped,  half-halberd-shaped  at  the 
slightly  stalked  base,  serrulate  with  appressed  bristly  teeth ;  the  fertile  (nitpur) 
ones  contracted  and  smaller,  bearing  contiguous  fruit-dots  near  the  midrib,  which 
are  confluent  with  age,  covering  the  surface.  (Xephrodium  acrostiehoides, 
Michx.)  —  Var.  ixcisuM  (A.  Schweinitzii,  Beck)  is  a  state  with  cut-lobed  pinna;, 
a  not  unfrequent  case  in  the  sterile  fronds ;  sometimes  the  tips  of  almost  all  of 
them  fertile  more  or  less.  —  Hillsides  and  ravines  in  woods :  common  north- 
ward, and  soutliward  along  the  Allcghanics.     July. 

10.  A.  Lonehitis,  Swart/,.  Frond  lincnr-lanccolate  (9' -20' liigh),  sram'/;/ 
stalked,  very  rigid ;  pinme  broadly  lanceolate-scythe-shaped,  or  the  lowest  triangular, 
strongly  auricled  on  the  ui)per  side  and  wedge-truncate  on  the  lower,  densely 
spinulosc-toothed  (1'  or  less  in  l?ngth),  copiou.sIy  fruit-bearing;  fruit-dots  con- 
tiguous and  near  tlie  margins.  —  Woods,  southern  shore  of  Lake  Superior, 
and  northward.     (Ku.) 


FiLiCEs.     (fkrns.)  GG7 

*  Fronds  hipiunatc 
11.  A.  acule^tum,  Swartz,  var.  Braunii,  Koch.  Frond  spreadimj 
(li°-2°  long),  oblong-lanccolatc  in  outline,  with  a  tapering  Itasc,  tiic  lower  of 
the  many  pairs  of  oblong-lanceolate  pinnix;  gradually  reduced  in  size  and  obtuse  ; 
])innules  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  trunctitc  and  almost  ix'ctangular  at  the  base, 
short-stalked,  or  the  upper  confluent,  sharply  toothed,  beset  with  long  and  soft 
as  well  as  chaffy  hairs.  (A.  Urimnu,  Spenner.) — Deep  woods,  mountains  of 
New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  X.  New  York,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

13.  CYSTOPTERIS,     Bcrnhardi.        Bladder-Feun.      (PI.  18.) 

Truit-dots  roundish,  borne  on  the  back  of  a  straight  fork  of  the  free  veins ; 
the  delicate  indusium  hood-like  or  arched,  attached  by  a  broad  base  on  the  inner 
side  (towards  the  midrib)  partly  imder  the  fruit-dot,  early  opening  free  at  the 
other  side,  which  looks  toward  the  apex  of  the  lobe,  and  is  somewhat  jagged, 
soon  thrown  back  or  withering  awaj-.  —  Tufted  Ferns  with  slender  and  delicate 
twice  or  thrice  pinnate  fronds ;  the  lobes  cut-toothed.  (Name  composed  of  kvcttis, 
a  bladder,  ami  Trre/jt'y,  /c?-n,  from  the  inflated  indusium.) 

1.  C.  bulbifera,  Bernh.  Frond  Inncfolate,  eJonrjattd  (l°-2°  long), 
2-pinnate;  the  pinnaB  lanceolate-oblong,  pointed,  horizontal  (l'-2'long);  the 
rhachis  and  pinna  often  bearim/  hulblcis  underneath,  ivinr/less ;  pinnules  crowded, 
oblong,  obtuse,  toothed  or  pinnatifid ;  indusium  short,  truncate  on  the  free  side. 
(Aspidium  bulbifcrum,  Sivai-tz.  A.  atomlirium.  Maid.!)  —  Shaded  ravines, 
&c. :  common.     July. 

2.  C.  fragilis,  Bernh.  Frond  ohlong-lanceolatc  (4' -8'  long,  besides  the 
stalk  which  is  fully  as  long),  2  -3-pinnatc ;  the  pinna;  and  pinnules  ovate  or  lan- 
ceolate in  outline,  irregularly  pinnatifid  or  cut-toothed,  mostly  acute,  decurrcnt 
on  (he  margined  or  winged  rliachis ;  indusium  tapering  or  acute  at  the  free  end.  — 
Var.  dent.Vta,  Hook.,  is  narrower  and  less  divided,  barely  twice  pinnate,  with 
ovate  obtuse  and  bluntly-toothed  pinnules.  (Aspidium  te'nue,  Swartz.)  —  Shaded 
cliffs:  common,  and  very  variable.     July.     (Eu.) 

14.  STRUTHIOPTERIS,    Willd.      Ostkich-Fekn.    (PL  1.5.) 

Fruit-dots  round,  on  the  pinnns  of  a  separate  contracted  and  rigid  frond,  the 
margins  of  which  are  rolled  backward  so  as  to  form  a  somewhat  necklace-shaped 
or  continuous  hollow  body  enclosing  the  fruit :  there  arc  3-5  pinnate  free  veinlcts 
from  each  primary  vein,  each  bearing  a  fruit-dot  on  its  middle  :  fruit-dots  crowded 
and  confluent ;  the  sporangia  borne  on  an  elevated  receptacle  which  is  half-encir- 
cled at  its  base  by  a  very  delicate  semicircular  and  ragged  evanescent  indusium. 
—  Sterile  fronds  large,  very  much  exceeding  the  fertile,  pinnate,  the  pinnae 
pinnatifid,  all  growing  in  a  close  circular  tuft  from  thick  and  scaly  matted 
rootstocks.  Stipes  stout,  angular.  Pinnate  veins  free  and  simple.  (Name 
compounded  of  arpovdik,  an  ostrich,  and  UTepli,  a  Jem,  from  the  plume-like 
arrangement  of  the  divisions  of  the  fertile  frond.) 

1.  S.  Germanica,  Willd.  Sterile  fronds  smooth,  broadly  lanceolate,  the 
lowest  pinnas  gradually  much  smaller;  pin niu  very  numerous,  narrowly  lance- 
olate, deeply  pinnatifid  ;  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse  :  fertile  frond  with  somewhat 


GG8  FiLiCES.     (ferns.) 

Jiv'cklacc-sliapcd  pinna?,  tlic  lowest  ones  much  smaller.  (S.  Pcnnsylvanica, 
Wi/hl.     Onoclea  Stnitiiioptcris,  L.,  Ilook.)  —  Alluvial  soil :  not  rare  northward. 

—  Fronds  intermediate  between  the  sterile  and  fertile  eondition  (bearing  a  few 
fruit-dots  on  eontracted,  but  still  herbaceous  pinna;)  are  sometimes  found;  a 
condition  analojjous  to  the  var.  obtusiloba  of  Onoclea  sensibilis.     (Eu.) 

15.  ONOCLEA,     L.         Sensitive  Fern.      (PI.  18.) 

Fertile  frond  twice  pinnate,  much  eontracted  ;  the  pinnules  short  and  revolute, 
usually  so  rolled  up  as  to  be  converted  into  berry-shaped  closed  involucres,  filled 
with  sporangia,  and  forming  a  one-sided  spike  or  raccmj.  Fruit-dots  one  on 
the  middle  of  each  strong  and  simple  ])rimary  vein  (with  or  without  sterile  cross- 
veins),  round,  soon  all  confluent.  Indusium  very  thin,  hood-like,  lateral,  fixed 
hy  its  lower  side,  free  on  the  upper  (towards  the  apex  of  the  pinnule).  —  Sterile 
fronds  ri.sing  separately  from  the  naked  extensively  creeping  rootstock,  long- 
stalked,  broadly  triangular  in  outline,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  lance-obloug  pinnae, 
■\vhich  arc  entire  or  wavy-toothed,  or  the  lowest  pair  sinuate-pinnatifid  (decaying 
in  autumn) ;  veins  reticulated  with  line  meshes.  (Name  apparently  from  wos, 
a  vessel,  and  (cXfio),  to  close,  from  the  singularly  rolled  up  fructification.) 

1.  O.  sensibilis,  L. — Moist  or  wet  places,  along  streams:  common. 
July.  — A  rare  abnormal  state,  in  which  the  pinna;  of  some  of  the  sterile  fronds, 
becoming  again  pinnatifid  and  more  or  less  contracted,  bear  some  fruit-dots 
without  being  much  revolute  or  losing  their  foliaceous  character,  is  the  var. 
OBTUSiLOiiXxA,  Torr.,  N.  Y.  Slate  Fl.  (Connecticut,  New  York,  &.c.)  This 
explains  the  long-lost  0.  obtusilobata,  Schkuhr  (from  Pennsylvania),  which,  as 
figured,  has  the  sterile  fronds  thus  2-pinnately  divided.  (Ragiopteris,  PrcsL,  is 
founded  on  a  young  fertile  frond  of  this  species  with  the  sterile  frond  of  some 
Aspidium.) 

16.  WOODSIA,     R.  r>rown.         Woodsia.     (PI.  18.) 

Fruit-dots  round,  borne  on  the  back  of  simply-forked  free  veins  ;  the  very  thin 
and  often  evanescent  indusium  attached  by  its  base  all  around  the  receptacle, 
under  the  sporangia,  either  small  and  open,  or  else  early  bursting  at  the  top  into 
irregular  pieces  or  lobes.  —  RnuvU  and  tufted  pinnatcly-divided  Ferns.  (Dedi- 
cated to  Joseph  Woods,  an  English  botanist.) 

§  1.  HYPOPELTIS,  Torr.  Indusium  consplcnous,  at  Jirst  enclosing  the  sjm-angia, 
but  early  opening  at  the  top.  and  splitting  into  several  spreading  jugged  lobes. 

1.  W.  obtusa,  Torr.  Frond  broadly  lanceolate,  minutely  glandular-hairy 
(C'-12'  high),  pinnate,  or  nearly  twice-pinnate;  pinna;  rather  remote,  triangu- 
lar-ovate or  oblong  (l'-2'  long),  bluntish,  pinnately  parted;  segments  oblong, 
obtuse,  crcnately  toothed,  the  lower  ones  pinnatifid  with  toothed  lobes ;  veins 
forked,  and  bearing  the  fruit-dots  on  or  below  the  minutely  toothed  lobes. 
W.  Perriniana,  Hook,  c^-  Grcv.     Aspidium  obtusum,   Wtbcr  <j-  Mohr.,    Willd.) 

—  Rocky  banks  and  clifis  :  common,  especially  westward.     July. 

§2.  WOODSIA  proper.  Indusium  minute  or  evanescent,  open  and  flat  from  an 
early  stage,  and  concealed  under  thefruit-dot,  its  margin  cle/l  into  slender  hairs  or 
cilia- 


FiLiCES.     (ferns.)  6G9 

*  Stipes  ohscurehj  jointed  near  the  base ;  the  withered  fronds  falling  away  at  the  joint : 

cilia  of  the  indiisium  lorn/  and  in  flexed  over  the  sporangia. 

2.  W.  IlvensiS,  R.  Brown.  Frond ohlomj-lanaolale  (2' -6'  long  by  1 '  wiile), 
smoothish  and  green  above,  thickly  clothed  underneath  as  well  as  the  stal/c  with 
rusty  bristle-like  clinff,  pinnate ;  the  pinnai  crowded,  oblong,  obtuse,  sessile,  piri- 
natcly  parted,  tite  numerous  crowdtd  sH/menIs  oblony,  obtuse,  obscurely  crenate, 
almost  coriaceous;  the  fruit-dots  near  the  margin,  somewhat  conlluent  when 
old.  (Ncphrodiuni  rufidulum,  Michx.) — Exposed  rocks  :  common,  especially 
northward,  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.     June.     (Eu.) 

3.  W.  glabella,  R.  Brown.  Smooth  and  naked  throiiyhout ;  frond  linear 
(2' -5' high),  pinnate;  pinnce  roundish  or  ovate,  the  lower  ones  rather  remote, 
(2" -4"  long),  cut  into  3-7  rounded  or  somewhat  wedge-shaped  lobes.  —  Rocks, 
Little  Falls,  New  York  ( Vasey) ;  Willoughby  Mountain,  Vermont  (  Wood,  C. 
C.  Frost) ;  and  high  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Stipes  not  jontcd :  cilia  of  the  indusium  very  short  and  hidden  by  the  sporangia. 

4.  W.  Oregana,  D.  C.  Eaton.  Smooth;  with  fronds  (2'-8' high,  8''- 
12"  wide)  elliptical-lanceolate,  pinnate,  the  fertile  ones  tallest;  pinnae  triangular- 
oblong,  obtuse,  pinnatifid ;  segments  oblong  or  ovate,  obtuse,  finely  toothed, 
and  in  larger  fronds  incised  ;  fruit-dots  near  the  margin  ;  indusium  very  small, 
divided  almost  to  the  centre  into  a  few  nccklace-like-jointcd  cilia.  —  Crevices  of 
rocks,  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior  {Bobbins),  and  westward. 

17.     DICKSONIA,    L'Her.        Dicksonia.     (PI.  17.) 

Fruit-dots  small,  globular,  marginal,  each  placed  on  the  apex  of  a  free  vein 
or  fork ;  the  sporangia  borne  on  an  elevated  globular  receptacle,  enclosed  in  a 
membranaceous  cup-shaped  indusium  which  is  open  at  the  top,  and  on  the  outer 
side  partly  adherent  to  a  reflexed  toothlet  of  the  frond.  (Named  for  James 
Dickson,  an  English  Cryptogamic  botanist.) 

1.  D.  punctilobula,  Kunze.  Minutely  glandular  and  hairy  (2° -3° 
high)  ;  fronds  ovate-lanceolate  and  pointed  in  outline,  pale  green,  very  thin,  with 
strong  chaffless  stalks  rising  from  slender  extensively  creeping  naked  rootstocks, 
mostly  bipinnate  ;  primary  pinnai  lanceolate,  pointed,  the  secondary  pinnatifid 
into  oblong  and  obtuse  cut-toothed  lobes ;  fruit-dots  minute,  each  on  a  recurved 
toothlet,  usually  one  at  the  upper  margin  of  each  lobe.  (D.  pilosiiiscula,  Willd. 
Nephrodium  punctilobulum,  Michx.  Dennstcedtia,  Moore.  Sitolubium, ./.  Smith.) 
—  Moist,  rather  shady  places  :  very  common  :  pleasantly  odorous.     July. 

18.     SCELIZMA,     Smith.        Scuiz.ea.     (PI.  10.) 

Sporangia  large,  ovoid,  striate-rayed  at  the  apex,  opening  by  a  longitudinal 
cleft,  naked,  vertically  sessile  in  a  double  row  along  the  single  vein  of  the  nar- 
row divisions  of  the  pinnate  (or  radiate)  fertile  appendages  to  the  slender  and 
simply  linear,  or  (in  foreign  species)  fan-shaped  or  dichotomously  many-cleft 
fronds  (whence  the  name,  from  a-^l^<x>,  to  split). 

1.  S.  pusilla,  Pursh.  Sterile  fronds  linear,  very  slender,  flattened  and 
tortuous  ;  the  fertile  ones  etjually  slender  {\"  wide),  but  taller  (."'  -  4'  high),  and 
bearing  at  the  top  the  fertile  appendage,  consisting  of  about  5  paii's  of  crowded 


670  FiLicES.     (ferns.) 

pinnoE  (each  1"-1^"  long). — Low  grounds,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey:  Tcry 
local.     Sept. 

19.    LYGODIUM,     Swartz.        Climbing  Fern.     (PI.  19.) 

Fronds  twining  or  cliinliing,  bearing  stalked  und  variously  lobcd  (or  com- 
pound) divisions  in  pairs,  with  mostly  free  veins;  the  fructification  on  sci)aratc 
contracted  divisions  or  spike-like  lobes,  one  side  of  which  is  covered  with  a 
double  row  of  imbricated  hooded  scale-like  indusia,  fixed  by  a  broad  base  to 
short  oblique  veinlets.  Sporangia  much  as  in  Schizaea,  but  oblique,  fixed  to  the 
veinlet  by  the  inner  side  next  the  base,  one  or  rarely  two  covered  by  each  indu- 
sium.     (Name  from  Xvyabrjs.  Jlixible.) 

1.  L.  palmatum,  Swartz.  Very  smootli ;  stalks  slender,  flexile  and  twin- 
ing (l°-3°  long),  from  slender  running  rootstocks  ;  the  short  alternate  branches 
or  petioles  2-forked  ;  each  fork  bearing  a  round-heart-shaped  i)almately  4  -  7-lobed 
frondlet ;  fertile  frondlcts  above,  contracted  and  several  times  forked,  forming  a 
terminal  panicle.  (Hydroglossum,  Willd.)  —  Shaded  or  moist  grassy  places, 
Massachusetts  to  "Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  sparingly  southward  :   rare.     Sept. 

20.     OSMUNDA,     L.        Flowering  Fern.      (PI.  19.) 

Fertile  fronds  or  fertile  portions  of  the  frond  very  much  contracted,  and  bear- 
ing on  the  margins  of  the  narrow  rhachis-like  divisions  short-pedicclled  and 
naked  sporangia :  these  are  globular,  thin  and  reticulated.  Large,  opening  by  a 
longitudinal  cleft  into  two  valves,  and  bearing  near  the  apex  a  few  parallel  strije, 
the  rudiment  of  a  transverse  ring. — Fronds  tall  and  upright,  from  thickened 
rootstocks,  once  or  twice  pinnate ;  veins  forking  and  free.  Spores  green.  ( Os- 
mundir,  a  Saxon  name  of  the  Celtic  divinity,  Thor.) 

*  Fronds  twice  jnnnate,  fertile  al  the  top. 

1.  O.  regklis,  L.  (Flowering  Fern.)  Very  smooth,  pale  green  (2°  v. 
5°  high);  sterile  pinnules  13-25,  varying  from  oblong-oval  to  lance-oblong, 
finely  serrulate,  especially  towards  the  apex,  otherwise  entire,  or  crenately  lobed 
towards  the  rounded,  oblique  and  truncate,  or  even  cordate  and  semi-auriculate 
base,  sessile  or  short-stalked  (l'-2'  long) ;  the  fertile  racemose-panicled  at  the 
summit  of  the  frond.  (0.  spectabilis,  Willd.  O.  glauce'scens,  Link,  i\rettcnius.) 
—  Swamps  and  wet  woods  :  common.  The  cordate  pinnules  arc  commoner  in 
Europe,  but  are  sometimes  foinid  here.     May,  June.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Sterile  fronds  once  pinnate :  pinnve  deeplij  pinnutijid ;  the  lobes  entire. 

2.  O.  Claytoniana,  L.  Clothed  with  loose  wool  when  unfolding,  soon 
perfectly  smootli  (2° -3°  high);  pinme  ohlomj-lanaolale,  with  oblong  obtuse 
divisions;  some  (2 -.5  pairs)  of  the  middle  pinnce  fertile,  these  entirely  pinnate  ; 
sporangia  greenish  turning  brown.  (0.  intcrriipta,  Michr.,  i^-c.) — Low 
grounds:  common.  M:iy.  —  Fruiting  as  it  unfolds.  —  This,  being  Cl.ayton's 
plant  (as  ascertained  in  1839,  both  from  the  Claytonian  andLinnasan  herbaria), 
must  bear  the  original  Linnrean  name,  though  wrongly  described  from  young 
specimens  in  wliicli  the  fructification  was  thought  to  be  terminal. 

3.  O.  cinnain6raea,  L.  (Cinnamon-Fern.)  Clothed  with  rusty  wool 
•when  young ;  sterile  fronds  smooth  when  full  grown,  the  lanceolate  pinnte  pin- 


FiLiCEs.     (ferns.)  671 

natifid  into  broadly  obloiij^  obtuse  divisions ;  fertile  fronds  separate,  from  the 
same  rootstoclv,  contracted,  twice  pinnate,  covered  witli  the  cinnamon-colored 
sporangia. —  Var.  fuondusa  is  a  rare  occasional  state,  in  which  some  of  the 
fronds  are  sterile  below  and  more  sparsely  fertile  at  their  summit.  (O.  Clay- 
toniana,  Conrad,  not  of//.)  —  Rarely  such  fronds  are  fertile  in  the  middle. — 
Swamps  and  low  copses,  everywhere.  May.  —  Growing  in  large  bunches ;  the 
fertile  fronds  in  the  centre,  perfecting  fruit  as  they  unfold,  1°  -2°  long,  decay- 
ing before  the  sterile  fronds  (at  length  4° -5°  high)  get  their  growth. 

21.  BOTRYCHIUM,  Swartz.  Moonwort.  (PI.  19.) 
Rootstock  very  short,  erect,  with  clustered  fleshy  roots  (which  are  full  of 
starch,  in  very  minute,  irregular  granules!) ;  the  base  of  the  naked  stalk  con- 
taining the  bud  for  the  next  year's  frond :  i'rond  with  an  anterior  fertile  and 
a  posterior  sterile  segment;  the  foi-mer  mostly  1 -3-pinnate,  the  contracted 
divisions  bearing  a  double  row  of  sessile  naked  sporangia;  these  are  distinct, 
rather  coriaceous,  not  reticulated,  globular,  without  a  ring,  and  open  transverse- 
ly into  two  valves.  Sterile  segment  of  the  frond  ternatel}'  or  pinnately  divided 
or  compound;  veins  all  free.  Spores  copious,  sulphur-color.  (Name  a  dimin- 
utive of /Sorpus,  a  cluster  ofrjrapes,  from  the  appearance  of  the  fructification.) 
*  Sterile  portion  of  the  frond  sessile  or  nearly  so  on  the  upper  part  of  the  common  stalk. 

1.  B.  Lun^ria,  Swartz.  Sterile  segment  nearly  sessile,  borne  near  the  mid- 
dle of  the  common  stalk,  oblong,  simpli/  pinnate  with  5-15  lunate  or  fun-shaped 
very  obtuse  crenate,  incised  or  nearly  entire,  _^esAy  divisions,  more  or  less  excised 
at  the  base  on  the  lower  or  on  both  sides,  the  veins  radiating  from  the  base  and 
repeatedly  forking;  fertile  segment  panicled,  2 -3-pinnate. — Lake  Superior 
(Lesquereux) ,  and  sparingly  northward.  —  Plant  4' -10'  high,  very  fleshy 
throughout.     (Eu.) 

2.  B.  simplex,  Hitchcock.  Fronds  small  (2' -4',  rarely  5' -6' high),  the 
sterile  segment  short-petioled  from  the  middle  or  upper  part  of  the  common  stalk,  thick- 
ish  and  fleshy,  simple  and  roundish,  or  pinnately  3-7-lobed;  the  lobes  roundish- 
obovate,  nearly  entire,  decurrent  on  the  broad  and  flat  indeterminate  vhachis ; 
the  veins  all  forking  from  the  base  ;  fertile  segment  simjile  or  1  -  2-pinnatb.  —  Maine 
to  New  York,  and  northward  :  rare.     (Eu.) 

3.  B.  lanceolatum,  Angstrrem.  Fronds  small  (3' -8'  high);  the  sterile 
segment  closi'ly  sessile  near  the  top  of  the  long  and  slender  common  stalk,  somewhat 
fleshy,  in  the  smallest  ones  3-loI)C(l,  in  larger  ones  broadly  triangular,  tcriiatily 
twice  pinnatifjd ;  the  divisions  lanceolate,  incised  or  toothed  ;  veins  forking  from  a 
midcein;  fertile  part  2 -3-pinnate.  (B.  simplex  of  former  cd.)  —  New  England 
and  New  Jersey  (C.  F.Austin)  to  Ohio  and  Lake  Superior  (//.  (Jdlman).  Julv. 
(Eu.) 

4.  B.  Virginicum,  Swartz.  Fronds  tidl  and  ample;  sterile  segment  sessile 
above  the  midlife  cf  the  nmmon  stalk,  broadly  triangular,  thin  and  membranaceous, 
tt  male ;  the  sliort-stalked  primary  dieisions  onre  or  tnn're  pinnate,  and  then  once  or 
twice  jiinnatifid  ;  the  oblong  lobes  cut-toothed  towards  the  apex  ;  reins  forking 
from  a  niidrehi;  fertile  part  2  -  3-pinnate. —  Plant  l°-2°  high,  or  often  reduced 
to  a  few  inches,  when  it  is  B.  gracile,  f'ursh.  —  Rich  woods  :  common.  June, 
July.      (Eu.) 


CT2  LYCOI'ODIACK^.       (CLUB-MOSS    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Sterile  poiiion  of  the  fmnd  long-pet iolcci  J rmn  near  the  base  oj"  the  common  .italic. 

5.  B.  lunarioides,  Swartz.  StL-rile  ])ortioii  of  tlic  frond  pctioled  from 
near  the  l)aso,  2 -S-turuato,  or  tin-  ultimate  divisions  often  pinnate  or  pinnately 
parted,  broadly  triangular  in  ficneral  outline ;  the  lobes  or  divisions  obovatc, 
somewhat  kitlncy-shajjed,  roundish  or  oblonjr,  somewhat  crenatc;  fertile  stalk 
3' -6'  hijjjh  ;  the  fertile  ])art  mostly  2-i)innate.  (IJtJtrypns  lunario'idcs,  J//c/(r. 
Botrychium  fumarioules,  Willd.)  —  Dry  and  rich  woods,  especially  southward. 
July.  —  A  state  from  Ilinj^ham,  Massachusetts  ( C.  .7.  S/irarpie),  has  the  two 
lateral  primary  divisions  of  the  sterile  scj^mcnt  chanj^ed  into  long-stalked 
fertile  fronds. 

Var.  obliquum  (B.  obliquum,  ^fllhl.)  is  mostly  larger  (C- 17' high) ;  the 
fructification  mure  compound;  the  sterile  segment  with  oblong  or  lanceolate 
divisions,  citiier  obtuse  or  oblique  at  the  base,  nearly  entire,  toothed,  or  irregu- 
larly pinnatitid. —  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward:  rather  scarce. 

Var.  dissectum  (B.  disscctum,  Muhl.)  has  the  divisions  of  the  sterile 
segment  compoundly  and  laciniatcly  cut  into  narrow  small  lobes  and  teeth  : 
otherwise  as  the  last,  into  which  it  i)asses,  and  with  which  it  grows. 

22.    OPHIOGLOSSUM,    L.        Adder's-Tonguk.        (Bl.  19.) 

Mode  of  growth  much  as  in  Botrychium ;  but  the  coriaceous  sporangia  con- 
nate and  coherent  in  two  ranks  on  the  edges  of  a  simple  spike,  which  in  our 
species  is  single  and  placed  on  a  stalk  rising  from  the  base  of  the  simjile  and 
reticulated- veined  sterile  segment.  Spores  cojjious,  sulphur-color.  (Name 
compounded  ofocpis,  a  serpent,  and  yXclxrcra,  tonr/iu.) 

1.  O.  VUlgatum,  L.  Sterile  segment  ovate  or  ciliptieal-oblong  (2' -3' 
long)  rather  fleshy,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base,  and  sessile  near  the  middle 
of  the  stalk  of  the  fertile  spike.  —  Bogs  and  meadows:  not  common.  July.  — 
Stalk  6'-  12'  high,  rising  from  a  short  oblique  rootstock,  the  bud  not  enclosed 
in  the  base  of  the  stalk.     (Eu.) 


Order  131.     I^YCOPODIACE^.     (Club-Moss  Faahly.) 

Low  plants,  usually  of  Moss-like  aspect ;  loith  pretty  larije  spore-case& 
(sporangia  or  sporocarps)  sessile  in  the  axil  of  .simple  and  sessile,  persi.^tent, 
mosdy  aid-shaped  or  lanceolate  leaves: — of  three  genera,  including  tlie 
aquatic  and  peculiar  Isoiitcs. 

*  Terrestrial,  with  erect  or  creeping  steins  :  spore-cases  free  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

1.  LycopOfliiiin.     Spore-cases  all  of  one  sort,  coriaceous,  mostly  kidney-shaped,  2-valved, 

filled  with  innumerable  minute  spores. 

2.  Selaginella.     Spore-ca.<!es  of  two  sorts;  one  very  small,  oblong  or  globular,  2-viilveil, 

filled  with  innumerable  minute  spores  ;  the  other  larger,  3  -4-ralved,  contaiuing  3  or  4 
large  spores. 

*  #  Aquatic,  with  a  corm  in  place  of  stem,  covered  above  with  the  dilated  bases  of  the  tufted 
long  and  rush-like  leaves,  to  which  the  f  pore-cases  adhere. 

3.  Isoetes.     Spore-cases  of  two  sorts  ;  one  containing  numerous  large,  the  other  numerous 

small  spores. 


LYCOPODIACE^E.       (CLUB-MOSS    FAMILY.)  G73 

1.    LYCOPODITJM,    L.,  Spring.        Club-Moss.     (PI.  20.) 

Spore-cases  all  of  one  kind  (much  like  those  of  Ophioglossum,  only  larger), 
coriaceous,  flatteuccl,  usually  kidney-shaped,  1-celIcd,  2-vaIv-ed,  mostly  liy  a 
transverse  line  round  the  margin,  discharging  the  subtile  spores  in  the  form  of  a 
copious  sulphur-colored  inflammable  powder.  —  Perennials,  witli  evergreen  onc- 
nervcd  leaves,  imbricated  or  crowded  in  4-16  ranks.  (Name  compounded  of 
XuKO?,  a  wolf,  and  Troxis,Jbot,  from  no  obvious  resemblance.) 

§  1 .  Spore-cases  in  the  axils  of  the  ordinary  and  uniform  {d<ir'k--green  and  shining, 
riijid,  lanceolate,  spreadimj,  about  8-ranked)  leaivs. 

1.  L.  lueidulum,  Michx.  Stems  thick,  2  or  3  times  forked,  the  branches 
ascending  (G'  -  1 2'  high) ;  leaves  widely  spreading  or  reflexed,  acute,  viinuteli/  toothed. 
—  Cold,  damp  woods  :  common  northward.  Aug.  —  Little  bulblets  form  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves  of  young  shoots  [Austin,  Tiolhrock). 

2.  L.  SelagO,  L.  Stems  thick  and  rigid,  erect,  fork-branched,  forming  a 
level  topped  cluster  (3' -6'  high)  :  leaves  pointed,  entire.  —  Tops  of  high  moun- 
tains, Maine  to  New  York,  on  the  Allcghanies  southward,  shore  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior, and  northward  :  rare  :  both  the  variety  with  more  erect,  and  that  with 
widely  spreading  leaves.     (Eu.) 

§  2.   Spore-cases  only  in  the  arils  of  the  upper  (hracteaJ)  leaves,  thus  forming  a  spike. 

*  Leaves  of  the  creeping  sterile  and  of  the  upright  fertile  stems  or  branches,  and  those 

of  the  simple  spike  all  alike,  many-ranked  (sporangia  opening  near  the  base). 

3.  L.  inundatum,  L.  Dwarf;  creeping  sterile  stems  forking,  flaccid; 
the  fertile  solitary  (l'-4'  high),  bearing  a  short  thick  spike;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
lance-awl-shaped,  acute,  soft,  spreading,  naked,  or  sometimes  bearing  a  few  minute 
spiny  teeth.  — Leaves  (curving  upwards  on  the  prostrate  shoots)  narrower  in  the 
American  than  in  the  European  plant  (perhaps  a  distinct  species),  and  passing 
into  the  var.  Bigelovii,  Tuckerm.,  which  has  fertile  stems  5'-"' high,  its 
leaves  more  awl-shaped  and  pointed,  sparser  and  more  upright,  often  somewhat 
teeth-bearing.  (L.  Carolinianum,  Bigel..,  not  of  L. )  —  Sandy  bogs,  northward  : 
rare:  the  var.  E.  New  England  to  New  Jersey  and  southward.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

4.  L.  alopecuroldes,  L.  Stems  stout,  very  densely  leafy  throughout; 
the  sterile  branches  rccurved-procumbcnt  and  creeping;  the  fertile  of  the  same 
thickness,  G'-20'  high;  leaves  narrowli/  linear-awl-shaped,  s/iinulose-pointed,  spread- 
ing, conspicuously  brisde-toothed  below  the  middle ;  those  of  the  cylindrical  spike  with 
long  setaceous  tips.  —  Pine-barren  swamps.  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  south- 
ward. Aug.,  Sept.  — Stems,  including  the  dense  leaves,  |'  thick  ;  the  comose 
spike,  with  its  longer  spreading  leaves,  ij'  to  1'  thick. 

*  *  Leaves  (bracts)  of  the  catkin-like  spike  scnie-like,  imbricated,  yllowish,  ovate  or 

heart-shaped,  very  (liferent  from  tho'ie  of  the  sterile  stems  and  branches. 
-I-  Spikes  sessile  (i.  e.  branches  equally  leafy  to  the  top),  single. 

5.  L.  annotinum,  L.  Much  branched;  sterns  prostrate  and  creeping  (\° - 
4°  long)  ;  the  ascending  branches  similar  (h'  -  8'  high),  sparingly  forked,  the  sterile 
ones  making  yearly  growths  from  the  summit ;  leaves  equal,  spreading,  in  about 
5  ranks,  rigid,  lanceolate,  pointed,  minutely  serrulate  (pale  green);  spike  soli- 

GM    29 


C74  LYCorODiACK.*:.      (club-moss  kamilt.) 

tarv,  ohlong-oylindrk-al,  thick.  —  Var.  ruNOEXS,  Spring',  is  a  rctlnccd  sub-alpine 
or  mountain  form,  with  shorter  and  more  rijjid-pointcd  crcctish  leaves.  (Var. 
montanum,  Titrkerm.)  —  Wood-f :  common  northward:  the  var.  on  the  White 
Jlountains,  with  intermediate  forms  around  the  base.     July.     (Eu.) 

6.  L.  dendroideum,  Mielix.  (Grouxd-Pine.)  Stems  upri(jhl  (6'-9' 
high)  from  a  subterranean  creeping  rootstock,  simple  below,  and  clothed  with 
homogeneous  lanceolate-linear  acute  entire  leaves  appressed-ereet  in  4-G  rows, 
lmsh;i-hranchc.d  at  the  summit ;  the  crowded  branches  spreadinrj,  fan-like,  witli  the 
lower  row  of  leaves  shorter  and  the  lateral  spreading :  —  in  var.  onsctRU.M  ap- 
pearing flat,  from  the  leaves  of  the  upper  side  being  also  shorter  and  appresscd. 
{ L.  obscurum,  L.)  —  Moist  woods.  Aug.  —  Remarkable  for  its  tree-like  growth. 
S])ike  cylindrical,  4-10  on  each  plant. 

■<-  -I-  Spikes  peditncled :  i.  e.  the  leaves  minute  on  the  fertile  branches. 
■*-*■  Li  (iirs  homof/eneous  and  equal,  manij-ranked ;  stems  terete. 

7.  L.  claVcltum,  L.  (Commox  Club-Mos.s.)  Stems  creeping  exten- 
sively, with  similar  ascending  short  and  very  leafy  branches  ;  the  fertile  termi- 
nated by  a  slender  peduncle  (4'-C'  long),  bearing  about  2-3  (rarely  1  or  4) 
linear-cylindrical  spikes;  leaves  linear-awl-shaped,  incurvcd-spreading  (light 
green),  tipped,  as  also  the  bracts,  with  a  fine  bristle.  —  Dry  woods  :  common, 
especially  northward.     July.     (Eu.) 

*+  •*-'■  Leaves  of  two  forms,  fcw-ranlced :  stems -or  branches  flattened. 

8.  L.  Carolinianum,  L.  Sterile  stems  and  their  few  short  branches 
entirely  creeping  (leafless  and  rooting  on  the  under  side),  thickly  clothed  with 
broadly  lanceolate  acute  and  somewhat  oblique  1-nei-ved  lateral  haves  widely 
spreading  in  2  ranis,  and  a  shorter  intermediate  row  appresscd  on  the  upper  side  ; 
also  sending  up  a  slender  simple  peduncle  (2'  -4'  liigh,  clothed  merely  with  small 
bract-like  and  appresscd  awl-sliapcd  leaves),  6ea?-m/7  a  single  cylindrical  spike. — 
Wet  pine-barrens.  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     July. 

9.  L.  COmplanktum,  L.  Stems  extensively  creeping  (often  subterra- 
nean), the  erect  or  ascending  branches  several  times  forked  al.ove ;  bushy  branchlcts 
croivded,  flattened,  all  clothed  with  minute  imbricated-appressed  awl-shaped  leaves  in  4 
ranlcs,  with  decurrent-united  bases,  the  lateral  rows  with  somewhat  spreading 
tooth-like  tips,  those  of  the  upper  and  under  rows  smaller,  narrower,  wholly 
appresscd;  peduncle  slender,  bearing  2-4  cylindrical  spikes.  —  Woods  and  thick- 
ets :  common  :  the  typical  form  with  spreading  fan-like  branches,  abundant  south- 
ward ;  —  while  northward,  es])ecial!y  far  northward,  it  passes  gradually  into  var. 
sabix^ef6lium  (L.  sabina;folium,  Willd.  L.  Chamaecypaiissus,  Bruun),  with 
more  erect  and  fascicled  branches.     (Eu.) 

2.     SELAGINELLA,    Bcauv.,  Spring.     (PI.  20.) 

Fructification  of  two  kinds,  namely,  of  spore-cases  like  those  of  Lycopodium, 
but  minute  and  oblong  or  globular,  containing  reddish  or  orange-colored  pow- 
dery spores;  and  of3-4-valved  tumid  larger  ones,  filled  by  3  or  4  (rarely  1  - 
6)  much  larger  globose-angular  spores  (oophoridlu) ;  the  latter  cither  intermixed 
with  the  former  in  the  same  axils,  or  solitary  (and  larger)  in  the  lower  axils  of 
the  leafy  4-ranked  sessile  spike.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  Selago,  an  ancient  name 
of  a  Lycopodium,  from  which  this  genus  is  separated.) 


LTCOPOCIACE^.        (cm  B-.AIOSS    FAMILY.)  f)75 

*  Leaves  all  alike  and  uniformly  imbricated;  those  of  the  spike  similar. 

1.  S.  selaginoides,  Link.  Ste7-ile  stems  prostrate  or  creepinj^,  small  and 
slender;  the  fertile  thicker,  ascending,  simple  {I'  -3'  high);  leaves  lunceolnte,  acute, 
spreadinfj,  sparseh/  spinulose-ciliate.     (S.   spinosa,  Bemiv.     S.  S])inulusa,  Braiin.) 

—  Wet  places,  New  Hampshire  (Pursh),  Michigan,  Lake  Superior,  and  north- 
ward :  rare.  —  Leaves  larger  on  the  fertile  stems,  yellowish-green.     (Eii.) 

2.  S.  rupestris,  Spring.  Much  linmched  in  dose  tnfs  {l'  -3'  \u'^\\) ;  leaves 
densely  appressed-imbricated,  linear-lanceolnte,  convex  and  with  a  grooved  keel, 
minutely  cilinte,  bristle-tipped;  those  of  the  strongly  quad-angular  spike  rather 
broader ;  the  two  sorts  of  fructification  in  the  same  axils.  (Lycopodium  rupcs- 
tre,  L.) — Dry  and  exposed  rocks:  very  common.  —  Grayish-green  in  aspect, 
resembling  a  rigid  Moss. 

*  *  Leaves  shorter  above  and  below,  resemhlinfj  stipules:  the  lateral  lan/er,  i-rauled. 

3.  S.  ^pus,  Spring.  Stems  tufted  and  prostrate,  creeping,  much  branched, 
flaccid  ;  leaves  pellucid-membranaceous ;  the  larger  spreading  horizontally,  ovate, 
oblique,  mostly  obtuse;  the  smaller  appressed,  taper-pointed;  those  of  the  short 
spikes  nearly  similar;  larger  spore-cases  copious  at  the  lower  part  of  the  spike. 
(Lycopodium  apodum,  L.)  — Low,  shady  places  :  not  rare,  especially  southward. 

—  A  delicate  little  plant,  resembling  a  Moss  or  Jungcrmannia. 

3.    ISOETES,    L.        QuiLLwoRT.     (PI.  20.) 

Stem  or  trunk  a  fleshy  more  or  less  depressed  eorm,  rooting  just  above  its  2- 
lobed  (or  in  many  foreign  species  3-lobed)  base,  above  covered  with  the  dilated 
and  imbricated  bases  of  the  awl-shaped  or  linear  somewhat  quadrangular  leaves, 
which  include  4  air-tubes,  intercepted  by  cross  partitions.  Sporangia,  or  sporo- 
carps,  pretty  large,  orbicular  or  ovoid,  plano-convex,  very  thin,  sessile  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves,  and  united  at  the  back  with  their  excavated  bases  (the  thin 
edges  of  the  excavation  foldmg  round  partly  cover  them,  forming  the  velum), 
traversed  internally  by  transverse  threads ;  those  of  the  outer  leaves  filled  with 
large  spherical  spores  (macrospores),  their  whitish  crustaceous  integument  marked 
by  one  circular,  and  on  the  upper  surface  by  3  radiating  elevated  lines  (circum- 
sciibing  a  lower  hemisphere,  and  three  upper  segments  which  open  valve-like  in 
germination):  those  of  the  inner  leaves  filled  with  very  minute  and  powdery 
grayish  spores  (microspores) ;  these  are  always  obliquely  oblong  and  triangular. 

—  Mostly  small  aquatics,  grass-like  or  rush-like  in  aspect,  some  always  sub- 
merged, otiicrs  amphibious,  a  few  living  in  merely  moist  soil,  maturing  their 
fruit  in  late  summer  and  early  autumn,  except  No.  7,  and  some  forms  of  No.  6. 

Genus  much  investigated  of  late  by  Prof.  Durien  and  the  late  J.  Gay  of 
France,  and  by  Prof.  Braun  of  Berlin,  newly  elaborated  for  this  edition  by  Dr. 
George  Engelmann. 

*  Growing  under  water,  only  acridentnlly  or  in  very  dry  seasons  out  of  water :  leaves 

tvithout  stonmta  (except  in  some  forms  of  No.  3),  and  ivithout  peripheriml  bast- 
bundles. 
1.   I.  laeiistris,  L.     Leaves  (10-25  in  number,  2' -6' long)  dark  green, 
rigid  ;    sporocarps  ovoid  or  circular,   the  ujjper  third  or  less  covered  by   the 
velum,  free  part  pale  and  unspotted  ;  both  kind  of  spores  the  largest  of  our  spe- 


676  LYCOrODIACEyE.       (CLUB-MOSS    FAMILY.) 

cics;  macrosporcs  (0''.32-0".38  Avi(k')  covered  with  short  and  twisted  crested 
ridges,  which  often  aiiiistoinose  ;  microspores  (()".()!  7 -()". 020  long)  smooth. — 
Mountain  hikes,  Penn.,  New  Yoik,  and  .New  Knghmd  to  Lake  Superior,  and 
northward  often  witli  No.  3.  (lOu.) — The  American  is  distinguished  from  the 
European  j)Iant  hy  the  hirger  macrosporcs,  tiicrcforc  I.  macnjspora,  Dtiricu. 

2.  I.  Tuekerm&,ni,  Braun,  n.  sp.  Lcav<;s  (10-30,  2' -3'  long)  very 
slender,  awl-siiapid,  olive-green,  the  outer  ones  recurved;  sporocarps  ovoid  or 
circular,  the  ujjper  third  covered  hy  the  velum,  the  free  part  sometimes  hrownish- 
spotted;  macrosporcs  (0".22 -0''.28  wide)  on  the  upper  segments  covered  with 
parallel  and  anastoniosizing  ridges,  the  lower  half  reticulated ;  niicro>j)ores 
(0".013-0''.015  long)  smooth  or  very  delicately  pa[)illose. — Mystic  and  other 
ponds  near  Boston,  together  with  the  next,  Tucker  mini,  W.  Boott. 

3.  I.  echinospora,  Durieu.  Leaves  slender,  awl-shaped ;  sporocarps 
ovoid  or  circular;  macrosporcs  (0".20-0".25  wide)  beset  all  over  with  small 
entire  and  olitusc  or  slightly  forked  spimiles.  (Eu. )  —  In  the  Euroi)ean  form, 
which  has  not  yet  been  found  in  America,  the  leaves  are  very  slenderly  attenu- 
ated (3' -4'  long),  the  upper  margin  of  tiie  s])orocarp  only  is  covered  with  the 
narrow  velum,  the  free  part  is  unspotted,  and  the  slightly  papillose  microspores 
are  larger  (0". 015-0". OIG  long).  The  following  are  the  American  forms  of 
this  species. 

Var.  Braunii.  Leaves  (l.")-30  in  number,  3' -6'  long)  dark  and  often 
olive-green,  straight  or  commonly  recurved,  half  or  two  thirds  of  the  sporocarp 
covered  by  the  velum,  the  free  part  often  with  light  brown  spots;  macrosporcs 
as  in  the  species ;  microspores  smaller  (0".013-0".014  long),  smooth  (L  Braunii, 
Durieu.) — Ponds  and  lakes.  New  England  to  New  York,  Penn.,  and  north- 
ward, often  with  the  two  preceding.  —  Often  with  a  few  stomata,  especially  in 
Niagara  specimens. 

Var.  rauric^ta.  Leaves  (1.5-30,  G'-lO'lang)  straight  or  flaccid,  bright 
green  ;  about  one  half  of  the  almost  circular  sporocarp  covered  by  the  velum, 
unspotted  ;  macrosporcs  (0".22-0".27  wide)  with  shorter  and  blunter  spinules  ; 
microspores  as  in  the  last  variety,  or  rarely  spinulose.  (I.  muricata,  Durieu.)  — 
In  some  ponds  north  of  Boston,  IF.  Boott. 

Var.  Boottii.  Leaves  (12-20,  4' -5'  high)  awl-shaped,  stiffly  erect,  bright 
green,  with  stomata;  sporocarp  as  in  last;  macrosporcs  as  in  the  species,  but  a 
little  smaller  and  with  very  slender  spinules.  (I.  Boottii,  Braun,  in  litt.)  —  Pond 
in  VV'oburn,  near  Boston,  partly  out  of  water,   IT.  Boott. 

*  *  (hmnnfj  parti ij  out  of  ivater,  either  hi/  the  pond  dri/infj  up,  or  hi/  the  receding  of 
the  ehh  tide;  leaves  with  stomata,  and  in  6  and  7  with  Jour  or  more  peri/iherical 
hast-hnndles. 

4.  I.  sacchar^ta,  Engelm.,  n.  sp.  Leaves  (10- 1.5,  2'-3'  long)  slender, 
olive-green,  curved  ;  sporocarps  small,  ovoid,  only  the  upjier  edge  covered  by  the 
velum;  nearly  unspotted;  macrosporcs  (0".20-0''.22  wide)  minutely  tubcrcu- 
late;  micros])ores  (0".012  long)  papillose.  —  On  Wicomico  Hiver,  eastern  shore 
of  Maryland,  between  high  and  low  tide,  W.  M.  (.'finlii/. 

5.  I.  ripkria,  Engelm.  Leaves  (15-30,  4' -  8'  long)  slender,  deep  green, 
erect ;   sporocarps  mostly  oblong,  upper  margin  to  one  third  covered  by  the 


HYDROPTERIDF.S.       (mARSILIACE^.)  C77 

velum,  the  free  part  spotted;  macrosporcs  very  variable  in  s-izc  (0".22-0"."0 
wide),  the  upper  segments  covered  by  short  crested  ridges,  which  on  the  lower 
hemisphere  run  together  forming  a  network ;  microspores  larger  than  in  any 
other  species  except  No.  1  (U".013-0".01G  long),  mostly  somewhat  tubcrcu- 
lated.  —  Gravelly  banks  of  the  Delaware,  from  above  Philadcli)hia  to  Y\'il- 
mington,  between  flood  and  ebb  tide;  margins  of  ponds,  Xew  England  {Rohhivs, 
&e.),  and  northward.  —  Distinguished  from  the  nearly  allied  I.  lacustris  by  the 
stomata  of  the  leaves,  the  spotted  sporocarp,  the  smaller  size  of  the  spores  and 
tlieir  reticulation  on  the  lower  half. 

6.  I.  Engelmanni,  Eraun.  Leaves  long  (25-100,  9' -20'  long),  light 
green,  erect  or  at  last  prostrate,  Hat  on  the  upper  side ;  sporocarps  niostly  ob- 
long, unspotted,  the  velum  very  narrow;  macrospores  (0". 19-0". 24  wide)  cov- 
ered all  over  with  a  coarse  honey-comb-liko  network;  microspores  (0".012- 
0".014  long)  mostly  smooth.  —  Shallow  ponds  and  ditches,  from  Massachusetts 
(near  Boston,  IF.  Boott,  II.  Mann)  to  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware  and  (prob- 
ably through  the  Middle  States)  to  Missouri.  — By  far  the  largest  of  our  species, 
often  mature  in  July. 

Var.  gracilis.  Leaves  few  (8-12  only,  9' -12'  long)  and  very  slender; 
both  kinds  of  spores  nearly  as  in  the  species.  —  Southern  Kew  England,  ap- 
parently in  deep  water. 

Var.  valida.  Trunk  large  and  stout  (often  l'-2' wide);  leaves  (50-100, 
even  200,  18'- 25'  long)  with  an  elevated  ridge  on  the  upper  side;  sporocarps 
oblong  or  linear-oblong  (4"- 9"  long),  one  third  or  one  half  or  more  covered  by 
the  velum;  both  kinds  of  spores  very  small,  macrospores  0".16-0".22  wide, 
microspores  0".011 -0".013  long,  spinulose.  —  Delaware  (  IF.  M.  Cunhy),  and 
Pennsylvania  (Prof.  Porter).     Sept. 

7.  I.  melanopoda,  J.  Gay.  Leaves  (15-50,  6'- 10' long)  very  slender, 
keeled  on  the  back,  straight,  bright  green,  usually  with  dark  brown  or  black 
shining  bases ;  sporocarps  mostly  oblong,  with  a  very  narrow  velum,  brown  or 
spotteil;  macrospores  very  small  (0".14-0".18  wide),  smoothish,  or  with  faint 
tubercles  or  ridges;  microspores  (0''.010-0".012  long)  spinulose  — Shallow 
ponds,  and  wet  prairies  and  fields.  Central  and  Northern  Illinois  (E.  Hall, 
T'ase^),  and  westward.  June,  and  sometimes  again  in  November.  —  Trunk 
more  spherical  and  more  deeply  2-lobed,  and  both  kind  of  spores  smaller  than 
in  any  other  of  our  species ;  leaves  disappearing  during  the  summer  heat. 
Closely  approaching  the  completely  terrestrial  species  of  the  Mediterranean 
region. 

Jwo  other  species,  I.  flAccida,  Shuttleworth,  and  I.  Chapm\ni,  Engelm., 
are  found  in  Florida;  and  three  more,  I.  Nuttallii,  Braun,  I.  Calivounu  a, 
Engelm.,  and  I  ptom/ea,  Engelm.,  in  the  Pacific  States. 

Order  132.     IIYDROPTEKIDES.     (MarsiliacevE,  R.  Br.) 

Aquatic  cryptor/nmoux  plant.<<,  of  d'werse  habit,  loith  the  fniclificadon  borne 
on  suhmerfjed  branches,  couKiMing  of  two  sorts  of  orffunn,  contained  in  irrey- 
vhirly  bursting  incolucres  (sporocarps):  —  here  represented  by  only  two 
genera. 


678  HYDROPTEKIDKS.       (mARSILIACE^..) 

1.     MARSIlIA,     L.         Marsilia. 

Submersed  or  emcrscd  aquatic  plants,  with  slender  creeping  rootstocks,  send- 
ing up  elongated  petioles,  which  bear  at  their  a|)ex  a  whorl  of  4  nervose-veined 
leaflets,  and  at  or  near  tlieir  base,  or  sometimes  on  tiic  rootstock,  one  or  more 
globular  but  somewhat  eccentric  sporocarps.  These  sj)orocarps  or  fruit  arc  2- 
cclled  vertically,  and  with  many  transverse  partitions,  and  split  or  bur>t  into  2 
lobes  at  maturity.  On  the  partitions  arc  inserted  numerous  short-stalked  spo- 
rangia, of  two  sorts  intermixed ;  the  larger  ones  containing  a  single  oval  or  ob. 
long  spore,  the  smaller  containing  many  very  minute  spores.  (Named  for 
Aloijsius  Marsili,  an  early  Italian  naturalist,  —  therefore  to  be  written  IMarsilia, 
not  Marsilea.) 

1.  M.  quadrifblia,  L.  Leaflets  broadly  obovate-cuncate,  glabrous ;  spo- 
rocarps usually  2  or  3  on  a  short  peduncle  from  near  the  base  of  the  petioles, 
pcdicelled,  glabrous  or  somewhat  hairy.  —  In  water,  the  leaflets  commonly  float- 
ing on  the  surface ;  Bantam  Lake,  Litchfield,  Connecticut,  Dr.  T.  F.  Allen. 
The  only  known  habitat  in  America.     (Eu.) 

2.  M.  uncinata,  Braun.,  with  luiiry  leaflets,  and  villous  short-stalked  or 
sessile  sporocarps,  solitary  at  the  base  of  each  petiole,  will  doubtless  be  Ibund 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  Wisconsin.  It  has  been  confounded  with  the  very 
similar  M.  vcstita.  Hook  and  Grcv.,  of  the  Southwest. 

*2.     AZOLLA,     Lam.         Azoll.v.     (PI.  20.) 

Plant  floating  free,  pinnately  branched,  clothed  with  minute  imbricated  leaves, 
appearing  like  a  small  Jungermannia ;  fructification  sessile  on  the  under  side 
of  the  branches,  of  2  sorts.  Sporocarps  covered  at  first  with  an  indusium  of  a 
single  diaphanous  membrane,  ovoid  :  the  smaller  kind  opening  transversely  all 
round,  containing  several  roundish  aniheridia?  pelt^itely  attached  to  the  sides  of 
a  central  erect  column  :  the  large  or  fertile  kind  bursting  irregularly,  filled  with 
numerous  spherical  sporangia  rising  from  the  base  on  slender  stalks,  each  con- 
taining a  few  globular  spores.  (Name  said  to  come  from  a^u),  to  dry,  and  oAXo), 
to  kill,  being  destroyed  by  dryness.) 

1.  A.  Carolini^na,  Willd.  Leaves  ovate-obloiig,  obtuse,  sjireading,  red- 
dish underneath,  beset  with  a  few  bristles.  —  Still  water.  New  York  to  Illinois 
and  southward.     Plant  forming  little  mats  on  the  water,  G"-12"  broad. 


SALvfNiA  n.Vtans,  L.,  Said  by  Pursh  to  grow  floating  on  the  surface  of  small 
lakes  in  Western  New  York,  has  not  been  found  by  any  other  person,  and 
probably  does  not  occur  in  this  country.     It  is  therefore  omitted. 


ADDENDA 

Januaky,  1868. 


To  page  110. 
Uinx  GRAviiOLENS,  L.,  Garden  Rue,  is  naturalized  on  rocky  roadsides, 
Bedford  Co.,  Virginia,  according  to  A.  II.  Curtiss. 

To  page  112,  113. 

2.  VitiS  Sestivalis,  Michx.  Original  of  the  Clinton,  Norton's  Virginia 
Seedlinr/,  and  some  other  wine  gra])e.s. 

Var.  ?  cin^rea,  Engelm.  "  Branchlets  and  both  sides  of  the  almost  entire 
leaves  cancscent,  even  when  mature ;  berries  very  small,  l)]ack  and  shining,  very 
acid  until  after  frost.  —  Rich  bottom  lands  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  Illinois, 
and  southward."     Engelmann. 

3.  V.  COrdifolia,  Michx.,  according  to  Engclmann,  "  has  the  small  berries 
black  without  bloom,  tlic  small  seeds  rounded  above  and  with  a  prominent 
rhaphe.     Unfit  for  cultivation." 

3*.  V.  riparia,  Michx.,  Dr.  Engclmann  concludes  should  be  restored  as  a 
species,  with  the  following  character.  "Leaves  larger,  usually  inciscly  3-lobed, 
the  lobes  long-pointed  ;  panicles  small,  rather  simple;  berries  larger  and  mostly 
with  bloom  ;  seeds  larger,  obtuse  or  somewhat  obcordatc  and  with  an  inconsjjic- 
uous  rh  iphe.  —  May,  earlier  than  V.  cordifolia.  Thickets  and  river-banks, 
from  Vermont  to  Michigan  and  Illinois.  Several  varieties  in  cultivation  :  the 
most  esteemed  white  one  is  the  Taijlor-Didlit  Grape.  The  celebrated  claret-col- 
ored Delaware  Grape  seems  also  to  belong  here."     Engelmann. 

To  page  126,  after  Genista. 
Cytisus    (or   Sarotiiamxus)    scopXrius,    Scotch   Broom,   of  Europe, 
which  is  often  planted  for  ornament,  has  become  naturalized  extensively  in  Vir- 
ginia near  Washington  and  southwai'd,  according  to  A.  H.  Curtiss,  so  as  to 
deserve  a  place  in  this  work.     May,  June. 

To  page  130. 

4.  Petalostemon  folibsus,  Gray,  in  Proceed.  Amer.  Acad.  7,  p.  336. 
Smooth,  very  leafy  ;  leaflets  lG-29,  linear-oblong,  mucronate,  the  glands  few 
and  small ;  spikes  cylindrical,  short-pcduiicled  ;  bracts  slcnder-awncd  from  a 
lanceolate  base,  exceeding  the  rose-])nr])le  flowers ;  calyx  also  glabrous,  the 
teeth  about  half  the  length  of  the  cylindraceous  tube.  —  Banks  of  Fox  River, 
Kane  Co.,  Illinois,  ^^r.  Burgess  Truesdell.  Also  Nashville,  Tenu.,  Mr.  Ilatck. 
"  Like  the  other  species  jjlcasantly  fragrant."     Aug. 


G80 


ADDKNDA. 


To  pii.izc  143. 

6.  Baptisia  Villbsa,  Kll.  Sonu-times  soft-linirv,  usually  niinutplv  ]!n- 
bcsccnt  M-hcn  youn^,  erect,  2° -3°  lii;fh,  with  divertient  hranclics  ;  leaves  almost 
sessile  ;  leaflets  wcdjrc-lanceolate  or  obovate  ;  lower  stipules  lanceolate  and  per- 
sistent, those  of  the  bi-auehlets  often  small  and  subulate  ;  racemes  many-llow- 
cred  ;  pedicels  equalling  oi  longer  than  the  calyx  and  the  subulate  mostly  de- 
ciduous bracts;  corolla  yellow;  |)ods  ovoid-oblong  and  taper-pointed,  minutely 
pubescent.  —  Franklin,  S.  Virginia,  IT.  J/.  Canby,  and  southward.     May. 

To  page  150,  at  bottom. 
2.  PoTfeniUM  SANGUisonnA,  L.  Garden  Burnet.  Stamens  12  or  more 
in  the  lower  flowers  of  the  globular  greenish  head,  with  drooping  capillary  fila- 
ments, the  u])per  flowers  pistillate  only ;  stems  about  1°  high  ;  leaflets  numerous, 
small,  ovate,  deeply  cut.  —  Fields  and  rocks,  near  Baltimore,  P.  V.  Leroij.  July. 
(Adv.  from  En.) 

To  page  159. 

7.  Rosa  canina,  L.  Dog  Kose.  Resembles  Swect-Brier  (No.  .5),  but 
more  bushy,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  and  nearly  without  glands,  none  on  the 
lower  surface  of  the  leaflets,  which  are  therefore  inodorous.  —  Pennsylvania, 
abundant  near  Easton,  Professors  Green  and  Porter.     (Xat.  from  Eu.) 

To  page  244. 
27».  SolidagO  tortif61ia,  Ell.  Stem  slender,  erect,  2° -3°  high,  sca- 
brous-pubcrulent  above,  thickly  leafy  to  crowded  panicle  of  racemes  ;  leaves 
(often  twisted  at  the  base)  linear,  small  (j'- 2' long),  sharply  serrate  Avith  a 
few  scattered  small  teeth,  rough  on  the  margins  and  midrib  beneath,  the  veins 
very  inconspicuous  ;  heads  small ;  the  small  rays  and  the  disk-flowers  each  .3  -  .'>. 
—  Northampton  Co.,  E.  shore  of  Virginia,  and  southward,  W  M.  t'aiihij. 
Heads  like  those  of  small  forms  of  S.  Canadensis  :  the  leaves  peculiar. 

To  page  266,  line  2. 
Var.  TUBCLiFLi^RUM,  S.  Tenney,  in  Amer.  Nat.  :  an  abnormal  state  of  the 
White-weed,  with  the  rays  transformed  into  large  and  jialmately  or  bilabiately 
5-lobed  (rarely  3  -4-Iobcd)  tubular  corollas.  —  Fields,  Poughkeejjsie,  New  York, 
Prof.  Tenney. 

To  page  292,  before  Chiogenes. 
I.T.   Vaccinium  ten611um,  Ait.      Between  No.  14  and  No.  11,  taller 
than  the  latter  (l°-3°  high),  with  firmer  and  obscurely  serrulate  leaves,  and 
narrower  cylindraceous  corolla.  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  Franklin,  S.  Virginia, 
W.  J/.  Canhy,  and  common  southward.     April,  May. 

To  page  323,  before  Phelipa3a. 

0Ron.4NCHE    MINOR,  L.,  Lesser   Bkoom-rate,  is  parasitic  on  Clover  in 

the  vicinity  of  Washington  (F.  Peek),  and  has  been  met  with  in  New  Jersey 

(  W.  M.  Canby)  ;  but  it  may  not  long  abide.     The  genus  is  known  from  Phc- 

lipaea  by  its  calyx  of  two  sepals  (either  entire  or  2-cleft)  and  no  bractlots,  the 


At)Dt:NDA.  G81 

style  persistent.  This  species  is  from  G'  to  15'  high,  liglit  yellowish-l)rowii, 
witli  sonic  bluish-purple  in  the  flowers,  tlicse  in  a  loose  spike  from  .T  to  !)'  lonj^. 
(Adv.,  from  Eu.) 

To  pnqo  410. 
.3.  vVtriplkx  rosk.v,  L.  More  hoary-mealy  than  A.  ])atula  ;  leaves  short- 
petioled  or  the  upper  sessile,  rhombic-ovate  or  oblong  -with  a  wcdg-c-sliajjcd  base, 
foarsely  sinuate-toothed;  fertile  flowers  mostly  clustered  in  the  axils;  fruiting 
bracts  broad,  cut-toothed  and  warty,  united  to  the  middle.  — Albanv,  New  York, 
in  streets  and  waste  places,  Sept.,  C.  11.  Peck,  G.  \V.  Clinton.     ( Atlv.  from  Eu.J 

To  page  452. 
5\    Quercus  prinoides,  Willd.     (Q.  Trinus,  var.  humilis.  Marsh.),  the 
Dwarf  Chkstnct  or  Chixquapin-Oak,  is  probably  a  quite  distinct  species. 
^Vs  noted  by  Mr.  Emerson  in  Trees  of  Mass.,  some  of  the  scales  of  the  cup  are 

a])t  to  proiluce  abortive  little  acorns  in  their  axils. 

To  page  479. 
S".  Lemna  paucicostata,  Hegelmaier,  in  litt.  "  Fronds  obliquely  ob- 
ovatc  (1"-  l^"  long),  thin,  mostly  grouped  3-.'J  together  ;  fruit  and  style  as  in 
L.  pcrpusilla;  seed  marked  with  12-  14  prominent  (instead  of  30-40  delicate) 
ribs,  between  them  (in  both  species)  transversely  striate.  —  Ponds,  about  St.  Louis 
and  southward  into  the  tropics  :  frequently  fertile,  Aug.  -  Oct."     Emjelmann. 

To  page  483. 
3.  Naiae  Indioa,  var.  graeillima,  Braun,  Mss.  "Branches  alternate; 
leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  nearly  caj)illary,  straight,  serrate  (with  20-40  teeth 
consisting  of  3  cells  each),  the  rounded  lobes  of  the  sheathmg  base  spinulose- 
ciliate;  fruit  linear,  brown,  impressed-dottcd  between  the  numerous  (about  24) 
ribs.  —  In  ponds,  Albany,  New  York,  C.  H.  Peck,  Woburn,  Massachusetts, 
\Vm.  Boott;  1867,  Missouri,  Engelmann.  —  N.  minor,  not  yet  found  in  America, 
is  dichotomous,  with  recurved  leaves,  few  and  stout  spikes,  and  seeds  trans- 
versely i-eticulatcd. —  N.  flcxilis  has  the  leaves  minutely  serrate  with  teeth  of 
single  cells,  their  abrupt  and  rounded  sheathing  base  toothed,  the  yellowish- 
brown  seeds  lance-oval,  smooth  and  shining,  &c."     Engelmann. 

To  page  491. 
3.    Triglochin  triandrum,  Michx.     Scape  and  leaves  slender  (6' -12' 
high)  ;  flowers  very  small,  with  only  3  sepals  and  3  stamens  (instead  of  G  as  in 
the  others) ;  fruit  globose-triangular,  or  when  dry  3-lobed.  —  Sea-shore  of  Mary- 
land and  Virginia,  W.  M.  Canbij,  and  southward.     Aug.  -  Oct. 

To  page  499. 
2".  Habenaria  nivea,  Sjircng.  Stem  slender,  l°-Uo  high,  many- 
leaved,  the  1  or  2  lower  leaves  lance-linear  and  4' -8'  long,  the  others  small  and 
bract-like  ;  spike  cylindrical,  loosely  many-flowered  ;  flowers  white,  small  ;  ))et- 
als  and  entire  lip  linear-oblong  ;  sj)ur  thread-shaped,  ascending,  as  long  as  the 
white  ovary.  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  S.  Delaware,  W.  M.  Ciuiln/,  and  south- 
ward.    Aug.     Ovary  not  twisted  :  spur  thercl'ore  looking  towards  the  axis. 


G82  ADDENDA. 

To  page  584. 
57'.  Carex  glaucescens,  Ell.  Sterile  spike  sinplo,  long-pcdnnclcd  ;  fertile 
spikes  3  -  10,  cylindrical  ( 1'  -  2'  long),  on  slender  droopin<^  peduncles,  most  of 
them  staminatc  at  the  summit ;  lowest  bract  usually  exceeding  the  culm,  the 
others  shorter  and  bristle-like  ;  perigynia  ovate,  comi)ressed-3-anglcd,  abruptly 
pointed  with  a  short  nearly  entire  beak,  nerveless  except  at  the  angles,  glaucous, 
longer  than  the  chestnut-colored  rough-awned  scale  ;  culms  2°  -  4°  high,  above 
rough  on  the  sharp  angles  ;  leaves  glaucous,  rigid,  nearly  equalling  the  culms, 
tapering  gradually  into  a  slender  bristle-like  apex.  —  Pinc-barrcn  ponds,  from 
Portsmouth,  Virginia  (  \V.  M.  Canbi/)  southward. 

To  page  591. 
96'.  C.  nigro-margin^ta,  Schw.  Culms  some  very  short  among  the 
bases  of  tlie  leaves,  some  8'  -  10'  high  ;  spikes  3,  rarely  4  or  .5,  dark  purple,  the 
terminal  sterile  one  sometimes  inconsjjicuous  among  the  fertile,  which  are  crowded 
into  a  head,  or  the  lowest  occasionally  remote  and  pcdunclcd  ;  bracts  scale-like 
and  pointed,  or  the  lowest  rarely  leafy  and  ctiualling  or  barely  exceeding  the 
culm ;  perigynia  nerveless,  pubescent,  stipitate,  oval  and  unequally  3-sided, 
pointed  with  an  obliquely  notched  beak ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  cuspidate,  the 
lowest  somewhat  lanceolate,  deep  purple  with  greenish  centre,  scarcely  equalling 
the  perigynium.  —  Dry  hillsides.  New  Jersey  (and  Pennsylvania  ?),  C.  F.  Aicstin, 
C.  F.  Parker,  Prof.  Porter,  C.  E.  Smith,  and  southward.  Grows  in  close  tufts, 
and  has  remarkably  rigid  long  and  curved  leaves. 

To  page  615,  after  line  25.  * 

3'.    Calamagrostis  Lapponica,  Trin.      Culm  and  rootstocks  stouter 

than  in  C.  strictu;  the  narrow  ])anicle  less  deftse,  and  purplish  spikclcts  larger; 

glumes  fully  2"'  long,  tapering  to  a  point ;  awn  from  much  below  the  middle  of 

tlic  palet,  stout.  —  Isle  Royale,  Lake  Superior,  Prof.  T.  C.  Porta:   Aug.    (Eu.) 

To  page  650,  after  No.  63. 
G3\   ROTTBa:LI.IA,  L. 

Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  joint  of  a  terete  slender  sjiikc,  awnless ;  one  impcr- 
feet  or  rudimentary  on  a  short  and  thick  ai)])rcsscd  pedicel ;  the  other  sessile 
and  imbedded  in  an  excavation  of  the  joint  of  the  rhachis,  2-flowered.  Exterior 
glume  hard  and  cartilaginous,  with  a  hinge-like  transverse  depression  next  the 
base,  the  mner  one  boat-shaped  and  membranaceous.  Palets  thin  and  delicate, 
one  for  the  lower  and  staminatc  or  neutral  flower,  two  for  the  u|)per  and  perfect 
flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  2.  —  Tall,  or  coarse  perennials,  with  rigid  stems, 
and  single  cartilaginous  sj)ikes  terminating  the  stem  and  axillary  branches, 
chiefly  subtn)])ical.  (Named  for  Prof.  C.  F.  Rutthixll,  an  excellent  Danish 
botanist,  who  wrote  much  ujion  Gramineae,  Cyi)eracere,  &c.) 

1.  R.  rugbsa,  Nutt.  Culm  flattish,  2° -4°  high;  leaves  linear;  spikes 
l'-2'  long,  the  lateral  ones  on  short  clustered  branches  in  the  axils,  often 
partly  included  in  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves ;  sterile  flower  neutral ;  lower  glume 
transversely  rugose.  —  Low  pine-barrens,  from  S.  Delaware  (  W.  M.  Cuithij) 
•outhward  near  the  coast.     Sept.  -  Oct. 


INDEX. 


\*  The  names  of  thj  Classes,  Subclasses,  and  the  Latin  names  of  Orders,  are  in  full  capitals  ; 
of  the  Suborders,  Tribes,  &c.,  in  small  capitals  ;  of  the  Genera,  &c.,  as  well  as  popular  names 
and  synonymes,  in  common  type. 


Ahele-tree 

467 

Alkanet 

363 

ANPnOMEDEyK 

287 

Abies 

471 

Alligator  Pear 

422 

Androp.igon 

651 

Abiktine>c; 

468 

Allium 

633 

And  rosace 

314 

Abutilon 

101 

Allosurus 

660 

Anemone 

36 

Acacia 

131, 145 

Allspice,  Wild 

423 

Angelica 

192 

Acalypha 

436 

Almond  Family 

146 

Angelica-tree 

199 

Acanthus  Family 

338 

AInus 

460 

Angelico 

194 

ACANTIIACE^ 

338 

Alo.- 

513 

ANGIOSI'ERM.5; 

33 

Acvr 

118 

Alo])ecurus 

60S 

Anise  Hyssop 

353 

Ac-rates 

397 

Aliiine  Azalea 

301 

Anisopbylluni 

431 

ACEKIXE-E 

117 

Alpine  Bistort 

415 

ANONACE^ 

50 

AchiUfa 

266 

Alsine 

91 

Aiitennaria 

269 

Aciiida 

413 

Alsine^ 

87 

Antiiemide-*: 

220 

Acoiiitum  (Aconite) 

46 

Alum-root 

169 

Anthemis 

265 

Acorus 

478 

Altbasa 

99 

Anthoxaxthe^ 

606 

ACKOGENS 

653 

Alvssine^ 

63 

AXTHUXANTIIUM 

643 

Acta'a 

47 

Alyssum 

72 

Anti  gramma 

663 

Actinella 

263 

Amaranth 

411 

Antiuriiixk.k 

324 

Acliuomeris 

258 

Amaranth  Family 

411 

Antikkiiixide.e 

324 

Adam-and-Eve 

510 

Amarantus 

411 

Antirrhinum 

326 

Adam's  Needle 

535 

AMARANTACE^ 

411 

Anychia 

96 

Adder's-raouth 

50:) 

Amarelloides 

387 

Apalanthe 

496 

Addt-r's-tongue 

633,  672 

AMARVLLIDACE^ 

612 

Aphyllon 

323 

Adelia 

402 

Amaryllis 

513 

Ai)etalou3  Exogenous  PI. 

403 

Adenocaulon 

227 

Amaryllis  Family 

512 

Api,.s 

140 

Adenorhauhis 

161 

Ambriiia 

407 

Apleotrum 

610 

Adiantura 

658 

Ambrosia 

250 

AfOCYNACE.'E 

392 

Adice 

445 

Anielanehier 

162 

Apocynum 

393 

Adlumia 

60 

American  Alne 

513 

Apple 

161 

Adonis 

48 

American  Centaury 

384 

Ar>|.le  of  Peru 

3S2 

jEschynommene 

134 

American  Columbo 

386 

AQUIFOLIACE^ 

305 

^sculus 

117 

Americin  Cowsli)) 

314 

Aquif.>lium 

308 

j^iihusa 

193 

American  Frug's-bit 

495 

Aquilegia 

45 

Agathophyton 

408 

American  Ipecac 

150 

ARAIilDR.B 

63 

Agave 

513 

American  Ivy 

113 

Arabis 

67 

Agriinonia 

151 

Amianthium 

525 

AUACK.K 

475 

Ajrrimony 

151 

Ammadenia 

92 

Aralia 

19S 

Afrropyron 

637 

Ammannia 

182 

AKXLIACKM 

198 

Agrostemma 

90 

Ammnphila 

616 

Arbor  Viuu 

472 

AOmi-STIDE/E 

603 

Anu)ri)ha 

130 

AuillTE.K 

287 

Agni)-ti3 

611 

Aini)elopsis 

113 

ArlMitus 

292 

Ailanthus 

no 

AnipliicarpiJEa 

141 

Arl)utus  (Trailli.^^ 

293 

Aira 

641 

Aniphicarpura 

644 

Arcliiiiig<-lica 

193 

Airopsis 

641 

Anisonia 

393 

Archimora 

192 

A.Ii:ii01DE/E 

342 

Amycdalk^ 

146 

Arctostaphylos 

292 

Alder 

460 

Ar.acharis 

495 

Arenaria 

90 

AMer-Buckthom 

115 

ANACAllDIACEiE 

111 

Arethusa 

506 

AlchcmiUa 

151 

ANAfiALI.IDE.B 

313 

Aki:thi:se>k 

497 

Aletris 

515 

Anagallis 

316 

Argemone 

59 

Alisma 

491 

Anantherix 

398 

Arisiema 

475 

ALISMACE^ 

4^0 

Anchistea 

660 

Aristi.la 

618 

ALliME.t 

490 

Aadromeda 

295 

Aristolochia 

404 

C84 

INDEX. 

ARTSTOLOCniACE^ 

403 

Basswood 

103 

Bladdfrwort  Family 

317 

Aiimria 

312 

I'.nstard  I'ennyjmyal 

344 

Bla/.ing-Star 

223,  527 

Arnica 

271 

Bastanl  Toad-llax 

42b 

lUephilia 

352 

Aromatic  Wintergreen 

2.13 

Itatixifiulrou 

290 

Llossed  Thistle 

2T2 

Aiihciiaiillierum 

642 

Batrachium 

40 

Bktia 

51)9 

Allow  Arum 

4Tt5 

Bat,schia 

3(13 

Llitum  (Blite) 

408 

Anow-Giass 

4J1 

Hayberry 

4o7 

l;loo.l-roo| 

60 

Anuw-Grass  Family 

4^0 

Ikach  I'ea 

l.-.i) 

i;ic)o,hvoit  Family 

514 

Ario«-li,aa 

4;.2 

H^ak-Kush 

5!  17 

V,h\f  licich 

457 

Air..vv-wo.,a 

21).; 

li.-au 

110 

r.luebcrry 

2S9 

Arliiiiisia 

2i;6 

Bcarberry 

2.12 

Blu.-boitle 

272 

AmocMivEX 

441 

Beard  Grass 

612,  C51 

Blue  Cohosh 

53 

Aruncus 

150 

Bear-Grass 

535 

Blue  Curls 

343 

Aruiiiliiiaria 

636 

Beard-toii<;ue 

327 

Jilue  Flag 

516 

Aiuiulo 

636 

Beaver-l'oisou 

196 

Blue-Hearts 

333 

Asaruin 

403 

Beech 

455 

Bluets 

213 

Asiirabacca 

403 

B.ech-drnp3 

322 

Blue-eyed  Grass 

617 

ASCLEl'IADACE^ 

3-J4 

Beech-Fcru 

663 

Blue  Grass 

600 

ASILEPUDE^ 

394 

Beet 

405 

Blue  Joint-Grass 

615 

Asclopias 

394 

Bedstraw 

20S 

Blue  L.'ttuce 

281 

Ascjruin 

83 

Beggar's  Lice 

366 

Blue  Tangle 

289 

Ash 

401 

Beggar-ticks 

261 

Blue-weed 

361 

Ash-leaved  Maple 

119 

Helinuwer 

285 

BIysmus 

560 

Asimiiia 

50 

Bel  lis 

2:i9 

BIyttia 

613 

AspakaginejE 

521 

BclUvort 

528 

BcL'hmeria 

445 

Asiiaragus 

5ol 

Bengal  Grass 

650 

Bog-Asphodel 

535 

Aspen 

46(i 

Benjamin-bush 

423 

Bog-Kush 

637 

ASPIDIK.B 

657 

Beni-Grasd 

611 

Boltonia 

2^38 

Aspidiutn 

664 

Benzoin 

4-2:i 

Bonamia 

376 

ASPLKSIE.B 

656 

BERBl-.KIDACE^ 

52 

Boneset 

226 

Aspleuium 

661 

Berberis 

52 

BuRRAGB.f: 

360 

Asier 

228 

Berchemia 

114 

Borrage  Family 

360 

Asteranthemum 

630 

Bergamot 

351 

BORRAGINACEiE 

360 

ASTERINB.15 

218 

Bermuda  Grass 

622 

Borrichia 

253 

Asteroid  E.E 

218 

Berula 

196 

Bottlebrush -Grass 

639 

Astilbe 

167 

Betoiiica  (Betony) 

358 

Bottle-Grass 

650 

ASTRAGALE* 

124 

Betony  (Wooil) 

337 

Botrychium 

671 

Astragalus 

132 

Betula 

458 

Botryois 

407 

Atamasco  Lily 

513 

BETULACE^ 

458 

Bouncing  Bet 

88 

Atluropogou 

621 

Bidens 

261 

Bouteloua 

620 

Alt..vrium 

662 

Bigelovia 

245 

Bowman's  root 

150 

Atrasene 

35 

Bignonia 

321 

Boxberry 

293 

Atriplex 

409 

BIGNONIACE.E 

320 

Box-Elder 

119 

AurautiacesB 

110 

Bignonia  Family 

320 

Box  Family 

430 

Avena 

640 

Bilberry 

289 

Boykinia 

169 

AVENE.B 

C06 

Bilsted 

174 

Brachychffita 

239 

Avens 

151 

Biu.lweed 

375 

Brachyelytrura 

614 

Avicularia 

417 

Biotia 

228 

Bracted  Bindweed 

375 

Awhvort 

73 

Birch  Family 

458 

Brake,  Bracken 

658 

Awiied  Wheat-Grass 

618 

liirthroot 

623 

Bramble 

156 

Azalea 

299 

Birthwort 

404 

Brasenia 

65 

Amelia 

677 

Biithwort  Family 

403 

Brasiletto  Family 

125 

Bishop's-Cap 

170 

Brassica 

70 

BAOrnARIDE^ 

219 

Bistorta 

415 

Brassice.e 

63 

Baccharis 

247 

Bitter-Cress 

^6 

Bread-fruit  Family 

441 

Bald  Cypress 

473 

Bittersweet               '^ 

116,  380 

Rristly  Foxtail-Grass 

649 

Baldwiuia 

264 

Biiter-weed 

251 

Briza 

633 

B:.!lota 

359 

Black  Alder 

307 

Brizopyrum 

628 

Balm 

S50 

Blackberry 

157 

Brome- Grass 

634 

Balm  i.fOilead 

467 

Black  b.  rry- Lily 

617 

BROMELIACE.^ 

615 

Balmony 

327 

Black  Bindweed 

418 

Brooklime 

332 

Balsam 

108 

Black-Gum-tree 

201 

Brook -weed 

317 

BaUam  Family 

106 

Black -Grass 

539 

Broom-Corn 

652 

BALSAMIFLLMi 

173 

Black  Haw 

206 

Broom-Crowberry 

440 

Bai.samise.k 

106 

Black  lloreliound 

360 

Broom-rape 

323 

Bamdise.u 

605 

Black-.)  ack 

453 

Bronm-rape  Family 

322 

Baueberry 

47 

Black  Moss 

515 

Bromus 

634 

Baptisia 

142 

Black-Mustard 

71 

Brunella 

355 

Barbarea 

69 

Black  Oat-Grass 

617 

Brunnichia 

422 

Barberry 

52 

Black  Snakeroot 

190 

Buchnera 

33:; 

Barb,  rry  Family 

52 

Black  Thorn 

148,  160 

Udchsere-e 

3-25 

Barley 

63S 

Bladder- Kern 

667 

Buckbr-an 

390 

Baniyard-Grass 

649 

Bla.ld  r  K.tmia 

102 

Buckthorn 

114 

Barri'ii  Strawberry 

153 

Bla.ld.r-nut 

117 

Buckthorn  Family 

113 

Bartoiiia                         184,  3«9 

Bladd.r-iuit  Family 

117 

Buckeye 

117 

Basil                                346,  349 

Blad.kr-pod 

73 

Buckwheat 

419 

Basil  Thyme 

349 

Bladderwort 

318 

Buckwheat  Family 

414 

G85 


Buffrilo-beiTy 

liuffalo-uut 

Baj;U-«'eed 

Uu^-seed 

iJulrush 

Uuinelia 

Bunch-berry 

JJuiicli-fliiwer 

Bupleurum 

Burdock 

Bur-Grass 

Burmaniiia 

BURMANNIACE^ 

Bur-Marigold 

Burnet 

Buruing-bush 

Bur-reed 

Bush-clover 

Bu8h-Honeysuckle 

Butter-aud-eggs 

Buttercup 

Butterfly- I'ea 

Buttertly-iveed 

Butternut 

Butl.-r-weed 

Butterwort 

Buttciii-bush 

Button  Suakeroot 

Butoii-weed 

Buttouwoud 

Cabomba 

Cauombe^ 

Cacalia 

CACTACE^E 

Cactus 

Cactus  Family 

Cienotus 

C/KSAl.PlNIE^ 

Cakile 

CAKILINEiE 
CAI.AMACJROSTIDEiB 

Caluuia<;rostis 

Calainiiitha 

Calauiiiith 

Cah.movilfa 

Calamus 

Calico-bush 

Calla 

Calliastrum 

Ciillicarpa 

Callinliuj 

CALLITIIICIIACE^ 

Calliti-iche 

Calluua 

Ciilomelissa 

Calopogon 

Caltha 

CALYCANTHACEiE 

Calycanthus 

Calycauthus  Family 

Calycocarpum 

Calypso 

Calystegia 

Caniassia 

Camelina 

Camklixk^ 

Cani'.llia 

CAMKLLIACE/E 

Cauii.aoula 

CAMPANUI.ACE.*: 

Cainpatiula  Family 

Campion 

Caniptosorus 

Canai-y-tirass 


Cancer-root 

Cane 

CaNNAISINEjE 

Cannabis 

Capir  Family 

CAPI'AIUUACE^ 

C'apraria 

CAI'RIFOLIACE^ 

Caprit'olium 

Capsclla 


195  I  Csirex 
275    Cardamine 
650    Cardinal  Flower 
496    Carduus 

490      CARlCINK/fi 

2B1    Carnation 

150    Carolina  Allspice 

116     Carpet-weeil 

4S1     Caupink^ 

137     Carpinus 

205    Carrion  Flower 

326    Carrot 

40     Carya 

141     CAliVOPIIYLLACE^ 
397  I  Caryophyllata 
447     Cashew  Family 
271  !  Cassandra 
320     Cassena 
211    Cassia 
191,  223  ,  Cassiope 
210    Castaiiea 
447     Castilleia 
Catalpa 

55    Catbrier 

54     Catchfly 
270    Catgut 

154  Cat-mint 

155  Catni|) 

184  I  Cat-tail  Family 
2a6     Cat-tail  Flag 
125     Cat's-tail  Grass 

75     Caulinia 

64  I  Caulophyllum 
603  I  Ceanothus 
614  I  Cedar 
349     Cedronella 
349     Celandine 
616     Celandine  Poppy 
473     CELASTKACEiE 
298     Celastrus 
476  '  Celtis 
22;)     Cenchrus 
341     Centaurea 
laurella 
.ury 
428     Centrosema 
297     CentUMCulus 
349     Century-plant 
50S  I  Cephalanthus 

44  I  Cephaloxys 
162  i  Cerastium 
162  I  Cerasus 
162  ■  CeratophyllacesB 

52  '  Ceratoschoenus 
508     Cercis 
375    ChsErophyllum 
533     Chietocyperus 

73     Chaffs.ed 

63     Chamveed 
103     Chain-Fern 
103    Chamailirium 
285     Ch-.\niomile 
285     Charlock 
285    Cheat-Grass 

89     Checkerherry 
663  j  Cheilanthes 
043    Cbelidoaium 


100  'T^k^iu 
427     ^i^u 


Chelone 

Vhkloskjk 

i:HKNOi'ODIACE.E 

Chenopuilina 

Chenopodium 

Cherry 

Chervil 

Chess 

Chestnut 

CllICIIOllACE^  221 

Chickweed 

Chickweed-WiDtergreen 

Chimaphila 

ClIIN(  IIOMC.E 

Cliin(|Uai)iu 
Cliiogenes 
Chionanthus 
Chives 

Cni.OKIDEjE 

Choke-berry 

Chondrilla 

Clionilrusium 

Chrysantlamum 

Chrysaslrum 

Chrysogonum 

Chrysopsis 

Chryscjsjilenium 

CllllOKACEjE 

Cichorium 
Cichory 
Cicuta 
CiiTiicifuga 

ClNCHO.\E.E 

Cinna 

Cinnamon-Fern 

Cinque-foil 

Circaja 

Cirsium 

Cissus 

CISTACE^ 

CitruUus 

Cladium 

Cladrastis 

Claytonia 

Clearweed 

Cleavers 

Cle.matide^ 

Clematis 

Clethra 

Clitr-brake  659 

Climbing  Fern 

Climbing  Fumitory 

Climbing  Hemp-weed 

Clinopodium 

Clintonia 

Clit.,ria 

Clotbur 

Cloud-berry 

Clover 

Club-Moss 

Club-Moss  Family 

Club-Rush 

Cnicus 

Cnidoscolus 

Cocculus 

Cockle 

Cocklebur 

Coffee 

Cohosh 

Colic-root 

Collinsia 

Colliusonia 

Coli)oilium 

Coltsfoot 

Columbine 

Columbo 

Comaudra 


G86 


Coinnropsls 

153 

'  Ctenium 

620 

Dichronema 

66> 

Comarum 

165 

Cuckoo-aower 

66 

Dicksonia 

669 

Coml'roy 

301 

Cucunilier 

im 

DICOTVLEDONOUS  PL 

.     33 

Commtlvna 

646 

Cucumber-tree 

49 

Diclaninus 

110 

COM.MLLYNACEJE 

546 

Cucuiiiis 

186 

Lielytra 

61 

Compiiss  I'laiit 

24J 

Cucurbita 

186 

Diervilla 

205 

COMl'OSIT.ii 

216 

CLCLUblTACEJE 

1S6 

Digitaria 

645 

Composite  Family 

215 

Cudweed 

263 

Digruphis 

643 

Com|itonia 

45S 

Culver's  Physic 

332 

Diiepyrum 

614 

Coi.e-(l..«er 

254 

Culvcr's-root 

332 

Idodia 

210 

CONIFERJE 

403 

Cunila 

346 

Dionaja 

83 

Couioseljiium 

1J3 

Cuphea 

134 

Dioscorea 

51S 

Conium 

l'J7 

Cup-plant 

249 

DIOSCOREACE^ 

518 

Conobea 

22) 

ClPUESSINE^ 

468 

Diospyros 

303 

C(raocllnium 

227 

Cupressus 

473 

Diphylleia 

53 

Conopholis 

32J 

Cupseed 

52 

Diplacline 

623 

Coiiostjiis 

614 

CUPULIFER^ 

449 

Diplocea 

624 

Convallaria 

530 

Currant 

164 

Diplopappus 

238 

CONVOIAILACE^ 

374 

Cuscuta 

377 

DI  I'SACE.E 

215 

CONVOI.VII.K.S 

374 

ClSCt:TIXF,.E 

374 

Dipsacus 

215 

Convolvulus 

375 

Custard- Apple  Family 

50 

Dipteracanthus 

339 

Convolvulus  Fiimily 

374 

Cyanococcus 

2.n 

l.irca 

4-24 

Coprosmauthus 

520 

Cycloloma 

406 

Discopleura 

195 

Ooptis 

45 

Cysaukm 

221 

Ditch-Grass 

483 

Onral-bcrry 

203 

Cynodon 

622 

Ditch  Stone-crop 

171 

C..iall;.ihiza 

50i> 

Cynogliissum 

365 

Dittany 

346 

Coral-vaot 

5oa 

Cynthia 

276 

Duck, 

419 

C.rd  Grass 

619 

CVPERACEiE 

550 

Duck  mack  ie 

207 

Corenia 

440 

Cypkre^ 

551 

Dodder 

377 

Coreopsis 

258 

Cyperus 

552 

Dodecatheon 

314 

Conspeimura 

40'J 

Cypress 

473 

Dogbane 

393 

COKNACK^ 

199 

Cypress  Family 

463 

Dogljane  Family 

392 

C.irn-cockle 

90 

Cypress-Vine 

374 

Dog's-tail  Grass 

623 

Cornel 

200 

Cypripkdikj: 

498 

D.ig's-toolli  Violet 

532 

Corn  Salad 

214 

Cypripedium 

511 

Dogwood 

200 

Cornus 

200 

Cystopteris 

607 

Dogwood  Family 

199 

Corpse-Plant 

304 

Door-weed 

417 

Corydalis 

61 

Dactylis 

625 

Double-bristled  Aster 

233 

Corylus 

450 

Dactvloctenium 

622 

Draba 

71 

Cosmanthus 

369 

Daffodil 

512 

Dracocephalum 

353 

Colton-Grass 

565 

Daisy 

239 

Dragon-Arum 

475 

Cotto:i-Unse 

269 

Dalea 

12J 

Dragon-head 

353 

Cott.n-Thistle 

274 

Dalibarda                     153, 156 

Dragon-root 

476 

CottDII-  K)0d 

467 

Daiiddion 

280 

Dr.-p-seed  Grass            610,  613 

Cucli-Grass 

637 

Dan^leberry 

289 

Droscra 

82 

Cowhane 

192 

Danthonia 

039 

DROSERACE^ 

82 

CowlK-rry 

290 

Daphne 

424 

Dkyade^ 

147 

Cow-Herb 

88 

Darnel 

637 

Dryas 

151 

Cow-  Parsnip 

191 

Dasystnma 

335 

Dryopteris 

664 

Cowslip 

313 

Date  Plum 

308 

Dubrueilia 

445 

Cowslips 

44 

Datura 

383 

Duok's-meat 

478 

Cow-wheat 

338 

Daucus 

191 

Duckweed 

478 

Crab-Apple 

161 

DAVALLIEiE 

657 

Duckweed  Family 

478 

Crab-Grass                    632,  648 

Day-flower 

640 

Dulichiuni 

556 

Cranberry 

289 

Day-Lily 

535 

Dupontia 

624 

Cranberry-tree 

207 

Dead-Nettie 

359 

Dutchman's  Breeches 

61 

Crane-fly  Orchis 

508 

Decodon 

183 

Dutchman's  Pipe 

404 

Cranesbill 

107 

Deerberry 

290 

Dwarf  Dandelion 

275 

Crantzia 

190 

Deer  Grass 

181 

Dyer's  Green-weed 

126 

CRASSULACE-E 

171 

Delphinium 

45 

Dyer's  Rocket 

76 

CratiERUs 

159 

Dennstaidtia 

669 

Dyer's  Weed  or  Weld 

76 

Creeping  Snowberry 

292 

Dentaria 

65 

Dysodia 

262 

Crocus 

616 

Deschampsia 

641 

Crossopetalum 

387 

Desmauthus 

145 

Eatonia 

625 

Crotalaria 

126 

D-'smodium 

134 

KBKNACE^ 

307 

Croton 

437 

Dewberry 

157 

Ebony  Family 

307 

Crotonopsis 

439 

DevilV-bit 

527 

Kchinacea 

253 

Crowberry 

440 

Devil-wood 

401 

Echinochloa 

649 

Crowberry  Family 

440 

D-yeuxia 

615 

Erhinocystis 

186 

Crowfoot 

40 

Diatithera 

338 

Kchinodorus 

492 

Crowf  .ot  Family 

34 

llianthus 

83 

Echinospermum 

365 

Crownbearl 

262 

Diapensia 

373 

Echium 

361 

CRLCIFER^ 

62 

DlAPK.N-SIE^ 

370 

Eelipta 

252 

Ci-ypsis 

609 

Diarrhena 

624 

E-l-grass                      483 

,496 

CRYI'TOOAMOUS  PL. 

653 

Dicentra 

01 

Egg-plant 

3S0 

Cryptogramme 

660 

Dichondra 

377 

Egyptian  Grass 

622 

CryptotsEuia 

197, 

DlCHONDRE^ 

374 

EL^ASNACE^ 

42* 

INDEX. 

68/ 

Elan-nus 

426 

FafTUS 

455 

FcTrtail  Grass 

608,  649 

tLATINACK^E 

b6 

Fall  Uandelion 

276 

Fragaria 

153 

J.1..LH10 

St) 

Falsi'  Acacia 

lol 

FrauKula 

115 

tl.Kr 

2U5 

False  Asphodel 

527 

Frasera 

386 

Llecampaue 

tiW 

False  lieecli-<li-ops 

305 

FUAXINK.E 

400 

tleoduiris 

557 

False  liu-hane 

39 

Fraxiiiella 

110 

lilenKonus 

568 

False  DaiKklion 

2H0 

Fraxiims 

401 

Llci.!i;ii,t..i)us 

222 

False  Diagon-head 

304 

French  Marigold 

262 

l.k|.li;iiit's-foot 

222 

Kalse  Fl  ix 

7:i 

French  Mulberry 

341 

El.isia 

368 

False  Foxglove 

335 

Fringed  Polygala 

122 

i-lm 

442 

False  Goatsbeanl 

167 

Fringe-tree 

401 

i-liii  Family 

441 

False  GoUleii-rod 

239 

FruL-lichia 

414 

lilmkii                               86, 495 

False  Gn.mwell 

362 

Frog'sbii  Family 

494 

la.Mlis 

86 

False  Hellebore 

525 

Frost-weed 

80 

Ek-usii.e 

622 

False  Honeysuckle 

299 

Fuirena 

556 

tlynius 

639 

False  ludigo                   130,  142 

Fumaria 

62 

E:>ll>hTRACE.E 

440 

False  Lettuce 

2S1 

FUMARIACE.E 

00 

Empeu-um 

440 

False  Loosestrife 

ISO 

Fumitory 

62 

ENDUGExNOUS  PLANTS  475 

False  Mallow 

100 

Fumitory  i'amily 

60 

Encliauter's  N  i^'htsliaile 

176 

False  Mermaid 

108 

EnemioD 

44 

False  Mistletoe 

426 

GALACINE^ 

305 

Engtlmaimia 

438 

False  Mitre-wort 

170 

Galactia 

142 

Euslenia 

398 

False  Nettle 

445 

Galanthus 

512 

Epigaea 

293 

False  Pimpernel 

330 

Galax 

305 

Eijil.)bium 

177 

False  Red-top 

629 

Galax  Family 

305 

Epipactis 

606 

False  Solomon's  Seal 

530 

Galege.b 

124 

EpipliL'sjus 

322 

False  Spikenaril 

530 

Galeopsis 

357 

EQUISETACEiE 

653 

False  VVater-Dropwort 

192 

Galii.gale 

552 

Equisetum 

653 

Farkle-berry 

290 

Giilinsoga 

264 

Eiagrostis 

631 

Featlierfoil 

317 

Gall-ot-the-Earth 

278 

Erclithitea 

269 

Feather  Geranium 

407 

Galium 

208 

Eiiauthud 

651 

Feather  Grass 

617 

Gama-Grass 

650 

ElUCACE^ 

286 

Fedia 

214 

Garden  Nasturtium 

105 

EMCf.JE 

287 

Ferns 

655 

Garget 

405 

EUICINK^ 

287 

Fescue-Grass 

633 

Garlic 

533 

Erigeiii;i 

198 

Festuca 

633 

Gaultheria 

293 

Erigeridinm 

237 

FeSTICIN'EJ! 

604 

Gaura 

176 

Erigeron 

236 

Fetiil  llorehound 

359 

Gaylussacia 

288 

ElilOCONEjB 

414 

Fetid  Marigold 

262 

Geiseleria 

438 

Eiiocaulon 

549 

Fever-bush 

423 

Gelsemium 

391 

ERIOCAULONACE^ 

549 

Feverfew 

266 

Genista 

126 

Eiiophoium 

565 

Fever-wort 

205 

Gbniste^ 

123 

Erotlium 

103 

Fig  Family 

441 

Gentian 

387 

Erophila 

72 

Figwort 

326 

Gentiaiia 

387 

Ervum 

139 

Figwort  Family 

324 

GENTIANACE^ 

384 

EiryiiRiura 

19U 

Filago 

269 

Gentiane^ 

384 

Eryngo 

190 

Filbert 

456 

Gentian  Family 

384 

Eiytliraa 

385 

FILICES 

655 

GERANIACE^ 

105 

Erytliionium 

532 

Fimbristylis 

566 

Geranik^ 

105 

Erysiuam                      w 

69 

Finger-Grass 

646 

Geranium 

107 

ESCALLOXIE^ 

163 

Florin  Grass 

612 

Geranium  Family 

105 

EuiHitrys 

294 

Fir 

471 

Gerard  ia 

334 

Euloplms 

19S 

Fire-Pink 

89 

Gekardib^ 

325 

Euoiiymus 

116 

Fireweed 

Germander 

343 

ElPATORIACE^ 

217 

Five-finger 

153 

Geum 

151 

EfPATORlE^ 

218 

Flax 

104 

Giant  Hyssop 

352 

Uupatorium 

224 

Flax  Family 

104 

Gill 

353 

Euphorbia 

430 

Fleabane 

236 

Gillenia 

150 

EUl'IIORBIACEiE 

430 

Floating  Heart 

390 

Ginseng 

198,  199 

Euphrasia 

336 

Fluerkea 

108 

Ginseng  Family 

198 

ECPIIBASIK.B 

325 

Flower-de-Luce 

516 

Girasole 

253 

Euphrosyiie 

250 

Flowering  Fern 

670 

Glade  Mallow- 

100 

Eurliyncliospora 

56:5 

FLOWERING  PLANTS 

33 

Gladiolus 

516 

Euthiimia 

245 

Flowering  Wintergreen 

122 

Glasswort 

409 

Eutoca 

369 

FLOWERLESS  PLANTS  653 

Glaucium 

60 

Euti-iana 

621 

Flycatch  Grass 

607 

Glaux 

316 

Euvaccinium 

290 

Fly-poison 

526 

Glechoma 

353 

Euxolus 

412 

FoiiKs- Parsley 

193 

Gleditschia 

145 

Evening-  I'l-imrose 

178 

Forestiera 

402 

Globe-flower 

44 

Evt-niif;  I'limi-ose  Family  176 

FoKESTIEItF.^ 

400 

Glyceria 

626 

Ev.rlMstin^'                    268 

.269 

Forget-me-not 

364 

Glycyrrhiza 

133 

Everlat^tiMh'  Pea 

139 

Forked  Chickweed 

96 

Gnapiiai.ine* 

220 

Evnlvuhis 

376 

Forsteronia 

393 

Gnaphalium 

268 

EXOGENOUS  PLANTS 

33 

Fothergilla 

173 

Goat's-Beard 

150 

Eyebri-ht 

336 

Four-o'clock  Family 

404 

Goat's  Kue 

131 

Fowl-meadow  Grass     627 

,629 

Golden  Aster 

246 

I^gopyrum 

419 

Foxglove 

335 

GoldAn-club 

471 

G88 

INDEX. 

GoMen  rod 

239 

Hedge  Bindweed 

375 

Horse-Mint 

351 

Goiilfii  Saxifrage 

170 

Hedgehog-Grass 

650 

Horse-Nettle 

381 

Oiilil-thri-wl 

45 

IKMlge-Hy..sop 

32J 

Horseradish 

65 

GoN.iLOBB^ 

394 

Hrdge-Mustaid 

70 

Horse-Su-ar 

310 

UuiKilulms 

399 

Hedgt-Nettle 

358 

HorsetaU 

653 

Gond-Kiiig-IIenry 

408 

Hkdvsakk.b 

124 

Horsetail  Family 

653 

Goodjera 

60:j 

Heilysarum 

134 

Hottonia 

317 

Goo8ibirry 

1(54 

IlELKNIliX 

220 

HOTTONIE.* 

313 

Goosefoot 

401) 

Hleniuni 

263 

Hound's-Tongue 

365 

G.M)Sefoot  Family 

405 

llcleochloa 

628 

Houstooia 

212 

G..ose-Gras3 

208,41- 

Hh;LIA.STHF..B 

219 

Huckleberry 

288 

Gonloiiia 

104 

llelianlluinum 

80 

Hudsonia 

81 

Gourd 

180 

Il.'liantlms 

255 

IlumUlus 

446 

Gounl  Family 

180 

IIKLIOI'IIVTIM 

366 

Huntsman's  Cup 

58 

GRAMINE.K 

602 

Ileliopsis 

253 

Hydrangi  a 

165 

Grape 

112 

IlKI.I(,TKOI.E.« 

361 

IlYDRANlilE^ 

163 

Grapi-IIyaciMth 

534 

lleliotropium  (Heliotrope)  366 

Hydrastis 

47 

Graphephonuii 

624 

Hellebore 

45 

HVUROCHARIDACEiE 

494 

Grass  of  Parnassus 

166 

Helleborus 

45 

llydrocharis 

495 

Grass  of  the  Andes 

642 

Helouias 

526 

Hydrocotyle 

189 

Grass-wrack 

483 

Htlosciadium 

196 

Ilydrolea 

370 

Gratiola 

329 

Hemerocallis 

535 

HVDUOLK* 

367 

Gbatiole* 

324 

Heniianthus 

330 

Hydropeltis 

55 

Great  Laurel 

300 

Hemicari.ha 

556 

HVUROI'HYLLACE^ 

367 

Greek  Valeriau 

371 

Hemlock 

196, 197 

Hyduopiiylle^ 

367 

Greenbrier 

518 

Hemlock-Parsley 

193 

Hydix.plivllum 

367 

Green  Dragon 

426 

Hemlock  Spruce 

471 

HVDROI'TKRIDES 

676 

Green  Milkweed 

398 

Hemp 

446 

llyineiiop;ippus 

262 

Green  Violet 

76 

Hemp  Family 

442 

Ilyoscj'.mus 

383 

Gi-omwell 

362 

Hemp- Nettle 

357 

HVPERICACE^ 

83 

Grossularia 

164 

Henbane 

383 

Hypericum 

84 

GROSSULAItlEi! 

163 

Hepalica 

38 

Hypobrychia 

182 

Ground  Cherry 

381 

Heracleura 

191 

Hypopeltis 

668 

Ground  Hemlock 

474 

Herb-Robert 

107 

Hypopitys 

304 

Ground  Ivy 

353 

H<,rcules's  Club 

199 

Hypoxis 

5/3 

Ground  Laurel 

293 

Herd's  Grass 

608,  512 

Hyssop 

346 

Ground-nut 

140,  199 

Herpestis 

329 

Hyssopus                    * 

346 

Ground  Pine 

674 

Hesperis 

6S 

Ground  Pink 

373 

Heteranthera 

545 

Ictodes 

477 

Ground  Plum 

132 

Hcuchera 

•      169 

Hex 

305 

Groundsel 

270 

HlBISCEJE 

i)9 

Illkcebre^ 

87 

Groundsel-Tree 

247 

Hibiscus 

102 

Ilysantbes 

330 

Guinea-Corn 

652 

Hickory 

448 

Impatiens 

108 

Gymnandeiiia 

499 

Hieraeium 

277 

lukberrv 

307 

Gymnocladus 

144 

Highwater-shrub 

250 

Indian  Bean 

321 

Gymnopogon 

Hierocliloa 

642 

Indian  Chickweed 

97 

GYMNOS  PERMED 

468 

HlPPOCASTANK.fi 

117 

Indian  Cucumber-root 

523 

Gymnoslichum 

639 

Hippuris 

175 

Indian  Currant 

208 

Gynamblosis 

438 

Hoary  Pea 

131 

Indian  Fig 

185 

Gyromia 

523 

Hobble-bush 

207 

Indian-Grass 

652 

Hog  Pea-nut 

141 

Indian  Heliotrope 

366 

Ilabenaria 

498 

Hog-weed 

251 

Indian  Hemp 

393 

Hackberry 

443 

Ilolcus 

642 

In.lian  Mallow 

101 

Hackmatack 

472 

Holly 

305 

Indian  Millet 

652 

H.EMOUORACE.^ 

514 

Holly  Family 

305 

Indian  Physic 

150 

Hair-Grass            611 

614,  041 

llolosteum 

93 

Indian  Pipe 

304 

Halenia 

380 

Holy  Grass 

642 

Indian-pipe  Family 

288 

Halesia 

310 

Honey-Locust 

145 

Indian  Plantain 

270 

HALORAGE.E 

174 

Honeysuckle 

203 

Indian  Poke 

525 

HAMAMELACE^ 

173 

Honeysuckle  Family 

202 

Indian  Rice 

608 

Ha.mamei.e.i; 

173 

Hone  wort 

197 

Indian  Tobacco 

283 

ILimamclis 

173 

Honkenya 

92 

Indian  Turnip 

475 

Hamiltonia 

426 

Hop 

446 

Itmla 

246 

Harbinger-of-Spring 

198 

Hopea 

310 

IsILKjE 

218 

Hardback 

149 

Hop-Hornbeam 

456 

lodanthus 

68 

Har.-bell 

285 

Ih.p-tree 

110 

Ipomcjea 

375 

Harl's-tongue 

662 

ll.)r<leum 

638 

Iresioe 

413 

Hawkbit 

276 

lloKDEINE.E 

005 

IRIDACE^ 

515 

Hawk  weed 

277 

Horebound 

357 

Iris 

616 

Hawthorn 

159 

Hornbeam 

457 

Iris  Family 

515 

Hazel-nut 

456 

Horned  Pondweed 

483 

Iron -weed 

222 

Heal-all 

355 

Horned  Rush 

570 

Iron-wood                      456 

,457 

Heart's  Ease 

79 

Horn  I'oppy 

00 

Isanthua 

344 

Hc-athcr 

at7 

H.iriiw..rt 

427 

Isoetes 

675 

Heath  Family 

28(; 

llnrsr-lialin 

350 

Isolepis 

560 

HchiomtL 

350 

lloi-s.-clii-stn\it, 

117 

Isopyrura 

44 

Hadvra 

1«9 

Horse-Geutiau 

205 

Itsa 

135 

INDKX. 

6S9 

In 

250 

Leathcrwood 

424  1  Lo;;ania  Family 

391 

Ivy 

19J 

Lcaveuworthia 

65 

Loiseleui-ia 

801 

Ixia 

617 

Lech.a 

81 

Lolium 

637 

Lecoutia 

470 

LoMliNTACE,« 

64 

Jacob's  T,n<liler 

371 

Ledum 

3U0 

Long  Jloss 

515 

Jagged  Cliickweed 

9;5 

Leek 

534 

Lonicera 

203 

Jaiutstowu-wecd 

383 

Leersia 

007 

LONICEHE-E 

202 

Jasmiimin 

400 

li;gum[nose.e 

123 

Loosestrife 

183,  315 

Jatropha 

435 

Leiophyllum 

301 

Looselrifo  Family 

182 

Jefftrsouia 

03 

Lemna 

478 

Lophauthus 

352 

Jfi-usalem  Artichoke 

208 

LEMNACE,E 

478 

Liphiola 

014 

Jerusalem  Oak 

407 

LENTIBULACEiE 

317 

Lopseed 

341 

Jerusalem  Sage 

360 

Leontodou 

276 

LUKANTIIACE^ 

426 

Jessamine 

400 

Leonurus 

359 

Lorinseria 

661 

Jewel-weed 

108 

Lepachys 

255 

Louse  wort 

337 

Joe-Pye  Weed 

225 

Lepidine.e 

63 

Lovage 

194 

Jointed  Charlock 

75 

Lepidium                    ' 

74 

Lucerne 

128 

Joint-Grass 

C45 

Li'pidauche 

379 

Ludwigia 

180 

Joint-weed 

417 

Lepigonum 

95 

Lungwort 

364 

Jonquil 

512 

Leptaudra 

332 

Lupine 

126 

J  udas-tree 

143 

Leptanthus 

545 

Lupinus 

126 

Jugl.ms 

447 

Leptochloa 

623 

Luzula 

536 

JUGLANDACE^ 

447 

Leptopoila 

263 

Lychnis 

90 

JUNCACK.E 

530 

Lepturus 

637 

Lycium 

382 

JCSCAGINE^ 

490 

Lespedeza 

137 

Lyco|iersicum 

380 

Juncus 

537 

Lettuce 

280 

LYCOl'ODIACE^ 

672 

Jvjne-lierry 

162 

Leucanthemum 

265 

Lycopodium 

673 

Juniper 

474 

Leucojum 

512 

Lycopsis 

361 

Juniperua 

473 

Leucolhoe 

294 

Lycopus 

345 

Jussiasa 

179 

Lever-wood 

456 

Lygodtsmia 

279 

Liatris 

223 

Lygodium 

670 

Kalmia 

297 

LlCiULIFLOR^ 

221,  275 

Lyonia 

296 

KentUL-ky  Blue-Grass 

630 

Ligusiicum 

194 

Lvsimachia 

315 

KentucUy  Coffee-tree 

144 

Ligustrum 

400 

LVTIIUACE^ 

182 

Kidney  Beau 

140 

Lilac 

400 

Lythrum 

183 

Kinnikinnik 

200 

LILIACE.E 

520 

Knaps\»ed 

272 

LlLIK-E 

522 

Madder  Family 

208 

Kuawel 

96 

Lilium  (Lily) 

532 

Macrotys 

48 

Knotgrass 

417 

Lily  of  the  Valley 

030 

Magnolia 

49 

Kuotweed 

414 

LlMNANTHE^ 

106 

MAGNULIACE^ 

48 

Koeltria 

625 

liimuauthes  Family 

106 

Magnolia  Family 

48 

Kosteletzkya 

102 

Limuanthemum 

390 

Maianthemum 

530 

Krigia 

275 

Limnetis 

619 

Maidenhair 

658 

Kuhnia 

224 

Limnobium 

495 

Malaxide^ 

497 

Kyllingia 

555 

Liranochloa 

557 

Mallow 

99 

Limosella 

331 

Mallow  Family 

LABIAT.E 

341 

LIN  ACE  JE 

104 

Mains 

161 

Labrador  Tea 

300 

Linaria 

326 

Malva 

99 

Lachnanthes 

514 

Linden 

103 

MALVACEAE 

98 

Lachnocaulon 

550 

Linden  Family 

103 

Malvastrum 

100 

Lactuca 

280 

Lindera 

423 

Malvej. 

99 

Lady's  Mantle 

151 

Liudernia 

330 

Mandrake 

54 

Laily's  Slipper 

511 

Linna;a 

202 

Manna-Grass 

626 

La<ly's  Thumb 

416 

Huum 

104 

Man-of-the-Earth 

375 

Ladies-Tresses 

504 

Lion's-foot 

278 

Maple 

118 

Lagenaria 

186 

Liparis 

509 

Maple  Family 

117 

Lambkill 

298 

Lip-Fern 

659 

Mare's  Tail 

175 

Lamb- Lettuce 

214 

Lipocarpha 

556 

Mariscus 

455 

Lamium 

359 

Lippia 

340 

Marrubium 

357 

Lampsana 

275 

Liquidambar 

174 

Marshallia 

204 

Lapithea 

385 

Liquorice 

133 

Marsh  Elder 

250 

Laportea 

445 

Liriodendron 

00 

Marsh-Fleabane 

247 

Lappa 

275 

Listcra 

506 

Marsh  Grass 

619 

Larch 

472 

Lithospermum 

362 

Marsh-Mallow 

99 

Larix 

472 

Live-for-ever 

172 

Mai-sh-Marigold 

44 

Larkspur 

45 

Liver-leaf 

38 

Marsh- Rose  may 

312 

Lastrea 

664 

Lizard's-tail 

427 

Marsh  St.  John's-wort 

86 

L;ithyrus 

139 

Lizard's-tail  Family 

427 

Marsilia 

677 

LAUKACEiE 

422 

LOASACE.E 

184 

Marsiliaceaj 

676 

Laurel 

297 

Loasa  Family 

184 

Martynia 

321 

Laurel  Family 

422 

Lobadium 

112 

Jlaruta 

264 

Laures^tinus 

206     Lobelia 

282 

Marvel  of  Peru    ' 

404 

Leail- Plant 

130     LOBELIACE.E 

282 

Masterwort 

191 

Leadwort  Family 

312     Lol>elia  Family 

282 

Matricaria 

266 

Leaf-Cup 

247    Loblolly  Bay 

104 

Matrimony-Vine 

382 

Leather-Flower 

36     Locust-tree 

130 

Mayaca 

547 

Leather-leaf 

294     LOGANIACE^ 

391 

May- Apple 

54 

-L&M-4 

9 

690 

i.NDt:x. 

Mayflower 

293 

Monocera 

620 

Ncttle-trce 

442 

Maypojjs 

1S6 

MO.NOCOTYLEDONOrS 

New  Jersey  Tea 

116 

Jlay-wced 

2dl 

I'LANTo 

475 

Nicandra 

032 

JK'aaow-Ueauty 

lil 

MouuiKtalous  Exogenous 

N  icotiana 

333 

Meu.luw-Uia.s 

6J3 

I'lauls 

202 

Niillia 

149 

Jlcaaow-Pai-iuip 

iJi 

Mouolropa 

301 

Nii-ella 

48 

JlLatU-w-Hu.' 

aj 

MO.NOTUOPK* 

2i8 

Nightsliaile 

■    3S0 

Mead  .w  buM-Orass 

CiZ 

Monte;  ia 

413 

Nigl.tshi.d.'  Family 

SSO 

Skadow-bweet 

liJ 

Moonsced 

01 

Nimblo  Will 

014 

Mudeola 

bSi 

Moouseud  Family 

51 

Ninc-Uark 

149 

Mfdicago  (Medick) 

liS 

Moonwurt 

671 

NippL-Wv;rt 

275 

Melampodisk^ 

21U 

Mooscwood 

424 

Nonesuch 

123 

Melampyium 

3o3 

Moose-wood 

IIJ 

Nondo 

1J4 

MELAxNTIUE^ 

bll 

MOKE.K 

441 

Nuthoscordum 

534 

Melantliium 

524 

Morninp-Glory 

375 

Nujdiar 

56 

MELASTOMACK^ 

lal 

Morocai'iius 

408 

Nut-Grass 

553 

Melastoma  family 

181 

Morus 

444 

Nut-Uush 

5i0 

Melica 

6-2G 

Moss  Campion 

90 

NVCTAGINACE.E 

404 

Melic  Grass 

626 

Moss  Pink 

373 

Nymplia.'a 

56 

Melilolus  (Melilot) 
Melissa 

128 

Motherwort 

359 

NVMfllE.ECE.E 

54 

850 

Mountain  Ash 

161 

Nyssa 

201 

Melotliria 

167 

Mouutun  Hnlly 

307 

MENISI'EKMACE^ 

51 

Moui^ain  .Mint 

346 

Oak 

450 

Miuispermuiu 

51 

Mountain  Uico 

616 

Oakesia 

440 

Meutlia 

3W 

Mountain  Surrel 

41'J 

Oak  Family 

449 

Meiitztlia 

184 

Mouse-ear 

364 

Oat 

640 

Meiiynntlies 

390 

Mous,-ear  Chickweed 

93 

Oat-Grass 

643 

Menyanthe^ 

384 

Mouse-ear  Cress 

70 

Obeliscaria 

255 

Meiiziesia 

298 

Mouse-tail 

44 

Obolaria 

389 

Menuaid-weed 

175 

Wud-Plautoin 

545 

(Enothera 

178 

Meneiisia 

303 

Mudwort 

331 

Oil-nut 

428 

Mexican  I'oppy 

Mugwort 

267 

Old  Witch  Grass 

647 

Mexican  Tea 

408 

Wulilenbergia 

613 

OldenJandia 

211 

Mezereura  Family 

424 

Mulberry 

444 

Olea 

401 

Micrdiuheuium 

330 

Mulgcdium 

281 

OLEACEJE 

400 

Microstylis 

509 

Mullein 

325 

Oleander 

392 

Mignonette 

76 

Mullein-Foxglove 

334 

Oleaster  Family 

424 

Mifjuoiiette  Family 

76 

MuUugo 

97 

Oleixe^ 

400 

Mikania 

226 

Muscari 

534 

Olive 

401 

Milfoil 

265 

Muskit  Grass 

620 

Olive  Family 

400 

Milium 

643 

Muskmelon 

186 

ONAGKACE^ 

176 

Milk-1'ea 

142 

Musk-l'laut 

329 

Oncostjlis 

567 

Milkweed 

394 

\Mu^^n;ash-Root 

196 

Onion 

533 

Milkweed  Family 

394 

Mustard 

62 

Onoclea 

668 

Milkwort 

120 

Mustard  Family 

62 

Onopordon 

274 

Milkwort  Family 

120 

Myositis 

364 

Onosmodium 

362 

Milk-Vetch 

132 

Myosurus 

44 

Ophioglossace^ 

657 

Millet-Grass 

643 

Myrica 

457 

Ophioglossum 

672 

Mimosa  Family 

125 

MYRICACE^ 

457 

Opuryde-e 

497 

MlMOSE^ 

125 

Myriophyllum 

174 

Oplotheca 

414 

Mimulus 

32S 

Opuntia 

185 

Mint 

344 

Nabalus 

278 

Orache 

409 

Mint  Family 

341 

naiauace.t; 

482 

Orange  Family 

110 

Mirabilis 

404 

Naias  (Na.ad) 

482 

Orange-Grass 

86 

Mist-llower 

227 

Naked-beard  Grass 

621 

Orange-root 

47 

Mistletoe 

426 

Naked  Broom-rape 

3-23 

Orchard  Grass 

625 

Mistletoe  Family 

426 

Nap»a 

100 

ORCIIIDACEiE 

497 

Mitchella 

211 

Narcissus 

512 

Orchis 

498 

Mitella 

169 

Nardosmia 

227 

Orchis  Family 

497 

Mithri.iate  Mustard 

74 

Narthecium 

535 

Origanum 

348 

Milreola 

392 

Nasturtium 

64 

Oritrophium 

235 

Mitre  wort 

Naumburgia 

315 

Ornithogalum 

533 

Mitre-wort  (False) 

170 

Neck  weed 

333 

OROBANCIIACE^ 

322 

Mocasson  Flower 

5U 

Ncfrundo 

119 

Orobanche 

323 

Mock  Bishop-weed 

195 

Nelumbium 

55 

Orontium 

477 

Mocker-nut 

449 

Nelumho 

55 

Orpine 

172 

Mock -Orange 

166 

Neluinho  Family 

55 

Orpine  Family 

171 

Modiola 

101 

Nei.i:mb()nb.-e 

55 

Orthoroeris 

235 

Moehringia 

91 

Nemojianthes 

307 

Orvze.*: 

603 

Mujnchia 

94 

N.^nophila 

3t)S 

Orvzopsis 

616 

Moi.LUCINEyfi 

88 

Neottie^ 

497 

Osier 

461 

Monarda 

351 

Nepeta 

353 

Osmorrhiza 

197 

MONAKDEyK 

342 

Nepktk.b 

342 

OsMLSDACE-e 

657 

Bloiieses 

303 

Nephro<lium 

664 

Osmunda 

670 

Moneywort 

316 

Nesiea 

183 

Ostrich-Fern 

667 

Monkey- flower 

328 

Nettle 

444 

Ostrva 

456 

Momuhgoa 

46 

Nettle  Family 

440 

Osweijo  Xea 

S»l 

Otophylla 

335 

Ox  A  LID  K^ 

lOtj 

0.\alM 

109 

Ox-eye 

253 

Ox-ryo  Caisy 

205 

Oxil)ai>Iiua 

404 

0\ycoccu3 

283 

0:>yclfml.-um 

2J8 

Oxydeuia 

C-.'3 

Oxyiia 

419 

Oxytripolium 

2;JG 

Oxytropis 

133 

Pachysandra 

439 

Padu3 

148 

Pa^onia 

43 

Pajpalantlius 

550 

Piiiuted  Cup 

336 

Panax 

199 

Paucratium 

513 

PANICEiE 

606 

Panic-Grass 

645 

Panicum 

645 

Papaver 

5S 

PAPAVEEACEiE 

58 

Pa  paw 

50 

Papilionace.e 

123 

Pappoose-root 

53 

Papyrus 

552 

Pardanthus 

517 

Parietaria 

446 

Paruassia 

166 

Paronychia 

96 

Parslty  Family 

187 

Parsley  Pitrt 

151 

Parsnip 

191 

Parthenium 

249 

Partridse-berry            211, 2a3 

Partridge  Pea 

144 

Paspale^ 

606 

Paspalum 

644 

Pasque-flower 

36 

Passiflora 

185 

PASSIFLORACE^ 

185 

Passion  Flower 

185 

Passion-Flower  Family 

185 

Pastinaca 

191 

Pavia 

118 

Pea 

139 

Pear 

161 

Pear  Family 

147 

Pearlwort 

91 

Pecan-nut 

448 

Pedicularis 

337 

Pelartronium 

106 

Peltea 

659 

Pellitory 

446 

Peltandra 

476 

Pencil-Flnwe* 

138 

Pennycress 

73 

Pennyroyal 

350 

Pentalophus 

363 

Penthorum 

171 

Pentstemon 

327 

Peplis 

182 

Pepiierbush 

296 

Pepperf;rass 

74 

Pepperidtie 

201 

Peppermint 

344 

Pepper-root 

65 

Pepperwort 

74 

Periploca 

400 

Periplock^ 

394 

Peristvlus 

500 

Periwinkle 

392 

Persea 

422 

Persicaria 

415 

IXDKX. 

G91 

Persimmon 

308 

Plumclcss  Thistle 

274 

Perularia 

493 

Pneumonanlhe 

387 

Peruv'ian  Bark 

Poa 

628 

Pctaluma 

433 

POACE^ 

603 

IVtalostcraon 

130 

Pudalykie^ 

125 

Pliac.Iia 

369 

Podciijliyirum 

54 

I'll.T.NOOAMOrS  PL, 

33 

Podostcmaceai 

429 

I'lialacroloma 

237 

Podusttmon 

429 

I'lIALAUlBE-li 

COO 

Pogonia 

507 

Plialaris 

C43 

Poiusettia 

^    433 

Pliarbitis 

375 

Poison  Dogwood 

111 

PlIASEOLE^ 

125 

I»oison  Hemlock 

197 

Pliaseolus 

140 

Poison  l\y 

lU 

PlieKopttris 

663 

Poison  Oak 

111 

I'lielipxa 

323 

Poison  Sumach 

111 

I'hiladelphus 

166 

Pokeweed 

405 

Phleoideje 

603 

Pokeweed  Family 

405 

Phleum 

603 

Polanisia 

75 

Phlomis 

S60 

POLEMONIACEiE 

370 

Phlox 

371 

POLEMO.\I1.-JJ 

370 

Phuradendron 

426 

Polemonium 

371 

Phragmitea 

636 

Pulemonium  Family 

370 

Phryma 

S4I 

Pulypala 

120 

PlIItYME^ 

339 

POLYGALACE^K 

120 

Phyllanthus 

439 

POLYGON ACE Ji 

414 

Pliyllodoce 

297 

Polygonatuoi 

631 

Phyllostachys 

573 

Polygonum 

414 

Physalis 

S81 

Polymuia 

247 

Physocarpos 

149 

Polypetaldus  Exogenous  PI.  34 

Physostegia 

354 

POLVPODIACI;^ 

656 

Pliytolacca 

405 

Polypodies 

656 

PIIYTOLACCACE^ 

405 

Poljpodium 

658 

Picea 

471 

P-lypofly 

658 

Pickerel-weed 

545 

Polypogon 

612 

Pickerel-iv-eed  Family 

544 

Poliprtmum 

391 

Picrococcus 

290 

Polystichum 

666 

Pieris 

295 

Polytaenia 

191 

Pigeon-Berry 

405 

P0MEJ3 

147 

Pig-nut 

449 

Pomme  Blanche    ' 

129 

Pigweed 

406 

Pomnie  de  Prairie 

129 

Pilea 

445 

Pond  Spice 

423 

Pilinophytum 

438 

Pond  weed 

484 

Pimpernel 

SIG 

Pondweed  Family 

482 

Pine 

469 

Pontederia 

545 

Pine-Apple  Family 

515 

PONTEDERIACE.E 

544 

Pine-drops 

303 

Pool-  Man's  Weather-glass  316 

Pine  Family 

468 

Poplar 

50,  466 

Pine-sap 

304 

Poppy 

58 

Pine-weed 

86 

Poppy  Family 

53 

Pinguicula 

320 

Populus 

466 

Pink 

88 

Porcupine  Grass 

617 

Pink  Family 

bi 

Portulaca 

97 

Pink-root 

392 

PORTULACACEiE 

97 

Pinus 

469 

Portuna 

295 

Pinweed 

81 

Potaraogetoa 

484 

Pinxter-flower 

299 

Potato 

380 

Pipe-Vine 

494 

Potentilla 

153 

Pipewort 

549 

PoTERIEiB 

147 

Pipewort  Family 

549 

Poterium 

160 

Pipsissewa 

303 

Poverty-Grass 

618 

Piptatherum 

617 

Prairie  Clover 

130 

Pitcher-Plants 

57 

Prairie  Dock 

249 

Planera 

443 

Pri.'kly  Pear 

185 

Planer-tree 

443 

Prickly-Poppy 

59 

Plane-tree 

447 

Prim 

400 

Plane-tree  Family 

446 

Primrose 

313 

PLANTAGINACE^ 

310 

Primrose  Family 

313 

Plantago 

310 

Primula 

313 

Plantain 

310 

PRIMULACE7E 

313 

Pla-.tain  Family 

310 

Pklmilk.b 

313 

PLATAN  ACEiE 

446 

Prince's  Feather 

412,  415 

Platanthera 

500 

Prince's  Pine 

303 

Piatanus 

447 

I'rinoides 

306 

Pleurisy-root 

397 

Prinos 

305,  307 

Pluchea 

247 

Privet 

400 

Plum 

147 

Prosartcs 

528 

PLUMBAGINACE.* 

312 

Proserpinaca 

17i 

G02 


Prunus 

147 

'  RurNANTIIIDE* 

3-24 

Sand-Myrtle 

301 

PseuJo-Polygonella 

417 

Khinanthus 

337 

Saiid-Spurrey 

95 

Psilocarya 

6(>S 

Uh..,lo,l,naron 

299 

San<lw..rt 

90 

Psoralea 

lis 

Kh.Klura 

300 

Sanguinaria 

60 

ViORXUEJB 

1J4 

KiitiixmKX 

287 

Sauguisurba 

150 

Ps3ilu)>hura 

!>r-i 

Kliubarb 

414 

S.iiiicle 

190 

Ptelea 

110 

Klius 

111 

Saiiicula 

190 

Ptkkide* 

650 

Kliyncliasia 

142 

SANTALACE.E 

426 

Pteris 

Co8 

llliynch  .spc.ra 

5(>7 

SAl'lNDACE.E 

116,  117 

Pterospora 

303 

KHYNCUOSrOBE^ 

551 

Sapoi.aria 

88 

Puccoon 

363 

Uilxs 

11)4 

SAl>OTACE.E 

308 

Pulmonaria 

364 

Kiljesia 

105 

Sappudilla  Family 

303 

Pulsatilla 

36 

Kibgrass 

310 

Sarothra 

86 

Pulse  Family 

123 

Rice  Cut-Grass 

607 

Sarracenia 

57 

Pumpkin 

186 

Rich-weed                     350,  445 

SARHACENIACEiE 

57 

Purple  Cone-flower 

253 

Rippleprass 

311 

Sarsaparilla 

198,  199 

Purslane 

97 

River-weed 

423 

Sassafras 

433 

Purslane  Family 

97 

River-weed  Family 

429 

Satureia 

349 

Putty-root 

510 

Kobinia 

130 

SATtUEIE.t: 

342 

Pyciiantbcmum 

•M6 

Rock  Cress 

67 

SAURUKACE^ 

427 

Pycreus 

562 

Rock -Rose 

80 

Saururus 

427 

Pyrola 

301 

Kock-Rnse  Family 

80 

Savin 

473 

PvROLE^  (Pyrola  Family)  2S8 

Roman  Wormwood 

251 

Savory 

349 

Pyrrhopappua 

280 

Rosa  (Rose; 

158 

Saxifraga 

167 

Pyrularia 

426 

RO:>B;f; 

147 

SA.KIFRAGACE^ 

163 

Pyrus 

161 

R0SACE.T5 

146 

Saxifrage 

167 

Pyxidanthera 

373 

Hose-Acacia 

131 

Saxikrages 

163 

Ko3"-Bay 

299 

Saxifrage  Family 

1U3 

Quaking-Grass 

633 

Rose  Family 

146 

Scabious 

215 

yua.iiash 

5:33 

Rose-Mallow 

102 

Schedonorus 

635 

yuamoclit 

374 

Kosur.iot 

172 

Scheuchzeria 

491 

Queen  of  the  Prairie 

149 

Kosin-Plant 

248 

Schizaja 

669 

QUKRCINE^ 

450 

Rosiii-weed 

249 

SCIIIZ.'EACE.E 

657 

Quercitron 

454 

Koubieva 

408 

Schullera 

546 

Que  reus 

450 

Rowan  Tree 

1G2 

Schrankia 

145 

Queria 

96 

UrBKj. 

147 

Schwalbea 

336 

Quick-  or  Quitch-Gras3 

637 

RUBIACE.E 

208 

Schweinit2Ja 

304 

Quillwort 

675 

Uubus 

156 

Scilla 

533 

Rudbeckia 

254 

SCIRPE^ 

551 

Radish 

75 

Rue 

110 

SCIRPINE^ 

551 

Ragiopteris 

66S 

Kue-Anemone 

38 

Scirpus 

560 

Ra-weed 

250 

Ruellia 

339 

Scleranthus 

96 

Ragwort 

271 

Rumex 

419 

Scleria 

570 

Rara's-head 

511 

Ruppia 

483 

SCLERINE.E 

551 

Ramsted 

326 

Hush 

537 

Scleruchloa 

628 

RANUNCULACE^ 

34 

Hush  Family 

536 

Sclcrolepis 

222 

Ranuncdlk^ 

34 

Rush-Grass 

609 

Scoke 

405 

Ranunculus 

40 

Ruta 

110 

Scolopendrium 

662 

Raphaneje 

64 

RutabaKa 

71 

Scorpion-grass 

364 

Uaphanus 

75 

RUTACE^ 

109 

Scotch  Thistle 

274 

RaspVierry 

156 

Hye-Grass 

637 

Scouring  Rush 

653 

}lattle-box 

126 

Scrophularia 

326 

Rattlesnake-Grass 

627 

Sabbatia 

384 

SCROfllULARIACE^      324 

Rattlesnake's-Master 

191 

Sacchare.s 

607 

Scutch-Grass 

622 

Rattlesnake-  l>lantaia 

503 

Sacred  Bean 

55 

Scutellaria 

355 

Rattlesnake-root 

278 

Sage 

350 

Sea  Blite 

410 

Rattlesnake-weed 

277 

Sagina 

94 

Sea  Lavender 

312 

Kay-Grass 

637 

Sagittaria 

492 

Sea  Milkwort 

316 

Ray  less  Golden-rod 

245 

St.  Andrew's  Cross 

83 

Sia  Ox-eye 

253 

Rebnulea 

625 

St.  John's- wort 

84 

Sea  Purslane 

97 

Re<l  Bay 

422 

St.  .lohn's-wort  Family 

83 

Sea  Rocket 

75 

Re.l-bud 

143 

St.  Peter's-wort 

83 

Sea  Sand-Reed 

616 

Red  Osier 

200 

SALICACE.E 

461 

Sea  Spear-Grass 

628 

Red-root                        115 

,514 

Salicornia 

409 

Sedge 

571 

Red-top 

612 

Salix 

461 

Sedge  Family 

550 

Reed 

636 

S:,lsola 

410 

Sedum 

172 

Reed  Bent-Grass 

614 

Saltmarsh-Grass 

620 

Seed-box 

180 

Reed-mace 

480 

Saltwort 

410 

Selaginella 

674 

Reed  Meadow-Grass 

627 

Silvia 

3.50 

S"lf-heal 

355 

Rein-Orchis 

4'JS 

SiUvinia 

677 

74 

Rensselajria 

476 

S\MDL-CE.B 

202 

Seneca  Grass 

642 

Reseda 

76 

Sambucus 

205 

Seneca  Snakeroot 

122 

RKSEDACE.H 

76 

S\MnLF..B 

313 

Senecio 

270 

RIIAMNACE^ 

113 

Samolus 

317 

Se.vecione.e 

221 

Rhamnus 

114 

Samphire 

409 

Sexecio.nidb^ 

219 

Rheumatism-root 

54 

Sandal  wofxl  Family 

425 

Senna 

144 

Uhexia 

181 

Sand-Grass 

624 

Sensitive  Brier 

145 

INDEX. 

698 

Sensitive  Fern 

668 

Southern  Buckthorn 

308 

Stratiotide^ 

49S 

Sensitive  Joint- Vetch 

134 

Sow  Thistle 

282 

Strawberry 

155 

Sericocarpus 

228 

Spanish-Bayonet 

635 

Strawberry  Blite 

408 

Service-berry 

162 

Spanish-Needles 

262 

Strawberry  Bush 

116 

Sesame-Grass 

650 

Spurgauium 

481 

Strawberry  Tomato 

382 

Sesuvium 

97 

Spartina 

619 

Streptopus 

529 

Setaria 

649 

Spalter-Dock 

66 

Striped  Dogwood 

119 

Seyiueria 

334 

Spear-Grass 

628 

Struthiopteris 

667 

Sliail-l)ush 

162 

S|)earmint 

344 

Stuartia 

104 

Shave-Urass 

655 

Spearwort 

41 

Siylipus 

152 

Sheep-berry 

206 

Specularia 

2S6 

Stylisma 

376 

Shellflower 

327 

SpeedweU 

332 

S.ylophorum 

59 

Shepiier.lia 

424 

Spergula 

96 

Stylosanthes 

133 

Shepherd's  Purse 

73 

Sl>ergularia 

95 

STVKACACE^ 

309 

SliielJ-Fern 

664 

Spermacoce 

210 

STVRACK.E 

309 

Shin-leaf 

SOI 

Spice-bush 

423 

Styrax 

309 

Shooting-Star 

314 

Spiderwort 

547 

Suaida 

410 

Shrubby  Althaea 

102 

Spiderwoi-t  Family 

546 

Subularia 

73 

Shrubby  Bitter-sweet 

116 

Spigelia 

392 

Succory 

275 

Shrubby  Trefoil 

110 

Spike-Grass 

628,  635 

Sugarberry 

443 

Shrub  Yellow-root 

47 

Spikenard 

199 

SuUivantia 

169 

Sibbaldia 

153 

Spike-Rush 

557 

Sumach 

111 

SlBTHURPIE^ 

324 

Spindle-tree 

116 

Summer  Haw^ 

160 

Sickle-pod 

68 

Splriija 

140 

Summer  Savory 

349 

Sicyos 

186 

Spui^sa; 

146 

Sundew 

82 

Sida 

101 

Spiranthes 

504 

Sundew  Family 

82 

Sidj-saddle  Flower 

67 

Spirodela 

479 

Sundrops 

179 

Sieversia 

153 

Spleenwort 

661 

Sunflower 

255 

Silene 

83 

Spoonwood 

298 

Supple-jack 

114 

SlLBNEX 

87 

Sporobolus 

610 

Swauip  Honeysuckle 

299 

SiLICULOSi 

63 

Spotted  CdWbane 

190 

Swamp  LoosesU-ife 

183 

SlLIQUOS^ 

63 

Spotted  VVintergreen 

303 

Sweet  Bay 

49 

Silkweed 

394 

Spring-Beauty 

98 

Sweet-Brier 

159 

Silphium 

248 

Spruce 

471 

Sweet  Cicely 

197 

Silver-hell  Tree 

310 

Spurge 

430 

Sweet  Clover 

128 

Silver-Berry 

425 

Si)urge  Family 

430 

Sweet  Coltsfoot 

227 

Silver-Weed 

155 

Spurge-Nettle 

436 

Sweet-Fern 

458 

Simarubaceae 

111 

Spurred  Butterfly-Pea 

141 

Sweet  Flag 

478 

Sinapis 

70 

Spurred  Gentian 

386 

Sweet-Gale  Family 

457 

SlSYJlBRIE.E 

63 

Spurrey 

96 

Sweet-Gum  Tree 

174 

Sisymbrium 

70 

Squash 

186 

Sweet-leaf 

310 

Sisyrinchium 

517 

Squaw-root 

323 

Sweet  Pepperbush 

296 

Sitolobium 

669 

Squaw-weed 

271 

Sweet  Pine-sap 

304 

Slum 

196 

Squill 

533 

Sweet-Scented  Shrub 

162 

Skullcap 

355 

Squirrel  Corn 

61 

Sweet  Vernal-Grass 

643 

Skunk  Cabbage 

477 

Squirrel-tail  Grass 

638 

Sweet- William 

371 

Sloe 

148 

StaciivdevE 

343 

Swine-Cress 

74 

Smartweed 

416 

Stachys 

358 

Sycamore 

447 

SMILACEJ? 

518 

Stagger-bush 

296 

Syena 

647 

Smilacina 

530 

Staff-tree 

116 

Symphoricarpus 

203 

Smilax 

518 

Staff-tree  Family 

115 

Symphytum 

361 

Srailax  Family 

518 

Staphylea 

117 

Symplocarpus 

477 

Snake-head 

327 

Staphylkace^e 

117 

Symplocineje 

309 

Snalce.-root           190, 

191,  223, 

Statice 

313 

Symplocos 

310 

228,  404 

Star-Cucumber 

186 

Synandra 

354 

Snapdragon 

326 

Star  Flower 

314 

Syndesmon 

38 

Sneeze-weed 

263 

Star  grass 

513,  515 

Synthyris 

331 

Sneezewort 

265 

Star-of-Bethlehem 

533 

Syriiiga 

166,  400 

Snowberry 

203 

Star-Thistle 

272 

Snowdrdp 

310,  512 

Starwort 

92,  223 

Tacamahac 

467 

Snowflake 

512 

Steeple-Bush 

149 

Tienidia 

195 

SoHi)berry  Family 

116 

Steironema 

315 

Tagetes 

262 

Siiapwort 

Stellaria 

92 

Tagetinejb 

220 

SOLAN ACE^ 

380 

StELLATvF. 

208 

Talinura 

93 

Solanum 

380 

Stonactis 

237 

Tall  Red-top 

624 

Sol"a 

76 

Stenanthium 

525 

Tamarack 

473 

Solidago 

209 

Stickseed 

365 

Tanacetum 

.     266 

Solomon's  Seal 

531 

Stillingia 

436 

Tansy 

266 

Sonchus 

282 

Stipa 

617 

Tansy-Mustard 

70 

SOPHORE^ 

125 

Stipr^. 

601 

Tape-grass 

496 

Sorbus 

161 

Stitchwort 

92 

Taraxacum 

280 

Sorghum 

652 

Stone-cn.p 

172 

TARf-nONANTHt:^ 

219 

Sorrel 

419 

Stone-root 

350 

Tare 

138 

Sorrel  Family 

106 

Storax 

309 

Taxing.*; 

463 

Sorrel-tree 

296 

Storax  Family 

309 

Taxodiura 

473 

Sour-Gumtree 

20t 

Storksbill 

lOS 

Taxus 

474 

8oiir-wood 

296 

Stramonium 

383 

Tea-berry 

293 

()'J4 

IXDEX. 

Tea-PIiint 

103 

Trifoliura 

126 

Vemonia 

222 

Tear- thumb 

418 

Triglochin 

491 

VliRSOMACEiE 

217 

Teasol 

215 

Tkii.lii>e.e 

520 

Veronica 

332 

Teasel-Kamily 

•215 

Trillium 

522 

Vbroxice.k 

324 

XfCi.uia 

321 

Tri.Mlallus 

286 

Vervain 

339 

Tc-liiiatophuce 

479 

Triosteum 

205 

Vervain  Family 

339 

Teplirosia 

i;ii 

Triplasis 

624 

Vesicaria 

73 

TKi-mtosi.*: 

l-.'.4 

Triple-awned  Grass 

618 

Vetch 

138 

T.'.RNSTIUEMIACEJE 

103 

Trlpsacum 

650 

Velcliling 

139 

T.tiMgoiiotliuca 

•252 

Triptirdla 

496 

Viburnum 

206' 

T.traMtlicra 

4-23 

Trisetum 

640 

Vicia 

138 

T.iurium 

343 

Trilicum 

637 

\WIKM 

124 

Tli.ilk-trum 

38 

Trollius 

44 

Vignea 

574 

Tlia!<i>ium 

194 

Tropajolum 

105 

Villa 

609 

'riiermopsis 

679 

Troximon 

276 

Viiicetoxicum 

399 

Tliimblel)erry 

157 

Trumpet-Creeper 

321 

Vine  Family 

112 

Thill-Grass 

611 

Trumi)ct-flower 

321 

Viola 

77 

Thislltt 

273 

Trum|)ets 

58 

VIOLACE.E  (Violet  Fam.)  76 

Thlaspi 

73 

Trumpet-weed 

225 

Violet 

77 

TllLASI'IDE.B 

6;3 

Tsuga 

471 

Viper's  Bugloss 

361 

Thurii 

159 

TUBILIFLOR.E 

216 

Virgaurea 

'240 

Tlioru-Apple 

383 

Tuckermainiia 

440 

Virgilia 

143 

Thoroufih-wax 

195 

Tulip-tree 

50 

Virginian  Cowslip 

364 

Thoroughwort 

224 

Tupelo 

201 

Virgmian  Creeper 

113 

Three-leaved  Nightshade 

522 

TlSSILAGINE* 

218 

Virginia  Snakeroot 

404 

Three-seeded  Mercury 

436 

Tussilago 

227 

Virgiu's-Bower 

35 

Three-thorued  Acacia 

145 

Turnip 

71 

Viscum 

426 

Thrift 

312 

Tuvritia 

68 

VITACEJE 

112 

Thuja 

472 

Turtle-head 

327 

Vitis 

112 

Thunbergia 

338 

Twayblade 

506,  509 

Vitis-Idsea 

290 

TIIYMELEACEiE 

424 

Twig-Rush 

570 

Thymus  (Thyme) 

348 

Twin-flower 

202 

Waahoo 

116 

Tiurella 

1-0 

Twin-leaf 

63 

AVake-Robin                   522,  523 

Tickseed 

258 

Twisted  Stalk 

529 

AValdsteinia 

153 

Tickseed  Sunflower 

260 

Typha 

480 

Walking-leaf 

663 

Tick-Tref.iil 

134 

TYPIIACE.E 

480 

Walnut 

447 

Tiedemanuia 

192 

Walnut  Family 

447 

Tijter-flower 

616 

Udora 

490 

Water  Arum 

476 

Tigridia 

516 

ULMACE.E 

441 

Water  Beech 

457 

Tilia 

103 

Ulmaria 

149 

Water  Chinquepia 

55 

TIUACE^ 

103 

Llmus 

442 

Wart-Cress 

64,74 

Tillsa 

171 

UMBELLIFER.'E 

187 

Water-IIemlock 

196 

Tillandsia 

515 

Imbrella-Gr.iss 

656 

Water-Hemp 

413 

Timothy 

6ns 

Umbrella-leaf 

53 

Mater  11.  rebound 

345 

Tiniaria 

413 

Umbrella-tree 

49 

Waterleaf 

367 

Tipuhiria 

508 

I'nicorn-plant 

321 

Waterleaf  Family 

367 

Tithymalopsis 

433 

Uniola 

635 

Water-Li  ly 

66 

Tithymalus 

433 

Uralepis 

624 

AVatcr-Lily  Family 

54,55 

Toad-Flax 

326 

Vrtica 

444 

Watcr-Lncust 

145 

Tobacco 

383 

URTICACEiE 

440 

Watermelon 

186 

Tofieldia 

527 

Urtice^ 

441 

Watei-Nilfuil 

174 

Tomato 

380 

Utricularia 

318 

Water-Nilfoil  Family 

174 

Toothache-Grass 

620 

Uvularia 

528 

Water-Nynil)h 

56 

Toothache-tree 

110 

UVULABIE^ 

521 

Water-Parsnip 

.    196 

Tooth  sviirt 

65 

Water- Pennywort 

189 

Touch-me-not 

108 

Vaccaria 

88 

Water-pepper 

416 

Tovaria 

417 

A'accixie^e 

287 

Water-Pimpernel 

317 

Tower-Mustard 

Vaccinium 

289,  679 

Water-Plantain 

491 

Toxicodendron 

111 

Vahlodea 

641 

Water-Plantain  Family 

490 

Trachynotia 

619 

Valeriana  (Valerian) 

213 

Water- Purslane 

181 

Tradescantia 

547 

VALERIANACEwE 

213 

Water-Rice 

608 

Tragia 

437 

Valerianella 

214 

Water-Shield  Family 

64 

Trailing  Arbutus 

293 

Valerian  Family 

213 

Water  SUr-grass 

545 

Trautvetteria 

39 

Vallisneria 

496 

Water-Starworts 

427 

Treacle  Mustard 

Vallisserie* 

495 

Water-Violet 

317 

Tread-softly 

436 

Vanilla  Grass 

642 

Water-weed 

495 

Tree  of  Heaven 

110 

Vanilla-plant 

224 

AVater-Willow 

338 

Trefoil 

126 

Velvet-leaf 

101 

Water-wort 

86 

Trichelostylia 

567 

Venus's  Fly-trap 

83 

Water-wort  Family 

86 

Trichochloa 

614 

Venus's  Looking-glass         2S6 

Wax-Myrtle 

457 

Trichodium 

611 

Veratrum 

525 

Wax-work 

116 

Trichophorum 

565 

Vkrbasce^ 

324 

Wayfaring-tree 

207 

Trichostema 

343 

Verbascum 

325 

Western  Wall-flower 

69 

Tricuspis 

623 

Verbena 

339 

Whahoo 

443 

Tridynia 

315 

VERBENACE^ 

339 

Wheat 

637 

Trientalia 

314 

Verbene.'E 

339 

Whin 

126 

TaiFOLIEiB 

123 

Verbesina 

262 

White  Alder 

296 

INDEX. 

G95 

White  Cedar 

472,  473 

Windsoria 

623 

Xanthium 

251 

Wliite  Daisy 

2t)5 

Winged  Pigweed 

406 

Xerupliyllura 

626 

■White  Gi-iiss 

607 

WiiiterbL-rry 

307 

Xjlusteum 

204 

Wliite  Lettuce 

278 

Winter-Cress 

69 

XVUIUACE^ 

547 

AVIiite  Siiulieroot 

226 

WiiiU^rgreen 

293,  301 

Xyris 

548 

AVliite  Tli.im 

lo'J 

Wirc-Giiiss 

623,  629 

Wliite-tdpiped  Aster 

22S 

Wistaria 

131 

Yam 

518 

\Vhite-w'e,l 

205 

Wiich-Haztl 

173 

Yam  Family 

618 

Wliitluw  Grass 

71 

Wittih-llazel  Family 

173 

Yard-Grass 

622 

AVIiitlow-wort 

9ii 

Willie-roil 

2U6 

Yari'iiw 

265 

Wlioitleberiy  Family 

287 

Woail- Waxen 

12(> 

Yaupoii 

306 

AVicoi.y 

424 

Wullbeny 

203 

Yeliow-eved  Grass 

548 

Wil.l  Allspice 

42.J 

WoKtia 

480 

Yellow-e'yeil  Grass  Family  547 

Villi  Balsam-apple 

186 

Wolfsbane 

46 

Yellow  (False)  Jessamine   391 

Willi  Bean 

140 

Wood  Betony 

337,  35S 

Yellow  I'ond-Lily 

66 

Wild  Bergamot 

351 

Woodbine 

113,  20:i 

Yellow  Puccoon 

47 

Willi  Chamomile 

266 

Wood- Fern 

664 

Yellow- Rattle 

337 

Willi  Comfi-ey 

366 

Wood-Grass 

652 

Yellow  Rocket 

69 

Willi  Kltler 

19a 

Wood-Nettle 

445 

Yellow-wood 

143 

Willi  Ginger 

40! 

Wooil  Keed-Grass 

612 

Yew 

474 

Willi  Hyacinth 

532 

Wooil-Kush 

536 

Yew  Family 

408 

AVilil  Liquorice 

209,  210 

Wood-Sage 

343 

Yucca 

535 

Willi  Marjoram 

34S 

Wooilsia 

668 

Willi  Oat-Grass 

639 

Wood-Sorrel 

109 

Zannichellia 

483 

Willi  Pink 

89 

Wood  ward  ia 

660 

Zanthorhiza 

47 

Wild  Potato-Vine 

375 

Wool-Grass 

565 

Zantho.xylum 

110 

AVild  Sarsaparilla 

198 

Woolly  Beard-Grass 

651 

Zapania 

340 

Willi  Sensitive-Plant 

144 

Worm-grass 

392 

Zephyranthes 

513 

Willow 

461 

Wormseed 

408 

Ziz-ania 

608 

Willow  Family 

461 

Worm-seed  Mustard 

Zizia 

195 

Willow-herb 

177 

Wormwood 

266 

Zostera 

483 

Wiud-flowsr 

a 

Woundwort 

358 

Zygadenus (Zygadene) 

5:M 

EXPLANATION   OF  THE   PLATES. 


Genera  of  Cyperacese  or  Sedges. 

Tab.  I. 

CYPERUS.  — Small  plant  of  C.  diandriis  (1);  a  spike  mafjnifiecl  (2);  a  piece  of  the 
rhachis  with  one  scale  enclosing  its  flower  (3);  a  separate  flower  more  mag- 
nified (4).  C.  erythrorhizos,  a  spike  magnified,  the  lower  scales  and  flowers 
have  fallen,  showing  the  little  internal  scales  of  the  section  Papyrus  (5), 
formed  of  the  winged  margins  of  the  joints  of  the  rhachis  detached;  a  sepa- 
rate one  more  enlarged  (6);  a  flower  (7);  an  acheiiium  (8),  cut  in  two. 
C.  dentatus,  a  piece  of  the  rhachis  of  a  spike  with  lower  part  of  one  scale, 
showing  how  it  is  decurrent  on  the  joint  beneath  (cut  across)  to  form  scale- 
like wings  (9). 

DULICHIUM.  — Upper  part  of  a  plant  (1);  part  of  a  spike  somewhat  enlarged  (2); 
piece  of  rhachis  and  one  scale  decurrent  on  the  joint  beneath  (3);  magnified 
flower  (4). 

KYLLINGIA.  —  Plant  of  K.  pumila  (1);  one-flowered  spike  on  a  piece  of  the  rha- 
chis, enlarged  (2);  the  same  more  enlarged  and  open  (3);  achenium  (4),  and 
section  of  same  magnified  (5). 

Tab.  n. 

HEmCARPHA.  — Plant  (1),  natural  size;  a  spike  enlarged,  with  its  bract  (2); 
magnified  scale  of  the  same  (3);  a  flower  (5),  with  its  single  stamen  and 
minute  internal  scale,  magnified;  achenium  (6),  magnified. 

LIPOCARPHA.  —  Upper  part  of  plants  with  spikes  (1);  diagram  of  a  flower,  viz.  of 
ovary  between  the  two  internal  scales,  and  single  stamen,  scale  of  the  spike  on 
one  side,  axis  of  the  spike  on  the  other  (2);  scale  of  spike  detaclied  (3);  a 
flower  with  its  two  inner  scales  (4);  achenium  magnified  (5). 

FUIRENA.  —  Upper  portion  of  plants  (1);  scale  of  spike  enclosing  a  flower  (2); 
open  scale  of  same  (3);  flower  (4);  one  of  the  scales  and  one  of  the  bristles 
of  the  flower  (5),  achenium  (6),  and  section  of  same  (7). 


Tab.  m. 

ELEOCHARIS.—  Small  pltint  of  E.  olivacea  (1);  the  spike  enlarged  (2);  detached 

scale  (3);  flower  (4);  achenium  and  bristles  (5).    E.  quadraiigulata,  spike  (C); 

a  scale  (7);    flower  (8);    achenium  and  bristles  (9).     E.  tuberculosa;  the 

achenium  with  its  great  tubercle,  and  bristles  (10). 
SCIRPUS.  — Summit  of  plant  of  small  S.  debilis  (1);  a  spike  (2);  a  scale  of  the 

same  (3),  and  flower  (4);  achenium  with  its  bristles  (5).    S.  (Trichophorum) 

GM    80 


C98  EXPLANATION    OF    THE    PLATES. 

Eriophornm ;  a  small  portion  of  the  inflorescence  (6);  a  flower  (7);  a  spike  in 
fruit  (8);  achenium  from  the  same,  with  the  tortuous  bristles  much  length- 
ened (0);  section  of  the  achenium  (10). 

ERIOP  no  RUM.  — Small  plant  of  K.  nlpinum,  in  flower  (1);  spike  (2);  a  scale  (3), 
and  (4)  a  flower  from  the  same;  the  spike  in  fruit,  the  bristles  forming  a 
cottony  tuft  (5);  achenium  and  its  bristles  (6). 

FIMBUISTYMS.  — Summit  of  a  small  flowerinfc  stem  of  F.  laxa  (1);  a  spike  of 
tlie  same  (2);  a  det;iched  scale  (3),  and  (4)  a  flower  of  the  same;  achenium 
(■>).  F.  (  Trichelostylis)  autumnaiis;  a  spike,  enlarged  (6);  flower  (7);  acheni- 
um (S),  and  (0)  section  of  the  same. 


Tab.  IV. 

DICIIROMENA.  — Head  and  Involucre  of  D.  latifolia  (1);  a  scale  from  one  of  the 

spikes  (2),  and  the  same   cut  across  (3);  a  flower  (4);  achenium  with  its 

tubercle  (u). 
RHYXCIIOSPORA.— Upper  part  of  flowering  stem  of  R.  Torreyana  (1);  a  spike 

(2);  detached  flower  (3);  aclieiiium  (4)  with  short  bristles  at  its  base;  one 

of  these  bristles  more  magnified  (3). 
R.  (§  PSILOCARYA):  — Part  of  phmt  (1).  enlarged  spike  (2),  detached  scale  (3), 

flower  (4),  and  achenium  with  its  beak  ('>)  of  R.  (Psilocarya)  scirpoides. 
R.  (^  CRRATOSCIKENUS):—  Upper  part  of  fruiting  plant  (1),  detached  spike  (2), 

flower  (3),  and  beaked  achenium  with  its  bristles  (4)  of  R.  (Ceratoschocnus) 

macrostachya. 

Tab.  V. 

CLADIUM.  —  Summit  of  a  plant  of  C.  mariscoides  (1);  detached  spike  (2);  same, 
open,  showing  a  staminate  and  a  perfect  flower  (3);  the  nut-like  achenium 
(4),  and  the  longitudinal  section  of  the  same  (5). 

SCLERIA.  —  Summit  of  a  flowering  stem  of  S.  reticularis  (6);  three  spikelets  from 
a  cluster,  the  middle  one  pistillate,  the  lateral  ones  staminate  (7);  staminate 
spikelet  displaying  four  male  flowers,  the  filaments  of  two  of  them  have  lost 
their  anthers  (8);  pistillate  spikelet  displaying  a  single  pistillate  flower  (9); 
achenium  with  the  3-lobed  double  cup  underneath  (10). 

CAREX.  —  Plant  of  C  pauciflora  (11);  a  staminate  flower  with  its  scale  (12);  scale 
(13),  and  mature  pistillate  flower,  in  its  perigynium  (14);  cross  section  of 
perigynium  and  of  tlie  C(mtained  achenium  (lo);  achenium  on  its  stalk,  style 
and  stigmas  (16).  C.  Steudelii,  upper  part  of  flowering  plant  (17);  the  spike 
enlarged  (18);  a  staminate  flower  and  its  scale  (10);  pistillate  flower  in  its 
perigynium  (20);  the  same  with  half  the  perigynium  cut  away  to  show  the 
contained  achenium  and  style  (21). 

Tab.  VL 

CAREX. —  C.  trisperma,  upper  part  of  a  stem  in  fruit  (1);  enlarged  spike  displayed, 
with  three  staminate  and  two  pistillate  flowers  (2);  a  sc;ile  (3)  and  a  ripe  peri- 
gynium (i),  of  the  latter;  with  a  section  of  the  perigynium  near  the  base,  and 
of  the  contained  perigynium  (5).  C.  straminea,  summit  of  a  fruiting  plant  (6) ; 
a  spike  enlarged  (7);  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower  (8) ;  the  winged  perigynium 
and  the  contained  achenium  cut  across  (9);  detached  achenium  with  persist- 
ent style  and  stigmas  (10).  C.  umbellatn,  whole  plant  (11);  a  perigynium 
and  its  scale  (12);  cross-section  towards  the  bnse  of  perigynium  and  its 
contained  achenium  (13);  detached  achenium  with  its  persistent  style  and 
Btigmas  (14).  C.  bullata;  upper  part  of  plant  in  fruit,  with  one  pistillate  and 
two  staminate  spikes  (IS);  one  of  its  staminate  flowers  with  the  scale  (16);  a 
pistillate  scale  (17)  and  mature  perigynium  (18);  longitudinal  section  of 
the  latter,  showing  the  achenium  and  its  stylo  (19),  and  cross  section  of 
the  same  (20). 


EXPLANATION    OF    THE    PLATES.  699 

Genera  of  Gramineae  or  Grasses. 

Tab.  VII. 

LEERSTA.  —  Panicle  of  L.  oryzoides,  reduced  in  size  (1);  a  branchlet  of  the  snme 
witli  its  spikelets,  of  tlie  natural  size  (2);  and  an  open  spilieiet  in  Hower,  en- 
larged (3). 

ZIZANIA.  —  A  staminate  (1)  and  a  pistillate  (2)  flower  or  spiiielet  of  Z.  aquatica; 
a  magnified  pistil  with  a  pair  of  squanuike  or  liypogynous  pcales  (3);  a  grain 
(4);  and  amagnifietl  longitudinal  section  of  the  lower  |)art  of  the  same,  show- 
ing the  embryo  at  the  outside  of  the  base  of  the  albumen. 

ALOPECURUS.  — Part  of  a  plant  of  A.  geniculatus,  in  flower  (1);  a  few  spii^elets 
from  the  spike-lil^e  inflorescence,  moderately  magnified  (2);  an  open  spikelet 
in  flower,  more  magnified  (3),  and  the  single  lower  palet  detached  (4). 

PHLEU.M.  —  A  detached  spikelet  of  P.  pratense,  having  the  flower  with  its  palets 
raised  above  the  glumes,  magnified. 

CRYPSIS.  —  Inflorescence  (1)  of  C.  schoenoides;  a  separate  enlarged  spikelet  (2); 
and  the  same  open,  in  flower  (3). 

VILFA.  — An  enlarged  spik«let  of  V.  vaginseflora  (1);  and  the  same  displayed  (2). 

SPOROBOLUS.  —  A  spikelet  of  S.  cryptandrus,  magnified  (1);  the  same  with  the 
flower  open,  the  palets  raised  above  the  glumes  (2);  and  the  fruit  (3),  more 
magnified,  showing  the  seed  loose  in  the  pericarp  (utricle). 

AGROSTIS. — Panicle  of  A.  vulgaris  (1);  with  an  enlarged  open  spikelet  of  the 
same:  also  (3)  the  rough  pedicel  and  glumes  of  A.  scabra,  with  the  flower 
separated,  the  latter  having  no  upper  palet. 

Tab.  VIII. 

POLYPOGON.  —  Spike-like  contracted  panicle  of  P.  Monspeliensis  (1);  an  enlarged 
detached  spikelet,  showing  the  long  awns  to  the  glumes  (2);  the  same  open 
ill  flower  (3);  and  a  separate  flower  without  the  glumes  (4). 

CINNA.  —  A  magnified  spikelet  of  C.  arundinacea  (1);  and  the  same  open,  display- 
ing the  palets,  the  single  stamen,  and  the  pistil  (2). 

MUHLENBERGIA.  — A  magnified  closed  spikelet  of  M.  sj'lvatica  (1);  the  same 
with  the  open  flower  raised  out  of  the  glumes  (2).  A'  magnified  spikelet  of 
51.  diffusa  (3);  its  minute  and  unequal  glumes  more  magnified  (4);  and  an 
open  spikelet  of  the  saiiie  (5). 

BRACHYELYTRUM.  — A  spikelet  of  B.  aristatum  enlarged  (1);  the  same  dis- 
played (2). 

CAL  AM  AGROSTIS.— An  open  spikelet  of  C.  Canadensis,  enlarged,  displaying  all 
the  parts  (1);  the  same  with  the  flower  raised  out  of  the  glumes,  showing  the 
hairy  rudiment  behind  the  upper  palet  (2). 

ORYZOPSIS.—  An  open  magnified  spikelet  of  0.  asperifolia  (1);  and  the  flower  of 
the  same  removed  from  the  glumes  (2).  Notice  the  remarkably  long  squa- 
muliB  or  hypogynous  scales,  which  here  nearly  equal  the  palets  in  length. 

STIPA.  —  Glumes  and  flower  (a  little  separated)  of  S.  avenacea,  enlarged. 

ARISTIDA.  — A  spikelet  of  A.  purpurascens,  enlarged. 

Tab.  IX. 

SPARTINA. — Portion  of  the  inflorescence  of  S.  stricta,  of  the  natural  size  (1);  a 

spikelet  enlarged  (2);  and  the  same  displayed,  the  flower  raised  above  the 

glumes  (3). 
GTENIUM.  —  Spike  of  C.  Americanum  (1);  a  single  spikelet  magnified  (2);  and  the 

same  displayed,  the  glumes  separated  (3). 
BOUTELOUA.  —  A  portion  of  the  compound  spike,  of  the  natural  size  (1);  and  a 

spikelet  displayed  and  magnified  (2),  the  flowers  raised  out  of  the  glumes. 


700  EXPLANATION    OF    THE    PLATES. 

GYMNOPOGOX.  — Inflorescence  of  G.  racemosus,  reduced  in  size  (1);  and  a  mag- 
nified spikelet  with  the  parts  disphiyed  (2). 

CYNODON.  — Inflorescence,  of  digitate  spiives  (1);  a  spikelet  magnified  and  dis- 
played, showing  a  perfect  flower  and  a  nidinient  (2). 

DACTYLOCTENIUM.— Inflorescence  of  I),  ^jxyptiacum,  of  digitate  spikes  (1); 
one  of  the  spikelets  magnified  (2)  ;  the  fruit  magnified  (3),  showing  tiie  seed 
loose  in  the  thin  pericarp  (utricle);  and  (4)  the  wrinkled  seed  more  magnified. 

ELEUSINE.  —  One  of  the  spikes  from  the  digitate  inflorescence  of  E.  Indicu(l); 
a  magnified  spikelet  (2);  the  same  witli  the  flowers  more  displayed  (3);  a 
flower  from  the  last  showing  its  parts  (4);  the  fruit  magnified,  showing  the 
seed  loose  in  the  utricle  (5);  and  the  wrinkled  seed  detached  (G). 

LEPTOCHLOA.  —  Small  portion  of  the  inflorescence  of  L.  fascicularis  (1);  one  of 
its  spikelets  displayed  and  magnified  (2) ;  au  open  flower  of  the  same  (3). 


Tab.  X. 

TRICUSPIS.  — Magnified  spikelet  of  T.  seslerioides  (1);  the  same  displayed  and 
the  lowest  flower  open  (2);  back  view  of  the  lower  palets  spread  out  (3). 

GRAPHEPHORUM.  —  A  magnified  spikelet  of  G.  melicoides,  displayed  (1);  a  part 
of  the  hairy  rhachis  and  one  flower  of  the  same  (2). 

DIARRHENA.  —  A  spikelet  of  D.  Americana,  enlarged  (1);  the  grain  and  palets  (2). 

DACTYLIS.  —  A  spikelet  of  D.  glomerata  magnified  and  displayed. 

KOELERIA.  —  A  magnified  spikelet  of  K.  cristata,  expanded,  showing  the  glumes, 
the  three  flowers,  and  a  rudiment  (1);  lower  half  of  a  lower  palet|  partly 
spread  open  (2);  it  is  much  more  folded  and  keeled  in  its  natural  condition. 

EATONIA. —  A  magnified  spikelet  of  E.  obtusata,  expanded,  showing  the  glumes^ 
the  two  flowers,  and  a  rudiment. 

MELIC  A.  —  A  magnified  spikelet  of  M.  mutica,  expanded,  showing  the  glumes,  two 

perfect  flowers,  and  an  abortive  one. 
GLYCERIA.—  A  magnified  spikelet  of  G.  nervata  (1);  a  separate  flower  with  one 

joint  of  the  rhachis  (2);  and  (3)  the  lower  half  of  a  lower  palet,  showing  it& 

form  (rounded  on  the  back,  not  keeled.) 
BRIZOPYRUM.  —  A  pistillate  spikelet  of  B  spicatum,  enlarged  (1);  a  flower  from 

the  same  (2);  and  a  flower  from  a  staminate  spikelet  (3). 
PDA.  —  Panicle  of  P.  compressa,  reduced  in  size  (1);  a  magnified  spikelet  (2);  a 

separate  flower  more  magnified  (3) ;  a  lower  palet  cut  across  and  somewhat 

outspread  (4). 
ERAGROSTIS.  —  A  spikelet  of  E.   pilosa,  enlarged  (1);  the  same,   from  which 

the  glumes  and  all  of  six  lower  flowers  except  the  upper  palet  have  fallen 

away  (2);  a  magnified  flower,  open  (3);  the  lower  palet  of  the  same  out- 
spread (4). 
BRIZA.  —  A  spikelet  of  B.  media,  enlarged  (1);  a  separate  flower  (2). 
FESTUCA.  —  A  spikelet  of  F.  elatior,  enlarged  (1);  a  separate  flower  (2);  lower 

part  of  a  lower  palet,  outspread  (3). 
BROMUS.  — A  spikelet  of  B.   secallnus,   or   Chess   (1);  and   a  separate  flower, 

enlarged  (2). 

Tab.  XI. 

UNIOLA. —  A  spikelet  of  U.  latifolia,  of  about  the  natural  size  (1);  a  flower,  en- 
larged (2) ;  empty  lower  palet  of  the  lowest  (sterile)  flower  (3). 

PHRAGMITES.— A  spikelet  of  P.  communis,  enlarged  (1);  one  of  the  perfect 
flowers,  enlarged  (2);  and  the  lowest  flower  (3),  wiiich  has  stamens  only. 

ARUNDINARIA.  —  A  spikelet  of  A.  macrosperma  (1);  and  a  separate  flower,  mag- 
nified (2). 

LEPTURUS.  — Portion  of  the  spike  of  L.  paniculatus,  enlarged  (1);  and  a  flower 
magnified  (2). 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES.  701 

LOLIUM.  —  Portion  of  tlie  spike  of  L.  teraulentum  (1);  and  a  separate  flower,  mag- 
nified (2). 

TRrnCUM.— Portion  of  the  spike  of  T.  repens,  or  Couch-Grass,  of  about  the 
iiaturiil  size  (1);  a  flower,  magnified  (2). 

HORDKUM.  —  The  three  one-flowered  spikelets  from  one  joint  of  the  spike  of 
H.  jubiitum,  witli  tlieir  awn-like  glumes,  the  lateral  flowers  abortive  and 
neutral  tlie  middle  one  alone  ])erfect  (1);  this  perfect  flower  (with  an  awn-like 
rudiment)  open  and  enlarged  (2). 

ELYMUS.  —  The  two  spikelets  of  one  joint  of  the  spike  of  E.  Virginicus,  about  the 
natural  size  (1);  the  glumes  and  the  flowers  of  one  spikelet,  enlarged  and 
displayed  (2);  and  an  open  flower,- more  magnified  (3). 

GYMNOSTICHUM.  — A  spikelet  of  G.  Hystrix  (1),  and  au  expanded  flower,  mag- 
nified (2). 

Tab.  XII. 

AIRA.  —  Panicle  of  A.  flexuosa  (1);  a  spikelet,  magnified,  the  parts  displayed  (2); 

and  one  of  the  flowers  detached  and  open  (3). 
DANTUOXIA.  — Panicle  of  D.  spicata  (1);  a  spikelet  enlarged  (2);  and  a  separate 

flower  from  the  same  (3). 
TRISETUM.  — A  spikelet  of  T.   subspicatum,  var.  moUe,  expanded  and  magni- 
fied (1);  and  a  separate  open  flower  (2). 
AVENA. — A  spikelet  of  A.  striata  displayed  and  magnified  (1);  and  a  separate 

flower  (2). 
ARRENATHERUM.  —  A  spikelet   of  A.    avenaceum,   displayed    and  magnified: 

1,  the  glumes;  2,  the  flowers,  the  lower  one  staminate  only,  the  next  one 

perfect,  and  the  third  a  rudiment. 
HOLCUS. —  A  spikelet  of  H.  lanatus  magnified  (1);  the  same  displayed  to  show 

the  two  flowers,  the  lower  one  perfect  and  awnless,  the  upper  staminate  and 

awued  (2). 

Tab.  XIIL 

HIEROCHLOA.  —  A  spikelet  of  H.  borealis,  enlarged  (1):  the  same  displayed,  the 
flowers  separated  from  the  glumes,  the  two  lateral  ones  with  three  stamens 
and  no  pistil;  the  middle  or  terminal  one  with  a  pistil  and  only  two  stam- 
ens (2). 

ANTHOXANTHUM.— The  spike-like  inflorescence  of  A.  odoratum  (1);  a  spikelet 
magnified  (2);  another  with  the  parts  displayed,  the  flowers  raised  from  the 
glumes,  the  lateral  ones  neutral,  each  of  a  single  and  awned  palet,  the  middle 
one  perfect  and  diandrous  (3). 

PHALARIS.  —  A  spikelet  of  P.  arundinacea  enlarged  (1);  the  glumes,  and  the  per- 
fect flower  with  a  hairy  rudiment  on  each  side  of  it  (2). 

MILIUM.  —  Portion  of  the  panicle  of  M.  eff"usum  (1);  a  closed  spikelet  magni- 
fied (2);  and  the  same  displayed  (3). 

AMPHICARPUM.  — A  spikelet  from  the  panicle  of  A.  Purshii,  magnified  (1);  the 
same  with  the  parts  displayed  (2);  and  a  radical  (fertile)  spikelet,  en- 
larged (3). 

P  ASP  ALUM  — Inflorescence  of  P.  Ijsve(l);  a  closed  spikelet,  enlarged  (2);  the 
same  with  the  parts  displayed  (3). 

PANICUJL  — Part  of  a  spike  of  P.  (Digitaria)  sanguinale  (1);  one  of  its  spikelets 
magnified  (2) :  the  same  with  the  parts  displayed  (3):  in  this  the  lower  flower 
is  neutral  and  of  a  single  palet.  A  spikelet  of  P.  capillare,  mngnified  (4),  and 
the  same  displayed  (5):  the  lower  flower  a  single  palet.  A  spikelet  of  P. 
clandestinutn,  magnified  (6),  and  the  same  displayed  (7):  the  lower  neutral, 
of  two  |)alets.  A  spikelet  of  P.  virgatum,  magnified  (S);  the  same  displayed 
(9):  the  lower  flower  of  two  palets  and  staminate. 

SET  ARIA.  —  A  magnified  spikelet  of  S.  glauca,  with  the  accompanying  cluster  of 
.  bristles  (1);  the  spikelet  displayed,  showing  the  neutral  lower  flower  of  two 
palets  and  the  perfect  flower  (2). 


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/-^     A?:^  71 

'^^     N.  MANCHESTER, 
INDIANA 


T&? 


